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• What happens when a computer program runs?

  - by gaijinco

  I know the general theory but I can't fit in the details. I know that a program resides in the secondary memory of a computer. Once the program begins execution it is entirely copied to the RAM. Then the processor retrive a few instructions (it depends on the size of the bus) at a time, puts them in registers and executes them. I also know that a computer program uses two kinds of memory: stack and heap, which are also part of the primary memory of the computer. The stack is used for non-dynamic memory, and the heap for dynamic memory (for example, everything related to the new operator in C++) What I can't understand is how those two things connect. At what point is the stack used for the execution of the instructions? Instructions go from the RAM, to the stack, to the registers?

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• Garbage Collection Java

  - by simion

  On the slides i am revising from it says the following; Live objects can be identified either by maintaining a count of the number of references to each object, or by tracing chains of references from the roots. Reference counting is expensive – it needs action every time a reference changes and it doesn’t spot cyclical structures, but it can reclaim space incrementally. Tracing involves identifying live objects only when you need to reclaim space – moving the cost from general access to the time at which the GC runs, typically only when you are out of memory. I understand the principles of why reference counting is expensive but do not understand what "doesn’t spot cyclical structures, but it can reclaim space incrementally." means. Could anyone help me out a little bit please? Thanks

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• Which is the UI technology of the future considering: eye-candy-effect, interactivity (gestures, voc

  - by user193655

  If you had to write a next-gen application, in which on the surface (UI) you need some "futuristic features", by considering the following aspects which is the choice you'd make? 1) eye-candy: cool UI, 3D, Effects, nice graphics, sound transitions... 2) user interaction: not only mouse and keyboard but touch, voice and more.... + user interactivity aspect, which is the technology you'd choose? 3) X-platform: this is to have some X-platform discussion. Of course single platform technologies (as WPF) have may be some more power, anyway in a general discussion considering X-platform as a resource is important 4) available components: of course the coolest technology with no available components is may be an option for a component developer but not for an application developer My question is generic, but anyway * have in mind data-driven apps, not pure multimedia apps, videogames, ....

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• What's the most scalable way to handle somewhat large file uploads in a Python webapp?

  - by Jason Baker

  We have a web application that takes file uploads for some parts. The file uploads aren't terribly big (mostly word documents and such), but they're much larger than your typical web request and they tend to tie up our threaded servers (zope 2 servers running behind an Apache proxy). I'm mostly in the brainstorming phase right now and trying to figure out a general technique to use. Some ideas I have are: Using a python asynchronous server like tornado or diesel or gunicorn. Writing something in twisted to handle it. Just using nginx to handle the actual file uploads. It's surprisingly difficult to find information on which approach I should be taking. I'm sure there are plenty of details that would be needed to make an actual decision, but I'm more worried about figuring out how to make this decision than anything else. Can anyone give me some advice about how to proceed with this?

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• How can I ignore C comments when I process a C source file with Perl?

  - by YoDar

  I'm running a code that read files, do some parsing, but need to ignore all comments. There are good explanations how to conduct it, like the answer to How can I strip multiline C comments from a file using Perl? $/ = undef; $_ = <>; s#/\*[^*]*\*+([^/*][^*]*\*+)*/|("(\\.|[^"\\])*"|'(\\.|[^'\\])*'|.[^/"'\\]*)#defined $2 ? $2 : ""#gse; print; My first problem is that after run this line $/ = undef; my code doesn't work properly. Actually, I don't know what it does. But if I could turn it back after ignoring all comments it will be helpful. In general, What is the useful way to ignore all comments without changing the rest of the code?

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• What platforms have something other than 8-bit char?

  - by Craig McQueen

  Every now and then, someone on SO points out that char (aka 'byte') isn't necessarily 8 bits. It seems that 8-bit char is almost universal. I would have thought that for mainstream platforms, it is necessary to have an 8-bit char to ensure its viability in the marketplace. Both now and historically, what platforms use a char that is not 8 bits, and why would they differ from the "normal" 8 bits? When writing code, and thinking about cross-platform support (e.g. for general-use libraries), what sort of consideration is it worth giving to platforms with non-8-bit char? In the past I've come across some Analog Devices DSPs for which char is 16 bits. DSPs are a bit of a niche architecture I suppose. (Then again, at the time hand-coded assembler easily beat what the available C compilers could do, so I didn't really get much experience with C on that platform.)

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• What is good documentation?

  - by CodeJoust

  When releasing a project or a library into the open, what documentation is the best to include? Are there any guidelines to writing good, but not too specific, documentation and examples on how to use open source code. Often, I find good libraries, but the only documentation is in the code, making it much harder to work with. A general overview, example usage, a tutorial, and basic project layout / goals seem to be a few popular options. However, if it's a single-developer project and just starting out, the luxury of writing all that isn't there. Which is the best advice for starting documentation of a project?

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• m:n relationship must have properties?

  - by nax

  I'm doing a E/R model for a project. I finished the ER model and, for me, all is okay. Maybe not perfect, but it's okay. When I gave the ER model to my teacher, he told me this: "the m:n relations MUST HAVE some properties" He said if the m:n relationship doesn't have the properties it will be wrong. In my opinion m:n doesn't need forcer attributes to the relationship, but if you have someone that can fit in it, just put there. What do you think? Who is wrong in this, me, or my teacher? NOTE: Reading again, it seems what he said was not due to my ER diagram, but was a general statement. The diagram I gave him doesn't have relations yet, so there where just entities and atributes.

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• Detecting Visual Studio Smart-tags events

  - by devoured elysium

  Is it possible to detect with VSX when any (or a particular) smart tag event is happening? I mean, every time we rename a variable, for example, a smart tag is available that allows us to change it through a form. I'd like to know if I can access that "text is changing" event. I don't mean to have to check for myself if the text is being changed and such, I'd like to make use of VS event system (if there is one). I gave this example but I'd like to know the "general system" of how smart tags work with VSX. Thanks

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• Should I design the application or model (database) first?

  - by YonahW

  I am getting ready to start building a new web project in my spare time to bring to fruition an idea that has been bouncing around my head for a while. I have never gotten down whether I am better off first building the model and then the consuming application or the other way around. What are the best practices? What would you build first and why? I imagine that in general the application should generally drive the model, however the application like many websites really doesn't do much without the model. For some reason I find it easier at times to think in terms of the model since the application is really just actions on the model. Is this a poor way of thinking about things? What advantages/disadvantages does each option have?

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• How to use GWT on mobile devices?

  - by Chris

  hi I have a fairly large web application developed with GWT (and EJB). However on mobile devices (like windows mobile, black berry and such) the GWT start page remains simply white. I'm using GWT 1.6 and also tried 1.7 but nothing helps. It seems that the java script isn't executing and also isn't the noscript tag. Do you know how to make it working without rewriting the whole application in e.g. PHP?? I think it may be a general prob with GWT apps and not with my specific app. thx

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• How to handle printing of HTML pages?

  - by Jaran

  In my portfolio site I have listed my projects under separate tabs (tab menu). This works well except for printing which requires the user to click on a tab, print, click on the next tab and print the same page again to get everything. Being a portfolio I'd assume that visitors want to print all of the content. Is there a general way to create a different style when printing a web page? Or should I just add a printer icon on my page which redirects the user to a different page where all the data is in a big chunk and then prompt the user's browser to start printing?

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• Keeping Computer Science Writing Accessible and Eloquent

  - by Federer

  This question is particularly aimed at descriptions and explanations of what is happening in a computer program, as well as any general advice or approaches for undertaking technical reports in Computer Science at both undergraduate and graduate levels. You see, I am having particular difficulty in the best way to explain what is happening. As in, given any given program from a multi-agent system to a standard webservice, the best and most eloquent way to say exactly what is going on, the logic behind it and it's respective justifications. Should I avoid saying class names? Avoid specifying methods? Keep referring to class variables and any particular references? I'm banging my head against the wall at trying to keep a solid technical foundation and making it accessible to people of all backgrounds. Apologies for the rather vague question. Cheers.

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• In .net, how do I choose between a Decimal and a Double

  - by Ian Ringrose

  We were discussing this the other day at work and I wish there was a Stackoverflow question I would point people at so here goes.) What is the difference between a Double and a Decimal? When (in what cases) should you always use a Double? When (in what cases) should you always use a Decimal? What’s the diver factors to consider in cases that don’t fall into one of the two camps above? (There a lot of questions that overlap this question, but they tend to be asking what someone should do in a given case, not how to decide in the general case)

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• Toastr.js notifications as modal notfication

  - by Maxsteel

  I know it's not what toastr (or toast notifs in general) are meant to be used for, but I want to use them as a modal notification. My idea is following. On toast show: toastr.options.onShown = function() { //Create an overlay on the entire page} Overlay: #overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); z-index: 999; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; display: none; } And on toast close: toastr.options.onHidden = function() { //make overlay go away } Also, I'm setting timeout of toast to 0 so it won't disappear by itself. Question: I want the toast notification to stay atop the overlay and not behind it as overlay will cover everything. How can I do it?

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• How would you create a notification system like on SO or Facebook in RoR?

  - by Justin Meltzer

  I'm thinking that notifications would be it's own resource and have a has_many, through relationship with the user model with a join table representing the associations. A user having many notifications is obvious, and then a notification would have many users because there would be a number of standardized notifications (a commenting notification, a following notification etc.) that would be associated with many users. Beyond this setup, I'm unsure how to trigger the creation of notifications based on certain events in your application. I'm also a little unsure of how I'd need to set up routing - would it be it's own separate resource or nested in the user resource? I'd find it very helpful if someone could expand on this. Lastly, ajax polling would likely improve such a feature. There's probably some things I'm missing, so please fill this out so that it is a good general resource.

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• How do you make your Java application memory efficient?

  - by Boune

  How do you optimize the heap size usage of an application that has a lot (millions) of long-lived objects? (big cache, loading lots of records from a db) Use the right data type Avoid java.lang.String to represent other data types Avoid duplicated objects Use enums if the values are known in advance Use object pools String.intern() (good idea?) Load/keep only the objects you need I am looking for general programming or Java specific answers. No funky compiler switch. Edit: Optimize the memory representation of a POJO that can appear millions of times in the heap. Use cases Load a huge csv file in memory (converted into POJOs) Use hibernate to retrieve million of records from a database Resume of answers: Use flyweight pattern Copy on write Instead of loading 10M objects with 3 properties, is it more efficient to have 3 arrays (or other data structure) of size 10M? (Could be a pain to manipulate data but if you are really short on memory...)

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• Secure password transmission over unencrypted tcp/ip

  - by academicRobot

  I'm in the designing stages of a custom tcp/ip protocol for mobile client-server communication. When not required (data is not sensitive), I'd like to avoid using SSL for overhead reasons (both in handshake latency and conserving cycles). My question is, what is the best practices way of transmitting authentication information over an unencrypted connection? Currently, I'm liking SRP or J-PAKE (they generate secure session tokens, are hash/salt friendly, and allow kicking into TLS when necessary), which I believe are both implemented in OpenSSL. However, I am a bit wary since I don't see many people using these algorithms for this purpose. Would also appreciate pointers to any materials discussing this topic in general, since I had trouble finding any.

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• Putting a simple if-then statement on one line

  - by Abizern

  I'm just getting into Python and I really like the terseness of the syntax. However; is there an easier way of writing an if-then statement so it fits on one line? For example; say I have the simple test: if count == N: count = 0 else: count = N + 1 is there a simpler way of writing this? I mean, in Objective-C I would write this as: count = count == N ? count = 0 : count = N + 1; Is there something similar for python? Edit I know that in this instance I can use count == count % N. I'm asking about the general syntax.

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• C++ design with static methods

  - by user231536

  I would like to define as class X with a static method: class X { static string get_type () {return "X";} //other virtual methods } I would like to force classes which inherit from X to redefine the get_type() method and return strings different from "X" (I am happy if they just redefine get_type for now). How do I do this? I know that I cannot have virtual static methods. Edit: The question is not about the type_id, but in general about a static method that should be overriden. For example class X { static int getid() {return 1;} }

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• ASP.NET 3.5 Stateless Session Managment and connection pooling?

  - by Norm

  I am designing an ASP.NET (3.5) web application that connects to a Rocket Software UniVerse database. I am in the planning stages right now and need some help in being pointed in the right direction. I am brand new to ASP and C#. I am shooting for a RESTful design and a MVC pattern. Rocket provides a .NET library called UniObjects.NET which handles everything for connecting and retrieving information from the database. What would be the best way to in general to log my users into the database, then use that session via connection pooling? I see that in 3.5 there is the ASP.NET Routing Infrastructure and that looks promising am I in the right direction on this? Also does C# support decorators like Python and Java?

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• IOS SDK : first advices for beginners

  - by VdesmedT

  I too often answer the same kind of questions regarding basic topics like memory management, UITableView, Interface Orientation, MVC, etc... I understand very well that everyone starting with that SDK is too exited about getting its hand on it but a few reading would save them hours of debugging and the frustration that come along with the feeling that "We miss something here". I'd like experience users to share the few small articles, white papers, docs, book chapters that helps other save their time and avoid frustration. My first vote would be for : IOS Memory Management Guide View Controller Programming Guide Table View Guide And as a General recommendation, read the Overview section that come along with every class documention in the reference library, they contains most of what you need to know to avoid big traps !

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• Can functions like sin() be redefined, in Fortran, C or Java?

  - by EOL

  Can a mathematical function like sin() be redefined, in Fortran, C or Java code, while preserving the default behavior of other mathematical functions like cos()? Or can another function named sin() but that accepts different argument types be defined in addition to the built-in sin()? I am interested in general features of these languages (I am thinking of applications like the implementation of non-usual number algebras). I tried to define a sin() function in a Fortran 95 program, but the intrinsic sin() function was called instead… Is there a way around this? what about C and Java?

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• How easy would it be to refactor a small JSP/Servlet/JDBC project to SpringMVC/Hibernate

  - by John

  With reference to this post, I am considering starting a new web-based Java project. Since I don't know Spring/Hibernate I was concerned if it's a bad plan to start learning them while creating a new project, especially since it will slow down the early development. One idea I had was to write a prototype using tech I do know, namely JSP/Servlets/JDBC, since I can get this running much quicker with my current knowledge. I could then throw the whole thing away and start over with Spring, etc, but I'd like to consider how easy it would be to refactor a smallish project from JSP/Servlets/JDB to SpringMVC/Hibernate? My DB could of course be re-used but what about other code... would I expect to save most of it plugged into an MVC framework, or is the paradigm shift big enough this would cause more trouble than it avoids? Please use the other question for more general advice on choosing technologies

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• C++: Why don't I need to check if references are invalid/null?

  - by jbu

  Hi all, Reading http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/references.html, it says: In general, references should always be valid because you must always initialize a reference. This means that barring some bizarre circumstances (see below), you can be certain that using a reference is just like using a plain old non-reference variable. You don't need to check to make sure that a reference isn't pointing to NULL, and you won't get bitten by an uninitialized reference that you forgot to allocate memory for. My question is how do I know that the object's memory hasn't been freed/deleted AFTER you've initialized the reference. What it comes down to is that I can't take this advice on faith and I need a better explanation. Can anyone shed some light? Thanks, jbu

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