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  • Shell script to count files, then remove oldest files

    - by Nic Hubbard
    I am new to shell scripting, so I need some help here. I have a directory that fills up with backups. If I have more than 10 backup files, I would like to remove the oldest files, so that the 10 newest backup files are the only ones that are left. So far, I know how to count the files, which seems easy enough, but how do I then remove the oldest files, if the count is over 10? if [ls /backups | wc -l > 10] then echo "More than 10" fi

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  • Best data recovery tools?

    - by Nonick
    So due to a recent act of stupidity and bravado, I uttered the words "backups! who needs backups?!" and what followed was the tragic loss of 260gb of data. This scenario in particular is requiring me to recover a repartitioned hard disk, but I was wondering what tools people here use in general to recover lost data. I'm sure everyone has been there, either accidentally rewriting files, resaving an old version, computer crash, hard disk death, user deletes an important document etc. So was thinking it might be an interesting point of discussion as to what you guys use to recover lost data. I appologise if this is considered irrelevant, but considering there has been a few recovery questions, I think this might be interesting.

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  • read variables from file

    - by TonyVipros
    Hi, I'm trying to write a shell script to backup websites, I've got it to go through each directory in vhosts and create a new directory vhosts/{siteurl}/private/backups/ and gzip up the site into there. However, I also want it to read a file from private that will contain database name, user and password. So I can then use these to perform a mysqldump to private/backups/. The problem is that I've never written a shell script before so I've go no idea how to read variable data into my script, or how I should format the file to be read. Hope that's enough information.

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  • Unison synchronization problem. Roots are not identical after synchronization.

    - by binary255
    Hi. When I synchronize two folders using Unison, only one of the roots seems to be affected. Below are all the information I would think is necessary to figure out why it is working like it is. I'm using $ unison -version unison version 2.27.57 From the Ubuntu repositories. My work laptop: $ echo $UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME worklaptop $ pwd /home/userfoo $ ls -lAR .unison* .unison: total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 userfoo userfoo 4096 2010-04-26 11:39 backups -rw-r--r-- 1 userfoo userfoo 231 2010-04-26 11:38 default.prf .unison/backups: total 0 .unisonroot: total 0 $ cat .unison/default.prf # Roots of the synchronization root = /home/userfoo/.unisonroot root = ssh://devel//home/userbar/.unisonroot path = * backuplocation = central backupdir = /home/.unison/backups backupprefix = $VERSION.bak $ mkdir .unisonroot/aDirectoryFrom-$UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME $ echo something >.unisonroot/aFileFrom-$UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME $ ls .unisonroot/ aDirectoryFrom-worklaptop aFileFrom-worklaptop And the Ubuntu server I want to synchronize with: $ echo $UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME workcmpuserbardevel $ pwd /home/userbar $ ls -lAR .unison* .unison: total 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 userbar userbar 4096 2010-04-26 11:38 .unison .unison/.unison: total 0 .unisonroot: total 0 $ mkdir .unisonroot/aDirectoryFrom-$UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME $ echo something >.unisonroot/aFileFrom-$UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME $ ls .unisonroot/ aDirectoryFrom-workcmpuserbardevel aFileFrom-workcmpuserbardevel I perform the unison synchronization: $ echo $UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME worklaptop $ unison Contacting server... Connected [//worklaptop//home/userfoo/.unisonroot -> //workcmpuserbardevel//home/userbar/.unisonroot] Looking for changes Warning: No archive files were found for these roots, whose canonical names are: /home/userfoo/.unisonroot //workcmpuserbardevel//home/userbar/.unisonroot This can happen either because this is the first time you have synchronized these roots, or because you have upgraded Unison to a new version with a different archive format. Update detection may take a while on this run if the replicas are large. Unison will assume that the 'last synchronized state' of both replicas was completely empty. This means that any files that are different will be reported as conflicts, and any files that exist only on one replica will be judged as new and propagated to the other replica. If the two replicas are identical, then no changes will be reported. If you see this message repeatedly, it may be because one of your machines is getting its address from DHCP, which is causing its host name to change between synchronizations. See the documentation for the UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME environment variable for advice on how to correct this. Donations to the Unison project are gratefully accepted: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison Press return to continue.[<spc>] Waiting for changes from server Reconciling changes local workcmps... dir ----> aDirectoryFrom-worklaptop [f] file ----> aFileFrom-worklaptop [f] Proceed with propagating updates? [] y Propagating updates UNISON 2.27.57 started propagating changes at 11:49:14 on 26 Apr 2010 [BGN] Copying aDirectoryFrom-worklaptop from /home/userfoo/.unisonroot to //workcmpuserbardevel//home/userbar/.unisonroot [BGN] Copying aFileFrom-worklaptop from /home/userfoo/.unisonroot to //workcmpuserbardevel//home/userbar/.unisonroot [END] Copying aDirectoryFrom-worklaptop [END] Copying aFileFrom-worklaptop UNISON 2.27.57 finished propagating changes at 11:49:14 on 26 Apr 2010 Saving synchronizer state Synchronization complete (2 items transferred, 0 skipped, 0 failures) And then check the .unisonroot directory on the computer I started the synchronization from: $ ls .unisonroot/ aDirectoryFrom-worklaptop aFileFrom-worklaptop And on the server: $ echo $UNISONLOCALHOSTNAME workcmpuserbardevel $ ls .unisonroot/ aDirectoryFrom-worklaptop aFileFrom-worklaptop aDirectoryFrom-workcmpuserbardevel aFileFrom-workcmpuserbardevel As can be seen above, the contents of the laptop .unisonroot has not changed while the servers .unisonroot has. The desired result would have been that the two folders would have ended up being identical, holding the union of the contents of the two roots.

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  • Performance of Cluster Shared Volume file copy from SAN

    - by Sequenzia
    I am hoping someone can help me out with a strange issue. We are running a Microsoft Failover Cluster with Server 2008 R2 and an Equallogic PS4000 SAN. Our main configuration has 2 Dell Poweredge T710 Servers in the cluster. We have CSV and Quorm setup. The servers each have 10 Broadcom 1Gb NICs. Right now 4 of the NICS are on the iSCSI network for accessing the SAN. They use MPIO and the Dell HIT pack. We have 5 VMs running on each node and everything runs smooth. No noticeable performance issues or anything. From the SAN I can see the 4 iSCSI connections from each server to each volume (CSV and Quorm). Again, it seems to perform great. The problem I am running into is with backups. I have tried a few backup programs like backupchain and Veeam. The problem is both of them are very very slow to backup the VMs. For instance I have a 500GB (fixed disc) VHD that’s running on the cluster. It takes over 18 hours to backup that VHD and that’s with compression and depuping turned off which is supposed to be the fasted. We also have a separate server that is just for backups. It has a lot of directed attached storage. As part of the troubleshooting I decided to bring that server into the cluster as a node. It now has access to the CSV and can read from C:\clusterstorage\volume1 which is where our VHDs live. This backup server only has 2 NICs. 1 NIC is going to the iSCSI network and the other is just on the main network. It has Intel NICS in it without any sort of MPIO or teaming. So with the 3rd server now in the cluster I started doing some benchmarking. I have a test VHD that’s about 7GBs that’s stored in the CSV. I have tested file copying that VHD from all 3 servers to directed attached storage in the respective server. The 2 Dell servers that are the main nodes in the cluster (they house the VMs) are reading that file at about 20Mbs/Sec. Which at that rate is way to slow for the backups. The other server which only has 1 NIC to the SAN is reading at around 100Mbs/Sec. I spent a few hours on the phone with Dell today about this . We went through all kind of tests and he was pretty dumb founded. He really has no idea why that server with only 1 NIC is reading about 5 times as fast as the servers with 4 NICS and MPIO. We looked at the network utilization of the NICs while the file copy was going on. The servers with the 4 NICs had a small increase of activity during the file copy but they only went up to around 8-10% on all 4 NICs. The other server with the 1 NIC jumped up to over 80% during the file copy. I plan on doing some more testing after hours and calling Dell back tomorrow but I really am confused (and so is Dell’s support rep) why I cannot get faster file copy access to the CSV on those servers. Anyone have any input on this? Any feedback would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance.

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  • Download Microsoft’s Series of ‘Work Smart’ Guides for Windows 8

    - by Asian Angel
    The general release date for Windows 8 is almost here and Microsoft has released a terrific set of free ‘Work Smart’ guides to help you get started with the new operating system. Whether it is an overview of Windows 8 itself, shortcut keys, backups, and more these guides cover a nice range of topics. HTG Explains: How Antivirus Software Works HTG Explains: Why Deleted Files Can Be Recovered and How You Can Prevent It HTG Explains: What Are the Sys Rq, Scroll Lock, and Pause/Break Keys on My Keyboard?

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  • SQL Server Scripts I Use

    - by Bill Graziano
    When I get to a new client I usually find myself using the same set of scripts for maintenance and troubleshooting.  These are all drop in solutions for various maintenance issues. Reindexing.  I use Michelle Ufford’s (SQLFool) re-indexing script.  I like that it has a throttle and only re-indexes when needed.  She also has a variety of other interesting scripts on her blog too. Server Activity.  Adam Machanic is up to version 10 of sp_WhoIsActive.  It’s a great replacement for the sp_who* stored procedures and does so much more.  If a server is acting funny this is one of the first tools I use. Backups.  Tara Kizer has a great little T-SQL script for SQL Server backups.  Wait Stats.  Paul Randal has a great script to display wait stats.  The biggest benefit for me is that his script filters out at least three dozen wait stats that I just don’t care about (for example LAZYWRITER_SLEEP). Update Statistics.  I didn’t find anything I liked so I wrote a simple script to update stats myself.  The big need for me was that it had to run inside a time window and update the oldest statistics first.  Is there a better one? Diagnostic Queries.  Glenn Berry has a huge collection of DMV queries available.  He also just highlighted five of them including two I really like dealing with unused indexes and suggested indexes. Single Use Query Plans.  Kim Tripp has a script that counts the number of single-use query plans.  This should guide you in whether to enable the Optimize for Adhoc Workloads option in SQL Server 2008. Granting Permissions to Developers.  This is one of those scripts I didn’t even know I needed until I needed it.  Kendra Little wrote it to grant a login read-only permission to all the databases.  It also grants view server state and a few other handy permissions.   What else do you use?  What should I add to my list?

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  • Stairway to SQL Server Indexes: Step 1, Introduction to Indexes

    Indexes are the database objects that enable SQL Server to satisfy each data access request from a client application with the minimum amount of effort, resulting in the maximum performance of individual requests while also reducing the impact of one request upon another. Prerequisites: Familiarity with the following relational database concepts: Table, row, primary key, foreign key Join SQL Backup’s 35,000+ customers to compress and strengthen your backups "SQL Backup will be a REAL boost to any DBA lucky enough to use it." Jonathan Allen. Download a free trial now.

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  • Hidden Formatting Troubles with STR() (SQL Spackle)

    Fill in another bit of your T-SQL knowledge about STR(). It right justifies, rounds, and controls the output width of columns. Sounds perfect but here's why you might not want to use it. Join SQL Backup’s 35,000+ customers to compress and strengthen your backups "SQL Backup will be a REAL boost to any DBA lucky enough to use it." Jonathan Allen. Download a free trial now.

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  • Data Quality Services Performance Best Practices Guide

    This guide details high-level performance numbers expected and a set of best practices on getting optimal performance when using Data Quality Services (DQS) in SQL Server 2012 with Cumulative Update 1. Schedule Azure backupsRed Gate’s Cloud Services makes it simple to create and schedule backups of your SQL Azure databases to Azure blob storage or Amazon S3. Try it for free today.

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  • SQL Server Ranking Functions

    A new article from Wayne Sheffield that examines the ranking functions in SQL Server. Learn how you can use ROW_NUMBER(), NTILE(), RANK(), and DENSE_RANK() in your applications. Join SQL Backup’s 35,000+ customers to compress and strengthen your backups "SQL Backup will be a REAL boost to any DBA lucky enough to use it." Jonathan Allen. Download a free trial now.

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  • What is safe to exclude for a full system backup?

    - by seb
    Hi, I'm looking for a list which paths/files are safe to exclude for a full system/home backup. Considering that I have a list of installed packages. /home/*/.thumbnails /home/*/.cache /home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/Cache /home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/OfflineCache /home/*/.local/share/Trash /home/*/.gvfs/ /tmp/ /var/tmp/ not real folders but can cause severe problems when 'restoring' /dev /proc /sys What about... /var/ in general? /var/backups/ - can get quite large /var/log/ - does not require much space and can help for later comparison /lost+found/

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  • Reporting Services Disaster Recovery

    Dave Lumley presents a Reporting services disaster recovery solution for SQL Server Standard Edition, using 2 servers. Worth the read if you don't run Enterprise. SQL Backup Pro wins Gold Community Choice AwardFind out why the SQL Server Community voted SQL Backup Pro 'Best Backup and Recovery Product 2012'. Get faster, smaller, fully verified backups. Download a free trial now.

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  • input / output error, drives randomly refusing to read / write

    - by ILMV
    I have an issue with one of our servers running Ubuntu 10.04, it is running BackupPC and collects backups from various machines / servers around the building. On the 8th minute (12:08, 12:18, 12:28 etc) the backups are transferred to an external hard drive, we have three and rotate one drive for another everyday. The problem we are having is we are randomly experiencing input / output errors, when this happens you cannot read / write to the drive, it hasn't unmounted so I can cd to the mount point /media/backup1. The drives are not faulty as it's happening on all of them, so I'm at a loss as to what the problem could be, here is an example of the many errors we get: gzip: stdout: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 47: /media/backup1/Tue/offline.log: Input/output error ls: cannot access /media/backup1/Tue/incr_1083_host1.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error ls: cannot access /media/backup1/Tue/incr_1088_host1.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error ls: cannot access /media/backup1/Tue/incr_1089_host1.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error ls: cannot access /media/backup1/Tue/incr_1090_host1.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 39: /media/backup1/Tue/offline.log: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 44: /media/backup1/Tue/offline.log: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 45: /media/backup1/Tue/incr_1090_host1.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 47: /media/backup1/Tue/offline.log: Input/output error ls: cannot access /media/backup1/Tue/incr_591_tech2.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 44: /media/backup1/Tue/offline.log: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 45: /media/backup1/Tue/incr_591_tech2.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 47: /media/backup1/Tue/offline.log: Input/output error ls: cannot access /media/backup1/Tue/incr_592_tech3.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error ls: cannot access /media/backup1/Tue/incr_593_tech3.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 44: /media/backup1/Tue/offline.log: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 45: /media/backup1/Tue/incr_593_tech3.something.co.uk.tar.gz: Input/output error /var/lib/backuppc/backuppc_offline: line 47: /media/backup1/Tue/offline.log: Input/output error EDIT » Resolved So it turns out Quamis was right, even though I didn't think it was possible it was actually a problem with the drive. You see we have three drives all formatted to ext2, on two of them we were getting I/O errors frequently, I cam back to Quamis' answer and discovered the fsck command, so ran it against the problems drives: fsck /dev/sdb1 This found and fixed a load of problems on the drive, most probably caused by power outages / unsafe removal of drives etc, as the drives are in the xt2 format they aren't journalled and thus aren't protected against such issues. Drives are now working beautifully, thanks all! :D

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  • Nautilus bookmarks and smb shares work with non-root user

    - by Enrique
    I'm having a problem with Nautilus in Ubuntu 10.10 When I open Nautilus as common user, it shows bookmarks and the bookmarks that point to smb windows shares work fine. However, if I start Nautilus as root, it does not show bookmarks, and if I try to browse a smb share directly (by pressing Ctrl+L and inserting an address like smb://[email protected]/backups/) it doesn't work and gives me an error that it couldn't be found.

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  • How to Never Use iTunes With Your iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch

    - by Chris Hoffman
    iTunes isn’t an amazing program on Windows. There was a time when Apple device users had to plug their devices into their PCs or Macs and use iTunes for device activation, updates, and syncing, but iTunes is no longer necessary. Apple still allows you to use iTunes for these things, but you don’t have to. Your iOS device can function independently from iTunes, so you should never be forced to plug it into a PC or Mac. Device Activation When the iPad first came out, it was touted as a device that could replace full PCs and Macs for people who only needed to perform light computing tasks. Yet, to set up a new iPad, users had to plug it into a PC or Mac running iTunes and use iTunes to activate the device. This is no longer necessary. With new iPads, iPhones, and iPod Touches, you can simply go through the setup process after turning on your new device without ever having to plug it into iTunes. Just connect to a Wi-Fi or cellular data network and log in with your Apple ID when prompted. You’ll still see an option that allows you to activate the device via iTunes, but this should only be necessary if you don’t have a wireless Internet connection available for your device. Operating System Updates You no longer have to use Apple’s iTunes software to update to a new version of Apple’s iOS operating system, either. Just open the Settings app on your device, select the General category, and tap Software Update. You’ll be able to update right from your device without ever opening iTunes. Purchased iTunes Media Apple allows you to easily access content you’ve purchased from the iTunes Store on any device. You don’t have to connect your device to your computer and sync via iTunes. For example, you can purchase a movie from the iTunes Store. Then, without any syncing, you can open the iTunes Store app on any of your iOS devices, tap the Purchased section, and see stuff you’ve downloaded. You can download the content right from the store to your device. This also works for apps — apps you purchase from the App Store can be accessed in the Purchased section on the App Store on your device later. You don’t have to sync apps from iTunes to your device, although iTunes still allows you to. You can even set up automatic downloads from the iTunes & App Store settings screen. This would allow you to purchase content on one device and have it automatically download to your other devices without any hassle. Music Apple allows you to re-download purchased music from the iTunes Store in the same way. However, there’s a good chance you have your own music you didn’t purchase from iTunes. Maybe you spent time ripping it all from your old CDs and you’ve been syncing it to your devices via iTunes ever since. Apple’s solution for this is named iTunes Match. This feature isn’t free, but it’s not a bad deal at all. For $25 per year, Apple allows you to upload all your music to your iCloud account. You can then access all your music from any iPhone, IPad, or iPod Touch. You can stream all your music — perfect if you have a huge library and little storage on your device — and choose which songs you want to download to your device for offline use. When you add additional music to your computer, iTunes will notice it and upload it using iTunes Match, making it available for streaming and downloading directly from your iOS devices without any syncing. This feature is named iTunes Match because it doesn’t just upload music — if Apple already has a song you upload, it will “match” your song with Apple’s copy. This means you may get higher-quality versions of your songs if you ripped them from CD at a lower bitrate. Podcasts You don’t have to use iTunes to subscribe to podcasts and sync them to your devices. Even if you have a lowly iPod Touch, you can install APple’s Podcasts app from the app store. Use it to subscribe to podcasts and configure them to automatically download directly to your device. You can use other podcast apps for this, too. Backups You can continue backing up your device’s data through iTunes, generating local backups that are stored on your computer. However, new iOS devices are configured to automatically back up their data to iCloud. This happens automatically in the background without you even having to think about it, and you can restore such backups when setting up a device simply by logging in with your Apple ID. Personal Data In the days of PalmPilots, people would use desktop programs like iTunes to sync their email, contacts, and calendar events with their mobile devices. You probably shouldn’t have to sync this data form your computer. Just sign into your email account — for example, a Gmail account — on your device and iOS will automatically pull your email, contacts, and calendar events from your associated account. Photos Rather than connecting your iOS device to your computer and syncing photos from it, you can use an app that automatically uploads your photos to a web service. Dropbox, Google+, and even Flickr all have this feature in their apps. You’ll be able to access your photos from any computer and have a backup copy without any syncing required. You may still need to use iTunes if you want to sync local music without paying for iTunes Match or copy local video files to your device. Copying large local files over is the only real scenario where you’d need iTunes. If you don’t need to copy such files over, you can go ahead and uninstall iTunes from your Windows PC if you like. You shouldn’t need it.     

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  • Error ¨Sheduled backup delayed¨ even though network is available

    - by AviD1511
    I get this message every time I bootup the machine Schedule Backup delayed Backup will begin when a network connection becomes available The network is working fine and I can use the internet, also I can manually perform backups. I am a new user & using ubuntu 12.04 precise pangolin. Below is the link of screenshot of the error message(Unable to attach image as a new user). Here is the error message:

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  • Running MySQL in Batch Mode

    Anyone who has spent a fair amount of time working with databases comes to realize that common tasks like backups and data transfers should be run from a script rather than interactively. In this tutorial, we will be writing a common batch file to back up a table to a file.

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  • Stairway to XML: Level 1 - Introduction to XML

    In this level, Rob Sheldon explains what XML is, and describes the components of an XML document, Elements and Attributes. He explains the basics of tags, entity references, enclosed text, comments and declarations Schedule Azure backupsRed Gate’s Cloud Services makes it simple to create and schedule backups of your SQL Azure databases to Azure blob storage or Amazon S3. Try it for free today.

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  • Raw Materials - Og, Sumerian DBA, Part 2

    A disruptive innovation raises an old, old question. Join SQL Backup’s 35,000+ customers to compress and strengthen your backups "SQL Backup will be a REAL boost to any DBA lucky enough to use it." Jonathan Allen. Download a free trial now.

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  • BAR - Backup archiver program

    <b>Ubuntu Geek:</b> "BAR is backup archiver program to create compressed and encrypted archives of files that can be stored on a hard disk, CD, DVD, or directly on a server via FTP, SCP, or SFTP. A server mode and a scheduler are integrated for making automated backups in the background. A graphical front end that can connect to the (remote) server is included."

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  • Understanding T-SQL Expression Short-Circuiting

    Understanding the basics of how T-SQL logic works in branching is important to ensure you code works as expected. This article will help you learn how this impacts control of flow language. Join SQL Backup’s 35,000+ customers to compress and strengthen your backups "SQL Backup will be a REAL boost to any DBA lucky enough to use it." Jonathan Allen. Download a free trial now.

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  • General Policies and Procedures for Maintaining the Value of Data Assets

    Here is a general list for policies and procedures regarding maintaining the value of data assets. Data Backup Policies and Procedures Backups are very important when dealing with data because there is always the chance of losing data due to faulty hardware or a user activity. So the need for a strategic backup system should be mandatory for all companies. This being said, in the real world some companies that I have worked for do not really have a good data backup plan. Typically when companies tend to take this kind of approach in data backups usually the data is not really recoverable.  Unfortunately when companies do not regularly test their backup plans they get a false sense of security because they think that they are covered. However, I can tell you from personal and professional experience that a backup plan/system is never fully implemented until it is regularly tested prior to the time when it actually needs to be used. Disaster Recovery Plan Expanding on Backup Policies and Procedures, a company needs to also have a disaster recovery plan in order to protect its data in case of a catastrophic disaster.  Disaster recovery plans typically encompass how to restore all of a company’s data and infrastructure back to a restored operational status.  Most Disaster recovery plans also include time estimates on how long each step of the disaster recovery plan should take to be executed.  It is important to note that disaster recovery plans are never fully implemented until they have been tested just like backup plans. Disaster recovery plans should be tested regularly so that the business can be confident in not losing any or minimal data due to a catastrophic disaster. Firewall Policies and Content Filters One way companies can protect their data is by using a firewall to separate their internal network from the outside. Firewalls allow for enabling or disabling network access as data passes through it by applying various defined restrictions. Furthermore firewalls can also be used to prevent access from the internal network to the outside by these same factors. Common Firewall Restrictions Destination/Sender IP Address Destination/Sender Host Names Domain Names Network Ports Companies can also desire to restrict what their network user’s view on the internet through things like content filters. Content filters allow a company to track what webpages a person has accessed and can also restrict user’s access based on established rules set up in the content filter. This device and/or software can block access to domains or specific URLs based on a few factors. Common Content Filter Criteria Known malicious sites Specific Page Content Page Content Theme  Anti-Virus/Mal-ware Polices Fortunately, most companies utilize antivirus programs on all computers and servers for good reason, virus have been known to do the following: Corrupt/Invalidate Data, Destroy Data, and Steal Data. Anti-Virus applications are a great way to prevent any malicious application from being able to gain access to a company’s data.  However, anti-virus programs must be constantly updated because new viruses are always being created, and the anti-virus vendors need to distribute updates to their applications so that they can catch and remove them. Data Validation Policies and Procedures Data validation is very important to ensure that only accurate information is stored. The existence of invalid data can cause major problems when businesses attempt to use data for knowledge based decisions and for performance reporting. Data Scrubbing Policies and Procedures Data scrubbing is valuable to companies in one of two ways. The first can be used to clean data prior to being analyzed for report generation. The second is that it allows companies to remove things like personally Identifiable information from its data prior to transmit it between multiple environments or if the information is sent to an external location. An example of this can be seen with medical records in regards to HIPPA laws that prohibit the storage of specific personal and medical information. Additionally, I have professionally run in to a scenario where the Canadian government does not allow any Canadian’s personal information to be stored on a server not located in Canada. Encryption Practices The use of encryption is very valuable when a company needs to any personal information. This allows users with the appropriated access levels to view or confirm the existence or accuracy of data within a system by either decrypting the information or encrypting a piece of data and comparing it to the stored version.  Additionally, if for some unforeseen reason the data got in to the wrong hands then they would have to first decrypt the data before they could even be able to read it. Encryption just adds and additional layer of protection around data itself. Standard Normalization Practices The use of standard data normalization practices is very important when dealing with data because it can prevent allot of potential issues by eliminating the potential for unnecessary data duplication. Issues caused by data duplication include excess use of data storage, increased chance for invalidated data, and over use of data processing. Network and Database Security/Access Policies Every company has some form of network/data access policy even if they have none. These policies help secure data from being seen by inappropriate users along with preventing the data from being updated or deleted by users. In addition, without a good security policy there is a large potential for data to be corrupted by unassuming users or even stolen. Data Storage Policies Data storage polices are very important depending on how they are implemented especially when a company is trying to utilize them in conjunction with other policies like Data Backups. I have worked at companies where all network user folders are constantly backed up, and if a user wanted to ensure the existence of a piece of data in the form of a file then they had to store that file in their network folder. Conversely, I have also worked in places where when a user logs on or off of the network there entire user profile is backed up. Training Policies One of the biggest ways to prevent data loss and ensure that data will remain a company asset is through training. The practice of properly train employees on how to work with in systems that access data is crucial when trying to ensure a company’s data will remain an asset. Users need to be trained on how to manipulate a company’s data in order to perform their tasks to reduce the chances of invalidating data.

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