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  • How to write the Visitor Pattern for Abstract Syntax Tree in Python?

    - by bodacydo
    My collegue suggested me to write a visitor pattern to navigate the AST. Can anyone tell me more how would I start writing it? As far as I understand, each Node in AST would have visit() method (?) that would somehow get called (from where?). That about concludes my understanding. To simplify everything, suppose I have nodes Root, Expression, Number, Op and the tree looks like this: Root | Op(+) / \ / \ Number(5) \ Op(*) / \ / \ / \ Number(2) Number(444) Can anyone think of how the visitor pattern would visit this tree to produce output: 5 + 2 * 444 Thanks, Boda Cydo.

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  • Python: speed up removal of every n-th element from list.

    - by ChristopheD
    I'm trying to solve this programming riddle and althought the solution (see code below) works correct, it is too slow for succesful submission. Any pointers as how to make this run faster? (removal of every n-th element from a list)? Or suggestions for a better algorithm to calculate the same; seems I can't think of anything else then brute-force for now... Basically the task at hand is: GIVEN: L = [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,........] 1. Take the first remaining item in list L (in the general case 'n'). Move it to the 'lucky number list'. Then drop every 'n-th' item from the list. 2. Repeat 1 TASK: Calculate the n-th number from the 'lucky number list' ( 1 <= n <= 3000) My current code (it calculates the 3000 first lucky numbers in about a second on my machine - but unfortunately too slow): """ SPOJ Problem Set (classical) 1798. Assistance Required URL: http://www.spoj.pl/problems/ASSIST/ """ sieve = range(3, 33900, 2) luckynumbers = [2] while True: wanted_n = input() if wanted_n == 0: break while len(luckynumbers) < wanted_n: item = sieve[0] luckynumbers.append(item) items_to_delete = set(sieve[::item]) sieve = filter(lambda x: x not in items_to_delete, sieve) print luckynumbers[wanted_n-1]

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  • Find new messages added to an imap mailbox since I last checked with python libimap2?

    - by vy32
    I am trying to write a program that monitors an IMAP mailbox and automatically copies every new incoming message into an "Archive" folder. I'm using imaplib2 which implements the IDLE command. Here's my basic program: M = imaplib2.IMAP4("mail.me.com") M.login(username,password) lst = M.list() assert lst[0]=='OK' for mbx in lst[1]: print "Mailboxes:",mbx def process(m): print "m=",m res = M.recent() print res M.select('INBOX') M.examine(mailbox='INBOX',callback=process) while True: print "Calling idle..." M.idle() print "back from idle" M.close() M.logout() It prints the mailboxes properly and runs process() when the first change happens to the mailbox. But the response from recent() doesn't make sense to me, and after the first message I never get any other notifications. Anyone know how to do this?

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  • Python: Getting INVALID response from PayPal's Sandbox IPN, slowly going insane...

    - by thepeanut
    Hi All I am trying to implement a simple online payment system using PayPal, however I have tried everything I know and am still getting an INVALID response. I know it's nothing too simple, because I get a VERIFIED response when using the IPN simulator. I have tried putting the items into a dict first, I have tried fixing the encoding, and still nothing. PayPal says the reasons for an INVALID response could be: Sending wrong items or in wrong order (pretty sure it's not this) Sending to the wrong address (definitely not this) Encoding items incorrectly (I dont think it's this, set encoding to UTF-8 on both paypal and my script) The following is the snippet concerned: f = cgi.FieldStorage() newparams = 'cmd=_notify-validate' for key in f.keys(): val = f[key].value newparams += '&' + urlencode({key: val.encode('utf-8')}) req = urllib2.Request(PP_URL, newparams) req.add_header("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded") http = urllib2.urlopen(req) ret = http.read() fi.write(ret + '\n') if ret == 'VERIFIED': #*do stuff* Can anyone suggest anything I can do to fix this?! Cheers Sam

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  • Python 3: timestamp to datetime: where does this additional hour come from?

    - by Beau Martínez
    I'm using the following functions: # The epoch used in the datetime API. EPOCH = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(0) def timedelta_to_seconds(delta): seconds = (delta.microseconds * 1e6) + delta.seconds + (delta.days * 86400) seconds = abs(seconds) return seconds def datetime_to_timestamp(date, epoch=EPOCH): # Ensure we deal with `datetime`s. date = datetime.datetime.fromordinal(date.toordinal()) epoch = datetime.datetime.fromordinal(epoch.toordinal()) timedelta = date - epoch timestamp = timedelta_to_seconds(timedelta) return timestamp def timestamp_to_datetime(timestamp, epoch=EPOCH): # Ensure we deal with a `datetime`. epoch = datetime.datetime.fromordinal(epoch.toordinal()) epoch_difference = timedelta_to_seconds(epoch - EPOCH) adjusted_timestamp = timestamp - epoch_difference date = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(adjusted_timestamp) return date And using them with the passed code: twenty = datetime.datetime(2010, 4, 4) print(twenty) print(datetime_to_timestamp(twenty)) print(timestamp_to_datetime(datetime_to_timestamp(twenty))) And getting the following results: 2010-04-04 00:00:00 1270339200.0 2010-04-04 01:00:00 For some reason, I'm getting an additional hour added in the last call, despite my code having, as far as I can see, no flaws. Where is this additional hour coming from?

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  • Using Sendkeys in python to press {F12} results in other keys pressed?

    - by ThantiK
    import time from ctypes import * import win32gui import win32com.client as comclt X = 119 Y = 53 def PILColorToRGB(pil_color): """ convert a PIL-compatible integer into an (r, g, b) tuple """ hexstr = '%06x' % pil_color # reverse byte order r, g, b = hexstr[4:], hexstr[2:4], hexstr[:2] r, g, b = [int(n, 16) for n in (r, g, b)] return (r, g, b) wsh = comclt.Dispatch("WScript.Shell") w = win32gui user = windll.LoadLibrary("c:\\windows\\system32\\user32.dll") h = user.GetDC(0) gdi = windll.LoadLibrary("c:\\windows\\system32\\gdi32.dll") while True: FG = w.GetWindowText(w.GetForegroundWindow()) #FG = Foreground window title. if FG == "World of Warcraft": rgb = (PILColorToRGB(gdi.GetPixel(h,X,Y))) #X, Y time.sleep(0.333) #don't check too often. if (rgb[0] >= 130): #While Pixel (X, Y) is Red... #print "%d %d %d" % (rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]) #Debug wsh.SendKeys("{F12}") #Send a key. time.sleep(0.7) #Add some extra down-time if we send the key. else: time.sleep(5) Basically all this code does is read a pixel on the screen, and send a key (F12) if the pixel is red. But when using this code I regularly get some phantom key-code being pressed. The application I'm using this on is obviously world of warcraft, and I have checked that all keybinds are standard keybinds. However randomly it seems I get either an up arrow, or a w pressed, which moves my character forward whenever this code executes (F12 is bound to a macro, unbound from any movement. If I press f12 with a hardware event, it does not exhibit this behavior. What in the world could be going on here?

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  • How can i do this using a Python Regex?

    - by uberjumper
    I am trying to properly extract methods definitions that are generated by comtypes for Com Interfaces using a regex. Furthermore some of them are blank which causes even more problems for me. Basically i have this: IXMLSerializerAlt._methods_ = [ COMMETHOD([helpstring(u'Loads an object from an XML string.')], HRESULT, 'LoadFromString', ( ['in'], BSTR, 'XML' ), ( ['in'], BSTR, 'TypeName' ), ( ['in'], BSTR, 'TypeNamespaceURI' ), ( ['retval', 'out'], POINTER(POINTER(IUnknown)), 'obj' )), ] class EnvironmentManager(CoClass): u'Singleton object that manages different environments (collections of configuration information).' _reg_clsid_ = GUID('{8A626D49-5F5E-47D9-9463-0B802E9C4167}') _idlflags_ = [] _typelib_path_ = typelib_path _reg_typelib_ = ('{5E1F7BC3-67C5-4AEE-8EC6-C4B73AAC42ED}', 1, 0) INumberFormat._methods_ = [ ] I want to extract both the IXMLSerializerAlt and INumberFormat methods definitions however i cant figure out a proper regex. E.g. for IXMLSerializer i want to extract this: IXMLSerializerAlt._methods_ = [ COMMETHOD([helpstring(u'Loads an object from an XML string.')], HRESULT, 'LoadFromString', ( ['in'], BSTR, 'XML' ), ( ['in'], BSTR, 'TypeName' ), ( ['in'], BSTR, 'TypeNamespaceURI' ), ( ['retval', 'out'], POINTER(POINTER(IUnknown)), 'obj' )), ] This regex in my mind this should work: ^\w+\._methods_\s=\s\[$ (^.+$)* ^]$ Im checking my regex's using kodos however i cannot figure out a way to make this work.

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  • In python, what is the fastest way to determine if a string is an email or an integer?

    - by ensnare
    I'd like to be able to pull users from a database using either a supplied e-mail address or the user id (an integer). To do this, I have to detect if the supplied string is an integer, or an e-mail. Looking for the fastest way to do this. Thanks. def __init__(self, data): #populate class data self._fetchInfo(data) def _fetchInfo(self, data): #If an email #SELECT ... WHERE email = 'data' #or if a user_id #SELECT ... WHERE id = 'data' #Fill class attributes self._id = row['id'] self._email = row['id'] ...

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  • Python/Django: Which authorize.net library should I use?

    - by Parand
    I need authorize.net integration for subscription payments, likely using CIM. The requirements are simple - recurring monthly payments, with a few different price points. Customer credit card info will be stored a authorize.net . There are quite a few libraries and code snippets around, I'm looking for recommendations as to which work best. Satchmo seems more than I need, and it looks like it's complex. Django-Bursar seems like what I need, but it's listed as alpha. The adroll/authorize library also looks pretty good. The CIM XML APIs don't look too bad, I could connect directly with them. And there are quite a few other code snippets. What's the best choice right now, given my fairly simple requirements?

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  • Does Python doctest remove the need for unit-tests?

    - by daniel
    Hi all, A fellow developer on a project I am on believes that doctests are as good as unit-tests, and that if a piece of code is doctested, it does not need to be unit-tested. I do not believe this to be the case. Can anyone provide some solid, ideally cited, examples either for or against the argument that doctests do not replace the need for unit-tests? Thank you -Daniel

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  • How to read special characters from stdin in Python?

    - by erickrf
    I'm having trouble reading special characters from stdin. Here are my attempts: import os dir = raw_input("Dir name: ") Dir name: c:/á os.chdir(dir) WindowsError: [Error 2] The system cannot find the file specified: 'c:/\x81\xe1' Ok, so I tried to get the default system encoding and recode the string from stdin: import locale encoding = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1] print encoding cp1252 unicode(dir, encoding) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "c:\Python26\lib\encodings\cp1252.py", line 15, in decode return codecs.charmap_decode(input,errors,decoding_table) UnicodeDecodeError: 'charmap' codec can't decode byte 0x81 in position 3: character maps to <undefined> Now, I don't know how to solve this. Nor can I understand - why is there a problem when I try to access a directory with a name written in the system default encoding itself??

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  • How to convert Word to images with win32com in python?

    - by SpawnCxy
    Hi all, I have googled an example for converting Word to Html. import win32com from win32com.client import Dispatch, constants w = win32com.client.Dispatch('Word.Application') w = win32com.client.DispatchEx('Word.Application') '''skip some code here''' wc = win32com.client.constants w.ActiveDocument.SaveAs( FileName = filenameout, FileFormat = wc.wdFormatHTML ) I tried looking for something like wc.wdFormatPNG as wc.wdFormatHTML in the example but failed.And I wonder does the attribute exist?Or any other better solutions?Suggestions would be appreciated.

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  • How to make a post request with REQUESTS package for Python?

    - by jorrebor
    I am trying to use the toggl api. I use Requests instead of Urllib2 for doing my GETs en POSTS. But i am stuck. payload = { "project":{ "name":"Another Project", "billable":False, "workspace":{ "Name":"jorrebor's workspace", "id":213272 }, "automatically_calculate_estimated_workhours":False } } url = "https://www.toggl.com/api/v6/projects.json" r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), auth=HTTPBasicAuth('[email protected]', 'mypassword')) Authentication seems to be fine, but the payload format probably isn't. a curl command with the same parameters: curl -v -u heremytoken:api_token -H "Content-type: application/json" -d "{\"project\":{\"billable\":true,\"workspace\":{\"id\":213272},\"name\":\"Another project\",\"automatically_calculate_estimated_workhours\":false}}" -X POST https://www.toggl.com/api/v6/projects.json does work fine. What wrong with my payload? The response is get is: ["Name can't be blank","Workspace can't be blank"] which leads me to conclude that the authentication works but toggl cannot read my json object.

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  • Is there a way to circumvent Python list.append() becoming progressively slower in a loop as the lis

    - by Deniz
    I have a big file I'm reading from, and convert every few lines to an instance of an Object. Since I'm looping through the file, I stash the instance to a list using list.append(instance), and then continue looping. This is a file that's around ~100MB so it isn't too large, but as the list grows larger, the looping slows down progressively. (I print the time for each lap in the loop). This is not intrinsic to the loop ~ when I print every new instance as I loop through the file, the program progresses at constant speed ~ it is only when I append them to a list it gets slow. My friend suggested disabling garbage collection before the while loop and enabling it afterward & making a garbage collection call. Did anyone else observe a similar problem with list.append getting slower? Is there any other way to circumvent this?

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  • Python — How can I find the square matrix of a lower triangular numpy matrix? (with a symmetrical upper triangle)

    - by Dana Gray
    I generated a lower triangular matrix, and I want to complete the matrix using the values in the lower triangular matrix to form a square matrix, symmetrical around the diagonal zeros. lower_triangle = numpy.array([ [0,0,0,0], [1,0,0,0], [2,3,0,0], [4,5,6,0]]) I want to generate the following complete matrix, maintaining the zero diagonal: complete_matrix = numpy.array([ [0, 1, 2, 4], [1, 0, 3, 5], [2, 3, 0, 6], [4, 5, 6, 0]]) Thanks.

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