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  • Capturing and Transforming ASP.NET Output with Response.Filter

    - by Rick Strahl
    During one of my Handlers and Modules session at DevConnections this week one of the attendees asked a question that I didn’t have an immediate answer for. Basically he wanted to capture response output completely and then apply some filtering to the output – effectively injecting some additional content into the page AFTER the page had completely rendered. Specifically the output should be captured from anywhere – not just a page and have this code injected into the page. Some time ago I posted some code that allows you to capture ASP.NET Page output by overriding the Render() method, capturing the HtmlTextWriter() and reading its content, modifying the rendered data as text then writing it back out. I’ve actually used this approach on a few occasions and it works fine for ASP.NET pages. But this obviously won’t work outside of the Page class environment and it’s not really generic – you have to create a custom page class in order to handle the output capture. [updated 11/16/2009 – updated ResponseFilterStream implementation and a few additional notes based on comments] Enter Response.Filter However, ASP.NET includes a Response.Filter which can be used – well to filter output. Basically Response.Filter is a stream through which the OutputStream is piped back to the Web Server (indirectly). As content is written into the Response object, the filter stream receives the appropriate Stream commands like Write, Flush and Close as well as read operations although for a Response.Filter that’s uncommon to be hit. The Response.Filter can be programmatically replaced at runtime which allows you to effectively intercept all output generation that runs through ASP.NET. A common Example: Dynamic GZip Encoding A rather common use of Response.Filter hooking up code based, dynamic  GZip compression for requests which is dead simple by applying a GZipStream (or DeflateStream) to Response.Filter. The following generic routines can be used very easily to detect GZip capability of the client and compress response output with a single line of code and a couple of library helper routines: WebUtils.GZipEncodePage(); which is handled with a few lines of reusable code and a couple of static helper methods: /// <summary> ///Sets up the current page or handler to use GZip through a Response.Filter ///IMPORTANT:  ///You have to call this method before any output is generated! /// </summary> public static void GZipEncodePage() {     HttpResponse Response = HttpContext.Current.Response;     if(IsGZipSupported())     {         stringAcceptEncoding = HttpContext.Current.Request.Headers["Accept-Encoding"];         if(AcceptEncoding.Contains("deflate"))         {             Response.Filter = newSystem.IO.Compression.DeflateStream(Response.Filter,                                        System.IO.Compression.CompressionMode.Compress);             Response.AppendHeader("Content-Encoding", "deflate");         }         else        {             Response.Filter = newSystem.IO.Compression.GZipStream(Response.Filter,                                       System.IO.Compression.CompressionMode.Compress);             Response.AppendHeader("Content-Encoding", "gzip");                            }     }     // Allow proxy servers to cache encoded and unencoded versions separately    Response.AppendHeader("Vary", "Content-Encoding"); } /// <summary> /// Determines if GZip is supported /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static bool IsGZipSupported() { string AcceptEncoding = HttpContext.Current.Request.Headers["Accept-Encoding"]; if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(AcceptEncoding) && (AcceptEncoding.Contains("gzip") || AcceptEncoding.Contains("deflate"))) return true; return false; } GZipStream and DeflateStream are streams that are assigned to Response.Filter and by doing so apply the appropriate compression on the active Response. Response.Filter content is chunked So to implement a Response.Filter effectively requires only that you implement a custom stream and handle the Write() method to capture Response output as it’s written. At first blush this seems very simple – you capture the output in Write, transform it and write out the transformed content in one pass. And that indeed works for small amounts of content. But you see, the problem is that output is written in small buffer chunks (a little less than 16k it appears) rather than just a single Write() statement into the stream, which makes perfect sense for ASP.NET to stream data back to IIS in smaller chunks to minimize memory usage en route. Unfortunately this also makes it a more difficult to implement any filtering routines since you don’t directly get access to all of the response content which is problematic especially if those filtering routines require you to look at the ENTIRE response in order to transform or capture the output as is needed for the solution the gentleman in my session asked for. So in order to address this a slightly different approach is required that basically captures all the Write() buffers passed into a cached stream and then making the stream available only when it’s complete and ready to be flushed. As I was thinking about the implementation I also started thinking about the few instances when I’ve used Response.Filter implementations. Each time I had to create a new Stream subclass and create my custom functionality but in the end each implementation did the same thing – capturing output and transforming it. I thought there should be an easier way to do this by creating a re-usable Stream class that can handle stream transformations that are common to Response.Filter implementations. Creating a semi-generic Response Filter Stream Class What I ended up with is a ResponseFilterStream class that provides a handful of Events that allow you to capture and/or transform Response content. The class implements a subclass of Stream and then overrides Write() and Flush() to handle capturing and transformation operations. By exposing events it’s easy to hook up capture or transformation operations via single focused methods. ResponseFilterStream exposes the following events: CaptureStream, CaptureString Captures the output only and provides either a MemoryStream or String with the final page output. Capture is hooked to the Flush() operation of the stream. TransformStream, TransformString Allows you to transform the complete response output with events that receive a MemoryStream or String respectively and can you modify the output then return it back as a return value. The transformed output is then written back out in a single chunk to the response output stream. These events capture all output internally first then write the entire buffer into the response. TransformWrite, TransformWriteString Allows you to transform the Response data as it is written in its original chunk size in the Stream’s Write() method. Unlike TransformStream/TransformString which operate on the complete output, these events only see the current chunk of data written. This is more efficient as there’s no caching involved, but can cause problems due to searched content splitting over multiple chunks. Using this implementation, creating a custom Response.Filter transformation becomes as simple as the following code. To hook up the Response.Filter using the MemoryStream version event: ResponseFilterStream filter = new ResponseFilterStream(Response.Filter); filter.TransformStream += filter_TransformStream; Response.Filter = filter; and the event handler to do the transformation: MemoryStream filter_TransformStream(MemoryStream ms) { Encoding encoding = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding; string output = encoding.GetString(ms.ToArray()); output = FixPaths(output); ms = new MemoryStream(output.Length); byte[] buffer = encoding.GetBytes(output); ms.Write(buffer,0,buffer.Length); return ms; } private string FixPaths(string output) { string path = HttpContext.Current.Request.ApplicationPath; // override root path wonkiness if (path == "/") path = ""; output = output.Replace("\"~/", "\"" + path + "/").Replace("'~/", "'" + path + "/"); return output; } The idea of the event handler is that you can do whatever you want to the stream and return back a stream – either the same one that’s been modified or a brand new one – which is then sent back to as the final response. The above code can be simplified even more by using the string version events which handle the stream to string conversions for you: ResponseFilterStream filter = new ResponseFilterStream(Response.Filter); filter.TransformString += filter_TransformString; Response.Filter = filter; and the event handler to do the transformation calling the same FixPaths method shown above: string filter_TransformString(string output) { return FixPaths(output); } The events for capturing output and capturing and transforming chunks work in a very similar way. By using events to handle the transformations ResponseFilterStream becomes a reusable component and we don’t have to create a new stream class or subclass an existing Stream based classed. By the way, the example used here is kind of a cool trick which transforms “~/” expressions inside of the final generated HTML output – even in plain HTML controls not HTML controls – and transforms them into the appropriate application relative path in the same way that ResolveUrl would do. So you can write plain old HTML like this: <a href=”~/default.aspx”>Home</a>  and have it turned into: <a href=”/myVirtual/default.aspx”>Home</a>  without having to use an ASP.NET control like Hyperlink or Image or having to constantly use: <img src=”<%= ResolveUrl(“~/images/home.gif”) %>” /> in MVC applications (which frankly is one of the most annoying things about MVC especially given the path hell that extension-less and endpoint-less URLs impose). I can’t take credit for this idea. While discussing the Response.Filter issues on Twitter a hint from Dylan Beattie who pointed me at one of his examples which does something similar. I thought the idea was cool enough to use an example for future demos of Response.Filter functionality in ASP.NET next I time I do the Modules and Handlers talk (which was great fun BTW). How practical this is is debatable however since there’s definitely some overhead to using a Response.Filter in general and especially on one that caches the output and the re-writes it later. Make sure to test for performance anytime you use Response.Filter hookup and make sure it' doesn’t end up killing perf on you. You’ve been warned :-}. How does ResponseFilterStream work? The big win of this implementation IMHO is that it’s a reusable  component – so for implementation there’s no new class, no subclassing – you simply attach to an event to implement an event handler method with a straight forward signature to retrieve the stream or string you’re interested in. The implementation is based on a subclass of Stream as is required in order to handle the Response.Filter requirements. What’s different than other implementations I’ve seen in various places is that it supports capturing output as a whole to allow retrieving the full response output for capture or modification. The exception are the TransformWrite and TransformWrite events which operate only active chunk of data written by the Response. For captured output, the Write() method captures output into an internal MemoryStream that is cached until writing is complete. So Write() is called when ASP.NET writes to the Response stream, but the filter doesn’t pass on the Write immediately to the filter’s internal stream. The data is cached and only when the Flush() method is called to finalize the Stream’s output do we actually send the cached stream off for transformation (if the events are hooked up) and THEN finally write out the returned content in one big chunk. Here’s the implementation of ResponseFilterStream: /// <summary> /// A semi-generic Stream implementation for Response.Filter with /// an event interface for handling Content transformations via /// Stream or String. /// <remarks> /// Use with care for large output as this implementation copies /// the output into a memory stream and so increases memory usage. /// </remarks> /// </summary> public class ResponseFilterStream : Stream { /// <summary> /// The original stream /// </summary> Stream _stream; /// <summary> /// Current position in the original stream /// </summary> long _position; /// <summary> /// Stream that original content is read into /// and then passed to TransformStream function /// </summary> MemoryStream _cacheStream = new MemoryStream(5000); /// <summary> /// Internal pointer that that keeps track of the size /// of the cacheStream /// </summary> int _cachePointer = 0; /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="responseStream"></param> public ResponseFilterStream(Stream responseStream) { _stream = responseStream; } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the stream is captured /// </summary> private bool IsCaptured { get { if (CaptureStream != null || CaptureString != null || TransformStream != null || TransformString != null) return true; return false; } } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the Write method is outputting data immediately /// or delaying output until Flush() is fired. /// </summary> private bool IsOutputDelayed { get { if (TransformStream != null || TransformString != null) return true; return false; } } /// <summary> /// Event that captures Response output and makes it available /// as a MemoryStream instance. Output is captured but won't /// affect Response output. /// </summary> public event Action<MemoryStream> CaptureStream; /// <summary> /// Event that captures Response output and makes it available /// as a string. Output is captured but won't affect Response output. /// </summary> public event Action<string> CaptureString; /// <summary> /// Event that allows you transform the stream as each chunk of /// the output is written in the Write() operation of the stream. /// This means that that it's possible/likely that the input /// buffer will not contain the full response output but only /// one of potentially many chunks. /// /// This event is called as part of the filter stream's Write() /// operation. /// </summary> public event Func<byte[], byte[]> TransformWrite; /// <summary> /// Event that allows you to transform the response stream as /// each chunk of bytep[] output is written during the stream's write /// operation. This means it's possibly/likely that the string /// passed to the handler only contains a portion of the full /// output. Typical buffer chunks are around 16k a piece. /// /// This event is called as part of the stream's Write operation. /// </summary> public event Func<string, string> TransformWriteString; /// <summary> /// This event allows capturing and transformation of the entire /// output stream by caching all write operations and delaying final /// response output until Flush() is called on the stream. /// </summary> public event Func<MemoryStream, MemoryStream> TransformStream; /// <summary> /// Event that can be hooked up to handle Response.Filter /// Transformation. Passed a string that you can modify and /// return back as a return value. The modified content /// will become the final output. /// </summary> public event Func<string, string> TransformString; protected virtual void OnCaptureStream(MemoryStream ms) { if (CaptureStream != null) CaptureStream(ms); } private void OnCaptureStringInternal(MemoryStream ms) { if (CaptureString != null) { string content = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding.GetString(ms.ToArray()); OnCaptureString(content); } } protected virtual void OnCaptureString(string output) { if (CaptureString != null) CaptureString(output); } protected virtual byte[] OnTransformWrite(byte[] buffer) { if (TransformWrite != null) return TransformWrite(buffer); return buffer; } private byte[] OnTransformWriteStringInternal(byte[] buffer) { Encoding encoding = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding; string output = OnTransformWriteString(encoding.GetString(buffer)); return encoding.GetBytes(output); } private string OnTransformWriteString(string value) { if (TransformWriteString != null) return TransformWriteString(value); return value; } protected virtual MemoryStream OnTransformCompleteStream(MemoryStream ms) { if (TransformStream != null) return TransformStream(ms); return ms; } /// <summary> /// Allows transforming of strings /// /// Note this handler is internal and not meant to be overridden /// as the TransformString Event has to be hooked up in order /// for this handler to even fire to avoid the overhead of string /// conversion on every pass through. /// </summary> /// <param name="responseText"></param> /// <returns></returns> private string OnTransformCompleteString(string responseText) { if (TransformString != null) TransformString(responseText); return responseText; } /// <summary> /// Wrapper method form OnTransformString that handles /// stream to string and vice versa conversions /// </summary> /// <param name="ms"></param> /// <returns></returns> internal MemoryStream OnTransformCompleteStringInternal(MemoryStream ms) { if (TransformString == null) return ms; //string content = ms.GetAsString(); string content = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding.GetString(ms.ToArray()); content = TransformString(content); byte[] buffer = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding.GetBytes(content); ms = new MemoryStream(); ms.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); //ms.WriteString(content); return ms; } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override bool CanRead { get { return true; } } public override bool CanSeek { get { return true; } } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override bool CanWrite { get { return true; } } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override long Length { get { return 0; } } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override long Position { get { return _position; } set { _position = value; } } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="offset"></param> /// <param name="direction"></param> /// <returns></returns> public override long Seek(long offset, System.IO.SeekOrigin direction) { return _stream.Seek(offset, direction); } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="length"></param> public override void SetLength(long length) { _stream.SetLength(length); } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override void Close() { _stream.Close(); } /// <summary> /// Override flush by writing out the cached stream data /// </summary> public override void Flush() { if (IsCaptured && _cacheStream.Length > 0) { // Check for transform implementations _cacheStream = OnTransformCompleteStream(_cacheStream); _cacheStream = OnTransformCompleteStringInternal(_cacheStream); OnCaptureStream(_cacheStream); OnCaptureStringInternal(_cacheStream); // write the stream back out if output was delayed if (IsOutputDelayed) _stream.Write(_cacheStream.ToArray(), 0, (int)_cacheStream.Length); // Clear the cache once we've written it out _cacheStream.SetLength(0); } // default flush behavior _stream.Flush(); } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="buffer"></param> /// <param name="offset"></param> /// <param name="count"></param> /// <returns></returns> public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) { return _stream.Read(buffer, offset, count); } /// <summary> /// Overriden to capture output written by ASP.NET and captured /// into a cached stream that is written out later when Flush() /// is called. /// </summary> /// <param name="buffer"></param> /// <param name="offset"></param> /// <param name="count"></param> public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) { if ( IsCaptured ) { // copy to holding buffer only - we'll write out later _cacheStream.Write(buffer, 0, count); _cachePointer += count; } // just transform this buffer if (TransformWrite != null) buffer = OnTransformWrite(buffer); if (TransformWriteString != null) buffer = OnTransformWriteStringInternal(buffer); if (!IsOutputDelayed) _stream.Write(buffer, offset, buffer.Length); } } The key features are the events and corresponding OnXXX methods that handle the event hookups, and the Write() and Flush() methods of the stream implementation. All the rest of the members tend to be plain jane passthrough stream implementation code without much consequence. I do love the way Action<t> and Func<T> make it so easy to create the event signatures for the various events – sweet. A few Things to consider Performance Response.Filter is not great for performance in general as it adds another layer of indirection to the ASP.NET output pipeline, and this implementation in particular adds a memory hit as it basically duplicates the response output into the cached memory stream which is necessary since you may have to look at the entire response. If you have large pages in particular this can cause potentially serious memory pressure in your server application. So be careful of wholesale adoption of this (or other) Response.Filters. Make sure to do some performance testing to ensure it’s not killing your app’s performance. Response.Filter works everywhere A few questions came up in comments and discussion as to capturing ALL output hitting the site and – yes you can definitely do that by assigning a Response.Filter inside of a module. If you do this however you’ll want to be very careful and decide which content you actually want to capture especially in IIS 7 which passes ALL content – including static images/CSS etc. through the ASP.NET pipeline. So it is important to filter only on what you’re looking for – like the page extension or maybe more effectively the Response.ContentType. Response.Filter Chaining Originally I thought that filter chaining doesn’t work at all due to a bug in the stream implementation code. But it’s quite possible to assign multiple filters to the Response.Filter property. So the following actually works to both compress the output and apply the transformed content: WebUtils.GZipEncodePage(); ResponseFilterStream filter = new ResponseFilterStream(Response.Filter); filter.TransformString += filter_TransformString; Response.Filter = filter; However the following does not work resulting in invalid content encoding errors: ResponseFilterStream filter = new ResponseFilterStream(Response.Filter); filter.TransformString += filter_TransformString; Response.Filter = filter; WebUtils.GZipEncodePage(); In other words multiple Response filters can work together but it depends entirely on the implementation whether they can be chained or in which order they can be chained. In this case running the GZip/Deflate stream filters apparently relies on the original content length of the output and chokes when the content is modified. But if attaching the compression first it works fine as unintuitive as that may seem. Resources Download example code Capture Output from ASP.NET Pages © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in ASP.NET  

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  • debian packages version convention

    - by JackWu
    I'm using debian/Ubuntu, and get confused about versions of packages. When using dpkg -l command, I get: ii vim 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor ii vim-common 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 Vi IMproved - Common files ii vim-runtime 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 Vi IMproved - Runtime files ii vim-tiny 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor - compact version ii virt-what 1.11-1 detect if we are running in a virtual machine ii w3m 0.5.3-5ubuntu1 WWW browsable pager with excellent tables/frames support ii watershed 6 reduce superfluous executions of idempotent command ii wget 1.13.4-2ubuntu1 retrieves files from the web ii whiptail 0.52.11-2ubuntu10 Displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts ii whoopsie 0.1.33 Ubuntu crash database submission daemon ii wimlib9 1.5.0-1~webupd8~precise Library to extract, create, modify, and mount WIM files ii wimtools 1.5.0-1~webupd8~precise Tools to extract, create, modify, and mount WIM files ii wireless-tools 30~pre9-5ubuntu2 Tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions ii wpasupplicant 0.7.3-6ubuntu2.1 client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) ii x11-common 1:7.6+12ubuntu2 X Window System (X.Org) infrastructure ii x11-utils 7.6+4ubuntu0.1 X11 utilities ii xauth 1:1.0.6-1 X authentication utility ii xbitmaps 1.1.1-1 Base X bitmaps ii xclip 0.12-1 command line interface to X selections ii xfonts-encodings 1:1.0.4-1ubuntu1 Encodings for X.Org fonts ii xfonts-utils 1:7.6+1 X Window System font utility programs ii xkb-data 2.5-1ubuntu1.3 X Keyboard Extension (XKB) configuration data ii xml-core 0.13 XML infrastructure and XML catalog file support rc xpdf 3.02-21build1 Portable Document Format (PDF) reader ii xterm 271-1ubuntu2.1 X terminal emulator ii xz-lzma 5.1.1alpha+20110809-3 XZ-format compression utilities - compatibility commands ii xz-utils 5.1.1alpha+20110809-3 XZ-format compression utilities ii zabbix-agent 1:1.8.11-1 network monitoring solution - agent ii zlib1g 1:1.2.3.4.dfsg-3ubuntu4 compression library - runtime ii zlib1g-dev 1:1.2.3.4.dfsg-3ubuntu4 compression library - development ii zsh 4.3.17-1ubuntu1 shell with lots of features The third column is version, but it all messed up in a way I can't understand. I mean, different packages use total different naming specification. Here are the major questions: Why there are ubuntu in them, and there are not? what all the special -~+ mean? alpha and build, dfsg, what are they? Can I just use them casually? vim and other packages have 2:, what does that mean? How version comparison works, since they can be so different? Can anyone please explain this to me? Or where can I find an official document? Thanks in advance.

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  • DB2 Transaction log is full. How to flush / clear it?

    - by Mestika
    Hi, I’m working on a experiment regarding to a course I’m taking about tuning DB2. I’m using the EC2 from Amazon (aws) to conduct the experiment. My problem is, however, that I have to test a non-compression against row-compression in DB2 and to do that I’ve created a bsh file that run those experiments. But when I reach to my compression part I get the error ”Transaction log is full”; and no matter how low I set the inserts for it is complaining about my transaction log. I’ve scouted Google for a day now trying to find some way to flush / clear the log or just get rit of it, i don’t need it. I’ve tried to increase the size but nothing has helped. Please, I hope someone has an answer to solve this frustrating problem Thanks - Mestika

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  • Compressing large text data before storing into db?

    - by Steel Plume
    Hello, I have application which retrieves many large log files from a system LAN. Currently I put all log files on Postgresql, the table has a column type TEXT and I don't plan any search on this text column because I use another external process which nightly retrieves all files and scans for sensitive pattern. So the column value could be also a BLOB or a CLOB, but now my question is the following, the database has already its compression system, but could I improve this compression manually like with common compressor utilities? And above all WHAT IF I manually pre-compress the large file and then I put as binary into the data table, is it unuseful as database system provides its internal compression?

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  • Toorcon 15 (2013)

    - by danx
    The Toorcon gang (senior staff): h1kari (founder), nfiltr8, and Geo Introduction to Toorcon 15 (2013) A Tale of One Software Bypass of MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Breaching SSL, One Byte at a Time Running at 99%: Surviving an Application DoS Security Response in the Age of Mass Customized Attacks x86 Rewriting: Defeating RoP and other Shinanighans Clowntown Express: interesting bugs and running a bug bounty program Active Fingerprinting of Encrypted VPNs Making Attacks Go Backwards Mask Your Checksums—The Gorry Details Adventures with weird machines thirty years after "Reflections on Trusting Trust" Introduction to Toorcon 15 (2013) Toorcon 15 is the 15th annual security conference held in San Diego. I've attended about a third of them and blogged about previous conferences I attended here starting in 2003. As always, I've only summarized the talks I attended and interested me enough to write about them. Be aware that I may have misrepresented the speaker's remarks and that they are not my remarks or opinion, or those of my employer, so don't quote me or them. Those seeking further details may contact the speakers directly or use The Google. For some talks, I have a URL for further information. A Tale of One Software Bypass of MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Andrew Furtak and Oleksandr Bazhaniuk Yuri Bulygin, Oleksandr ("Alex") Bazhaniuk, and (not present) Andrew Furtak Yuri and Alex talked about UEFI and Bootkits and bypassing MS Windows 8 Secure Boot, with vendor recommendations. They previously gave this talk at the BlackHat 2013 conference. MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Overview UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is interface between hardware and OS. UEFI is processor and architecture independent. Malware can replace bootloader (bootx64.efi, bootmgfw.efi). Once replaced can modify kernel. Trivial to replace bootloader. Today many legacy bootkits—UEFI replaces them most of them. MS Windows 8 Secure Boot verifies everything you load, either through signatures or hashes. UEFI firmware relies on secure update (with signed update). You would think Secure Boot would rely on ROM (such as used for phones0, but you can't do that for PCs—PCs use writable memory with signatures DXE core verifies the UEFI boat loader(s) OS Loader (winload.efi, winresume.efi) verifies the OS kernel A chain of trust is established with a root key (Platform Key, PK), which is a cert belonging to the platform vendor. Key Exchange Keys (KEKs) verify an "authorized" database (db), and "forbidden" database (dbx). X.509 certs with SHA-1/SHA-256 hashes. Keys are stored in non-volatile (NV) flash-based NVRAM. Boot Services (BS) allow adding/deleting keys (can't be accessed once OS starts—which uses Run-Time (RT)). Root cert uses RSA-2048 public keys and PKCS#7 format signatures. SecureBoot — enable disable image signature checks SetupMode — update keys, self-signed keys, and secure boot variables CustomMode — allows updating keys Secure Boot policy settings are: always execute, never execute, allow execute on security violation, defer execute on security violation, deny execute on security violation, query user on security violation Attacking MS Windows 8 Secure Boot Secure Boot does NOT protect from physical access. Can disable from console. Each BIOS vendor implements Secure Boot differently. There are several platform and BIOS vendors. It becomes a "zoo" of implementations—which can be taken advantage of. Secure Boot is secure only when all vendors implement it correctly. Allow only UEFI firmware signed updates protect UEFI firmware from direct modification in flash memory protect FW update components program SPI controller securely protect secure boot policy settings in nvram protect runtime api disable compatibility support module which allows unsigned legacy Can corrupt the Platform Key (PK) EFI root certificate variable in SPI flash. If PK is not found, FW enters setup mode wich secure boot turned off. Can also exploit TPM in a similar manner. One is not supposed to be able to directly modify the PK in SPI flash from the OS though. But they found a bug that they can exploit from User Mode (undisclosed) and demoed the exploit. It loaded and ran their own bootkit. The exploit requires a reboot. Multiple vendors are vulnerable. They will disclose this exploit to vendors in the future. Recommendations: allow only signed updates protect UEFI fw in ROM protect EFI variable store in ROM Breaching SSL, One Byte at a Time Yoel Gluck and Angelo Prado Angelo Prado and Yoel Gluck, Salesforce.com CRIME is software that performs a "compression oracle attack." This is possible because the SSL protocol doesn't hide length, and because SSL compresses the header. CRIME requests with every possible character and measures the ciphertext length. Look for the plaintext which compresses the most and looks for the cookie one byte-at-a-time. SSL Compression uses LZ77 to reduce redundancy. Huffman coding replaces common byte sequences with shorter codes. US CERT thinks the SSL compression problem is fixed, but it isn't. They convinced CERT that it wasn't fixed and they issued a CVE. BREACH, breachattrack.com BREACH exploits the SSL response body (Accept-Encoding response, Content-Encoding). It takes advantage of the fact that the response is not compressed. BREACH uses gzip and needs fairly "stable" pages that are static for ~30 seconds. It needs attacker-supplied content (say from a web form or added to a URL parameter). BREACH listens to a session's requests and responses, then inserts extra requests and responses. Eventually, BREACH guesses a session's secret key. Can use compression to guess contents one byte at-a-time. For example, "Supersecret SupersecreX" (a wrong guess) compresses 10 bytes, and "Supersecret Supersecret" (a correct guess) compresses 11 bytes, so it can find each character by guessing every character. To start the guess, BREACH needs at least three known initial characters in the response sequence. Compression length then "leaks" information. Some roadblocks include no winners (all guesses wrong) or too many winners (multiple possibilities that compress the same). The solutions include: lookahead (guess 2 or 3 characters at-a-time instead of 1 character). Expensive rollback to last known conflict check compression ratio can brute-force first 3 "bootstrap" characters, if needed (expensive) block ciphers hide exact plain text length. Solution is to align response in advance to block size Mitigations length: use variable padding secrets: dynamic CSRF tokens per request secret: change over time separate secret to input-less servlets Future work eiter understand DEFLATE/GZIP HTTPS extensions Running at 99%: Surviving an Application DoS Ryan Huber Ryan Huber, Risk I/O Ryan first discussed various ways to do a denial of service (DoS) attack against web services. One usual method is to find a slow web page and do several wgets. Or download large files. Apache is not well suited at handling a large number of connections, but one can put something in front of it Can use Apache alternatives, such as nginx How to identify malicious hosts short, sudden web requests user-agent is obvious (curl, python) same url requested repeatedly no web page referer (not normal) hidden links. hide a link and see if a bot gets it restricted access if not your geo IP (unless the website is global) missing common headers in request regular timing first seen IP at beginning of attack count requests per hosts (usually a very large number) Use of captcha can mitigate attacks, but you'll lose a lot of genuine users. Bouncer, goo.gl/c2vyEc and www.github.com/rawdigits/Bouncer Bouncer is software written by Ryan in netflow. Bouncer has a small, unobtrusive footprint and detects DoS attempts. It closes blacklisted sockets immediately (not nice about it, no proper close connection). Aggregator collects requests and controls your web proxies. Need NTP on the front end web servers for clean data for use by bouncer. Bouncer is also useful for a popularity storm ("Slashdotting") and scraper storms. Future features: gzip collection data, documentation, consumer library, multitask, logging destroyed connections. Takeaways: DoS mitigation is easier with a complete picture Bouncer designed to make it easier to detect and defend DoS—not a complete cure Security Response in the Age of Mass Customized Attacks Peleus Uhley and Karthik Raman Peleus Uhley and Karthik Raman, Adobe ASSET, blogs.adobe.com/asset/ Peleus and Karthik talked about response to mass-customized exploits. Attackers behave much like a business. "Mass customization" refers to concept discussed in the book Future Perfect by Stan Davis of Harvard Business School. Mass customization is differentiating a product for an individual customer, but at a mass production price. For example, the same individual with a debit card receives basically the same customized ATM experience around the world. Or designing your own PC from commodity parts. Exploit kits are another example of mass customization. The kits support multiple browsers and plugins, allows new modules. Exploit kits are cheap and customizable. Organized gangs use exploit kits. A group at Berkeley looked at 77,000 malicious websites (Grier et al., "Manufacturing Compromise: The Emergence of Exploit-as-a-Service", 2012). They found 10,000 distinct binaries among them, but derived from only a dozen or so exploit kits. Characteristics of Mass Malware: potent, resilient, relatively low cost Technical characteristics: multiple OS, multipe payloads, multiple scenarios, multiple languages, obfuscation Response time for 0-day exploits has gone down from ~40 days 5 years ago to about ~10 days now. So the drive with malware is towards mass customized exploits, to avoid detection There's plenty of evicence that exploit development has Project Manager bureaucracy. They infer from the malware edicts to: support all versions of reader support all versions of windows support all versions of flash support all browsers write large complex, difficult to main code (8750 lines of JavaScript for example Exploits have "loose coupling" of multipe versions of software (adobe), OS, and browser. This allows specific attacks against specific versions of multiple pieces of software. Also allows exploits of more obscure software/OS/browsers and obscure versions. Gave examples of exploits that exploited 2, 3, 6, or 14 separate bugs. However, these complete exploits are more likely to be buggy or fragile in themselves and easier to defeat. Future research includes normalizing malware and Javascript. Conclusion: The coming trend is that mass-malware with mass zero-day attacks will result in mass customization of attacks. x86 Rewriting: Defeating RoP and other Shinanighans Richard Wartell Richard Wartell The attack vector we are addressing here is: First some malware causes a buffer overflow. The malware has no program access, but input access and buffer overflow code onto stack Later the stack became non-executable. The workaround malware used was to write a bogus return address to the stack jumping to malware Later came ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) to randomize memory layout and make addresses non-deterministic. The workaround malware used was to jump t existing code segments in the program that can be used in bad ways "RoP" is Return-oriented Programming attacks. RoP attacks use your own code and write return address on stack to (existing) expoitable code found in program ("gadgets"). Pinkie Pie was paid $60K last year for a RoP attack. One solution is using anti-RoP compilers that compile source code with NO return instructions. ASLR does not randomize address space, just "gadgets". IPR/ILR ("Instruction Location Randomization") randomizes each instruction with a virtual machine. Richard's goal was to randomize a binary with no source code access. He created "STIR" (Self-Transofrming Instruction Relocation). STIR disassembles binary and operates on "basic blocks" of code. The STIR disassembler is conservative in what to disassemble. Each basic block is moved to a random location in memory. Next, STIR writes new code sections with copies of "basic blocks" of code in randomized locations. The old code is copied and rewritten with jumps to new code. the original code sections in the file is marked non-executible. STIR has better entropy than ASLR in location of code. Makes brute force attacks much harder. STIR runs on MS Windows (PEM) and Linux (ELF). It eliminated 99.96% or more "gadgets" (i.e., moved the address). Overhead usually 5-10% on MS Windows, about 1.5-4% on Linux (but some code actually runs faster!). The unique thing about STIR is it requires no source access and the modified binary fully works! Current work is to rewrite code to enforce security policies. For example, don't create a *.{exe,msi,bat} file. Or don't connect to the network after reading from the disk. Clowntown Express: interesting bugs and running a bug bounty program Collin Greene Collin Greene, Facebook Collin talked about Facebook's bug bounty program. Background at FB: FB has good security frameworks, such as security teams, external audits, and cc'ing on diffs. But there's lots of "deep, dark, forgotten" parts of legacy FB code. Collin gave several examples of bountied bugs. Some bounty submissions were on software purchased from a third-party (but bounty claimers don't know and don't care). We use security questions, as does everyone else, but they are basically insecure (often easily discoverable). Collin didn't expect many bugs from the bounty program, but they ended getting 20+ good bugs in first 24 hours and good submissions continue to come in. Bug bounties bring people in with different perspectives, and are paid only for success. Bug bounty is a better use of a fixed amount of time and money versus just code review or static code analysis. The Bounty program started July 2011 and paid out $1.5 million to date. 14% of the submissions have been high priority problems that needed to be fixed immediately. The best bugs come from a small % of submitters (as with everything else)—the top paid submitters are paid 6 figures a year. Spammers like to backstab competitors. The youngest sumitter was 13. Some submitters have been hired. Bug bounties also allows to see bugs that were missed by tools or reviews, allowing improvement in the process. Bug bounties might not work for traditional software companies where the product has release cycle or is not on Internet. Active Fingerprinting of Encrypted VPNs Anna Shubina Anna Shubina, Dartmouth Institute for Security, Technology, and Society (I missed the start of her talk because another track went overtime. But I have the DVD of the talk, so I'll expand later) IPsec leaves fingerprints. Using netcat, one can easily visually distinguish various crypto chaining modes just from packet timing on a chart (example, DES-CBC versus AES-CBC) One can tell a lot about VPNs just from ping roundtrips (such as what router is used) Delayed packets are not informative about a network, especially if far away from the network More needed to explore about how TCP works in real life with respect to timing Making Attacks Go Backwards Fuzzynop FuzzyNop, Mandiant This talk is not about threat attribution (finding who), product solutions, politics, or sales pitches. But who are making these malware threats? It's not a single person or group—they have diverse skill levels. There's a lot of fat-fingered fumblers out there. Always look for low-hanging fruit first: "hiding" malware in the temp, recycle, or root directories creation of unnamed scheduled tasks obvious names of files and syscalls ("ClearEventLog") uncleared event logs. Clearing event log in itself, and time of clearing, is a red flag and good first clue to look for on a suspect system Reverse engineering is hard. Disassembler use takes practice and skill. A popular tool is IDA Pro, but it takes multiple interactive iterations to get a clean disassembly. Key loggers are used a lot in targeted attacks. They are typically custom code or built in a backdoor. A big tip-off is that non-printable characters need to be printed out (such as "[Ctrl]" "[RightShift]") or time stamp printf strings. Look for these in files. Presence is not proof they are used. Absence is not proof they are not used. Java exploits. Can parse jar file with idxparser.py and decomile Java file. Java typially used to target tech companies. Backdoors are the main persistence mechanism (provided externally) for malware. Also malware typically needs command and control. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Ad-Hoc Static Code Analysis John Ashaman John Ashaman, Security Innovation Initially John tried to analyze open source files with open source static analysis tools, but these showed thousands of false positives. Also tried using grep, but tis fails to find anything even mildly complex. So next John decided to write his own tool. His approach was to first generate a call graph then analyze the graph. However, the problem is that making a call graph is really hard. For example, one problem is "evil" coding techniques, such as passing function pointer. First the tool generated an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) with the nodes created from method declarations and edges created from method use. Then the tool generated a control flow graph with the goal to find a path through the AST (a maze) from source to sink. The algorithm is to look at adjacent nodes to see if any are "scary" (a vulnerability), using heuristics for search order. The tool, called "Scat" (Static Code Analysis Tool), currently looks for C# vulnerabilities and some simple PHP. Later, he plans to add more PHP, then JSP and Java. For more information see his posts in Security Innovation blog and NRefactory on GitHub. Mask Your Checksums—The Gorry Details Eric (XlogicX) Davisson Eric (XlogicX) Davisson Sometimes in emailing or posting TCP/IP packets to analyze problems, you may want to mask the IP address. But to do this correctly, you need to mask the checksum too, or you'll leak information about the IP. Problem reports found in stackoverflow.com, sans.org, and pastebin.org are usually not masked, but a few companies do care. If only the IP is masked, the IP may be guessed from checksum (that is, it leaks data). Other parts of packet may leak more data about the IP. TCP and IP checksums both refer to the same data, so can get more bits of information out of using both checksums than just using one checksum. Also, one can usually determine the OS from the TTL field and ports in a packet header. If we get hundreds of possible results (16x each masked nibble that is unknown), one can do other things to narrow the results, such as look at packet contents for domain or geo information. With hundreds of results, can import as CSV format into a spreadsheet. Can corelate with geo data and see where each possibility is located. Eric then demoed a real email report with a masked IP packet attached. Was able to find the exact IP address, given the geo and university of the sender. Point is if you're going to mask a packet, do it right. Eric wouldn't usually bother, but do it correctly if at all, to not create a false impression of security. Adventures with weird machines thirty years after "Reflections on Trusting Trust" Sergey Bratus Sergey Bratus, Dartmouth College (and Julian Bangert and Rebecca Shapiro, not present) "Reflections on Trusting Trust" refers to Ken Thompson's classic 1984 paper. "You can't trust code that you did not totally create yourself." There's invisible links in the chain-of-trust, such as "well-installed microcode bugs" or in the compiler, and other planted bugs. Thompson showed how a compiler can introduce and propagate bugs in unmodified source. But suppose if there's no bugs and you trust the author, can you trust the code? Hell No! There's too many factors—it's Babylonian in nature. Why not? Well, Input is not well-defined/recognized (code's assumptions about "checked" input will be violated (bug/vunerabiliy). For example, HTML is recursive, but Regex checking is not recursive. Input well-formed but so complex there's no telling what it does For example, ELF file parsing is complex and has multiple ways of parsing. Input is seen differently by different pieces of program or toolchain Any Input is a program input executes on input handlers (drives state changes & transitions) only a well-defined execution model can be trusted (regex/DFA, PDA, CFG) Input handler either is a "recognizer" for the inputs as a well-defined language (see langsec.org) or it's a "virtual machine" for inputs to drive into pwn-age ELF ABI (UNIX/Linux executible file format) case study. Problems can arise from these steps (without planting bugs): compiler linker loader ld.so/rtld relocator DWARF (debugger info) exceptions The problem is you can't really automatically analyze code (it's the "halting problem" and undecidable). Only solution is to freeze code and sign it. But you can't freeze everything! Can't freeze ASLR or loading—must have tables and metadata. Any sufficiently complex input data is the same as VM byte code Example, ELF relocation entries + dynamic symbols == a Turing Complete Machine (TM). @bxsays created a Turing machine in Linux from relocation data (not code) in an ELF file. For more information, see Rebecca "bx" Shapiro's presentation from last year's Toorcon, "Programming Weird Machines with ELF Metadata" @bxsays did same thing with Mach-O bytecode Or a DWARF exception handling data .eh_frame + glibc == Turning Machine X86 MMU (IDT, GDT, TSS): used address translation to create a Turning Machine. Page handler reads and writes (on page fault) memory. Uses a page table, which can be used as Turning Machine byte code. Example on Github using this TM that will fly a glider across the screen Next Sergey talked about "Parser Differentials". That having one input format, but two parsers, will create confusion and opportunity for exploitation. For example, CSRs are parsed during creation by cert requestor and again by another parser at the CA. Another example is ELF—several parsers in OS tool chain, which are all different. Can have two different Program Headers (PHDRs) because ld.so parses multiple PHDRs. The second PHDR can completely transform the executable. This is described in paper in the first issue of International Journal of PoC. Conclusions trusting computers not only about bugs! Bugs are part of a problem, but no by far all of it complex data formats means bugs no "chain of trust" in Babylon! (that is, with parser differentials) we need to squeeze complexity out of data until data stops being "code equivalent" Further information See and langsec.org. USENIX WOOT 2013 (Workshop on Offensive Technologies) for "weird machines" papers and videos.

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  • Residual packages Ubuntu 12.04

    - by hydroxide
    I have an Asus Q500A with win8 and Ubuntu 12.04 64 bit; Linux kernel 3.8.0-32-generic. I have been having residual package issues which have been giving me trouble trying to reconfigure xserver-xorg-lts-raring. I tried removing all residual packages from synaptic but the following were not removed. Output of sudo dpkg -l | grep "^rc" rc gstreamer0.10-plugins-good:i386 0.10.31-1ubuntu1.2 GStreamer plugins from the "good" set rc libaa1:i386 1.4p5-39ubuntu1 ASCII art library rc libaio1:i386 0.3.109-2ubuntu1 Linux kernel AIO access library - shared library rc libao4:i386 1.1.0-1ubuntu2 Cross Platform Audio Output Library rc libasn1-8-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - ASN.1 library rc libasound2:i386 1.0.25-1ubuntu10.2 shared library for ALSA applications rc libasyncns0:i386 0.8-4 Asynchronous name service query library rc libatk1.0-0:i386 2.4.0-0ubuntu1 ATK accessibility toolkit rc libavahi-client3:i386 0.6.30-5ubuntu2 Avahi client library rc libavahi-common3:i386 0.6.30-5ubuntu2 Avahi common library rc libavc1394-0:i386 0.5.3-1ubuntu2 control IEEE 1394 audio/video devices rc libcaca0:i386 0.99.beta17-2.1ubuntu2 colour ASCII art library rc libcairo-gobject2:i386 1.10.2-6.1ubuntu3 The Cairo 2D vector graphics library (GObject library) rc libcairo2:i386 1.10.2-6.1ubuntu3 The Cairo 2D vector graphics library rc libcanberra-gtk0:i386 0.28-3ubuntu3 GTK+ helper for playing widget event sounds with libcanberra rc libcanberra0:i386 0.28-3ubuntu3 simple abstract interface for playing event sounds rc libcap2:i386 1:2.22-1ubuntu3 support for getting/setting POSIX.1e capabilities rc libcdparanoia0:i386 3.10.2+debian-10ubuntu1 audio extraction tool for sampling CDs (library) rc libcroco3:i386 0.6.5-1ubuntu0.1 Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) parsing and manipulation toolkit rc libcups2:i386 1.5.3-0ubuntu8 Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Core library rc libcupsimage2:i386 1.5.3-0ubuntu8 Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Raster image library rc libcurl3:i386 7.22.0-3ubuntu4.3 Multi-protocol file transfer library (OpenSSL) rc libdatrie1:i386 0.2.5-3 Double-array trie library rc libdbus-glib-1-2:i386 0.98-1ubuntu1.1 simple interprocess messaging system (GLib-based shared library) rc libdbusmenu-qt2:i386 0.9.2-0ubuntu1 Qt implementation of the DBusMenu protocol rc libdrm-nouveau2:i386 2.4.43-0ubuntu0.0.3 Userspace interface to nouveau-specific kernel DRM services -- runtime rc libdv4:i386 1.0.0-3ubuntu1 software library for DV format digital video (runtime lib) rc libesd0:i386 0.2.41-10build3 Enlightened Sound Daemon - Shared libraries rc libexif12:i386 0.6.20-2ubuntu0.1 library to parse EXIF files rc libexpat1:i386 2.0.1-7.2ubuntu1.1 XML parsing C library - runtime library rc libflac8:i386 1.2.1-6 Free Lossless Audio Codec - runtime C library rc libfontconfig1:i386 2.8.0-3ubuntu9.1 generic font configuration library - runtime rc libfreetype6:i386 2.4.8-1ubuntu2.1 FreeType 2 font engine, shared library files rc libgail18:i386 2.24.10-0ubuntu6 GNOME Accessibility Implementation Library -- shared libraries rc libgconf-2-4:i386 3.2.5-0ubuntu2 GNOME configuration database system (shared libraries) rc libgcrypt11:i386 1.5.0-3ubuntu0.2 LGPL Crypto library - runtime library rc libgd2-xpm:i386 2.0.36~rc1~dfsg-6ubuntu2 GD Graphics Library version 2 rc libgdbm3:i386 1.8.3-10 GNU dbm database routines (runtime version) rc libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0:i386 2.26.1-1 GDK Pixbuf library rc libgif4:i386 4.1.6-9ubuntu1 library for GIF images (library) rc libgl1-mesa-dri-lts-quantal:i386 9.0.3-0ubuntu0.4~precise1 free implementation of the OpenGL API -- DRI modules rc libgl1-mesa-dri-lts-raring:i386 9.1.4-0ubuntu0.1~precise2 free implementation of the OpenGL API -- DRI modules rc libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 8.0.4-0ubuntu0.6 free implementation of the OpenGL API -- GLX runtime rc libgl1-mesa-glx-lts-quantal:i386 9.0.3-0ubuntu0.4~precise1 free implementation of the OpenGL API -- GLX runtime rc libgl1-mesa-glx-lts-raring:i386 9.1.4-0ubuntu0.1~precise2 free implementation of the OpenGL API -- GLX runtime rc libglapi-mesa:i386 8.0.4-0ubuntu0.6 free implementation of the GL API -- shared library rc libglapi-mesa-lts-quantal:i386 9.0.3-0ubuntu0.4~precise1 free implementation of the GL API -- shared library rc libglapi-mesa-lts-raring:i386 9.1.4-0ubuntu0.1~precise2 free implementation of the GL API -- shared library rc libglu1-mesa:i386 8.0.4-0ubuntu0.6 Mesa OpenGL utility library (GLU) rc libgnome-keyring0:i386 3.2.2-2 GNOME keyring services library rc libgnutls26:i386 2.12.14-5ubuntu3.5 GNU TLS library - runtime library rc libgomp1:i386 4.6.3-1ubuntu5 GCC OpenMP (GOMP) support library rc libgpg-error0:i386 1.10-2ubuntu1 library for common error values and messages in GnuPG components rc libgphoto2-2:i386 2.4.13-1ubuntu1.2 gphoto2 digital camera library rc libgphoto2-port0:i386 2.4.13-1ubuntu1.2 gphoto2 digital camera port library rc libgssapi-krb5-2:i386 1.10+dfsg~beta1-2ubuntu0.3 MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - krb5 GSS-API Mechanism rc libgssapi3-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - GSSAPI support library rc libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-0:i386 0.10.36-1ubuntu0.1 GStreamer libraries from the "base" set rc libgstreamer0.10-0:i386 0.10.36-1ubuntu1 Core GStreamer libraries and elements rc libgtk2.0-0:i386 2.24.10-0ubuntu6 GTK+ graphical user interface library rc libgudev-1.0-0:i386 1:175-0ubuntu9.4 GObject-based wrapper library for libudev rc libhcrypto4-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - crypto library rc libheimbase1-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - Base library rc libheimntlm0-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - NTLM support library rc libhx509-5-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - X509 support library rc libibus-1.0-0:i386 1.4.1-3ubuntu1 Intelligent Input Bus - shared library rc libice6:i386 2:1.0.7-2build1 X11 Inter-Client Exchange library rc libidn11:i386 1.23-2 GNU Libidn library, implementation of IETF IDN specifications rc libiec61883-0:i386 1.2.0-0.1ubuntu1 an partial implementation of IEC 61883 rc libieee1284-3:i386 0.2.11-10build1 cross-platform library for parallel port access rc libjack-jackd2-0:i386 1.9.8~dfsg.1-1ubuntu2 JACK Audio Connection Kit (libraries) rc libjasper1:i386 1.900.1-13 JasPer JPEG-2000 runtime library rc libjpeg-turbo8:i386 1.1.90+svn733-0ubuntu4.2 IJG JPEG compliant runtime library. rc libjson0:i386 0.9-1ubuntu1 JSON manipulation library - shared library rc libk5crypto3:i386 1.10+dfsg~beta1-2ubuntu0.3 MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - Crypto Library rc libkeyutils1:i386 1.5.2-2 Linux Key Management Utilities (library) rc libkrb5-26-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - libraries rc libkrb5-3:i386 1.10+dfsg~beta1-2ubuntu0.3 MIT Kerberos runtime libraries rc libkrb5support0:i386 1.10+dfsg~beta1-2ubuntu0.3 MIT Kerberos runtime libraries - Support library rc liblcms1:i386 1.19.dfsg-1ubuntu3 Little CMS color management library rc libldap-2.4-2:i386 2.4.28-1.1ubuntu4.4 OpenLDAP libraries rc libllvm3.0:i386 3.0-4ubuntu1 Low-Level Virtual Machine (LLVM), runtime library rc libllvm3.1:i386 3.1-2ubuntu1~12.04.1 Low-Level Virtual Machine (LLVM), runtime library rc libllvm3.2:i386 3.2-2ubuntu5~precise1 Low-Level Virtual Machine (LLVM), runtime library rc libltdl7:i386 2.4.2-1ubuntu1 A system independent dlopen wrapper for GNU libtool rc libmad0:i386 0.15.1b-7ubuntu1 MPEG audio decoder library rc libmikmod2:i386 3.1.12-2 Portable sound library rc libmng1:i386 1.0.10-3 Multiple-image Network Graphics library rc libmpg123-0:i386 1.12.1-3.2ubuntu1 MPEG layer 1/2/3 audio decoder -- runtime library rc libmysqlclient18:i386 5.5.32-0ubuntu0.12.04.1 MySQL database client library rc libnspr4:i386 4.9.5-0ubuntu0.12.04.1 NetScape Portable Runtime Library rc libnss3:i386 3.14.3-0ubuntu0.12.04.1 Network Security Service libraries rc libodbc1:i386 2.2.14p2-5ubuntu3 ODBC library for Unix rc libogg0:i386 1.2.2~dfsg-1ubuntu1 Ogg bitstream library rc libopenal1:i386 1:1.13-4ubuntu3 Software implementation of the OpenAL API (shared library) rc liborc-0.4-0:i386 1:0.4.16-1ubuntu2 Library of Optimized Inner Loops Runtime Compiler rc libosmesa6:i386 8.0.4-0ubuntu0.6 Mesa Off-screen rendering extension rc libp11-kit0:i386 0.12-2ubuntu1 Library for loading and coordinating access to PKCS#11 modules - runtime rc libpango1.0-0:i386 1.30.0-0ubuntu3.1 Layout and rendering of internationalized text rc libpixman-1-0:i386 0.24.4-1 pixel-manipulation library for X and cairo rc libproxy1:i386 0.4.7-0ubuntu4.1 automatic proxy configuration management library (shared) rc libpulse-mainloop-glib0:i386 1:1.1-0ubuntu15.4 PulseAudio client libraries (glib support) rc libpulse0:i386 1:1.1-0ubuntu15.4 PulseAudio client libraries rc libqt4-dbus:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 D-Bus module rc libqt4-declarative:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 Declarative module rc libqt4-designer:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 designer module rc libqt4-network:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 network module rc libqt4-opengl:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 OpenGL module rc libqt4-qt3support:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 3 compatibility library for Qt 4 rc libqt4-script:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 script module rc libqt4-scripttools:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 script tools module rc libqt4-sql:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 SQL module rc libqt4-svg:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 SVG module rc libqt4-test:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 test module rc libqt4-xml:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 XML module rc libqt4-xmlpatterns:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 XML patterns module rc libqtcore4:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 core module rc libqtgui4:i386 4:4.8.1-0ubuntu4.4 Qt 4 GUI module rc libqtwebkit4:i386 2.2.1-1ubuntu4 Web content engine library for Qt rc libraw1394-11:i386 2.0.7-1ubuntu1 library for direct access to IEEE 1394 bus (aka FireWire) rc libroken18-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - roken support library rc librsvg2-2:i386 2.36.1-0ubuntu1 SAX-based renderer library for SVG files (runtime) rc librtmp0:i386 2.4~20110711.gitc28f1bab-1 toolkit for RTMP streams (shared library) rc libsamplerate0:i386 0.1.8-4 Audio sample rate conversion library rc libsane:i386 1.0.22-7ubuntu1 API library for scanners rc libsasl2-2:i386 2.1.25.dfsg1-3ubuntu0.1 Cyrus SASL - authentication abstraction library rc libsdl-image1.2:i386 1.2.10-3 image loading library for Simple DirectMedia Layer 1.2 rc libsdl-mixer1.2:i386 1.2.11-7 Mixer library for Simple DirectMedia Layer 1.2, libraries rc libsdl-net1.2:i386 1.2.7-5 Network library for Simple DirectMedia Layer 1.2, libraries rc libsdl-ttf2.0-0:i386 2.0.9-1.1ubuntu1 ttf library for Simple DirectMedia Layer with FreeType 2 support rc libsdl1.2debian:i386 1.2.14-6.4ubuntu3 Simple DirectMedia Layer rc libshout3:i386 2.2.2-7ubuntu1 MP3/Ogg Vorbis broadcast streaming library rc libsm6:i386 2:1.2.0-2build1 X11 Session Management library rc libsndfile1:i386 1.0.25-4 Library for reading/writing audio files rc libsoup-gnome2.4-1:i386 2.38.1-1 HTTP library implementation in C -- GNOME support library rc libsoup2.4-1:i386 2.38.1-1 HTTP library implementation in C -- Shared library rc libspeex1:i386 1.2~rc1-3ubuntu2 The Speex codec runtime library rc libspeexdsp1:i386 1.2~rc1-3ubuntu2 The Speex extended runtime library rc libsqlite3-0:i386 3.7.9-2ubuntu1.1 SQLite 3 shared library rc libssl0.9.8:i386 0.9.8o-7ubuntu3.1 SSL shared libraries rc libstdc++5:i386 1:3.3.6-25ubuntu1 The GNU Standard C++ Library v3 rc libstdc++6:i386 4.6.3-1ubuntu5 GNU Standard C++ Library v3 rc libtag1-vanilla:i386 1.7-1ubuntu5 audio meta-data library - vanilla flavour rc libtasn1-3:i386 2.10-1ubuntu1.1 Manage ASN.1 structures (runtime) rc libtdb1:i386 1.2.9-4 Trivial Database - shared library rc libthai0:i386 0.1.16-3 Thai language support library rc libtheora0:i386 1.1.1+dfsg.1-3ubuntu2 The Theora Video Compression Codec rc libtiff4:i386 3.9.5-2ubuntu1.5 Tag Image File Format (TIFF) library rc libtxc-dxtn-s2tc0:i386 0~git20110809-2.1 Texture compression library for Mesa rc libunistring0:i386 0.9.3-5 Unicode string library for C rc libusb-0.1-4:i386 2:0.1.12-20 userspace USB programming library rc libv4l-0:i386 0.8.6-1ubuntu2 Collection of video4linux support libraries rc libv4lconvert0:i386 0.8.6-1ubuntu2 Video4linux frame format conversion library rc libvisual-0.4-0:i386 0.4.0-4 Audio visualization framework rc libvorbis0a:i386 1.3.2-1ubuntu3 The Vorbis General Audio Compression Codec (Decoder library) rc libvorbisenc2:i386 1.3.2-1ubuntu3 The Vorbis General Audio Compression Codec (Encoder library) rc libvorbisfile3:i386 1.3.2-1ubuntu3 The Vorbis General Audio Compression Codec (High Level API) rc libwavpack1:i386 4.60.1-2 audio codec (lossy and lossless) - library rc libwind0-heimdal:i386 1.6~git20120311.dfsg.1-2ubuntu0.1 Heimdal Kerberos - stringprep implementation rc libwrap0:i386 7.6.q-21 Wietse Venema's TCP wrappers library rc libx11-6:i386 2:1.4.99.1-0ubuntu2.2 X11 client-side library rc libx11-xcb1:i386 2:1.4.99.1-0ubuntu2.2 Xlib/XCB interface library rc libxau6:i386 1:1.0.6-4 X11 authorisation library rc libxaw7:i386 2:1.0.9-3ubuntu1 X11 Athena Widget library rc libxcb-dri2-0:i386 1.8.1-1ubuntu0.2 X C Binding, dri2 extension rc libxcb-glx0:i386 1.8.1-1ubuntu0.2 X C Binding, glx extension rc libxcb-render0:i386 1.8.1-1ubuntu0.2 X C Binding, render extension rc libxcb-shm0:i386 1.8.1-1ubuntu0.2 X C Binding, shm extension rc libxcb1:i386 1.8.1-1ubuntu0.2 X C Binding rc libxcomposite1:i386 1:0.4.3-2build1 X11 Composite extension library rc libxcursor1:i386 1:1.1.12-1ubuntu0.1 X cursor management library rc libxdamage1:i386 1:1.1.3-2build1 X11 damaged region extension library rc libxdmcp6:i386 1:1.1.0-4 X11 Display Manager Control Protocol library rc libxext6:i386 2:1.3.0-3ubuntu0.1 X11 miscellaneous extension library rc libxfixes3:i386 1:5.0-4ubuntu4.1 X11 miscellaneous 'fixes' extension library rc libxft2:i386 2.2.0-3ubuntu2 FreeType-based font drawing library for X rc libxi6:i386 2:1.6.0-0ubuntu2.1 X11 Input extension library rc libxinerama1:i386 2:1.1.1-3ubuntu0.1 X11 Xinerama extension library rc libxml2:i386 2.7.8.dfsg-5.1ubuntu4.6 GNOME XML library rc libxmu6:i386 2:1.1.0-3 X11 miscellaneous utility library rc libxp6:i386 1:1.0.1-2ubuntu0.12.04.1 X Printing Extension (Xprint) client library rc libxpm4:i386 1:3.5.9-4 X11 pixmap library rc libxrandr2:i386 2:1.3.2-2ubuntu0.2 X11 RandR extension library rc libxrender1:i386 1:0.9.6-2ubuntu0.1 X Rendering Extension client library rc libxslt1.1:i386 1.1.26-8ubuntu1.3 XSLT 1.0 processing library - runtime library rc libxss1:i386 1:1.2.1-2 X11 Screen Saver extension library rc libxt6:i386 1:1.1.1-2ubuntu0.1 X11 toolkit intrinsics library rc libxtst6:i386 2:1.2.0-4ubuntu0.1 X11 Testing -- Record extension library rc libxv1:i386 2:1.0.6-2ubuntu0.1 X11 Video extension library rc libxxf86vm1:i386 1:1.1.1-2ubuntu0.1 X11 XFree86 video mode extension library rc odbcinst1debian2:i386 2.2.14p2-5ubuntu3 Support library for accessing odbc ini files rc skype-bin:i386 4.2.0.11-0ubuntu0.12.04.2 client for Skype VOIP and instant messaging service - binary files rc sni-qt:i386 0.2.5-0ubuntu3 indicator support for Qt rc wine-compholio:i386 1.7.4~ubuntu12.04.1 The Compholio Edition is a special build of the popular Wine software rc xaw3dg:i386 1.5+E-18.1ubuntu1 Xaw3d widget set

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  • R2 and Idera Idera SQL Safe (Freeware Edition)

    - by DavidWimbush
    Good news: the Freeware edition of Idera SQL Safe works on R2. You might not care but I certainly do. Here's why:  In September last year I started using Idera SQL Safe (the Freeware Edition) to get backup compression on my SQL 2005 servers. It seemed like a good idea at the time - it was free and my backups ran much faster and took up much less disk space. I really thought I'd actually scored a free lunch. Until they discontinued the product. I was thinking about what to do when I heard that R2 Standard would include native backup compression so I've just been keeping my fingers crossed since then. So I installed R2 Developer on my laptop, installed SQL Safe and kicked off a restore with it. No problem. Phew! Now I won't have to do a special, non-compressed backup and restore when we migrate.

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  • Oracle GoldenGate 11gR2 New Feature: Integrated Capture

    - by Doug Reid
    0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} With the release of Oracle GoldenGate 11gR2, the Product Management team is very excited about the addition of Integrated Capture for the Oracle platform. Integrated capture is unique in the industry and unique to the Oracle database. It is not available on any other database platform. This new feature moves GoldenGate’s capture capabilities closer to the Oracle Database engine and is the foundation for Oracle GoldenGate on the Oracle Database platform over the long term. It is important to note that Integrated Capture does not replace our classic Capture process. Both are available on the Oracle Database platform. The Integrated Capture mechanism relies on Oracle’s internal log parsing and processing to capture DML transactions. By moving closer to the Oracle Database engine, Oracle GoldenGate can take advantage of new Oracle Database features and functionality more quickly. For example, this new mechanism allows GoldenGate to support advanced features such as compression. Integrated Capture provides support for all flavors of Oracle compression, including hybrid columnar compression (EHCC) on Exadata, where as our “Classic” capture would not. Integrated Capture supports two different deployment configurations; On-Source and Downstream. The on-source deployment model is what most customers are familiar with. Oracle GoldenGate is executing on the database server capturing changes in real time. This is the default deployment method. The other option is downstream, where the source database and the Oracle GoldenGate Capture process are on different machines. This method effectively off-loads the processing requirements to a second machine. Customers may choose which option they prefer based on their requirements.   Additional information on Integrated Capture can be found in our documentation and the white paper “Oracle GoldenGate for Oracle”.

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  • Exadata - Following up on customer deployments

    - by Carlos M. Orozco -Oracle
    Over the last year or so I've been visiting customers who have had Exadata deployed and have been enjoying the benefits the platform has been providing. Benefits include greater performance, consolidating multiple databases, data compression and time to value improvements. Most often I hear my reports run faster. One hospitality company report times that used to take 3 hrs now run in 12 seconds. Another services company reported all their batch reports taking 11hrs now run in 38 mins. Also reported that their transactions post faster, and batch updates run faster. So what does that mean? For most of them it means that now they have a platform that can handle growth. Most are growing 15% organically, but I've also seen 40% growth thru acquisition. Exadata has been keeping up with the additional data demand by customers leveraging compression and the smart storage features.

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  • How do you enhance your websites speed without compromising the design and access?

    - by Thorn007
    How do you enhance your websites load speed without killing the design and accessibility? File compression, CDN, Gzip? What are the best tools for doing so? For example, Google has optimized their site without compromising the design. Also, many website can kill the purity of their images with compression. Is there a way, more or lest best practice, to increase speed without compromising the design and accessibility? Note: sorry for being so vague but I don't know how else to phrase this question.

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  • Can't find created directory on zfs

    - by maniat1k
    I'm using openSUSE 13.1. I created a new directory on a zpool zfs create zpgd0/iSCSI -o compression=lz4 -o atime=off but I'm not looking on that... So I do it again but I'm getting... zfs create zpgd0/iSCSI -o compression=lz4 -o atime=off cannot create 'zpgd0/iSCSI': dataset already exists adding some data zpool history History for 'zpgd0': 2014-08-11.13:38:21 zpool create -f zpgd0 raidz2 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0490461 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0603473 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0606817 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0670246 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0673599 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0715212 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0722699 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0731193 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0732862 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0806663 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0807385 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0816943 2014-08-11.14:13:09 zpool set autoexpand=on zpgd0 2014-08-11.14:14:32 zfs create zpgd0/espacio 2014-08-19.11:47:47 zfs create zpgd0/iSCSI -o compression=lz4 -o atime=off zpool status -v pool: zpgd0 state: ONLINE scan: none requested config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM zpgd0 ONLINE 0 0 0 raidz2-0 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0490461 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0603473 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0606817 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0670246 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0673599 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0715212 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0722699 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0731193 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0732862 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0806663 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0807385 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0816943 ONLINE 0 0 0 errors: No known data errors I have no errors but the folder does not appear, so what Can I do? sorry add it zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zpgd0 933K 35,5T 54,7K /zpgd0 zpgd0/iSCSI 54,7K 35,5T 54,7K /zpgd0/iSCSI

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  • Enable gzip on Nginx

    - by Rob Wilkerson
    Yes, I know that there are a lot of other questions that seem exactly like this out there. I think I must've looked all of them. Twice. In desparation, I'm adding another in case my specific configuration is the issue. Bear with me. First, the question: What do I need to do to get gzip compression to work? I have an Ubuntu 12.04 server installed running nginx 1.1.19. Nginx was installed with the following packages: nginx nginx-common nginx-full The http block of my nginx.conf looks like this: http { include /etc/nginx/mime.types; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; tcp_nodelay on; gzip on; gzip_disable "msie6"; include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; } Both PageSpeed and YSlow are reporting that I need to enable compression. I can see that the request headers indicate Accept-Encoding:gzip,deflate,sdch, but the response headers do not have the corollary Content-Encoding header. I've tried various other config values (gzip_vary on, gzip_http_version 1.0, etc.), but no joy. As far as I know, I can only assume that nginx was compiled with compression support, but if there's any way to verify that, I'd love to know. If anyone sees anything I'm missing or can suggest further debugging, please let me know. I'm no sysadmin and I'm new to Nginx so I've exhausted everything I can think of or have read. Thanks.

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  • What is the best private cloud storage setup

    - by vdrmrt
    I need to create a private cloud and I'm searching for the best setup. These are my 2 most important requirements 1. Disk and system redundant 2. Price / GB as low as possible The system is going to be used as backup setup which will receive data 24/7 over SFTP and rsync. High throughput is not that important. I'm planning to use glusterfs and consumer grade 4TB hard-drives. I have worked out 3 possible setups 3 servers with 11 4TB HDD Setup up a replica 3 glusterfs and setup each hard drive as a separate ext4 brick. Total capacity: 44TB HDD / TB ratio of 0.75 (33HDD / 44TB) 2 servers with 11 4TB HDD The 11 hard-drives are combined in a RAIDZ3 ZFS storage pool. With a replica 2 gluster setup. Total capacity: 32TB (+ zfs compression) HDD / TB ratio of 0.68 (22HDD / 32TB) 3 servers with 11 4TB consumer hard-drives Setup up a replica 3 glusterfs and setup each hard-drive as a separate zfs storage pool and export each pool as a brick. Total capacity: 32TB (+ zfs compression) HDD / TB ratio of 0.68 (22HDD / 32TB) (Cheapest) My remarks and concerns: If a hard drive fails which setup will recover the quickest? In my opinion setup 1 and 3 because there only the contents of 1 hard-drive needs to be copied over the network. Instead of setup 2 were the hard-drive needs te be reconstructed by reading the parity of all the other harddrives in the system. Will a zfs pool on 1 harddrive give me extra protection against for example bit rot? With setup 1 and 3 I can loose 2 systems and still be up and running with setup 2 I can only loose 1 system. When I use ZFS I can enable compression which will give me some extra storage.

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  • Server-side auto-minify?

    - by Brendan Long
    Is there any way to automatically minify static content and then serve it from a cache automatically? Similar to have mod_compress/mod_deflate work? Preferably something I could use in combination with compression (since compression has a more noticeable benefit). My preference is something that works with lighttpd but I haven't been able to find anything, so any web server that can do it would be interesting.

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  • How can I decompress a gzip stream with zlib?

    - by Greg Hewgill
    Gzip format files (created with the gzip program, for example) use the "deflate" compression algorithm, which is the same compression algorithm as what zlib uses. However, when using zlib to inflate a gzip compressed file, the library returns a Z_DATA_ERROR. How can I use zlib to decompress a gzip file?

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  • Castle WCF DefaultServiceHostFactory in IIS: Accessing the ServiceHost

    - by user250837
    I am attempting to move from a self hosting architecture to hosting under IIS 6, primarily to take advantage of built in dynamic compression. I am using the Castle DefaultServiceHostFactory to provide the service to IIS in the .svc file. However, I need to programmatically specify certain end points and behaviours and I do not know how to retrieve the current ServiceHost. Is this be possible, or should I just look at other methods of compression independent of IIS?

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  • What versions/flavors of WinZip can be opened by the gnu.java.util.zip.dll v.6.0.140.8?

    - by dreynold
    Evaluating a third party data processing tool, I have bumped into a case where some WinZip files cause an exception: Caused by: gnu.java.util.zip.ZipException: Unknown compression method 98 at gnu.java.util.zip.ZipFile.getInputStream(ZipFile.java:470) I have seen this with files created with WinZip 11.2 and newer. What's the latest version of WinZip (or compatible compression method) that the zip.dll can handle? I've been hunting for some reference on this, but other than unversioned source code, I have had little luck so far.

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  • Adobe Flash and mp3 licence

    - by Dovyski
    When I publish a Flash file that contains any sound (such as a WAV file), I can choose the sound compression method (MP3, raw, ADPCM, etc.). My question is about the mp3 compression and it's licence. Flash gives me the option to compress a WAV file as mp3, but is the licence to use the mp3 format included? I have paid for a Flash licence, does it give the right to use mp3 in my SWF files freely or do I have to pay royalties to someone else?

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  • PPPTP VPN from Ubuntu cannot connect

    - by Andrea Polci
    I'm trying to configure under Linux (Kubuntu 9.10) a VPN I already use from Windows. I installed the network-manager-pptp package and added the vpn under Network Manager. These are the parameter under "advanced" button: Authentication Methods: PAP, CHAP, MSCHAP, SMCHAP2, EAP (I tried also with MSCHAP and MSCHAP2 only) Use MPPE Encryption: yes Crypto: Any Use stateful encryption: no Compression: Allow BSD compression: yes Allow Deflate compression: yes Allow TCP header compression: yes Send PPP echo packets: no When I try to connnect it doesn't work and this is what I get in the system log: 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena NetworkManager <info> Starting VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.pptp'... 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena NetworkManager <info> VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.pptp' started (org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.pptp), PID 4931 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena NetworkManager <info> VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.pptp' just appeared, activating connections 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena pppd[4932] Plugin /usr/lib/pppd/2.4.5//nm-pptp-pppd-plugin.so loaded. 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena NetworkManager <info> VPN plugin state changed: 3 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena pppd[4932] pppd 2.4.5 started by root, uid 0 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena NetworkManager <info> VPN connection 'MYVPN' (Connect) reply received. 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena NetworkManager SCPlugin-Ifupdown: devices added (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/ppp0, iface: ppp0) 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena NetworkManager SCPlugin-Ifupdown: device added (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/ppp0, iface: ppp0): no ifupdown configuration found. 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena pppd[4932] Using interface ppp0 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena pppd[4932] Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/pts/2 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena pptp[4934] nm-pptp-service-4931 log[main:pptp.c:314]: The synchronous pptp option is NOT activated 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[ctrlp_rep:pptp_ctrl.c:251]: Sent control packet type is 7 'Outgoing-Call-Request' 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[ctrlp_disp:pptp_ctrl.c:858]: Received Outgoing Call Reply. 2010-04-08 13:53:47 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[ctrlp_disp:pptp_ctrl.c:897]: Outgoing call established (call ID 1, peer's call ID 14800). 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pppd[4932] CHAP authentication succeeded 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pppd[4932] CHAP authentication succeeded 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pppd[4932] LCP terminated by peer 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[ctrlp_disp:pptp_ctrl.c:929]: Call disconnect notification received (call id 14800) 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[ctrlp_disp:pptp_ctrl.c:788]: Received Stop Control Connection Request. 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[ctrlp_rep:pptp_ctrl.c:251]: Sent control packet type is 4 'Stop-Control-Connection-Reply' 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[callmgr_main:pptp_callmgr.c:258]: Closing connection (shutdown) 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[ctrlp_rep:pptp_ctrl.c:251]: Sent control packet type is 12 'Call-Clear-Request' 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[callmgr_main:pptp_callmgr.c:258]: Closing connection (shutdown) 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[ctrlp_rep:pptp_ctrl.c:251]: Sent control packet type is 12 'Call-Clear-Request' 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pptp[4927] nm-pptp-service-4918 log[call_callback:pptp_callmgr.c:79]: Closing connection (call state) 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pppd[4932] Modem hangup 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pppd[4932] Connection terminated. 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena NetworkManager <info> VPN plugin failed: 1 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena NetworkManager SCPlugin-Ifupdown: devices removed (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/ppp0, iface: ppp0) 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena pppd[4932] Exit. 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena NetworkManager <info> VPN plugin failed: 1 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena NetworkManager <info> VPN plugin state changed: 6 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena NetworkManager <info> VPN plugin state change reason: 0 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena NetworkManager <WARN> connection_state_changed(): Could not process the request because no VPN connection was active. 2010-04-08 13:53:48 pcelena NetworkManager <info> Policy set 'Auto eth0' (eth0) as default for routing and DNS. 2010-04-08 13:54:01 pcelena NetworkManager <debug> [1270727641.001390] ensure_killed(): waiting for vpn service pid 4931 to exit 2010-04-08 13:54:01 pcelena NetworkManager <debug> [1270727641.001479] ensure_killed(): vpn service pid 4931 cleaned up Does anyone has suggestion on what can be the problem and how to make it work?

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  • How to install pip/easy_install on debian 6 for python3.2

    - by atomAltera
    I'm trying to install pip or setup tools form python 3.2 in debian 6. First case: apt-get install python3-pip...OK python3 easy_install.py webob Searching for webob Reading http://pypi.python.org/simple/webob/ Reading http://webob.org/ Reading http://pythonpaste.org/webob/ Best match: WebOb 1.2.2 Downloading http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/W/WebOb/WebOb-1.2.2.zip#md5=de0f371b46554709ce5b93c088a11cae Processing WebOb-1.2.2.zip Traceback (most recent call last): File "easy_install.py", line 5, in <module> main() File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 1931, in main with_ei_usage(lambda: File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 1912, in with_ei_usage return f() File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 1935, in <lambda> distclass=DistributionWithoutHelpCommands, **kw File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/distutils/core.py", line 148, in setup dist.run_commands() File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/distutils/dist.py", line 917, in run_commands self.run_command(cmd) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/distutils/dist.py", line 936, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 368, in run self.easy_install(spec, not self.no_deps) File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 608, in easy_install return self.install_item(spec, dist.location, tmpdir, deps) File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 638, in install_item dists = self.install_eggs(spec, download, tmpdir) File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 799, in install_eggs unpack_archive(dist_filename, tmpdir, self.unpack_progress) File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py", line 67, in unpack_archive driver(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter) File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py", line 154, in unpack_zipfile data = z.read(info.filename) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/zipfile.py", line 891, in read with self.open(name, "r", pwd) as fp: File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/zipfile.py", line 980, in open close_fileobj=not self._filePassed) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/zipfile.py", line 489, in __init__ self._decompressor = zlib.decompressobj(-15) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'decompressobj' Second case: from http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute#installation-instructions python3 distribute_setup.py Downloading http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/d/distribute/distribute-0.6.28.tar.gz Extracting in /tmp/tmpv6iei2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "distribute_setup.py", line 515, in <module> main(sys.argv[1:]) File "distribute_setup.py", line 511, in main _install(tarball, _build_install_args(argv)) File "distribute_setup.py", line 73, in _install tar = tarfile.open(tarball) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/tarfile.py", line 1746, in open raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully") tarfile.ReadError: file could not be opened successfully Third case: from http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute#installation-instructions tar -xzvf distribute-0.6.28.tar.gz cd distribute-0.6.28 python3 setup.py install Before install bootstrap. Scanning installed packages No setuptools distribution found running install running bdist_egg running egg_info writing distribute.egg-info/PKG-INFO writing top-level names to distribute.egg-info/top_level.txt writing dependency_links to distribute.egg-info/dependency_links.txt writing entry points to distribute.egg-info/entry_points.txt reading manifest file 'distribute.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in' writing manifest file 'distribute.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' installing library code to build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg running install_lib running build_py copying distribute.egg-info/PKG-INFO -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying distribute.egg-info/SOURCES.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying distribute.egg-info/dependency_links.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying distribute.egg-info/entry_points.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO copying distribute.egg-info/top_level.txt -> build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg/EGG-INFO creating 'dist/distribute-0.6.28-py3.2.egg' and adding 'build/bdist.linux-x86_64/egg' to it Traceback (most recent call last): File "setup.py", line 220, in <module> scripts = scripts, File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/distutils/core.py", line 148, in setup dist.run_commands() File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/distutils/dist.py", line 917, in run_commands self.run_command(cmd) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/distutils/dist.py", line 936, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "build/src/setuptools/command/install.py", line 73, in run self.do_egg_install() File "build/src/setuptools/command/install.py", line 93, in do_egg_install self.run_command('bdist_egg') File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/distutils/cmd.py", line 313, in run_command self.distribution.run_command(command) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/distutils/dist.py", line 936, in run_command cmd_obj.run() File "build/src/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py", line 241, in run dry_run=self.dry_run, mode=self.gen_header()) File "build/src/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py", line 542, in make_zipfile z = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, mode, compression=compression) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/zipfile.py", line 689, in __init__ "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module") RuntimeError: Compression requires the (missing) zlib module zlib1g-dev installed Help me please

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  • Causes of sudden massive filesystem damage? ("root inode is not a directory")

    - by poolie
    I have a laptop running Maverick (very happily until yesterday), with a Patriot Torx SSD; LUKS encryption of the whole partition; one lvm physical volume on top of that; then home and root in ext4 logical volumes on top of that. When I tried to boot it yesterday, it complained that it couldn't mount the root filesystem. Running fsck, basically every inode seems to be wrong. Both home and root filesystems show similar problems. Checking a backup superblock doesn't help. e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) lithe_root was not cleanly unmounted, check forced. Resize inode not valid. Recreate? no Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Root inode is not a directory. Clear? no Root inode has dtime set (probably due to old mke2fs). Fix? no Inode 2 is in use, but has dtime set. Fix? no Inode 2 has a extra size (4730) which is invalid Fix? no Inode 2 has compression flag set on filesystem without compression support. Clear? no Inode 2 has INDEX_FL flag set but is not a directory. Clear HTree index? no HTREE directory inode 2 has an invalid root node. Clear HTree index? no Inode 2, i_size is 9581392125871137995, should be 0. Fix? no Inode 2, i_blocks is 40456527802719, should be 0. Fix? no Reserved inode 3 (<The ACL index inode>) has invalid mode. Clear? no Inode 3 has compression flag set on filesystem without compression support. Clear? no Inode 3 has INDEX_FL flag set but is not a directory. Clear HTree index? no .... Running strings across the filesystems, I can see there are what look like filenames and user data there. I do have sufficiently good backups (touch wood) that it's not worth grovelling around to pull back individual files, though I might save an image of the unencrypted disk before I rebuild, just in case. smartctl doesn't show any errors, neither does the kernel log. Running a write-mode badblocks across the swap lv doesn't find problems either. So the disk may be failing, but not in an obvious way. At this point I'm basically, as they say, fscked? Back to reinstalling, perhaps running badblocks over the disk, then restoring from backup? There doesn't even seem to be enough data to file a meaningful bug... I don't recall that this machine crashed last time I used it. At this point I suspect a bug or memory corruption caused it to write garbage across the disks when it was last running, or some kind of subtle failure mode for the SSD. What do you think would have caused this? Is there anything else you'd try?

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  • Most useful free .NET libraries?

    - by Binoj Antony
    I have used a lot of free .NET libraries, some from Microsoft itself! Which ones have you found the most useful? Dependency Injection/Inversion of Control Unity Framework - Microsoft StructureMap - Jeremy Miller Castle Windsor NInject Spring Framework Autofac Managed Extensibility Framework Logging Logging Application Block - Microsoft Log4Net - Apache Error Logging Modules and Handlers(ELMAH) NLog Compression SharpZipLib DotNetZip YUI Compressor (CSS and JS compression/minification) AjaxMinifier (in other downloads) (JS compression. Also includes MSBuild task) Ajax Ajax Control Toolkit - Microsoft AJAXNet Pro Data Mapper XmlDataMapper AutoMapper ORM NHibernate Castle ActiveRecord Subsonic XmlDataMapper Charting/Graphics Microsoft Chart Controls for ASP.NET 3.5 SP1 Microsoft Chart Controls for Winforms ZedGraph Charting NPlot - Charting for ASP.NET and WinForms PDF Creators/Generators PDFsharp iTextSharp Unit Testing/Mocking NUnit Rhino Mocks Moq TypeMock.Net xUnit.net mbUnit Machine.Specifications Automated Web Testing Selenium Watin URL Rewriting url rewriter UrlRewriting.Net Url Rewriter and Reverse Proxy - Managed Fusion Controls Krypton - Free winform controls Source Grid - A Grid control Devexpress - free controls Unclassified CSLA Framework - Business Objects Framework AForge.net - AI, computer vision, genetic algorithms, machine learning Enterprise Library 4.1 - Logging, Exception Management, Validation, Policy Injection File helpers library C5 Collections - Collections for .NET Quartz.NET - Enterprise Job Scheduler for .NET Platform MiscUtil - Utilities by Jon Skeet Lucene.net - Text indexing and searching Json.NET - Linq over JSON Flee - expression evaluator PostSharp - AOP IKVM - brings the extensive world of Java libraries to .NET. Title of the question taken from here. [EDIT] Please provide links to these free libraries as well. Once we have a huge list of this, it can be arranged in categories! Please do not mention .NET Applications/EXEs here.

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  • Uncompress OpenOffice files for better storage in version control

    - by Craig McQueen
    I've heard discussion about how OpenOffice (ODF) files are compressed zip files of XML and other data. So making a tiny change to the file can potentially totally change the data, so delta compression doesn't work well in version control systems. I've done basic testing on an OpenOffice file, unzipping it and then rezipping it with zero compression. I used the Linux zip utility for my testing. OpenOffice will still happily open it. So I'm wondering if it's worth developing a small utility to run on ODF files each time just before I commit to version control. Any thoughts on this idea? Possible better alternatives? Secondly, what would be a good and robust way to implement this little utility? Bash shell that calls zip (probably Linux only)? Python? Any gotchas you can think of? Obviously I don't want to accidentally mangle a file, and there are several ways that could happen. Possible gotchas I can think of: Insufficient disk space Some other permissions issue that prevents writing the file or temporary files ODF document is encrypted (probably should just leave these alone; the encryption probably also causes large file changes and thus prevents efficient delta compression)

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  • How to proceed jpeg Image file size after read--rotate-write operations in Java?

    - by zamska
    Im trying to read a JPEG image as BufferedImage, rotate and save it as another jpeg image from file system. But there is a problem : after these operations I cannot proceed same file size. Here the code //read Image BufferedImage img = ImageIO.read(new File(path)); //rotate Image BufferedImage rotatedImage = new BufferedImage(image.getHeight(), image.getWidth(), BufferedImage.TYPE_3BYTE_BGR); Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) rotatedImage.getGraphics(); g2d.rotate(Math.toRadians(PhotoConstants.ROTATE_LEFT)); int height=-rotatedImage.getHeight(null); g2d.drawImage(image, height, 0, null); g2d.dispose(); //Write Image Iterator iter = ImageIO.getImageWritersByFormatName("jpeg"); ImageWriter writer = (ImageWriter)iter.next(); // instantiate an ImageWriteParam object with default compression options ImageWriteParam iwp = writer.getDefaultWriteParam(); try { FileImageOutputStream output = null; iwp.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT); iwp.setCompressionQuality(0.98f); // an integer between 0 and 1 // 1 specifies minimum compression and maximum quality File file = new File(path); output = new FileImageOutputStream(file); writer.setOutput(output); IIOImage iioImage = new IIOImage(image, null, null); writer.write(null, iioImage, iwp); output.flush(); output.close(); writer.dispose(); Is it possible to access compressionQuality parameter of original jpeg image in the beginning. when I set 1 to compression quality, the image gets bigger size. Otherwise I set 0.9 or less the image gets smaller size. How can i proceed the image size after these operations? Thank you,

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