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• how do you spend your day? a day from a programmer's life [closed]

  - by RBA

  First of all I'm 26 and I'm asking this question because I want to see how do you manage your time. Also I'm interested how do the programmers with a family(wife, several kids) manage their time. I'm asking this due the fact that I'm working aprox 7,5 hours at work (9 to 5), spent 1,5 hours on the way to/from workplace, and when I'm home I must cook/clean/etc and LEARN! And I have the impression that I don't have enough time to learn. Did you have a period similar in your life? To want to learn another language/improve your development/other skills? I saw here and on SO that there are a lot of peoples with +10k points, this in my mind means that they stay on blogs/forums more than 15 hours a day. If you consider this question is a good question, please vote to reopen it. best regards, Radu

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• implementing a high level function in a script to call a low level function in the game engine

  - by eat_a_lemon

  In my 2d game engine I have a function that does pathfinding, find_shortest_path. It executes for each time step in the game loop and calculates the next coordinate pair in the series of coordinates to reach the destination object. Now I want to call this function in a scripting language and have it only return the last coordinate pair result. I want the game engine to go about the business of rendering the incremental steps but I don't want the high level script to care about the rendering. The high level script is only for ai game logic. Now I know how to bind a method from C to python but how can I signal and coordinate the wait time between the incremental steps without the high level function returning until its time for the last step?

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• pyscripter Rpyc error

  - by jf328

  pyscripter 2.5.3.0 x64, python 2.7.7 anaconda 2.0.1, windows 7 I was using pyscripter and EPD python happily in 32 bit, no problem. Just changed to 64 bit anaconda version and re-installed everything but now pyscripter cannot import rpyc -- it runs with internal engine (no anaconda), but no such error in pure python. Thanks very much! btw, there is a similar SO post few years ago, but the answer there does not work. *** Python 2.7.3 (default, Apr 10 2012, 23:24:47) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32. *** Internal Python engine is active *** *** Internal Python engine is active *** >>> import rpyc Traceback (most recent call last): File "<interactive input>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\rpyc\__init__.py", line 44, in <module> from rpyc.core import (SocketStream, TunneledSocketStream, PipeStream, Channel, File "C:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\rpyc\core\__init__.py", line 1, in <module> from rpyc.core.stream import SocketStream, TunneledSocketStream, PipeStream File "C:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\rpyc\core\stream.py", line 7, in <module> import socket File "C:\Anaconda\Lib\socket.py", line 47, in <module> import _socket ImportError: DLL load failed: The specified procedure could not be found. >>> C:\research>python Python 2.7.7 |Anaconda 2.0.1 (64-bit)| (default, Jun 11 2014, 10:40:02) [MSC v.1500 64bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. Anaconda is brought to you by Continuum Analytics. Please check out: http://continuum.io/thanks and https://binstar.org >>> import rpyc >>>

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• Has Twisted changed its dependencies?

  - by cdecker

  Hi all, I'm currently working on a Python/Twisted project which is to be distributed and tested on Planetlab. For some reason my code was working on friday and now that I wanted to test a minor change it refuses to work at all: Traceback (most recent call last): File "acn_a4/src/node.py", line 6, in <module> from twisted.internet.protocol import DatagramProtocol File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Twisted-10.0.0-py2.5-linux-i686.egg/twisted/__init__.py", line 18, in <module> from twisted.python import compat File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Twisted-10.0.0-py2.5-linux-i686.egg/twisted/python/compat.py", line 146, in <module> import operator File "/home/cdecker/dev/acn/acn_a4/src/operator.py", line 7, in <module> File "/home/cdecker/acn_a4/src/node.py", line 6, in <module> from twisted.internet.protocol import DatagramProtocol File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Twisted-10.0.0-py2.5-linux-i686.egg/twisted/internet/protocol.py", line 20, in <module> from twisted.python import log, failure, components File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Twisted-10.0.0-py2.5-linux-i686.egg/twisted/python/log.py", line 19, in <module> from twisted.python import util, context, reflect File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/Twisted-10.0.0-py2.5-linux-i686.egg/twisted/python/util.py", line 5, in <module> import os, sys, hmac, errno, new, inspect, warnings File "/usr/lib/python2.5/inspect.py", line 32, in <module> from operator import attrgetter ImportError: cannot import name attrgetter And since I'm pretty new to python I have no idea what could have caused this problem. All suggestions are welcome :-)

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• python: what are efficient techniques to deal with deeply nested data in a flexible manner?

  - by AlexandreS

  My question is not about a specific code snippet but more general, so please bear with me: How should I organize the data I'm analyzing, and which tools should I use to manage it? I'm using python and numpy to analyse data. Because the python documentation indicates that dictionaries are very optimized in python, and also due to the fact that the data itself is very structured, I stored it in a deeply nested dictionary. Here is a skeleton of the dictionary: the position in the hierarchy defines the nature of the element, and each new line defines the contents of a key in the precedent level: [AS091209M02] [AS091209M01] [AS090901M06] ... [100113] [100211] [100128] [100121] [R16] [R17] [R03] [R15] [R05] [R04] [R07] ... [1263399103] ... [ImageSize] [FilePath] [Trials] [Depth] [Frames] [Responses] ... [N01] [N04] ... [Sequential] [Randomized] [Ch1] [Ch2] Edit: To explain a bit better my data set: [individual] ex: [AS091209M02] [imaging session (date string)] ex: [100113] [Region imaged] ex: [R16] [timestamp of file] ex [1263399103] [properties of file] ex: [Responses] [regions of interest in image ] ex [N01] [format of data] ex [Sequential] [channel of acquisition: this key indexes an array of values] ex [Ch1] The type of operations I perform is for instance to compute properties of the arrays (listed under Ch1, Ch2), pick up arrays to make a new collection, for instance analyze responses of N01 from region 16 (R16) of a given individual at different time points, etc. This structure works well for me and is very fast, as promised. I can analyze the full data set pretty quickly (and the dictionary is far too small to fill up my computer's ram : half a gig). My problem comes from the cumbersome manner in which I need to program the operations of the dictionary. I often have stretches of code that go like this: for mk in dic.keys(): for rgk in dic[mk].keys(): for nk in dic[mk][rgk].keys(): for ik in dic[mk][rgk][nk].keys(): for ek in dic[mk][rgk][nk][ik].keys(): #do something which is ugly, cumbersome, non reusable, and brittle (need to recode it for any variant of the dictionary). I tried using recursive functions, but apart from the simplest applications, I ran into some very nasty bugs and bizarre behaviors that caused a big waste of time (it does not help that I don't manage to debug with pdb in ipython when I'm dealing with deeply nested recursive functions). In the end the only recursive function I use regularly is the following: def dicExplorer(dic, depth = -1, stp = 0): '''prints the hierarchy of a dictionary. if depth not specified, will explore all the dictionary ''' if depth - stp == 0: return try : list_keys = dic.keys() except AttributeError: return stp += 1 for key in list_keys: else: print '+%s> [\'%s\']' %(stp * '---', key) dicExplorer(dic[key], depth, stp) I know I'm doing this wrong, because my code is long, noodly and non-reusable. I need to either use better techniques to flexibly manipulate the dictionaries, or to put the data in some database format (sqlite?). My problem is that since I'm (badly) self-taught in regards to programming, I lack practical experience and background knowledge to appreciate the options available. I'm ready to learn new tools (SQL, object oriented programming), whatever it takes to get the job done, but I am reluctant to invest my time and efforts into something that will be a dead end for my needs. So what are your suggestions to tackle this issue, and be able to code my tools in a more brief, flexible and re-usable manner?

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• mod_cgi , mod_fastcgi, mod_scgi , mod_wsgi, mod_python, FLUP. I don't know how many more. what is mo

  - by claws

  I recently learnt Python. I liked it. I just wanted to use it for web development. This thought caused all the troubles. But I like these troubles :) Coming from PHP world where there is only one way standardized. I expected the same and searched for python & apache. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/449055/setting-up-python-on-windows-apache says Stay away from mod_python. One common misleading idea is that mod_python is like mod_php, but for python. That is not true. So what is equivalent of mod_php in python? I need little clarification on this one http://stackoverflow.com/questions/219110/how-python-web-frameworks-wsgi-and-cgi-fit-together CGI, FastCGI and SCGI are language agnostic. You can write CGI scripts in Perl, Python, C, bash, or even Assembly :). So, I guess mod_cgi , mod_fastcgi, mod_scgi are their corresponding apache modules. Right? WSGI is some kind of optimized/improved inshort an efficient version specifically designed for python language only. In order to use this mod_wsgi is a way to go. right? This leaves out mod_python. What is it then? Apache - mod_fastcgi - FLUP (via CGI protocol) - Django (via WSGI protocol) Flup is another way to run with wsgi for any webserver that can speak FCGI, SCGI or AJP What is FLUP? What is AJP? How did Django come in the picture? These questions raise quetions about PHP. How is it actually running? What technology is it using? mod_php & mod_python what are the differences? In future if I want to use Perl or Java then again will I have to get confused? Kindly can someone explain things clearly and give a Complete Picture.

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• Why do I get a segmentation fault while redirecting sys.stdout to Tkinter.Text widget in Python?

  - by Brent Nash

  I'm in the process of building a GUI-based application with Python/Tkinter that builds on top of the existing Python bdb module. In this application, I want to silence all stdout/stderr from the console and redirect it to my GUI. To accomplish this purpose, I've written a specialized Tkinter.Text object (code at the end of the post). The basic idea is that when something is written to sys.stdout, it shows up as a line in the "Text" with the color black. If something is written to sys.stderr, it shows up as a line in the "Text" with the color red. As soon as something is written, the Text always scrolls down to view the most recent line. I'm using Python 2.6.1 at the moment. On Mac OS X 10.5, this seems to work great. I have had zero problems with it. On RedHat Enterprise Linux 5, however, I pretty reliably get a segmentation fault during the run of a script. The segmentation fault doesn't always occur in the same place, but it pretty much always occurs. If I comment out the sys.stdout= and sys.stderr= lines from my code, the segmentation faults seem to go away. I'm sure there are other ways around this that I will probably have to resort to, but can anyone see anything I'm doing blatantly wrong here that could be causing these segmentation faults? It's driving me nuts. Thanks! PS - I realize redirecting sys.stderr to the GUI might not be a great idea, but I still get segmentation faults even when I only redirect sys.stdout and not sys.stderr. I also realize that I'm allowing the Text to grow indefinitely at the moment. class ConsoleText(tk.Text): '''A Tkinter Text widget that provides a scrolling display of console stderr and stdout.''' class IORedirector(object): '''A general class for redirecting I/O to this Text widget.''' def __init__(self,text_area): self.text_area = text_area class StdoutRedirector(IORedirector): '''A class for redirecting stdout to this Text widget.''' def write(self,str): self.text_area.write(str,False) class StderrRedirector(IORedirector): '''A class for redirecting stderr to this Text widget.''' def write(self,str): self.text_area.write(str,True) def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw): '''See the __init__ for Tkinter.Text for most of this stuff.''' tk.Text.__init__(self, master, cnf, **kw) self.started = False self.write_lock = threading.Lock() self.tag_configure('STDOUT',background='white',foreground='black') self.tag_configure('STDERR',background='white',foreground='red') self.config(state=tk.DISABLED) def start(self): if self.started: return self.started = True self.original_stdout = sys.stdout self.original_stderr = sys.stderr stdout_redirector = ConsoleText.StdoutRedirector(self) stderr_redirector = ConsoleText.StderrRedirector(self) sys.stdout = stdout_redirector sys.stderr = stderr_redirector def stop(self): if not self.started: return self.started = False sys.stdout = self.original_stdout sys.stderr = self.original_stderr def write(self,val,is_stderr=False): #Fun Fact: The way Tkinter Text objects work is that if they're disabled, #you can't write into them AT ALL (via the GUI or programatically). Since we want them #disabled for the user, we have to set them to NORMAL (a.k.a. ENABLED), write to them, #then set their state back to DISABLED. self.write_lock.acquire() self.config(state=tk.NORMAL) self.insert('end',val,'STDERR' if is_stderr else 'STDOUT') self.see('end') self.config(state=tk.DISABLED) self.write_lock.release()

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• Type of computer for a developer on the road

  - by nabucosound

  Hi developers: I am planning to be traveling through eurasia and asia (russia, china, korea, japan, south east asia...) for a while and, although there are plenty of marvelous things to see and to do, I must keep on working :(. I am a python developer, dedicated mainly to web projects. I use django, sqlite3, browsers, and ocassionaly (only if I have no choice) I install postgres, mysql, apache or any other servers commonly used in the internets. I do my coding on vim, use ssh to connect, lftp to transfer files, IRC, grep/ack... So I spend most of my time in the terminal shells. But I also use IM or Skype to communicate with my clients and peers, as well as some other software (that after all is not mandatory for my day-to-day work). I currently work with a Macbook Pro (3 years old now) and so far I am very happy with the performance. But I don't want to carry it if I am going to be "on transit" for long time, it is simply huge and heavy for what I am planning to load in my rather small backpack (while traveling, less is more, you know). So here I am reading all kind of opinions about netbooks, because at first sight this is the kind of computer I thought I had to choose. I am going to use Linux for it, Microsoft is not my cup of tea and Mac is not available for them, unless I were to buy a Macbook air, something that I won't do because if I am robbed or rain/dust/truck loaders break it I would burst in tears. I am concerned about wifi performance and connectivity, I am going to use one of those linux distros/tools to hack/test on "open" networks (if you know what I mean) in case I am not in a place with real free wifi access and I find myself in an emergency. CPU speed should be acceptable, but since I don't plan to run Photoshop or expensive IDEs, I guess most of the time I won't be overloading the machine. Apart from this, maybe (surely) I am missing other features to consider. With that said (sorry about the length) here it comes my question, raised from a deep ignorance regarding the wars betweeb betbooks vs notebooks (I assume tablet PCs are not for programming yet): If I buy a netbook will I have to throw it away after 1 month on the road and buy a notebook? Or will I be OK? Thanks! Hector Update I have received great feedback so far! I would like to insist on the fact that I will be traveling through many different countries and scenarios. I am sure that while in Japan I will be more than fine with anything related to technology, connectivity, etc. But consider that I will be, for example, on a train through Russia (transsiberian) and will cross Mongolia as well. I will stay in friends' places sometimes, but most of the time I will have to work from hostel rooms, trains, buses, beaches (hey this last one doesn't sound too bad hehe!). I think some of your answers guys seem to focus on the geek part but loose the point of this "on the road" fact. I am very aware and agree that netbooks suck compared to notebooks, but what I am trying to do here is to find a balance and discover your experiences with netbooks to see first hand if a netbook will be a fail in the mid-long term of the trip for my purposes. So I have resumed the main concepts expressed here on this small list, in no particular order: keyboard/touchpad feel: I use vim so no need of moving mouse pointers that much, unless I am browsing the web, but intensive use of keyboard screen real state: again, terminal work for most of the time battery life: I think something very important weight/size: also very important looks not worth stealing it, don't give a shit if it is lost/stolen/broken: this may depend on kind of person, your economy, etc. Also to prevent losing work, I will upload EVERYTHING to the cloud whenever I'll have a chance. wifi: don't want to discover my wifi is one of those that cannot deal with half the routers on this planet or has poor connectivity. Thanks again for your answers and comments!

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• Looking for a real-world example illustrating that composition can be superior to inheritance

  - by Job

  I watched a bunch of lectures on Clojure and functional programming by Rich Hickey as well as some of the SICP lectures, and I am sold on many concepts of functional programming. I incorporated some of them into my C# code at a previous job, and luckily it was easy to write C# code in a more functional style. At my new job we use Python and multiple inheritance is all the rage. My co-workers are very smart but they have to produce code fast given the nature of the company. I am learning both the tools and the codebase, but the architecture itself slows me down as well. I have not written the existing class hierarchy (neither would I be able to remember everything about it), and so, when I started adding a fairly small feature, I realized that I had to read a lot of code in the process. At the surface the code is neatly organized and split into small functions/methods and not copy-paste-repetitive, but the flip side of being not repetitive is that there is some magic functionality hidden somewhere in the hierarchy chain that magically glues things together and does work on my behalf, but it is very hard to find and follow. I had to fire up a profiler and run it through several examples and plot the execution graph as well as step through a debugger a few times, search the code for some substring and just read pages at the time. I am pretty sure that once I am done, my resulting code will be short and neatly organized, and yet not very readable. What I write feels declarative, as if I was writing an XML file that drives some other magic engine, except that there is no clear documentation on what the XML should look like and what the engine does except for the existing examples that I can read as well as the source code for the 'engine'. There has got to be a better way. IMO using composition over inheritance can help quite a bit. That way the computation will be linear rather than jumping all over the hierarchy tree. Whenever the functionality does not quite fit into an inheritance model, it will need to be mangled to fit in, or the entire inheritance hierarchy will need to be refactored/rebalanced, sort of like an unbalanced binary tree needs reshuffling from time to time in order to improve the average seek time. As I mentioned before, my co-workers are very smart; they just have been doing things a certain way and probably have an ability to hold a lot of unrelated crap in their head at once. I want to convince them to give composition and functional as opposed to OOP approach a try. To do that, I need to find some very good material. I do not think that a SCIP lecture or one by Rich Hickey will do - I am afraid it will be flagged down as too academic. Then, simple examples of Dog and Frog and AddressBook classes do not really connivence one way or the other - they show how inheritance can be converted to composition but not why it is truly and objectively better. What I am looking for is some real-world example of code that has been written with a lot of inheritance, then hit a wall and re-written in a different style that uses composition. Perhaps there is a blog or a chapter. I am looking for something that can summarize and illustrate the sort of pain that I am going through. I already have been throwing the phrase "composition over inheritance" around, but it was not received as enthusiastically as I had hoped. I do not want to be perceived as a new guy who likes to complain and bash existing code while looking for a perfect approach while not contributing fast enough. At the same time, my gut is convinced that inheritance is often the instrument of evil and I want to show a better way in a near future. Have you stumbled upon any great resources that can help me?

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• How would you solve this graph theory handshake problem in python?

  - by Zachary Burt

  I graduated college last year with a degree in Psychology, but I also took a lot of math for fun. I recently got the book "Introductory Graph Theory" by Gary Chartrand to brush up on my math and have some fun. Here is an exercise from the book that I'm finding particularly befuddling: Suppose you and your husband attended a party with three other married couples. Several handshakes took place. No one shook hands with himself (or herself) or with his (or her) spouse, and no one shook hands with the same person more than once. After all the handshaking was completed, suppose you asked each person, including your husband, how many hands he or she had shaken. Each person gave a different answer. a) How many hands did you shake? b) How many hands did your husband shake? Now, I've been reasoning about this for a while, and trying to draw sample graphs that could illustrate a solution, but I'm coming up empty-handed. My logic is this: there are 8 different vertices in the graph, and 7 of them have different degrees. The values for the degrees must therefore be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and x. The # of degrees for one married couple is (0, 6). Since all graphs have an even number of odd vertices, x must be either 5, 3, or 1. What's your solution to this problem? And, if you could solve it in python, how would you do it? (python is fun.) Cheers.

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• How would you solve this graph theory handshake problem in python?

  - by Zachary Burt

  I graduated college last year with a degree in Psychology, but I also took a lot of math for fun. I recently got the book "Introductory Graph Theory" by Gary Chartrand to brush up on my math and have some fun. Here is an exercise from the book that I'm finding particularly befuddling: Suppose you and your husband attended a party with three other married couples. Several handshakes took place. No one shook hands with himself (or herself) or with his (or her) spouse, and no one shook hands with the same person more than once. After all the handshaking was completed, suppose you asked each person, including your husband, how many hands he or she had shaken. Each person gave a different answer. a) How many hands did you shake? b) How many hands did your husband shake? Now, I've been reasoning about this for a while, and trying to draw sample graphs that could illustrate a solution, but I'm coming up empty-handed. My logic is this: there are 8 different vertices in the graph, and 7 of them have different degrees. The values for the degrees must therefore be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and x. The # of degrees for one married couple is (0, 6). Since all graphs have an even number of odd vertices, x must be either 5, 3, or 1. What's your solution to this problem? And, if you could solve it in python, how would you do it? (python is fun.) Cheers.

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• Python win32com - Automating Word - How to replace text in a text box?

  - by Greg

  I'm trying to automate word to replace text in a word document using Python. (I'm on word 2003 if that matters and Python 2.4) The first part of my replace method below works on everything except text in text boxes. The text just doesn't get selected. I notice when I go into Word manually and hit ctrl-A all of the text gets selected except for the text box. Here's my code so far: class Word: def __init__(self,visible=0,screenupdating=0): pythoncom.CoInitialize() self.app=gencache.EnsureDispatch(WORD) self.app.Visible = visible self.app.DisplayAlerts = 0 self.app.ScreenUpdating = screenupdating print 'Starting word' def open(self,doc): self.opendoc=os.path.basename(doc) self.app.Documents.Open(FileName=doc) def replace(self,source,target): if target=='':target=' ' alltext=self.app.Documents(self.opendoc).Range(Start=0,End=self.app.Documents(self.opendoc).Characters.Count) #select all alltext.Find.Text = source alltext.Find.Replacement.Text = target alltext.Find.Execute(Replace=1,Forward=True) #Special handling to do replace in text boxes #http://word.tips.net/Pages/T003879_Updating_a_Field_in_a_Text_Box.html for shp in self.app.Documents(self.opendoc).Shapes: if shp.TextFrame.HasText: shp.TextFrame.TextRange.Find.Text = source shp.TextFrame.TextRange.Find.Replacement.Text = target shp.TextFrame.TextRange.Find.Execute(Replace=1,Forward=True) #My Usage word=Word(visible=1,screenupdating=1) word.open(r'C:\Invoice Automation\testTB.doc') word.replace('[PGN]','1') The for shp in self.app .. section is my attempt to hit the text boxes. It seems to find the text box, but it doesn't replace anything.

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• Bundle a Python app as a single file to support add-ons or extensions?

  - by Brandon Craig Rhodes

  There are several utilities — all with different procedures, limitations, and target operating systems — for getting a Python package and all of its dependencies and turning them into a single binary program that is easy to ship to customers: http://wiki.python.org/moin/Freeze http://www.pyinstaller.org/ http://www.py2exe.org/ http://svn.pythonmac.org/py2app/py2app/trunk/doc/index.html My situation goes one step further: third-party developers will be wanting to write plug-ins, extensions, or add-ons for my application. It is, of course, a daunting question how users on platforms like Windows would most easily install plugins or addons in such a way that my app can easily discover that they have been installed. But beyond that basic question is another: how can a third-party developer bundle their extension with whatever libraries the extension itself needs (which might be binary modules, like lxml) in such a way that the plugin's dependencies become available for import at the same time that the plugin becomes available. How can this be approached? Will my application need its own plug-in area on disk and its own plug-in registry to make this tractable? Or are there general mechanisms, that I could avoid writing myself, that would allow an app that is distributed as a single executable to look around and find plugins that are also installed as single files?

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• Python: Networked IDLE/Redo IDLE front-end while using the same back-end?

  - by Rosarch

  Is there any existing web app that lets multiple users work with an interactive IDLE type session at once? Something like: IDLE 2.6.4 Morgan: >>> letters = list("abcdefg") Morgan: >>> # now, how would you iterate over letters? Jack: >>> for char in letters: print "char %s" % char char a char b char c char d char e char f char g Morgan: >>> # nice nice If not, I would like to create one. Is there some module I can use that simulates an interactive session? I'd want an interface like this: def class InteractiveSession(): ''' An interactive Python session ''' def putLine(line): ''' Evaluates line ''' pass def outputLines(): ''' A list of all lines that have been output by the session ''' pass def currentVars(): ''' A dictionary of currently defined variables and their values ''' pass (Although that last function would be more of an extra feature.) To formulate my problem another way: I'd like to create a new front end for IDLE. How can I do this? UPDATE: Or maybe I can simulate IDLE through eval()? UPDATE 2: What if I did something like this: I already have a simple GAE Python chat app set up, that allows users to sign in, make chat rooms, and chat with each other. Instead of just saving incoming messages to the datastore, I could do something like this: def putLine(line, user, chat_room): ''' Evaluates line for the session used by chat_room ''' # get the interactive session for this chat room curr_vars = InteractiveSession.objects.where("chatRoom = %s" % chat_room).get() result = eval(prepared_line, curr_vars.state, {}) curr_vars.state = curr_globals curr_vars.lines.append((user, line)) if result: curr_vars.lines.append(('SELF', result.__str__())) curr_vars.put() The InteractiveSession model: def class InteractiveSession(db.Model): # a dictionary mapping variables to values # it looks like GAE doesn't actually have a dictionary field, so what would be best to use here? state = db.DictionaryProperty() # a transcript of the session # # a list of tuples of the form (user, line_entered) # # looks something like: # # [('Morgan', '# hello'), # ('Jack', 'x = []'), # ('Morgan', 'x.append(1)'), # ('Jack', 'x'), # ('SELF', '[1]')] lines = db.ListProperty() Could this work, or am I way off/this approach is infeasible/I'm duplicating work when I should use something already built?

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• Is there a standard lexer/parser tool for Python?

  - by Salim Fadhley

  A volunteer job requires us to convert a large number of LaTeX documents into ePub format. It's a series of open-source fiction book which has so far only been produced only on paper via a print on demand service. We'd like to be able to offer the book to users of book-reader devices (such as Kindle) which require the ePub format for best results. Fortunately, ePub is a very simple format, however there's no trivial way for LaTeX to produce the XHTML outut required. We experimented with alternative LaTeX compilers (e.g. plastex) but in the end we figured that it would probably be a lot easier to simply write our own compiler which understands a tiny subset of the LaTeX language and compiles directly to XHTML / ePub. Previously I used a tool on Windows called GOLD. This allowed me to go directly from BNF grammars to a stub parser. It also alllowed me to implement the parser in any language I liked. (I'd choose Python). This product has to work on Linux, so I'm wondering if there's an equivalent toolchain that works as well under Ubutnu / Eclipse / Python. The idea is that we will take the grammar of TeX and just implement a teeny subset of that, but we do not want to spend a huge amount of time worrying about grammar and parsing. A parser generator would obviously save us a great deal of time. Sal UPDATE 1: Bonus marks for a solution with excellent documentation or tutorials.

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• Is it possible to make a persistent connection between a Python web service and a .Net WCF Client?

  - by Ad Hock

  I have a .Net 3.5 SOAP client written in C# using the WCF. It's expecting basicHTTPBinding and a persistent connection with HTTP/1.1. I'm trying to create a Python 2.6 application that will act as a web-service for the client. My problem is that the client keeps closing the connection and opening a new one for every command to the web service. How does the .Net WCF client know to stay open when connecting with a .Net Service? When I create a dummy .Net web service the client connects fine and the connection remains persistent. From what I can tell, when connected to a .Net server, there are no special HTTP headers being sent, that makes sense since HTTP/1.1 assumes a persistent connection unless otherwise specified (right?). However, with the python web service I accept/open a connection and eventually the client will send a TCP FIN and the connection will close (the client never sends a FIN or RST when connecting to a .Net service). The communication goes something like this: Incoming -- HTTP Header for SOAP Command #1 Outgoing -- HTTP Header with a Continue Incoming -- Body of Command #1 Outgoing -- ACK Command #1 (HTTP headers and body) Incoming -- HTTP Header for SOAP Command #2 Outgoing -- HTTP Header with a Continue Incoming -- TCP FIN <Connection closes> <New connection opens and SOAP command #2 (with full HTTP headers) is sent> I'm using a SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer as the server and a BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler for any requests. The handler is actually a derived class of that with a do_POST method to handle the HTTP headers. I've looked at WireShark captures and I'm stumped. I've tried setting socket options to SO_KEEPALIVE and SO_REUSEADDR in the server but that didn't seem to change anything. What am I missing?

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• python NameError: name '<anything>' is not defined (but it is!)

  - by BenjaminGolder

  Note: Solved. It turned out that I was importing a previous version of the same module. It is easy to find similar topics on StackOverflow, where someone ran into a NameError. But most of the questions deal with specific modules and the solution is often to update the module. In my case, I am trying to import a function from a module that I wrote myself. The module is named InfraPy, and it is definitely on sys.path. One particular function (called listToText) in InfraPy returns a NameError, but only when I try to import it into another script. Inside InfraPy, under if __name__=='__main__':, the listToText function works just fine. From InfraPy I can import other functions with no problems. Including from InfraPy import * in my script does not return any errors until I try to use the listToText function. How can this occur? How can importing one particular function return a NameError, while importing all the other functions in the same module works fine? Using python 2.6 on MacOSX 10.6, also encountered the same error running the script on Windows 7, using IronPython 2.6 for .NET 4.0 Thanks. If there are other details you think would be helpful in solving this, I'd be happy to provide them. As requested, here is the function definition inside of InfraPy: def listToText(inputList, folder=None, outputName='list.txt'): ''' Creates a text file from a list (with each list item on a separate line). May be placed in any given folder, but will otherwise be created in the working directory of the python interpreter. ''' fname = outputName if folder != None: fname = folder+'/'+fname f = open(fname, 'w') for file in inputList: f.write(file+'\n') f.close() This function is defined above and outside of if __name__=='__main__': I've tried moving InfraPy around in relation to the script. The most baffling situation is that when InfraPy is in the same folder as the script, and I import using from InfraPy import listToText, I receive this error: NameError: name listToText is not defined. Again, the other functions import fine, they are all defined outside of if __name__=='__main__': in InfraPy.

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• How Can I: Generate 40/64 Bit WEP Key In Python?

  - by Aktariel

  So, I've been beating my head against the wall of this issue for several months now, partly because it's a side interest and partly because I suck at programming. I've searched and researched all across the web, but have not had any luck (except one small bit of success; see below), so I thought I might try asking the experts. What I am trying to do is, as the title suggests, generate a 40/64 bit WEP key from a passphrase, according to the "de facto" standard. (A site such as [http://www.powerdog.com/wepkey.cgi] produces the expected outputs.) I have already written portions of the script that take inputs and write them to a file; one of the inputs would be the passphrase, sanitized to lower case. For the longest time I had no idea what the defacto standard was, much less how to even go about implementing it. I finally stumbled across a paper (http://www.lava.net/~newsham/wlan/WEP_password_cracker.pdf) that sheds as much light as I've had yet on the issue (page 18 has the relevant bits). Apparently, the passphrase is "mapped to a 32-bit value with XOR," the result of which is then used as the seed for a "linear congruential PRNG (which one of the several PRNGs Python has would fit this description, I don't know), and then from that result several bits of the result are taken. I have no idea how to go about implementing this, since the description is rather vague. What I need is help in writing the generator in Python, and also in understanding how exactly the key is generated. I'm not much of a programmer, so explanations are appreciated as well. (Yes, I know that WEP isn't secure.)

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• Python subprocess Popen.communicate() equivalent to Popen.stdout.read()?

  - by Christophe

  Very specific question (I hope): What are the differences between the following three codes? (I expect it to be only that the first does not wait for the child process to be finished, while the second and third ones do. But I need to be sure this is the only difference...) I also welcome other remarks/suggestions (though I'm already well aware of the shell=True dangers and cross-platform limitations) Note that I already read Python subprocess interaction, why does my process work with Popen.communicate, but not Popen.stdout.read()? and that I do not want/need to interact with the program after. Also note that I already read Alternatives to Python Popen.communicate() memory limitations? but that I didn't really get it... First code: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE def exe_f(command='ls -l', shell=True): "Function to execute a command and return stuff" process = Popen(command, shell=shell, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) stdout = process.stdout.read() stderr = process.stderr.read() return process, stderr, stdout Second code: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE from subprocess import communicate def exe_f(command='ls -l', shell=True): "Function to execute a command and return stuff" process = Popen(command, shell=shell, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) (stdout, stderr) = process.communicate() return process, stderr, stdout Third code: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE from subprocess import wait def exe_f(command='ls -l', shell=True): "Function to execute a command and return stuff" process = Popen(command, shell=shell, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) code = process.wait() stdout = process.stdout.read() stderr = process.stderr.read() return process, stderr, stdout Thanks.

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• In Python, how can I find the index of the first item in a list that is NOT some value?

  - by Ryan B. Lynch

  Python's list type has an index(x) method. It takes a single parameter x, and returns the (integer) index of the first item in the list that has the value x. Basically, I need to invert the index(x) method. I need to get the index of the first value in a list that does NOT have the value x. I would probably be able to even just use a function that returns the index of the first item with a value != None. I can think of a 'for' loop implementation with an incrementing counter variable, but I feel like I'm missing something. Is there an existing method, or a one-line Python construction that can handle this? In my program, the situation comes up when I'm handling lists returned from complex regex matches. All but one item in each list have a value of None. If I just needed the matched string, I could use a list comprehension like '[x for x in [my_list] if x is not None]', but I need the index in order to figure out which capture group in my regex actually caused the match.

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• Python unittest (using SQLAlchemy) does not write/update database?

  - by Jerry

  Hi, I am puzzled at why my Python unittest runs perfectly fine without actually updating the database. I can even see the SQL statements from SQLAlchemy and step through the newly created user object's email -- ...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...954c INSERT INTO users (user_id, user_name, email, ...) VALUES (%(user_id)s, %(user_name)s, %(email)s, ...) ...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...954c {'user_id': u'4cfdafe3f46544e1b4ad0c7fccdbe24a', 'email': u'[email protected]', ...} > .../tests/unit_tests/test_signup.py(127)test_signup_success() -> user = user_q.filter_by(user_name='test').first() (Pdb) n ...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...954c SELECT users.user_id AS users_user_id, ... FROM users WHERE users.user_name = %(user_name_1)s LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0 ...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...954c {'user_name_1': 'test'} > .../tests/unit_tests/test_signup.py(128)test_signup_success() -> self.assertTrue(isinstance(user, model.User)) (Pdb) user <pweb.models.User object at 0x9c95b0c> (Pdb) user.email u'[email protected]' Yet at the same time when I login to the test database, I do not see the new record there. Is it some feature from Python/unittest/SQLAlchemy/Pyramid/PostgreSQL that I'm totally unaware of? Thanks. Jerry

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• Getting a UDP socket program in Python to accept messages from a Syslog client?

  - by Elvar

  I'm trying to write a Syslog listener and so far so good on getting it to accept incoming messages through TCP but I also want UDP to function. This is the UDP server code I'm using, which works using a python client app. I also have another app which also works just using the python client app. # Server program # UDP VERSION from socket import * # Set the socket parameters host = "localhost" port = 514 buf = 1024 addr = (host,port) # Create socket and bind to address UDPSock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM) UDPSock.bind(addr) # Receive messages while 1: data,addr = UDPSock.recvfrom(buf) if not data: print "Client has exited!" break else: print "\nReceived message '", data,"'" # Close socket UDPSock.close() Using this code I can send to the server and have it display the code. # Client program from socket import * # Set the socket parameters host = "localhost" port = 514 buf = 1024 addr = (host,port) # Create socket UDPSock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM) def_msg = "===Enter message to send to server==="; print "\n",def_msg # Send messages while (1): data = raw_input('>> ') if not data: break else: if(UDPSock.sendto(data,addr)): print "Sending message '",data,"'....." # Close socket UDPSock.close() I have tried the Kiwi Syslog Message Generator and Snare to send syslog messages to the UDP server and nothing comes up. Could someone help me understand?

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• How can I strip Python logging calls without commenting them out?

  - by cdleary

  Today I was thinking about a Python project I wrote about a year back where I used logging pretty extensively. I remember having to comment out a lot of logging calls in inner-loop-like scenarios (the 90% code) because of the overhead (hotshot indicated it was one of my biggest bottlenecks). I wonder now if there's some canonical way to programmatically strip out logging calls in Python applications without commenting and uncommenting all the time. I'd think you could use inspection/recompilation or bytecode manipulation to do something like this and target only the code objects that are causing bottlenecks. This way, you could add a manipulator as a post-compilation step and use a centralized configuration file, like so: [Leave ERROR and above] my_module.SomeClass.method_with_lots_of_warn_calls [Leave WARN and above] my_module.SomeOtherClass.method_with_lots_of_info_calls [Leave INFO and above] my_module.SomeWeirdClass.method_with_lots_of_debug_calls Of course, you'd want to use it sparingly and probably with per-function granularity -- only for code objects that have shown logging to be a bottleneck. Anybody know of anything like this? Note: There are a few things that make this more difficult to do in a performant manner because of dynamic typing and late binding. For example, any calls to a method named debug may have to be wrapped with an if not isinstance(log, Logger). In any case, I'm assuming all of the minor details can be overcome, either by a gentleman's agreement or some run-time checking. :-)

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• How Can I Find a List of All Exceptions That a Given Library Function Throws in Python?

  - by b14ck

  Sorry for the long title, but it seems most descriptive for my question. Basically, I'm having a difficult time finding exception information in the official python documentation. For example, in one program I'm currently writing, I'm using the shutil libary's move function: from shutil import move move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') That works fine, as long as I have write access to /tmp/, there is enough diskspace, and if all other requirements are satisfied. However, when writing generic code, it is often difficult to guarantee those factors, so one usually uses exceptions: from shutil import move try: move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') except: print 'Move failed for some reason.' I'd like to actually catch the appropriate exceptions thrown instead of just catching everything, but I simply can't find a list of exceptions thrown for most python modules. Is there a way for me to see which exceptions a given function can throw, and why? This way I can make appropriate cases for each exception, eg: from shutil import move try: move('somefile.txt', '/tmp/somefile.txt') except PermissionDenied: print 'No permission.' except DestinationDoesNotExist: print "/tmp/ doesn't exist" except NoDiskSpace: print 'No diskspace available.' Answer points go to whoever can either link me to some relevant documentation that I've somehow overlooked in the official docs, or provide a sure-fire way to figure out exactly which exceptions are thrown by which functions, and why. Thanks!

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• c++-to-python swig caused memory leak! Related to Py_BuildValue and SWIG_NewPointerObj

  - by usfree74

  Hey gurus, I have the following Swig code that caused memory leak. PyObject* FindBestMatch(const Bar& fp) { Foo* ptr(new Foo()); float match; // call a function to fill the foo pointer return Py_BuildValue( "(fO)", match, SWIG_NewPointerObj(ptr, SWIGTYPE_p_Foo, 0 /* own */)); } I figured that ptr is not freed properly. So I did the following: PyObject* FindBestMatch(const Bar& fp) { Foo* ptr(new Foo()); float match; // call a function to fill the foo pointer *PyObject *o = SWIG_NewPointerObj(ptr, SWIGTYPE_p_Foo, 1 /* own */);* <------- 1 means pass the ownership to python PyObject *result = Py_BuildValue("(fO)", match, o); Py_XDECREF(o); return result; } But I am not very sure whether this will cause memory corruption. Here, Py_XDECREF(o) will decrease the ref count, which can free memory used by object "o". But o is part of the return value "result". Freeing "o" can cause data corrupt, I guess? I tried my change. It works fine and the caller (python code) does see the expected data. But this could be because nobody else overwrites to that memory area. So what's the right way to deal with memory management of the above code? I search the swig docs, but don't see very concrete description. Please help! Thanks, xin

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