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  • Nvidia driver on Windows 7 causing black screen

    - by inKit
    I have just installed Windows 7 on a desktop machine and for the first time ever have had a really tough time doing so, its normally a nice smooth install. This time I found that the monitor would simply go black after completing the installation. I tried reinstalling about 3 times and this did not help. After much searching I discovered that it was the nvidia drivers that were playing up with win 7, so i booted into safe mode, disabled the device, then rebooted to complete the installation. Windows 7 now works fine as long as the nvidia 9600 gt video card is disabled. The moment I enable it, the system requires a reboot and the screen will go black before even getting to the log in screen. I have tried downloading the latest driver and installing it manually, I have also tried uninstalling the device and allowing windows 7 to install it itself. Nothing seems to work. any clues?

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  • How to avoid loop limitation in a openvz container?

    - by mat.viguier
    On a openVZ containing Deb7 I need to lock the maximum size of a folder, which is used to upload on a php based web server. The directory is synced, so I have to lock the maxsize. MAXSIZE should be upgradable by adding some physical disk later ... I want to use a file as a block device for a file system. So I have done : dd if=/dev/zero of=/disk2/filesystem.dat bs=1M count=100 Then, I made the filesystem on it mkfs.ext4 filesystem.dat Then I tried to mount it : mkdir /opt/filesystem ; mount /disk2/filesystem.dat /opt/filesystem My OpenVZ (it is on a VPS) has no loop module in the kernerl. So I got Could not find any loop device as usual under OpenVz So i think I have to use FUSE, but I really do not know HOW .... Any idea on locking the size of directory under OpenVZ ?

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  • Setting up remote filesystem access without root privileges

    - by Luke Massa
    OK here's the situation. I have a computer A with complete admin access, and computer B (actually an account I login to) with very limited access. I am trying to make it so I can access a device on computer A (an external harddrive) on B. If I had more access to B, I would just mount the device on B, but I can't do that. I can ssh both directions, so theoretically I can copy data both directions, so it should be possible. I think a NFS might be helpful for me, but from what I've looked at, they all require the client to at some point perform a "mount" operation, something my client can't do. Thoughts?

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  • External disk not working with Mac OS X 10.5

    - by ctx2002
    Hi: My OS is 10.5.7. I have an external hard disk, formatted as Mac OS Extended (Journaled), connected to my Mac machine through USB cable. I have used it for a while, but now it is not working. Error showed in /var/log/system.log. USBF: 2521.384 AppleUSBEHCI[0xa515800]::Found a transaction which hasn't moved in 5 seconds on bus 0xfd, timing out! (Addr: 0, EP: 0) ..... ...... kernel[0]: USBF: 2588.616 [0xa6baa00] The IOUSBFamily was not able to enumerate a device. Luckily, in my work place there is a Mac with OS 10.4, so I had plugged the disk into the 10.4 machine and it worked!!! I did checked "System Profiler" on both machines (10.5, 10.4). Under usb section, for 10.5 it shows USBEHCI, under 10.4, it shows USBOHCI. I am not a expert on USB Device , can any one tell me why 10.5 cause the problem. it was worked under 10.5

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  • What is the procedure to replace a failing hard drive in a RAID array?

    - by slayton
    3 years ago a co-worker setup a software RAID-6 array on Ubuntu 9.04 and I'm getting messages from the OS that the drive has bad sectors and should be replaced. I'd like to remove this drive and replace it with a new drive, however, I have never done this before and I'm terrified that in the process of fixing the array I'm going to end up ruining it. I know the device ID of the array and I know the device IDs of the individual drives in the array. Additionally I physically have the bad drive. What are the steps to replace the bad drive with a new drive and get the array running again?

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  • Clarification of the difference between PCI memory addressing and I/O addressing?

    - by KevinM
    Could someone please clarify the difference between memory and I/O addresses on the PCI/PCIe bus? I understand that I/O addresses are 32-bit, limited to the range 0 to 4GB, and do not map onto system memory (RAM), and that memory addresses are either 32-bit or 64-bit. I get the impression that memory addressing must map onto available RAM, is this true? That if a PCI device wishes to transfer data to a memory address, that address must exist in actual system RAM (and is allocated during PCI configuration) and not virtual memory. So if a PCI device only needs to transfer a small amount of data at a time, where there is no advantage to putting it into RAM or using DMA, then I/O addressing is fine (e.g. a parallel port implemented on a PCI card). And why do I keep reading that PCI/PCIe I/O addressing is being deprecated in favour of memory addressing? Thanks!

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  • Nvidia driver on Windows 7 causing black screen

    - by inKit
    I have just installed Windows 7 on a desktop machine and for the first time ever have had a really tough time doing so, its normally a nice smooth install. This time I found that the monitor would simply go black after completing the installation. I tried reinstalling about 3 times and this did not help. After much searching I discovered that it was the nvidia drivers that were playing up with win 7, so i booted into safe mode, disabled the device, then rebooted to complete the installation. Windows 7 now works fine as long as the nvidia 9600 gt video card is disabled. The moment I enable it, the system requires a reboot and the screen will go black before even getting to the log in screen. I have tried downloading the latest driver and installing it manually, I have also tried uninstalling the device and allowing windows 7 to install it itself. Nothing seems to work. any clues?

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  • Missing Driver - Video Controller (VGA Compatible)

    - by arahant
    I have a HP 2000-2106TU Notebook PC running Windows XP. I want to get the brightness keys to work. They are placed over the F2 and F3 buttons and are meant to be used in conjunction with the Fn key. But these combinations do not work, though other Fn keys such as the volume control keys do. I see a missing driver for a device called Video Controller (VGA Compatible) in the Windows Device Manager. The hardware id is PCI VEN 8086 DEV 0106 SUBSYS_1858103C which a Google search suggests is in an Intel HD Graphics family, but I don't know where to locate the driver. HP's driver scan does not help, as it does not show any missing driver related to video/graphics. What can I do next?

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  • Can I use stronger power supply to charge Kindle? [closed]

    - by Bobb
    I have power supply for Kindle with output 5V 0.85A. And I have Samsung Galaxy Pad one with output of 5V 2A. My guess is that a device will consume as much current as it can but no more than max power supply current. For example if Kindle device consumes 0.6A for charging its battery then it shouldnt create more than 0.6A current using Galaxy Pad power supply. So my guess - if I charge Kindle with Galaxy Pad power supply it wont burn out. Is that right?

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  • Booting drops to EFI shell but boots normally if exit'ed

    - by wittybear
    (first post here... I'm normally on stackoverflow) I'm booting an Intel ME 5788 board which uses EFI (a replacement for BIOS). On boot it drops out to the EFI Shell and the 'map' shows the drive as a blockdevice but there is no filesystem device mapped. If I just type 'exit' it boots normally to windows 7 and the configuration (using bcdedit.exe) looks fine. I'm confused - surely if its not been able to map the blockdevice as a filesystem device it should not boot? I would like to be able to get the boot to proceed without my interaction - does anyone know how to do it? (Also there is no Boot Manager options available in the shell, i.e. autoboot, bcfg etc)

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  • Two IP ranges on eth1 configuration for centos 6.2

    - by Trickzzz
    i have a dedicated server, with "Virtuozzo" on it running VPS's. I have: eth0 - which is configured to the internal network, that one is fine. Now I have: eth1 - which has two ranges routed through this device. x.x.134.x (which has 12 IP's sequentially) x.x.132.x (which has 5) eth1: DEVICE="eth1" HWADDR="00:25:90:37:65:67" NM_CONTROLLED="yes" ONBOOT="yes" IPADDR="x.x.134.x" NETMASK="255.255.255.240" GATEWAY="x.x.134.x" I tried using this with another file as well named "ifcfg-eth1:1" in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ any ideas why the containers on eth1:1 would not link up to the network? Virtuozzo also thinks that eth1:1 is the primary network now, which isn't right?

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  • Monitoring disk block access in Linux

    - by VoidPointer
    Is there a way to gather statistics about blocks being accessed on a disk? I have a scenario where a task is both memory and I/O intensive and I need to find a good balance as to how much of the available RAM I can assign to the process and how much I should leave for the system for building its I/O cache for the block device being used. I suspect that most of the I/O that is currently happening is accessing a rather small subset of the device and that performance could be optimized by increasing the RAM that is available for I/O buffering. Ideally, I would be able to create something like a "heat-map" that shows me which parts of the disk are accessed most of the time.

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  • Ubuntu 9.10 Karmic, nVidea Quadro NVS 280 PCi, Eizo S1921 Dual Screen (Twin View) Slow Window Draws

    - by Spasm
    I have been following this Tutorial to get dual monitors working on my box http://www.dwasifar.com/?p=862&cpage=1#comment-5727 It works! However, when ever I move a window, the redraw of that window takes 3-8 seconds. Even moving the window takes the same amount of time Is this being done in software rather than the nVidea hardware? The windows themselves do not respond. I have seen a few old threads but no relevant fixes - If anyone could suggest a fix I would very much appreciate it. I have tried: sudo nvidea-xconfig sudo nvidia-settings Then configure TwinView go to save the config... and the error unable to parse xorg.conf file and the error in the console VALIDATION ERROR: Data incomplete in file /etc/X11/xorg.conf. Undefined Device "null" referenced by Screen "Configured Screen Device" Segmentation fault

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  • Linux (Ubuntu) USB Auth

    - by themicahmachine
    I want to be able to authenticate with PAM using a USB drive with a file on it. I've read about how to do this with a PAM module that reads the specific USB hardware ID of a device, but if the device malfunctions or is lost, there would be no way to authenticate. I would prefer to use the method BitLocker uses, requiring a particular file to be found on the drive in order to authenticate. That way I can keep another drive in a secure location as a backup. Any other suggestions are welcome. I just want to require a higher level of security that just a password.

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  • /dev/null file became regular file

    - by user197719
    In our production server suddenly /dev/null became a regular file and due to this sshd service got stopped and not able to login the server. And also we tried to the below steps to configure back to character device file, rm -rf /dev/null mknod /dev/null c 1 3 As soon as we run the rm command /dev/null is being re-created as a regular file before mknod can run. We can't figure out how this happening and which component is creating this file. So until we solve this issue we are unable to create /dev/null as character device file.

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  • How to move a Windows instance to a different EC2 data centre?

    - by Darren Cook
    I've a Windows EC2 instance running in one region and need to move it to another region (Tokyo and Singapore in this case). Is that even possible? What potential problems do I need to watch out for? (I found http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2181849/ec2-instance-cloning which is describing how to do it, but appears to assume Linux instances, and to assume the same data centre. Is it possible to move my keys across to another region?) I tried something similar with a Windows instance a few months ago, just trying to clone it in the same data centre, but I couldn't get it working quickly, so I had to give up and just create a fresh instance at that time. This time I've got a bit of breathing space, and want to research how to do it properly! Root Device Type: ebs Block Devices: sda1 xvdf (both are ebs, "attached", and have Delete on termination set to "no"; sda1 is the root device) The AMI is described as "Unavailable" (then an ami number).

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  • Why might one hard disk perform slower than another?

    - by Styne666
    I have just bought two WD 3TB Reds (WD30EFRX) for a FreeNAS box and whilst doing burn-in testing it seems like one is consistently taking about 10% longer than the other. So far I've done: a dd read test of the whole device, a long SMART test and it's currently halfway through a badblocks -wvs. The second device is lagging behind the first on all of them. I'm running these commands on Debian stable in two Konsole tabs. Is there a reason this could be considered normal behaviour or is it worth running the tests independantly? They're both plugged in to the LSI 2308 (IT mode) on a Supermicro X10SL7-F.

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  • Recover snap server data

    - by Ugg
    Hi I have a snap server 110 the machine powers on ok and the healthcheck passes but unable to connect no responce on the assigned ip or any ability to reach the device via the snap server manager. Believe the device is powering on but not loading the OS. Tried pulling the disk running and hooking up to a windows PC via USB, and using disk internals linux reader I am unable to access two of the partitions. ( one of which is the large data partition). There are three partitions on the the drice only one is accessible via Linux reader. I am looking to recover the data of the drive can anyone suggest a DIY option please?

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  • Debian - no sound output

    - by Gogeta70
    So I've been trying for the last few days to get sound output on my Linux desktop. The onboard audio is Intel HD Audio ICH9, but I couldn't get Alsa to even detect it, so I disabled it in BIOS and installed a PCI card - a Dynex DX-SC51. Searching around, I found that it needed the Alsa driver for ice1724, so I installed all the stuff for that. Now, the system detects my sound card, but I can't get any audio to play out of it. Here's some information: root@debian:~# lspci | grep audio 02:01.0 Multimedia audio controller: VIA Technologies Inc. VT1720/24 [Envy24PT/HT] PCI Multi-Channel Audio Controller (rev 01) root@debian:~# aplay -l **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** card 0: ICE1724 [ICEnsemble ICE1724], device 0: ICE1724 [ICE1724] Subdevices: 0/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 0: ICE1724 [ICEnsemble ICE1724], device 1: ICE1724 IEC958 [ICE1724 IEC958] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 I've been trying various solutions found on Google for a few days now and I'm getting nowhere. Hopefully someone here can point me in the right direction. Thanks.

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  • Letter to Ballmer: Making Better Consumer Devices

    - by andrewbrust
    Last year, I wrote Steve Ballmer an email, and he was kind enough to write me back.  The email contained a scan of a column I wrote praising Microsoft’s BI strategy.  His reply contained three simple words: “Super nice  thanks.” Well, now I’d like to write to Steve again, in an open letter format, and this time the love may be a bit tougher.  But I’m still super earnest. The past two days have been eventful ones for Microsoft: The company announced the departure of company veterans Robbie Bach and J Allard and the market announced Apple is now besting Microsoft in market capitalization. Plus, announcements were made that make it plain that Ballmer will, in effect, be running Microsoft’s Entertainment & Devices division himself. With that in mind, I’d like to offer my list of a dozen things I think Microsoft’s CEO should do to improve that division’s offerings and, hopefully, its bottom line. So here goes:   1. On Windows Phone 7, Stay the Course The press is teeming with headlines and reader comments proclaiming the death-before-arrival of Windows Phone 7.  That’s plain silly.  You’ve got the makings of a great and unique SmartPhone platform, and you’re the only company (even considering RIM) that can offer full fidelity Exchange integration, not to mention implementing Office on the device.  Let the existing team finish this puppy and ship it. And then have them pump out a few updates, over-the-air, quickly.  Show them that Google Android’s not the only product that can do good, rapid dot releases. And another thing: make sure your OEMs’ devices have flawless touch screens.  If they don’t, then you shouldn’t certify them for delivery to customers.  Period. Oh, and kill the Kin, quietly.  It was DOA, and you know it.   2. Move Media Center to the Xbox Platform Media Center is, at its core, a good product.  But delivering a media distribution and DVR platform on a sophisticated PC operating system like Windows 7 just creates too many moving parts.  Xbox already functions as the best Media Center extender device – it should actually be the hub as well. Media Center is mostly based on .NET code – and XNA is a .NET environment for Xbox – find a way to bridge that small gap and make Media Center a joy to work with instead of a frustration.  Beating Apple TV out of this sub-market is the lowest hanging fruit on the tree (goofy pun, but it’s true).   3. Integrate Media Center with Mediaroom, or Kill the Latter You have two media products with almost identical names.  One is for standalone DVRs and the other is for IPTV cable set tops with DVR capabilities.  Can we merge these please?  My previous request of putting Media Center on Xbox would seem to tie into this nicely, since you’ve announced plans to do that with Mediaroom already.   4. Fix the Red Ring of Death People love the Xbox, but they really don’t love sending their consoles back every 18-24 months, when they get a bunch of red lights flashing on power up.  You’ve handled this defect about as gracefully as possible, but it’s been around for a long time now and it doesn’t seem to be fixed yet.  You can do better.  In fact, you must do better, or you insult your customers.   5. Add Blu Ray to Xbox I know, streaming movies are the future; physical media is legacy technology.  So if that’s true, why did you back HD DVD so hard?  You know why: for now, the film studios won’t allow a large selection of new release, HD, surround sound content be distributed on any medium other than Blu Ray or cable pay per view/on-demand.  Don’t you want home theater buffs to see the Xbox as a fantastic device for their rigs?  Don’t you want to put PlayStation 3 out of its misery?  And if you follow my suggestions above (move Media Center to the Xbox and fix the Red Ring problem), you’d have it all sewn up.  Do I think Blu Ray functionality will move a lot of units?  No.  Do I think that it would move more units with desperately needed influential home theater consumers?  You bet.  And you might sell more ZunePass subscriptions in the process. But while you’re at it, make the fan quieter, please.   6. Make More of Windows Home Server Home Server is a fantastic product.  And for reasons unknown to me, it seems like you’re letting it languish.  Development of the add-in ecosystem seems underfunded.  WHS’ unparalleled ease of use and reliability for home PC backup (and emergency restores) goes unsung.  Product cycles are slow.  Support for your OEMs, who are doing great work, especially in the green space with Atom CPUs, seems lacking.  You’ve married a trophy girl and you keep her cloistered at home!  That’s cruel, unusual and, um, incredibly ill-advised.  Make use of this ace card, and while you’re at it, give it real integration with Media Center.  The integration thus far proof-of-concept quality.  You should go way past that – both products will benefit immeasurably.   7. Set Up a Partner Platform for Custom Installers There’s a whole sub-industry of companies that install, integrate and configure home theater, security and connected home products.  They have an industry group. They are influential in the high-end of the consumer electronics industry, and so are their customers.  They love Media Center and they love Windows Home Server.  But I have talked to several of them at the Consumer Electronics Show and they tell me you don’t love them.  They find it very difficult to do business with Microsoft, even though they want nothing more than to sell and evangelize your platform.  This is a travesty.  Please fix it.  Get Allison Watson and the Microsoft Partner Network on board and have her hire someone who knows how to run a channel program for consumer electronics companies.  Problem solved.  Markets expanded.   8. Make Your Own Hardware In other areas, I know you love your partners.  I help run one, so I appreciate that.  But when it came to Xbox and Zune you built them it yourself (albeit on a contract basis, which is fine).  Windows Phone 7 has a chance to work as an OEM play, but it would work better if you produced the devices.  At least consider building a reference device that sells alongside your OEMs’ offerings.  That’s what Google did with the Nexxus One.  And while that phone was not itself a big seller, it catalyzed two wonderful things : (1) a quality bar was set and (2) partners exceeded it.  Before the Nexxus One, the best Android handset out there was the Motorola Droid. The Nexxus One was better, and the HTC Droid Incredible and Evo 4G are now even better than Google’s phone, which is why Verizon and Sprint decided not to carry it.  Imagine if all Windows Phone 6.x devices were on par with the HTC HD2.  I tend to believe you’d have a lot bigger market share than you do now.   9. Continue with Your Retail Initiative From what I hear, it sounds like it’s going well.  And this goes right along with making your own hardware.  When you build it, they will come.  And then it makes the likes of Best Buy and Staples do better.   10. Make an Acquisition (or Two) TiVo and/or Moxi look ripe for the picking.  With their ability to build stuff people love and your ability to run a business, you might just have something.  But do a better job than you did when you bought Danger.  Buy the ideas, not just the customers, eh?   11. Make Beautiful Stuff You’ve heard this one before, I know.  But I have some head-shrinking advice on this one.  You know that Apple obsesses over its industrial design.  You know that appeals to consumers.  But it seems you think doing so is Apple’s game exclusively and so you shouldn’t even try.  Bull dinky.  Come to New York and visit the Museum of Modern Art’s Architecture and Design gallery.  You’ll see that lots of companies and product categories have had very high design value well before Apple existed.  You can do this, and the Zune HD was a great start.  Now run with that.  Find those negative voices in your head that are telling you that you can’t and shut them up.  For good.   12. Burst the Bubble Some of the products you’ve built seem like they were conceived in a bizarro world.  That would appear to be the result of groupthink.  You must do better.  And there’s lots of people willing to advise you.  This includes just about everyone in the Regional Director program, and probably a bunch of MVPs.  Heck, I bet the guys at Engadget could help out too.  Imagine if you let them see the Kin before it shipped.  Talk to high-end gear consumers.  Talk to Best Buy and CostCo customers too.   Signing Off I hope this was of value to you.  As I wrote this I kept telling myself how obvious, even trite, some of these pieces of advice were and then, because of that, doubting they’d really help.  But I decided that they must not be obvious to Microsoft.  Sometimes when you get wrapped up in stuff, it’s hard to clear your head.  I think my head’s pretty clear here though (I’m wrapped up in other stuff), so maybe my perspective can help.  If not, well, then, I guess they all can’t be super nice.

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  • How do I get this Cisco VPN client to connect?

    - by WebWeasel
    I've got Ubuntu 10.10 64 bit and installed network-manager-vpnc and configured the connection but I keep getting this: NetworkManager[1217]: <info> Starting VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.vpnc'... NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.vpnc' started (org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.vpnc), PID 4420 NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.vpnc' appeared, activating connections NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN plugin state changed: 1 NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN plugin state changed: 3 NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN connection 'CSI' (Connect) reply received. modem-manager: (net/tun0): could not get port's parent device NetworkManager[1217]: SCPlugin-Ifupdown: devices added (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/tun0, iface: tun0) NetworkManager[1217]: SCPlugin-Ifupdown: device added (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/tun0, iface: tun0): no ifupdown configuration found. kernel: [ 2281.723506] tun0: Disabled Privacy Extensions avahi-daemon[1109]: Withdrawing workstation service for tun0. NetworkManager[1217]: SCPlugin-Ifupdown: devices removed (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/tun0, iface: tun0) NetworkManager[1217]: <warn> VPN plugin failed: 1 NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN plugin state changed: 6 NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN plugin state change reason: 0 NetworkManager[1217]: <warn> error disconnecting VPN: Could not process the request because no VPN connection was active. NetworkManager[1217]: <info> Policy set 'Auto eth0' (eth0) as default for IPv4 routing and DNS. NetworkManager[1217]: <info> Starting VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.vpnc'... NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.vpnc' started (org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.vpnc), PID 4547 NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN service 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.vpnc' appeared, activating connections NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN plugin state changed: 1 NetworkManager[1217]: <info> VPN plugin state changed: 3 I've seen a couple of bugs on Launchpad that could be the same thing or have I done something wrong?

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  • I can't finish installation of 12.10 on Windows 8

    - by Janna Zhou
    When I followed the instruction to install Ubuntu 12.10 with wubi, the come out window ask me to reboot the computer to finish the installation. I followed the instruction and stopped with the message I have left below. Could you please tell me how to finish installation? I'm worried if I follow the instruction below to remove_hiberfile in Windows it would result in a failure to boot my Window 8 system: Completing the Ubuntu installation. For more installation boot options, press 'ESC'now... 0 Busy Box v1.19.3 (Ubuntu 1:1.19.3-7ubuntu1) built-in shell (ash) Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands. (initramfs) windows is hibernated, refused to mount. Failed to mount '/dev/sda2/: Operation not permitted the NTFS partition is hibernated. Please resume and shutdown Windows properly, or mount the volume read-only with the 'ro' mount option, or mount the volume read-write with the 'remove_hiberfile' mount option. For example type on the command line: mount -t ntsfs-3g -0 remove_hiberfile/dev/sda2/isodevice mount:mounting/dev/sda2 on /isodevice failed: No such device Could not find the ISO/ubuntu/install/installation.iso This could also happen if the file system is not clean because of an operating system crash, an interrupted boot process, an improper shutdown, or unplugging of a removable device without first unmounting or ejecting it. To fix this, simply reboot into windows, let it fully start, log in, run 'chkdsk/r', then gracefully shut down and reboot back into Windows. After this you should be able to reboot again and resume the installation.

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  • Connecting Linux to WatchGuard Firebox SSL (OpenVPN client)

    Recently, I got a new project assignment that requires to connect permanently to the customer's network through VPN. They are using a so-called SSL VPN. As I am using OpenVPN since more than 5 years within my company's network I was quite curious about their solution and how it would actually be different from OpenVPN. Well, short version: It is a disguised version of OpenVPN. Unfortunately, the company only offers a client for Windows and Mac OS which shouldn't bother any Linux user after all. OpenVPN is part of every recent distribution and can be activated in a couple of minutes - both client as well as server (if necessary). WatchGuard Firebox SSL - About dialog Borrowing some files from a Windows client installation Initially, I didn't know about the product, so therefore I went through the installation on Windows 8. No obstacles (and no restart despite installation of TAP device drivers!) here and the secured VPN channel was up and running in less than 2 minutes or so. Much appreciated from both parties - customer and me. Of course, this whole client package and my long year approved and stable installation ignited my interest to have a closer look at the WatchGuard client. Compared to the original OpenVPN client (okay, I have to admit this is years ago) this commercial product is smarter in terms of file locations during installation. You'll be able to access the configuration and key files below your roaming application data folder. To get there, simply enter '%AppData%\WatchGuard\Mobile VPN' in your Windows/File Explorer and confirm with Enter/Return. This will display the following files: Application folder below user profile with configuration and certificate files From there we are going to borrow four files, namely: ca.crt client.crt client.ovpn client.pem and transfer them to the Linux system. You might also be able to isolate those four files from a Mac OS client. Frankly, I'm just too lazy to run the WatchGuard client installation on a Mac mini only to find the folder location, and I'm going to describe why a little bit further down this article. I know that you can do that! Feedback in the comment section is appreciated. Configuration of OpenVPN (console) Depending on your distribution the following steps might be a little different but in general you should be able to get the important information from it. I'm going to describe the steps in Ubuntu 13.04 (Raring Ringtail). As usual, there are two possibilities to achieve your goal: console and UI. Let's what it is necessary to be done. First of all, you should ensure that you have OpenVPN installed on your system. Open your favourite terminal application and run the following statement: $ sudo apt-get install openvpn network-manager-openvpn network-manager-openvpn-gnome Just to be on the safe side. The four above mentioned files from your Windows machine could be copied anywhere but either you place them below your own user directory or you put them (as root) below the default directory: /etc/openvpn At this stage you would be able to do a test run already. Just in case, run the following command and check the output (it's the similar information you would get from the 'View Logs...' context menu entry in Windows: $ sudo openvpn --config client.ovpn Pay attention to the correct path to your configuration and certificate files. OpenVPN will ask you to enter your Auth Username and Auth Password in order to establish the VPN connection, same as the Windows client. Remote server and user authentication to establish the VPN Please complete the test run and see whether all went well. You can disconnect pressing Ctrl+C. Simplifying your life - authentication file In my case, I actually set up the OpenVPN client on my gateway/router. This establishes a VPN channel between my network and my client's network and allows me to switch machines easily without having the necessity to install the WatchGuard client on each and every machine. That's also very handy for my various virtualised Windows machines. Anyway, as the client configuration, key and certificate files are located on a headless system somewhere under the roof, it is mandatory to have an automatic connection to the remote site. For that you should first change the file extension '.ovpn' to '.conf' which is the default extension on Linux systems for OpenVPN, and then open the client configuration file in order to extend an existing line. $ sudo mv client.ovpn client.conf $ sudo nano client.conf You should have a similar content to this one here: dev tunclientproto tcp-clientca ca.crtcert client.crtkey client.pemtls-remote "/O=WatchGuard_Technologies/OU=Fireware/CN=Fireware_SSLVPN_Server"remote-cert-eku "TLS Web Server Authentication"remote 1.2.3.4 443persist-keypersist-tunverb 3mute 20keepalive 10 60cipher AES-256-CBCauth SHA1float 1reneg-sec 3660nobindmute-replay-warningsauth-user-pass auth.txt Note: I changed the IP address of the remote directive above (which should be obvious, right?). Anyway, the required change is marked in red and we have to create a new authentication file 'auth.txt'. You can give the directive 'auth-user-pass' any file name you'd like to. Due to my existing OpenVPN infrastructure my setup differs completely from the above written content but for sake of simplicity I just keep it 'as-is'. Okay, let's create this file 'auth.txt' $ sudo nano auth.txt and just put two lines of information in it - username on the first, and password on the second line, like so: myvpnusernameverysecretpassword Store the file, change permissions, and call openvpn with your configuration file again: $ sudo chmod 0600 auth.txt $ sudo openvpn --config client.conf This should now work without being prompted to enter username and password. In case that you placed your files below the system-wide location /etc/openvpn you can operate your VPNs also via service command like so: $ sudo service openvpn start client $ sudo service openvpn stop client Using Network Manager For newer Linux users or the ones with 'console-phobia' I'm going to describe now how to use Network Manager to setup the OpenVPN client. For this move your mouse to the systray area and click on Network Connections => VPN Connections => Configure VPNs... which opens your Network Connections dialog. Alternatively, use the HUD and enter 'Network Connections'. Network connections overview in Ubuntu Click on 'Add' button. On the next dialog select 'Import a saved VPN configuration...' from the dropdown list and click on 'Create...' Choose connection type to import VPN configuration Now you navigate to your folder where you put the client files from the Windows system and you open the 'client.ovpn' file. Next, on the tab 'VPN' proceed with the following steps (directives from the configuration file are referred): General Check the IP address of Gateway ('remote' - we used 1.2.3.4 in this setup) Authentication Change Type to 'Password with Certificates (TLS)' ('auth-pass-user') Enter User name to access your client keys (Auth Name: myvpnusername) Enter Password (Auth Password: verysecretpassword) and choose your password handling Browse for your User Certificate ('cert' - should be pre-selected with client.crt) Browse for your CA Certificate ('ca' - should be filled as ca.crt) Specify your Private Key ('key' - here: client.pem) Then click on the 'Advanced...' button and check the following values: Use custom gateway port: 443 (second value of 'remote' directive) Check the selected value of Cipher ('cipher') Check HMAC Authentication ('auth') Enter the Subject Match: /O=WatchGuard_Technologies/OU=Fireware/CN=Fireware_SSLVPN_Server ('tls-remote') Finally, you have to confirm and close all dialogs. You should be able to establish your OpenVPN-WatchGuard connection via Network Manager. For that, click on the 'VPN Connections => client' entry on your Network Manager in the systray. It is advised that you keep an eye on the syslog to see whether there are any problematic issues that would require some additional attention. Advanced topic: routing As stated above, I'm running the 'WatchGuard client for Linux' on my head-less server, and since then I'm actually establishing a secure communication channel between two networks. In order to enable your network clients to get access to machines on the remote side there are two possibilities to enable that: Proper routing on both sides of the connection which enables both-direction access, or Network masquerading on the 'client side' of the connection Following, I'm going to describe the second option a little bit more in detail. The Linux system that I'm using is already configured as a gateway to the internet. I won't explain the necessary steps to do that, and will only focus on the additional tweaks I had to do. You can find tons of very good instructions and tutorials on 'How to setup a Linux gateway/router' - just use Google. OK, back to the actual modifications. First, we need to have some information about the network topology and IP address range used on the 'other' side. We can get this very easily from /var/log/syslog after we established the OpenVPN channel, like so: $ sudo tail -n20 /var/log/syslog Or if your system is quite busy with logging, like so: $ sudo less /var/log/syslog | grep ovpn The output should contain PUSH received message similar to the following one: Jul 23 23:13:28 ios1 ovpn-client[789]: PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,topology subnet,route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0,dhcp-option DOMAIN ,route-gateway 192.168.6.1,topology subnet,ping 10,ping-restart 60,ifconfig 192.168.6.2 255.255.255.0' The interesting part for us is the route command which I highlighted already in the sample PUSH_REPLY. Depending on your remote server there might be multiple networks defined (172.16.x.x and/or 10.x.x.x). Important: The IP address range on both sides of the connection has to be different, otherwise you will have to shuffle IPs or increase your the netmask. {loadposition content_adsense} After the VPN connection is established, we have to extend the rules for iptables in order to route and masquerade IP packets properly. I created a shell script to take care of those steps: #!/bin/sh -eIPTABLES=/sbin/iptablesDEV_LAN=eth0DEV_VPNS=tun+VPN=192.168.1.0/24 $IPTABLES -A FORWARD -i $DEV_LAN -o $DEV_VPNS -d $VPN -j ACCEPT$IPTABLES -A FORWARD -i $DEV_VPNS -o $DEV_LAN -s $VPN -j ACCEPT$IPTABLES -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o $DEV_VPNS -d $VPN -j MASQUERADE I'm using the wildcard interface 'tun+' because I have multiple client configurations for OpenVPN on my server. In your case, it might be sufficient to specify device 'tun0' only. Simplifying your life - automatic connect on boot Now, that the client connection works flawless, configuration of routing and iptables is okay, we might consider to add another 'laziness' factor into our setup. Due to kernel updates or other circumstances it might be necessary to reboot your system. Wouldn't it be nice that the VPN connections are established during the boot procedure? Yes, of course it would be. To achieve this, we have to configure OpenVPN to automatically start our VPNs via init script. Let's have a look at the responsible 'default' file and adjust the settings accordingly. $ sudo nano /etc/default/openvpn Which should have a similar content to this: # This is the configuration file for /etc/init.d/openvpn## Start only these VPNs automatically via init script.# Allowed values are "all", "none" or space separated list of# names of the VPNs. If empty, "all" is assumed.# The VPN name refers to the VPN configutation file name.# i.e. "home" would be /etc/openvpn/home.conf#AUTOSTART="all"#AUTOSTART="none"#AUTOSTART="home office"## ... more information which remains unmodified ... With the OpenVPN client configuration as described above you would either set AUTOSTART to "all" or to "client" to enable automatic start of your VPN(s) during boot. You should also take care that your iptables commands are executed after the link has been established, too. You can easily test this configuration without reboot, like so: $ sudo service openvpn restart Enjoy stable VPN connections between your Linux system(s) and a WatchGuard Firebox SSL remote server. Cheers, JoKi

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  • Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E

    - by Sebastian Bugiu
    I had Ubuntu 11.10 and in the last few weeks I experienced an obscure problem: after I had the computer running for a few days I could no longer connect to google.com or anything related to google. All sites worked with all browsers (Firefox, chrome, opera) except google. It remained in the connecting phase for a few minutes and either timed out or finally connected with this huge delay. Even if I entered other sites such as this one, if it had anything to do with google such adsense or gstatic or whatever with g in it, that site took a long time to load waiting in connecting to gstatic.com . Anything google related took minutes to work, but everything else worked instantly! I tried rebooting or using other machine(with windows on it) and this worked, so it's not network related. But after a few days it started not working again... So I upgraded to the Precise Pangolin hoping this behavior would go away. It didn't! After a few days I get the same behavior as in 11.10. What am I supposed to do? Reboot every other day? I didn't have this problem with neither 10.10 or 11.04. I found the Realtek RTL8168/8111E issue with the r8169 driver but this is not exactly the same card so probably trying r8168 won't help. Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller (rev 02) Subsystem: Toshiba America Info Systems Device ff1c Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 44 I/O ports at 4000 [size=256] Memory at d0010000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=4K] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=64K] Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 7 Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01 Capabilities: [ac] MSI-X: Enable- Count=2 Masked- Capabilities: [cc] Vital Product Data Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number 09-00-00-00-ff-ff-00-00 Kernel driver in use: r8169 Kernel modules: r8169

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