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  • Parallel processing from a command queue on Linux (bash, python, ruby... whatever)

    - by mlambie
    I have a list/queue of 200 commands that I need to run in a shell on a Linux server. I only want to have a maximum of 10 processes running (from the queue) at once. Some processes will take a few seconds to complete, other processes will take much longer. When a process finishes I want the next command to be "popped" from the queue and executed. Does anyone have code to solve this problem? Further elaboration: There's 200 pieces of work that need to be done, in a queue of some sort. I want to have at most 10 pieces of work going on at once. When a thread finishes a piece of work it should ask the queue for the next piece of work. If there's no more work in the queue, the thread should die. When all the threads have died it means all the work has been done. The actual problem I'm trying to solve is using imapsync to synchronize 200 mailboxes from an old mail server to a new mail server. Some users have large mailboxes and take a long time tto sync, others have very small mailboxes and sync quickly.

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  • Python: How to write data in file in specific format?

    - by sasha
    i have an array called MAC1_Val: MAC1_Val array([ 1.00000000e+00, -1.00000000e+01, -2.06306600e+02, 2.22635749e+02, 1.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+01, 1.00000000e+01, -2.06306600e+02, 2.22635749e+02, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00, -1.08892735e+01, 1.88607749e+01, 1.03153300e+01, -1.78666757e+01, 3.33333333e-07, -3.33333333e-07, -4.21637021e-05, 4.21637021e-05, 9.98844400e-01, -1.73973001e-03, 1.20938900e-03, 1.87742948e-03, -3.33333333e-03, 6.66666667e-03, -3.33333333e-03, -2.64911064e-01, -2.60959501e+01, 2.81614422e+01, 3.33333333e-03, -6.66666667e-03, 3.33333333e-03, 0.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00]) and i want to write in file (.txt) values in specific format like this: 1.000000e+00 -1.000000e+01 -2.063066e+02 2.226357e+02 1.000000e+00 1.000000e+01 ....... note that are 6 digits behind floating point any suggestions how to do this? thanks in advance!

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  • How do i call a method by a string name using python?

    - by gath
    I have the following class; class myStringMethod(): def __init__(self): self.func_list= [('func1','print_func1()'),('func2','print_func2()')] def print_func1(self, name): print name def print_func2(self, name): print name def call_func_by_name(self): for func in self.func_list: getattr(self, func[1])('Func Name') if __name__=='__main__': strM = myStringMethod() strM.call_func_by_name() #Nothing prints out! No functions get called out, what am i missing? gath

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  • Python doctests / sphinx : style guide, how to use those and have a readable code ?

    - by Sébastien Piquemal
    Hi ! I love doctests, it is the only testing framwork I use, because it is so quick to write, and because used with sphinx it makes such great documentations with almost no effort... However, very often, I end-up doing things like this : """ Descriptions ============= bla bla bla ... >>> test 1 bla bla bla + tests tests tests * 200 lines = poor readability of the actual code """ What I mean is that I put all my tests with documentation explanations on the top of the module, so you have to scroll stupidly to find the actual code, and this is quite ugly (in my opinion). However, I think that the doctests should still stay in the module, because you should be able to read them while reading the source code. So here comes my question : sphinx/doctests lovers, how do you organize your doctests, such as the code readability doesn't suffer ?

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  • Why does Python sometimes upgrade a string to unicode and sometimes not?

    - by samtregar
    I'm confused. Consider this code working the way I expect: >>> foo = u'Émilie and Juañ are turncoats.' >>> bar = "foo is %s" % foo >>> bar u'foo is \xc3\x89milie and Jua\xc3\xb1 are turncoats.' And this code not at all working the way I expect: >>> try: ... raise Exception(foo) ... except Exception as e: ... foo2 = e ... >>> bar = "foo2 is %s" % foo2 ------------------------------------------------------------ Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython console>", line 1, in <module> UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 0-1: ordinal not in range(128) Can someone explain what's going on here? Why does it matter whether the unicode data is in a plain unicode string or stored in an Exception object? And why does this fix it: >>> bar = u"foo2 is %s" % foo2 >>> bar u'foo2 is \xc3\x89milie and Jua\xc3\xb1 are turncoats.' I am quite confused! Thanks for the help! UPDATE: My coding buddy Randall has added to my confusion in an attempt to help me! Send in the reinforcements to explain how this is supposed to make sense: >>> class A: ... def __str__(self): return "string" ... def __unicode__(self): return "unicode" ... >>> "%s %s" % (u'niño', A()) u'ni\xc3\xb1o unicode' >>> "%s %s" % (A(), u'niño') u'string ni\xc3\xb1o' Note that the order of the arguments here determines which method is called!

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  • Python: (sampling with replacement): efficient algorithm to extract the set of UNIQUE N-tuples from a set

    - by Homunculus Reticulli
    I have a set of items, from which I want to select DISSIMILAR tuples (more on the definition of dissimilar touples later). The set could contain potentially several thousand items, although typically, it would contain only a few hundreds. I am trying to write a generic algorithm that will allow me to select N items to form an N-tuple, from the original set. The new set of selected N-tuples should be DISSIMILAR. A N-tuple A is said to be DISSIMILAR to another N-tuple B if and only if: Every pair (2-tuple) that occurs in A DOES NOT appear in B Note: For this algorithm, A 2-tuple (pair) is considered SIMILAR/IDENTICAL if it contains the same elements, i.e. (x,y) is considered the same as (y,x). This is a (possible variation on the) classic Urn Problem. A trivial (pseudocode) implementation of this algorithm would be something along the lines of def fetch_unique_tuples(original_set, tuple_size): while True: # randomly select [tuple_size] items from the set to create first set # create a key or hash from the N elements and store in a set # store selected N-tuple in a container if end_condition_met: break I don't think this is the most efficient way of doing this - and though I am no algorithm theorist, I suspect that the time for this algorithm to run is NOT O(n) - in fact, its probably more likely to be O(n!). I am wondering if there is a more efficient way of implementing such an algo, and preferably, reducing the time to O(n). Actually, as Mark Byers pointed out there is a second variable m, which is the size of the number of elements being selected. This (i.e. m) will typically be between 2 and 5. Regarding examples, here would be a typical (albeit shortened) example: original_list = ['CAGG', 'CTTC', 'ACCT', 'TGCA', 'CCTG', 'CAAA', 'TGCC', 'ACTT', 'TAAT', 'CTTG', 'CGGC', 'GGCC', 'TCCT', 'ATCC', 'ACAG', 'TGAA', 'TTTG', 'ACAA', 'TGTC', 'TGGA', 'CTGC', 'GCTC', 'AGGA', 'TGCT', 'GCGC', 'GCGG', 'AAAG', 'GCTG', 'GCCG', 'ACCA', 'CTCC', 'CACG', 'CATA', 'GGGA', 'CGAG', 'CCCC', 'GGTG', 'AAGT', 'CCAC', 'AACA', 'AATA', 'CGAC', 'GGAA', 'TACC', 'AGTT', 'GTGG', 'CGCA', 'GGGG', 'GAGA', 'AGCC', 'ACCG', 'CCAT', 'AGAC', 'GGGT', 'CAGC', 'GATG', 'TTCG'] Select 3-tuples from the original list should produce a list (or set) similar to: [('CAGG', 'CTTC', 'ACCT') ('CAGG', 'TGCA', 'CCTG') ('CAGG', 'CAAA', 'TGCC') ('CAGG', 'ACTT', 'ACCT') ('CAGG', 'CTTG', 'CGGC') .... ('CTTC', 'TGCA', 'CAAA') ] [[Edit]] Actually, in constructing the example output, I have realized that the earlier definition I gave for UNIQUENESS was incorrect. I have updated my definition and have introduced a new metric of DISSIMILARITY instead, as a result of this finding.

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  • How to access a function inside a function? Python

    - by viddhart
    I am wondering how I can access a function inside another function. I saw code like this: >>> def make_adder(x): def adder(y): return x+y return adder >>> a = make_adder(5) >>> a(10) 15 So, is there another way to call the adder function? And my second question is why in the last line I call adder not adder(...)? Good explanations are much appreciated.

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  • Fastest way to find the closest point to a given point in 3D, in Python.

    - by Saebin
    So lets say I have 10,000 points in A and 10,000 points in B and want to find out the closest point in A for every B point. Currently, I simply loop through every point in B and A to find which one is closest in distance. ie. B = [(.5, 1, 1), (1, .1, 1), (1, 1, .2)] A = [(1, 1, .3), (1, 0, 1), (.4, 1, 1)] C = {} for bp in B: closestDist = -1 for ap in A: dist = sum(((bp[0]-ap[0])**2, (bp[1]-ap[1])**2, (bp[2]-ap[2])**2)) if(closestDist > dist or closestDist == -1): C[bp] = ap closestDist = dist print C However, I am sure there is a faster way to do this... any ideas?

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  • Python: How to get a value of datetime.today() that is "timezone aware"?

    - by mindthief
    Hi, I am trying to subtract one date value from the value of datetime.today() to calculate how long ago something was. But it complains: TypeError: can't subtract offset-naive and offset-aware datetimes The value datetime.today() doesn't seem to be "timezone aware", while my other date value is. How do I get a value of datetime.today() that is timezone aware? Right now it's giving me the time in local time, which happens to be PST, i.e. UTC-8hrs. Worst case, is there a way I can manually enter a timezone value into the datetime object returned by datetime.today() and set it to UTC-8? Of course, the ideal solution would be for it to automatically know the timezone. Thanks!

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  • Use a foreign key mapping to get data from the other table using Python and SQLAlchemy.

    - by Az
    Hmm, the title was harder to formulate than I thought. Basically, I've got these simple classes mapped to tables, using SQLAlchemy. I know they're missing a few items but those aren't essential for highlighting the problem. class Customer(object): def __init__(self, uid, name, email): self.uid = uid self.name = name self.email = email def __repr__(self): return str(self) def __str__(self): return "Cust: %s, Name: %s (Email: %s)" %(self.uid, self.name, self.email) The above is basically a simple customer with an id, name and an email address. class Order(object): def __init__(self, item_id, item_name, customer): self.item_id = item_id self.item_name = item_name self.customer = None def __repr__(self): return str(self) def __str__(self): return "Item ID %s: %s, has been ordered by customer no. %s" %(self.item_id, self.item_name, self.customer) This is the Orders class that just holds the order information: an id, a name and a reference to a customer. It's initialised to None to indicate that this item doesn't have a customer yet. The code's job will assign the item a customer. The following code maps these classes to respective database tables. # SQLAlchemy database transmutation engine = create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:', echo=False) metadata = MetaData() customers_table = Table('customers', metadata, Column('uid', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String), Column('email', String) ) orders_table = Table('orders', metadata, Column('item_id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('item_name', String), Column('customer', Integer, ForeignKey('customers.uid')) ) metadata.create_all(engine) mapper(Customer, customers_table) mapper(Orders, orders_table) Now if I do something like: for order in session.query(Order): print order I can get a list of orders in this form: Item ID 1001: MX4000 Laser Mouse, has been ordered by customer no. 12 What I want to do is find out customer 12's name and email address (which is why I used the ForeignKey into the Customer table). How would I go about it?

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  • How to insert and call by row and column into sqlite3 python, great tutorial problem.

    - by user291071
    Lets say i have a simple array of x rows and y columns with corresponding values, What is the best method to do 3 things? How to insert, update a value at a specific row column? How to select a value for each row and column, import sqlite3 con = sqlite3.connect('simple.db') c = con.cursor() c.execute('''create table simple (links text)''') con.commit() dic = {'x1':{'y1':1.0,'y2':0.0},'x2':{'y1':0.0,'y2':2.0,'y3':1.5},'x3':{'y2':2.0,'y3':1.5}} ucols = {} ## my current thoughts are collect all row values and all column values from dic and populate table row and columns accordingly how to call by row and column i havn't figured out yet ##populate rows in first column for row in dic: print row c.execute("""insert into simple ('links') values ('%s')"""%row) con.commit() ##unique columns for row in dic: print row for col in dic[row]: print col ucols[col]=dic[row][col] ##populate columns for col in ucols: print col c.execute("alter table simple add column '%s' 'float'" % col) con.commit() #functions needed ##insert values into sql by row x and column y?how to do this e.g. x1 and y2 should put in 0.0 ##I tried as follows didn't work for row in dic: for col in dic[row]: val =dic[row][col] c.execute("""update simple SET '%s' = '%f' WHERE 'links'='%s'"""%(col,val,row)) con.commit() ##update value at a specific row x and column y? ## select a value at a specific row x and column y?

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  • Can a python view template be made to be 'safe/secure' if I make it user editable?

    - by Blankman
    Say I need to have a templating system where a user can edit it online using an online editor. So they can put if tags, looping tags etc., but ONLY for specific objects that I want to inject into the template. Can this be made to be safe from security issues? i.e. them somehow outputing sql connection string information or scripting things outside of the allowable tags and injected objects.

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