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  • How to Monitor Network in Medium-Sized Company?

    - by Kyle Lowry
    I work at a medium sized company (100+ employees). An issue that has been cropping up is network performance, internet access in particular. We have about 70 or more computers, a mix of Mac OS X and Windows XP & 7 machines. We have several servers (Exchange server, PC file servers, MS SQL, Blackberry, FTP, Mac server, etc). There are four main switches, a SonicWall firewall, and probably a couple routers in the server room with a dozen or so more scattered around the building. The network structure has grown organically over a number of years; and, as far as I know, there really isn't a monitoring solution in place. When we experience network issues (slow connections, dropped packets, and so on), our general solution is to power cycle some hardware or go around to each employee and ask them if they are uploading/downloading any large files. This is really inefficient and time consuming, and it does not allow us to monitor the network, tackling potential problems proactively. I would like to find a solution that would allow me to monitor network usage company-wide in real time, with detail going down to the individual computer, ideally. Given the hodgepodge of equipment and operating systems, what would be the best way to set up some kind of monitoring solution? Hardware, software, restructuring our network architecture?

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  • Switched to new router and now experiencing lag?

    - by Mr_CryptoPrime
    I switched from a dynex-802.11b/g to a Netgear-802.11b/g/n just yesterday. My router is down stairs because my phoneline upstairs is retarded....but my PS3 is still upstairs (SOCOM: Confrontation is game I am experiencing issues). I have done everything I can to make sure the connection is solid and have checked the status and it has been as high as 80% and usually lingers at about 60%. I thought about upgrading my bandwidth from 1.5mbs to 7mbs, but I am guessing something is wrong if it worked fine before? Now the game seems more laggy and my voice chat is choppy. Others seem to receive my voice data fine because I can hear my own feedback clearly from other players (if you are in close proximity to another player and speak and there volume is loud enough sometimes you can hear yourself). I wonder if I port forward or setup DMZ then it will be fixed, but I am not sure and don't know quite how to do it. Has anyone else ever experienced this when switching routers? What did you do to fix it? Thanks!

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  • Bridging networks problems

    - by Eric
    In my setup I have 3 computers and 2 (wireless d-link) routers. Computer1 has ethernet and wireless interfaces ethernet : 192.168.0.x (DHCP) wireless : 192.168.10.254 (static) Computer 2 has ethernet with two ips ethernet1 : 192.168.0.90 (static) ethernet2 : 192.168.10.110 (static) Computer 3 is a particular device with a hardcoded ip that I can't change wireless : 192.168.10.41 (static) Router1 manages internet and DHCP for network 192.168.0.0/24 Router2 is more complicated. I don't use DHCP. I use it to bridge between both networks. Its static ip is 192.168.10.1 Computer1 can ping Computer2. Computer1 can ping Computer3. Computer1 can ping Router1. Computer1 cannot ping Router2. Computer2 cannot ping Computer3. Computer2 can ping Router2. Router1 can ping Router1 Router2 can ping Computer2 Router2 cannot ping Computer1 Router2 cannot ping Computer3 This is very weird. Router2 manages the wireless connection, it should be able to ping its own computers right? My question is obviously : How can I make it so Computer2 can access everything else. This is a traditional case of "it was working before christmas and now it doesn't". The ethernet wiring is as follow : [ Computer1 ]----[ Router1 ]---[ Router2 ]---[ Computer3 ] I am using switch (lan) ports on Router1/2.

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  • Can next hop address be same as destination address?

    - by Raj
    Like if host address is 100.0.0.1 and next hop address is 100.0.0.2 and destination ip address is also 100.0.0.2 Is this a valid use case? Any real life usage? <dest ip> <next hop> ip route 100.0.0.2 255.255.255.255 100.0.0.2 weight 1 next-hop-vrf GlobalRouter Above is the command on a router inside a VRF. 100.0.0.2 is pingable from host. 100.0.0.1 & 100.0.0.2 are an ip address assigned to a VLAN on host & destination respectively. On a linux box, Such configuration is valid. [root]# netstat -r -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 55.55.55.55 55.55.55.55 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth0 [root]# ip route show 55.55.55.55 via 55.55.55.55 dev eth0 As per my understanding, If a destination IP is reachable (i.e in the same subnet of host IP) we dont need a next hop. I came across one application for using next hop for destination IP in same subnet (i.e for VPN) See this: Will packets send to the same subnet go through routers? If next hop != destination IP but they are in same subnet as that of host, is a valid scenario for VPN, then i am wondering what are the applications of next_hop==dest_ip & subnet same as host? This is my first post in Super User. Extremely happy with the quick and warm response.

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  • TCP/UDP hole punching from and to the same NAT network

    - by Luc
    I was wondering if tcp/udp hole punching would still work when you are in the same network (behind a NAT), and what the packet's path would be. What happens when using hole punching on the same network, is that it will send a packet out with the same destination and source address. Only the source and destination port would differ. I imagine a router with NAT loopback enabled will handle this as it should, but how about other routers? Would they drop the packet, or would a router (the first?) from the ISP bounce the packet back after which it gets handled okay? I'm wondering because I was thinking about using this technique to circumvent a block between peers in a network (like a school network where clients can only access the internet, but any contact with each other is blocked). The only other option is to use a man in the middle as proxy (tunnel?). The disadvantage of this is that you have to have a server with significantly more bandwidth than one that would only do hole punching. Also the latency would increase significantly.

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  • Router(s) Issue: DNS quries sporadically fail with multiple computers hooked in

    - by bob-the-destroyer
    Basically, after anywhere from 5-60 minutes, DNS queries fail for a few minutes, then slowly begin to resolve correctly. Then the cycle repeats. This occurs only when more than one computer is on the network. All computers on the network experiences the same sporadic DNS outage at the same time. Wireless or wired, Linux or Windows, fresh OS install or old, browser or ping, same symptoms. Duplicated on 3 routers (not chained together, mind you) and 3 ISP's and 3 separate locations over the past several months. The only common theme is a single 5-yo WIN XP laptop which has been in use on the network throughout all this. There also may be anywhere between 1 - 10 devices hooked up wired or wirelessly at a time. The only reprieve I have from this torture is by using any VPN to an outside source - always smooth sailing. I typically set up any router to a) use WPA2/etc security; b) MAC whitelist; c) UPNP OFF (if available); d) always update firmware when available; e) obtain DNS from ISP automatically; f) set the router to act as DHCP server for the internal network. Adjusting channels has no effect. Any ideas?

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  • troubleshooting postifx -> exchange connection issues

    - by Systemspoet
    I have three linux-based mail routers that run postfix and relay mail to our on-premise exchange server as well as to outlook.com, splitting the mail based on ldap atttributes. What I've observed sporadically since upgrading this spring from Exchange 2007 to 2010 is that all three of the mail relays will, for about 20 minutes, fail to connect to exchange. Postfix logs it as "lost connection with exchange.contosso.edu" ; this problem almost always occurs to all three mail relays at the same time, and lasts for slightly under 20 minutes. If I can catch it while it's occuring, and I manually do "telnet exchange.contosso.edu 25" from one mail relay and force a message through (helo, mail from, rcpt to, data, etc), then it clears that relay up. The exchange "server" is actually two machines with the HT role on them, load balanced via windows NLB. I've worked pretty hard to figure out what's happening from the postfix side and I can't see any evidence of any misbehavior. My question is, how do I attack the problem from the exchange side? Is there a connection log, or a debug setting, or something I can do to log all of the inbound connections and tell me what's causing exchange to drop them?

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  • How can I ensure that my static ip address is read from /etc/network/interfaces rather than dhcp?

    - by jonderry
    This is a follow up to the following question. I'm trying to set a static IP by changing /etc/network/interfaces to the following: # interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8) auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.2.133 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.2.1 dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 and then running /sbin/ifdown eth0; /sbin/ifup eth0. However, the change in IP address doesn't appear to take effect without editing /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf and commenting out the following before running ifdown; ifup: request subnet-mask, broadcast-address, time-offset, routers, domain-name, domain-name-servers, domain-search, host-name, dhcp6.name-servers, dhcp6.domain-search, netbios-name-servers, netbios-scope, interface-mtu, rfc3442-classless-static-routes, ntp-servers, dhcp6.fqdn, dhcp6.sntp-servers; Strangely, after commenting out this line, running ifdown; ifup works, but when I uncomment it, the behavior does not revert to the previous behavior of ignoring changes to my settings in /etc/network/interfaces (this doesn't seem like a problem, but I really need to be able to repeat this problem so that I can be confident that my solution is robust) Also, I'd rather not have to edit /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf to change my static IP since it seems I should be able to do this by only editing interfaces. Can anyone explain the issues I'm seeing above and suggest the best way of making changes to static IP addresses take effect that admits reproducibility so that I can be sure that my approach works?

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  • Summer daylight time not changing on some active directory domain clients.

    - by Nick Gorbikoff
    We just had a summer daylight change in US. and pc's on my network are behaving strange, some of them change time and some didn't. My network: 2 locations both in Midwest, same time zone. Location 1: 120 pcs (windows xp & windows 200) , with 1 Active Direcotry Domain Controller on Windows 2003 Standard. A couple of windows 2000 servers (they up to date) the rest of the servers are Xen or Debian machines (all up to date) , Second location connected through OpenVPN link all pc's are running fine - but they are all connecting to our AD domain controller. Locaiton 2: 10 pcs, and a shared LAN NAS. Both of the routers/firewalls in both locations are pFsense boxes with ntp service running - but it's up to date. Tried all the usual suspects: I have all the latest updates installed restarted them domain controller is running fine most computers are running fine I have only one domain controller on my network also my firewall serves as ntp server (pfsense) but it's up to date. all of the linux machines are fine since they are querying firewall / router for the time. about 1/3 of my pcs are 1 hour behind. If I change them manually they just change back ( the way domain pc's are supposed to). I've tried everything but I can't think of anything else to try.

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  • Can I split one ethernet line coming out of my wall into multiple separate lines?

    - by Burteçin 'Turk' Sapta
    Hi all and thanks in advance. I'll start with some background. I live in an apartment which provides internet service included in the rent. They use company called pavlov for the internet http://pavlovmedia.net/ wireless seems to be working fine but wired connection is at least %30 faster. Ethernet, cat5 outlet is built in the wall, and there is only 1 outlet in each room. I would like to take this 1 outlet coming out the wall and multiply it into 4 wires, for desktop, playstation, tv and laptop without loosing any internet bandwidth. i have absolutely no idea weather this line is coming from a switch or a router but i have been researching Ethernet splitter, routers, switches, hubs and haven't found a solid answer. what is the best solution for me? thank you once again! EDIT: ok this picture cleared few things http://www.home-network-help.com/images/home-network-expanded.jpg so seems that an ethernet switch is to ethernet as a USB hub is to USB. what is really 10/100Mbps Network Switch and what is the cap?

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  • FreeBSD performance tuning. Sysctls, loader.conf, kernel

    - by SaveTheRbtz
    I wanted to share knowledge of tuning FreeBSD via sysctl.conf/loader.conf/KENCONF. It was initially based on Igor Sysoev's (author of nginx) presentation about FreeBSD tuning up to 100,000-200,000 active connections. Tunings are for FreeBSD-CURRENT. Since 7.2 amd64 some of them are tuned well by default. Prior 7.0 some of them are boot only (set via /boot/loader.conf) or does not exist at all. sysctl.conf: # No zero mapping feature # May break wine # (There are also reports about broken samba3) #security.bsd.map_at_zero=0 # If you have really busy webserver with apache13 you may run out of processes #kern.maxproc=10000 # Same for servers with apache2 / Pound #kern.threads.max_threads_per_proc=4096 # Max. backlog size kern.ipc.somaxconn=4096 # Shared memory // 7.2+ can use shared memory > 2Gb kern.ipc.shmmax=2147483648 # Sockets kern.ipc.maxsockets=204800 # Can cause this on older kernels: # http://old.nabble.com/Significant-performance-regression-for-increased-maxsockbuf-on-8.0-RELEASE-tt26745981.html#a26745981 ) kern.ipc.maxsockbuf=10485760 # Mbuf 2k clusters (on amd64 7.2+ 25600 is default) # For such high value vm.kmem_size must be increased to 3G kern.ipc.nmbclusters=262144 # Jumbo pagesize(_SC_PAGESIZE) clusters # Used as general packet storage for jumbo frames # can be monitored via `netstat -m` #kern.ipc.nmbjumbop=262144 # Jumbo 9k/16k clusters # If you are using them #kern.ipc.nmbjumbo9=65536 #kern.ipc.nmbjumbo16=32768 # For lower latency you can decrease scheduler's maximum time slice # default: stathz/10 (~ 13) #kern.sched.slice=1 # Increase max command-line length showed in `ps` (e.g for Tomcat/Java) # Default is PAGE_SIZE / 16 or 256 on x86 # This avoids commands to be presented as [executable] in `ps` # For more info see: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/query-pr.cgi?pr=120749 kern.ps_arg_cache_limit=4096 # Every socket is a file, so increase them kern.maxfiles=204800 kern.maxfilesperproc=200000 kern.maxvnodes=200000 # On some systems HPET is almost 2 times faster than default ACPI-fast # Useful on systems with lots of clock_gettime / gettimeofday calls # See http://old.nabble.com/ACPI-fast-default-timecounter,-but-HPET-83--faster-td23248172.html # After revision 222222 HPET became default: http://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=222222 kern.timecounter.hardware=HPET # Small receive space, only usable on http-server, on file server this # should be increased to 65535 or even more #net.inet.tcp.recvspace=8192 # This is useful on Fat-Long-Pipes #net.inet.tcp.recvbuf_max=10485760 #net.inet.tcp.recvbuf_inc=65535 # Small send space is useful for http servers that serve small files # Autotuned since 7.x net.inet.tcp.sendspace=16384 # This is useful on Fat-Long-Pipes #net.inet.tcp.sendbuf_max=10485760 #net.inet.tcp.sendbuf_inc=65535 # Turn off receive autotuning # You can play with it. #net.inet.tcp.recvbuf_auto=0 #net.inet.tcp.sendbuf_auto=0 # This should be enabled if you going to use big spaces (>64k) # Also timestamp field is useful when using syncookies net.inet.tcp.rfc1323=1 # Turn this off on high-speed, lossless connections (LAN 1Gbit+) # If you set it there is no need in TCP_NODELAY sockopt (see man tcp) net.inet.tcp.delayed_ack=0 # This feature is useful if you are serving data over modems, Gigabit Ethernet, # or even high speed WAN links (or any other link with a high bandwidth delay product), # especially if you are also using window scaling or have configured a large send window. # Automatically disables on small RTT ( http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/src/sys/netinet/tcp_subr.c?#rev1.237 ) # This sysctl was removed in 10-CURRENT: # See: http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg06178.html #net.inet.tcp.inflight.enable=0 # TCP slowstart algorithm tunings # We assuming we have very fast clients #net.inet.tcp.slowstart_flightsize=100 #net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize=100 # Disable randomizing of ports to avoid false RST # Before usage check SA here www.bsdcan.org/2006/papers/ImprovingTCPIP.pdf # (it's also says that port randomization auto-disables at some conn.rates, but I didn't checked it thou) #net.inet.ip.portrange.randomized=0 # Increase portrange # For outgoing connections only. Good for seed-boxes and ftp servers. net.inet.ip.portrange.first=1024 net.inet.ip.portrange.last=65535 # # stops route cache degregation during a high-bandwidth flood # http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/securing-freebsd.html #net.inet.ip.rtexpire=2 net.inet.ip.rtminexpire=2 net.inet.ip.rtmaxcache=1024 # Security net.inet.ip.redirect=0 net.inet.ip.sourceroute=0 net.inet.ip.accept_sourceroute=0 net.inet.icmp.maskrepl=0 net.inet.icmp.log_redirect=0 net.inet.icmp.drop_redirect=1 net.inet.tcp.drop_synfin=1 # # There is also good example of sysctl.conf with comments: # http://www.thern.org/projects/sysctl.conf # # icmp may NOT rst, helpful for those pesky spoofed # icmp/udp floods that end up taking up your outgoing # bandwidth/ifqueue due to all that outgoing RST traffic. # #net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst=0 # Security net.inet.udp.blackhole=1 net.inet.tcp.blackhole=2 # IPv6 Security # For more info see http://www.fosslc.org/drupal/content/security-implications-ipv6 # Disable Node info replies # To see this vulnerability in action run `ping6 -a sglAac ::1` or `ping6 -w ::1` on unprotected node net.inet6.icmp6.nodeinfo=0 # Turn on IPv6 privacy extensions # For more info see proposal http://unix.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/FreeBSD/net/2008-06/msg00103.html net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr=1 net.inet6.ip6.prefer_tempaddr=1 # Disable ICMP redirect net.inet6.icmp6.rediraccept=0 # Disable acceptation of RA and auto linklocal generation if you don't use them #net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv=0 #net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal=0 # Increases default TTL, sometimes useful # Default is 64 net.inet.ip.ttl=128 # Lessen max segment life to conserve resources # ACK waiting time in miliseconds # (default: 30000. RFC from 1979 recommends 120000) net.inet.tcp.msl=5000 # Max bumber of timewait sockets net.inet.tcp.maxtcptw=200000 # Don't use tw on local connections # As of 15 Apr 2009. Igor Sysoev says that nolocaltimewait has some buggy realization. # So disable it or now till get fixed #net.inet.tcp.nolocaltimewait=1 # FIN_WAIT_2 state fast recycle net.inet.tcp.fast_finwait2_recycle=1 # Time before tcp keepalive probe is sent # default is 2 hours (7200000) #net.inet.tcp.keepidle=60000 # Should be increased until net.inet.ip.intr_queue_drops is zero net.inet.ip.intr_queue_maxlen=4096 # Interrupt handling via multiple CPU, but with context switch. # You can play with it. Default is 1; #net.isr.direct=0 # This is for routers only #net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 #net.inet.ip.fastforwarding=1 # This speed ups dummynet when channel isn't saturated net.inet.ip.dummynet.io_fast=1 # Increase dummynet(4) hash #net.inet.ip.dummynet.hash_size=2048 #net.inet.ip.dummynet.max_chain_len # Should be increased when you have A LOT of files on server # (Increase until vfs.ufs.dirhash_mem becomes lower) vfs.ufs.dirhash_maxmem=67108864 # Note from commit http://svn.freebsd.org/base/head@211031 : # For systems with RAID volumes and/or virtualization envirnments, where # read performance is very important, increasing this sysctl tunable to 32 # or even more will demonstratively yield additional performance benefits. vfs.read_max=32 # Explicit Congestion Notification (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification) net.inet.tcp.ecn.enable=1 # Flowtable - flow caching mechanism # Useful for routers #net.inet.flowtable.enable=1 #net.inet.flowtable.nmbflows=65535 # Extreme polling tuning #kern.polling.burst_max=1000 #kern.polling.each_burst=1000 #kern.polling.reg_frac=100 #kern.polling.user_frac=1 #kern.polling.idle_poll=0 # IPFW dynamic rules and timeouts tuning # Increase dyn_buckets till net.inet.ip.fw.curr_dyn_buckets is lower net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_buckets=65536 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_max=65536 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_ack_lifetime=120 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_syn_lifetime=10 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_fin_lifetime=2 net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_short_lifetime=10 # Make packets pass firewall only once when using dummynet # i.e. packets going thru pipe are passing out from firewall with accept #net.inet.ip.fw.one_pass=1 # shm_use_phys Wires all shared pages, making them unswappable # Use this to lessen Virtual Memory Manager's work when using Shared Mem. # Useful for databases #kern.ipc.shm_use_phys=1 # ZFS # Enable prefetch. Useful for sequential load type i.e fileserver. # FreeBSD sets vfs.zfs.prefetch_disable to 1 on any i386 systems and # on any amd64 systems with less than 4GB of avaiable memory # For additional info check this nabble thread http://old.nabble.com/Samba-read-speed-performance-tuning-td27964534.html #vfs.zfs.prefetch_disable=0 # On highload servers you may notice following message in dmesg: # "Approaching the limit on PV entries, consider increasing either the # vm.pmap.shpgperproc or the vm.pmap.pv_entry_max tunable" vm.pmap.shpgperproc=2048 loader.conf: # Accept filters for data, http and DNS requests # Useful when your software uses select() instead of kevent/kqueue or when you under DDoS # DNS accf available on 8.0+ accf_data_load="YES" accf_http_load="YES" accf_dns_load="YES" # Async IO system calls aio_load="YES" # Linux specific devices in /dev # As for 8.1 it only /dev/full #lindev_load="YES" # Adds NCQ support in FreeBSD # WARNING! all ad[0-9]+ devices will be renamed to ada[0-9]+ # 8.0+ only #ahci_load="YES" #siis_load="YES" # FreeBSD 8.2+ # New Congestion Control for FreeBSD # http://caia.swin.edu.au/urp/newtcp/tools/cc_chd-readme-0.1.txt # http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/78/slides/iccrg-5.pdf # Initial merge commit message http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg31410.html #cc_chd_load="YES" # Increase kernel memory size to 3G. # # Use ONLY if you have KVA_PAGES in kernel configuration, and you have more than 3G RAM # Otherwise panic will happen on next reboot! # # It's required for high buffer sizes: kern.ipc.nmbjumbop, kern.ipc.nmbclusters, etc # Useful on highload stateful firewalls, proxies or ZFS fileservers # (FreeBSD 7.2+ amd64 users: Check that current value is lower!) #vm.kmem_size="3G" # If your server has lots of swap (>4Gb) you should increase following value # according to http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-hackers/2009-October/029616.html # Otherwise you'll be getting errors # "kernel: swap zone exhausted, increase kern.maxswzone" # kern.maxswzone="256M" # Older versions of FreeBSD can't tune maxfiles on the fly #kern.maxfiles="200000" # Useful for databases # Sets maximum data size to 1G # (FreeBSD 7.2+ amd64 users: Check that current value is lower!) #kern.maxdsiz="1G" # Maximum buffer size(vfs.maxbufspace) # You can check current one via vfs.bufspace # Should be lowered/upped depending on server's load-type # Usually decreased to preserve kmem # (default is 10% of mem) #kern.maxbcache="512M" # Sendfile buffers # For i386 only #kern.ipc.nsfbufs=10240 # FreeBSD 9+ # HPET "legacy route" support. It should allow HPET to work per-CPU # See http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg03603.html #hint.atrtc.0.clock=0 #hint.attimer.0.clock=0 #hint.hpet.0.legacy_route=1 # syncache Hash table tuning net.inet.tcp.syncache.hashsize=1024 net.inet.tcp.syncache.bucketlimit=512 net.inet.tcp.syncache.cachelimit=65536 # Increased hostcache # Later host cache can be viewed via net.inet.tcp.hostcache.list hidden sysctl # Very useful for it's RTT RTTVAR # Must be power of two net.inet.tcp.hostcache.hashsize=65536 # hashsize * bucketlimit (which is 30 by default) # It allocates 255Mb (1966080*136) of RAM net.inet.tcp.hostcache.cachelimit=1966080 # TCP control-block Hash table tuning net.inet.tcp.tcbhashsize=4096 # Disable ipfw deny all # Should be uncommented when there is a chance that # kernel and ipfw binary may be out-of sync on next reboot #net.inet.ip.fw.default_to_accept=1 # # SIFTR (Statistical Information For TCP Research) is a kernel module that # logs a range of statistics on active TCP connections to a log file. # See prerelease notes http://groups.google.com/group/mailing.freebsd.current/browse_thread/thread/b4c18be6cdce76e4 # and man 4 sitfr #siftr_load="YES" # Enable superpages, for 7.2+ only # Also read http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-hackers/2009-November/030094.html vm.pmap.pg_ps_enabled=1 # Usefull if you are using Intel-Gigabit NIC #hw.em.rxd=4096 #hw.em.txd=4096 #hw.em.rx_process_limit="-1" # Also if you have ALOT interrupts on NIC - play with following parameters # NOTE: You should set them for every NIC #dev.em.0.rx_int_delay: 250 #dev.em.0.tx_int_delay: 250 #dev.em.0.rx_abs_int_delay: 250 #dev.em.0.tx_abs_int_delay: 250 # There is also multithreaded version of em/igb drivers can be found here: # http://people.yandex-team.ru/~wawa/ # # for additional em monitoring and statistics use # sysctl dev.em.0.stats=1 ; dmesg # sysctl dev.em.0.debug=1 ; dmesg # Also after r209242 (-CURRENT) there is a separate sysctl for each stat variable; # Same tunings for igb #hw.igb.rxd=4096 #hw.igb.txd=4096 #hw.igb.rx_process_limit=100 # Some useful netisr tunables. See sysctl net.isr #net.isr.maxthreads=4 #net.isr.defaultqlimit=4096 #net.isr.maxqlimit: 10240 # Bind netisr threads to CPUs #net.isr.bindthreads=1 # # FreeBSD 9.x+ # Increase interface send queue length # See commit message http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base?view=revision&revision=207554 #net.link.ifqmaxlen=1024 # Nicer boot logo =) loader_logo="beastie" And finally here is KERNCONF: # Just some of them, see also # cat /sys/{i386,amd64,}/conf/NOTES # This one useful only on i386 #options KVA_PAGES=512 # You can play with HZ in environments with high interrupt rate (default is 1000) # 100 is for my notebook to prolong it's battery life #options HZ=100 # Polling is goot on network loads with high packet rates and low-end NICs # NB! Do not enable it if you want more than one netisr thread #options DEVICE_POLLING # Eliminate datacopy on socket read-write # To take advantage with zero copy sockets you should have an MTU >= 4k # This req. is only for receiving data. # Read more in man zero_copy_sockets # Also this epic thread on kernel trap: # http://kerneltrap.org/node/6506 # Here Linus says that "anybody that does it that way (FreeBSD) is totally incompetent" #options ZERO_COPY_SOCKETS # Support TCP sign. Used for IPSec options TCP_SIGNATURE # There was stackoverflow found in KAME IPSec stack: # See http://secunia.com/advisories/43995/ # For quick workaround you can use `ipfw add deny proto ipcomp` options IPSEC # This ones can be loaded as modules. They described in loader.conf section #options ACCEPT_FILTER_DATA #options ACCEPT_FILTER_HTTP # Adding ipfw, also can be loaded as modules options IPFIREWALL # On 8.1+ you can disable verbose to see blocked packets on ipfw0 interface. # Also there is no point in compiling verbose into the kernel, because # now there is net.inet.ip.fw.verbose tunable. #options IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE #options IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE_LIMIT=10 options IPFIREWALL_FORWARD # Adding kernel NAT options IPFIREWALL_NAT options LIBALIAS # Traffic shaping options DUMMYNET # Divert, i.e. for userspace NAT options IPDIVERT # This is for OpenBSD's pf firewall device pf device pflog # pf's QoS - ALTQ options ALTQ options ALTQ_CBQ # Class Bases Queuing (CBQ) options ALTQ_RED # Random Early Detection (RED) options ALTQ_RIO # RED In/Out options ALTQ_HFSC # Hierarchical Packet Scheduler (HFSC) options ALTQ_PRIQ # Priority Queuing (PRIQ) options ALTQ_NOPCC # Required for SMP build # Pretty console # Manual can be found here http://forums.freebsd.org/showthread.php?t=6134 #options VESA #options SC_PIXEL_MODE # Disable reboot on Ctrl Alt Del #options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT # Change normal|kernel messages color options SC_NORM_ATTR=(FG_GREEN|BG_BLACK) options SC_KERNEL_CONS_ATTR=(FG_YELLOW|BG_BLACK) # More scroll space options SC_HISTORY_SIZE=8192 # Adding hardware crypto device device crypto device cryptodev # Useful network interfaces device vlan device tap #Virtual Ethernet driver device gre #IP over IP tunneling device if_bridge #Bridge interface device pfsync #synchronization interface for PF device carp #Common Address Redundancy Protocol device enc #IPsec interface device lagg #Link aggregation interface device stf #IPv4-IPv6 port # Also for my notebook, but may be used with Opteron device amdtemp # Same for Intel processors device coretemp # man 4 cpuctl device cpuctl # CPU control pseudo-device # Support for ECMP. More than one route for destination # Works even with default route so one can use it as LB for two ISP # For now code is unstable and panics (panic: rtfree 2) on route deletions. #options RADIX_MPATH # Multicast routing #options MROUTING #options PIM # Debug & DTrace options KDB # Kernel debugger related code options KDB_TRACE # Print a stack trace for a panic options KDTRACE_FRAME # amd64-only(?) options KDTRACE_HOOKS # all architectures - enable general DTrace hooks #options DDB #options DDB_CTF # all architectures - kernel ELF linker loads CTF data # Adaptive spining in lockmgr (8.x+) # See http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg10782.html options ADAPTIVE_LOCKMGRS # UTF-8 in console (8.x+) #options TEKEN_UTF8 # FreeBSD 8.1+ # Deadlock resolver thread # For additional information see http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg18124.html # (FYI: "resolution" is panic so use with caution) #options DEADLKRES # Increase maximum size of Raw I/O and sendfile(2) readahead #options MAXPHYS=(1024*1024) #options MAXBSIZE=(1024*1024) # For scheduler debug enable following option. # Debug will be available via `kern.sched.stats` sysctl # For more information see http://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/head/sys/conf/NOTES?view=markup #options SCHED_STATS If you are tuning network for maximum performance you may wish to play with ifconfig options like: # You can list all capabilities via `ifconfig -m` ifconfig [-]rxcsum [-]txcsum [-]tso [-]lro mtu In case you've enabled DDB in kernel config, you should edit your /etc/ddb.conf and add something like this to enable automatic reboot (and textdump as bonus): script kdb.enter.panic=textdump set; capture on; show pcpu; bt; ps; alltrace; capture off; call doadump; reset script kdb.enter.default=textdump set; capture on; bt; ps; capture off; call doadump; reset And do not forget to add ddb_enable="YES" to /etc/rc.conf Since FreeBSD 9 you can select to enable/disable flowcontrol on your NIC: # See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_flow_control and # http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg07927.html for additional info ifconfig bge0 media auto mediaopt flowcontrol PS. Also most of FreeBSD's limits can be monitored by # vmstat -z and # limits PPS. variety of network counters can be monitored via # netstat -s In FreeBSD-9 netstat's -Q option appeared, try following command to display netisr stats # netstat -Q PPPS. also see # man 7 tuning PPPPS. I wanted to thank FreeBSD community, especially author of nginx - Igor Sysoev, nginx-ru@ and FreeBSD-performance@ mailing lists for providing useful information about FreeBSD tuning. FreeBSD WIP * Whats cooking for FreeBSD 7? * Whats cooking for FreeBSD 8? * Whats cooking for FreeBSD 9? So here is the question: What tunings are you using on yours FreeBSD servers? You can also post your /etc/sysctl.conf, /boot/loader.conf, kernel options, etc with description of its' meaning (do not copy-paste from sysctl -d). Don't forget to specify server type (web, smb, gateway, etc) Let's share experience!

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  • Obtaining MAC address

    - by rink.attendant.6
    According to Obtain client MAC address in ASP.NET Application, it is not possible. I am not entirely convinced because whenever I connect to Tim Hortons WiFi, my MAC address is known. Occasionally, the network is slow and I see this URL like this before being redirected to the Connect page: http://timhortonswifi.com/cp/tdl3/index.asp ?cmd=login &switchip=172.30.129.73 &mac=60:6c:66:17:1a:83 &ip=10.40.66.229 &essid=Tim%20Hortons%20WiFi &apname=TDL-ON-NEP-02177-WAP1 &apgroup=02177 &url=http%3A%2F%2Fweather%2Egc%2Eca%2Fcity%2Fpages%2Fon-72_metric_e%2Ehtml So according to this URL, the site knows the IP address of the router, my MAC address, the IP address assigned to my device by the router, the network SSID, some other pieces of information, and the URL I was trying to access prior to connecting. There's two options: Tim Hortons WiFi Basic and Tim Hortons WiFi Plus, where the "Plus" option allows me to connect to any Tim Hortons WiFi access point in Canada automatically with this device. Registration requires an email address, so I'm assuming this is possible by checking the MAC address and storing it in a database that routers ping upon connection. More info here. According to the extension of this page, I can safely assume it is ASP. How are they obtaining this information?

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  • Where are the real risks in network security?

    - by Barry Brown
    Anytime a username/password authentication is used, the common wisdom is to protect the transport of that data using encryption (SSL, HTTPS, etc). But that leaves the end points potentially vulnerable. Realistically, which is at greater risk of intrusion? Transport layer: Compromised via wireless packet sniffing, malicious wiretapping, etc. Transport devices: Risks include ISPs and Internet backbone operators sniffing data. End-user device: Vulnerable to spyware, key loggers, shoulder surfing, and so forth. Remote server: Many uncontrollable vulnerabilities including malicious operators, break-ins resulting in stolen data, physically heisting servers, backups kept in insecure places, and much more. My gut reaction is that although the transport layer is relatively easy to protect via SSL, the risks in the other areas are much, much greater, especially at the end points. For example, at home my computer connects directly to my router; from there it goes straight to my ISPs routers and onto the Internet. I would estimate the risks at the transport level (both software and hardware) at low to non-existant. But what security does the server I'm connected to have? Have they been hacked into? Is the operator collecting usernames and passwords, knowing that most people use the same information at other websites? Likewise, has my computer been compromised by malware? Those seem like much greater risks. What do you think?

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  • 4.0/WCF: Best approach for bi-idirectional message bus?

    - by TomTom
    Just a technology update, now that .NET 4.0 is out. I write an application that communicates to the server through what is basically a message bus (instead of method calls). This is based on the internal architecture of the application (which is multi threaded, passing the messages around). There are a limited number of messages to go from the client to the server, quite a lot more from the server to the client. Most of those can be handled via a separate specialized mechanism, but at the end we talk of possibly 10-100 small messages per second going from the server to the client. The client is supposed to operate under "internet conditions". THis means possibly home end users behind standard NAT devices (i.e. typical DSL routers) - a firewalled secure and thus "open" network can not be assumed. I want to have as little latency and as little overhad for the communication as possible. What is the technologally best way to handle the message bus callback? I Have no problem regularly calling to the server for message delivery if something needs to be sent... ...but what are my options to handle the messagtes from the server to the client? WsDualHttp does work how? Especially under a NAT scenario? Just as a note: polling is most likely out - the main problem here is that I would have a significant overhead OR a significant delay, both aren ot really wanted. Technically I would love some sort of streaming appraoch, where the server can write messags to a stream while he generates them and they get sent to the client as they come. Not esure this is doable with WCF, though (if not, I may acutally decide to handle the whole message part outside of WCF and just do control / login / setup / destruction via WCF).

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  • Modify shell script to monitor/ping multiple ip addresses

    - by Alex
    Alright so I need to constantly monitor multiple routers and computers, to make sure they remain online. I have found a great script here that will notify me via growl(so i can get instant notifications on my phone) if a single ip cannot be pinged. I have been attempting to modify the script to ping multiple addresses, with little luck. I'm having trouble trying to figure out how to ping a down server while the script keeps watching the online servers. any help would be greatly appreciated. I haven't done much shell scripting so this is quite new to me. Thanks #!/bin/sh #Growl my Router alive! #2010 by zionthelion73 [at] gmail . com #use it for free #redistribute or modify but keep these comments #not for commercial purposes iconpath="/path/to/router/icon/file/internet.png" # path must be absolute or in "./path" form but relative to growlnotify position # document icon is used, not document content # Put the IP address of your router here localip=192.168.1.1 clear echo 'Router avaiability notification with Growl' #variable avaiable=false com="################" #comment prefix for logging porpouse while true; do if $avaiable then echo "$com 1) $localip avaiable $com" echo "1" while ping -c 1 -t 2 $localip do sleep 5 done growlnotify -s -I $iconpath -m "$localip is offline" avaiable=false else echo "$com 2) $localip not avaiable $com" #try to ping the router untill it come back and notify it while !(ping -c 1 -t 2 $localip) do echo "$com trying.... $com" sleep 5 done echo "$com found $localip $com" growlnotify -s -I $iconpath -m "$localip is online" avaiable=true fi sleep 5 done

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  • C++ classes with members referencing each other

    - by Saad Imran.
    I'm trying to write 2 classes with members that reference each other. I'm not sure if I'm doing something wrong or it's just not possible. Can anyone help me out here... Source.cpp #include "Headers.h" using namespace std; void main() { Network* network = new Network(); system("pause"); return; } Headers.h #ifndef Headers_h #define Headers_h #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include "Network.h" #include "Router.h" #endif Network.h #include "Headers.h" class Network { protected: vector<Router> Routers; }; Router.h #include "Headers.h" class Router { protected: Network* network; public: }; The errors I'm getting are: error C2143: syntax error : missing ';' before '<' error C2238: unexpected token(s) preceding ';' error C4430: missing type specifier - int assumed. I'm pretty sure I'm not missing any semicolons or stuff like that. The program works find if I take out one of the members. I tried finding similar questions and the solution was to use pointers, but that's what I'm doing and it does't seem to be working!

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  • How to distinguish between two different UDP clients on the same IP address?

    - by Ricket
    I'm writing a UDP server, which is a first for me; I've only done a bit of TCP communications. And I'm having trouble figuring out exactly how to distinguish which user is which, since UDP deals only with packets rather than connections and I therefore cannot tell exactly who I'm communicating with. Here is pseudocode of my current server loop: DatagramPacket p; socket.receive(p); // now p contains the user's IP and port, and the data int key = getKey(p); if(key == 0) { // connection request key = makeKey(p); clients.add(key, p.ip); send(p.ip, p.port, key); // give the user his key } else { // user has a key // verify key belongs to that IP address // lookup the user's session data based on the key // react to the packet in the context of the session } When designing this, I kept in mind these points: Multiple users may exist on the same IP address, due to the presence of routers, therefore users must have a separate identification key. Packets can be spoofed, so the key should be checked against its original IP address and ignored if a different IP tries to use the key. The outbound port on the client side might change among packets. Is that third assumption correct, or can I simply assume that one user = one IP+port combination? Is this commonly done, or should I continue to create a special key like I am currently doing? I'm not completely clear on how TCP negotiates a connection so if you think I should model it off of TCP then please link me to a good tutorial or something on TCP's SYN/SYNACK/ACK mess. Also note, I do have a provision to resend a key, if an IP sends a 0 and that IP already has a pending key; I omitted it to keep the snippet simple. I understand that UDP is not guaranteed to arrive, and I plan to add reliability to the main packet handling code later as well.

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  • Identify machines behind a router uniquely based on ipaddress

    - by Amith George
    Some background first. I have a .net client agent installed on each of the machines in the lan. They are interacting with my central server [website] also on the same lan. It is important for my website to figure out which of the machines can talk to each other. For example, machines of one subnet cannot directly talk to machines of another subnet without configuring the routers and such. But machines in the same subnet should be able to talk to each other directly. The problem I am facing is when the lan setup is like in Figure 1. Because Comp1, Comp2 and Comp3 are behind a router, they have got the ipaddress 192.168.1.2 till 192.168.1.4. My client agent on these machines report the same ipaddress back to the server. However, machines Comp4, Comp5 also have the same ipaddresses. Thus, as far as my server is concerned, there are 2 machines with the same ipaddress. Not just that, because the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 for all machines, my server is fooled into thinking that Comp1 can directly talk to Comp5, which is not possible. So, how do I solve this? What do I need to change in my client or in my server, so that I can support this scenario. These two are the only things in my control.

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  • Trouble with Router::url() when using named parameters

    - by sibidiba
    I'm generating plain simple links with CakePHP's HtmlHelper the following way: $html->link("Newest", array( 'controller' => 'posts', 'action' => 'listView', 'page'=> 1, 'sort'=>'Question.created', 'direction'=>'desc', )); Having the following route rule: Router::connect('/foobar/*',array( 'controller' => 'posts', 'action' => 'listView' )); The link is nicely generated as /foobar/page:1/sort:Question.created/direction:desc. Just as I want, it uses my URL prefix instead of controller/action names. However, for some links I must add named parameters like this: $html->link("Newest", array( 'controller' => 'posts', 'action' => 'listView', 'page'=> 1, 'sort'=>'Question.created', 'direction'=>'desc', 'namedParameter' => 'namedParameterValue' )); The link in this case points to /posts/listView/page:1/sort:Question.created/direction:desc/namedParameter:namedParameterValue. But I do not want to have contoller/action names in my URL-s, why is Cake ignoring in this case my routers configuration?

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  • How do I generate a connection reset programatically?

    - by Brock Adams
    Hi, I'm sure you've seen the "the connection was reset" message displayed when trying to browse web pages. (The text is from Firefox, other browsers differ.) I need to generate that message/error/condition on demand, to test workarounds. So, how do I generate that condition programmatically? (How to generate a TCP RST from PHP -- or one of the other web-app languages?) Caveats and Conditions: It cannot be a general IP block. The test client must still be able to see the test server when not triggering the condition. Ideally, it would be done at the web-application level (Python, PHP, Coldfusion, Javascript, etc.). Access to routers is problematic. Access to Apache config is a pain. Ideally, it would be triggered by fetching a specific web-page. Bonus if it works on a standard, commercial web host. Update: Sending RST is not enough to cause this condition. See my partial answer, below. I've a solution that works on a local machine, Now need to get it working on a remote host.

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  • How frequently IP packets are fragmented at the source host?

    - by Methos
    I know that if IP payload MTU then routers usually fragment the IP packet. Finally all the fragmented packets are assembled at the destination using the fields IP-ID, IP fragment offsets and fragmentation flags. Max length of IP payload is 64K. Thus its very plausible for L4 to hand over payload which is 64K. If the L2 protocol is Ethernet, which often is the case, then the MTU will be about 1600 bytes. Hence IP packet will be fragmented at the source host itself. However, a quick search about IP implementation in Linux tells me that in recent kernels, L4 protocols are fragment friendly i.e. they try to save the fragmentation work for IP by handing over buffers of size which is close to MTU. Considering these two facts, I am wondering about how frequently does the IP packet gets fragmented at the source host itself. Does it occur sometimes/rarely/never? Does anyone know if there are exceptions to the rule of fragmentation in linux kernel (i.e. are there situations where L4 protocols are not fragment friendly)? How is this handled in other common OSes like windows? In general how frequently IP packets are fragmented?

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  • What kind of library to use for display of graphical objects and right click context menus

    - by Gopal
    Hi all, Goal: To develop a web based NMS interface which displays a network topology (e.g., switches, routers, links, endhosts). Each node should be 'movable' (draggable to an appropriate place manually or their best location computed algorithmically). I should be able to zoom into the network graph (say if there are many clusters of nodes and I want to concentrate on a particular cluster of nodes). I should be able to right-click any node or link and get a context menu (e.g., 'show routing table', 'show interfaces', 'show bandwidth utilization graph' etc.). The data for this network topology will be fetched by making calls to an apache based webserver where the backend scripts in python will fetch the appropriate data and send it via JSON to the web client. Question: I am assuming that some sort of javascript library/framework will be most appropriate for this - jQuery, Dojo, Moo etc. [I've never used any of these before]. Which of these would be most recommended for this sort of thing. Which would be easiest to learn (say in a months time). Thanks for any tips.

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  • Algorithm for generating an array of non-equal costs for a transport problem optimization

    - by Carlos
    I have an optimizer that solves a transportation problem, using a cost matrix of all the possible paths. The optimiser works fine, but if two of the costs are equal, the solution contains one more path that the minimum number of paths. (Think of it as load balancing routers; if two routes are same cost, you'll use them both.) I would like the minimum number of routes, and to do that I need a cost matrix that doesn't have two costs that are equal within a certain tolerance. At the moment, I'm passing the cost matrix through a baking function which tests every entry for equality to each of the other entries, and moves it a fixed percentage if it matches. However, this approach seems to require N^2 comparisons, and if the starting values are all the same, the last cost will be r^N bigger. (r is the arbitrary fixed percentage). Also there is the problem that by multiplying by the percentage, you end up on top of another value. So the problem seems to have an element of recursion, or at least repeated checking, which bloats the code. The current implementation is basically not very good (I won't paste my GOTO-using code here for you all to mock), and I'd like to improve it. Is there a name for what I'm after, and is there a standard implementation? Example: {1,1,2,3,4,5} (tol = 0.05) becomes {1,1.05,2,3,4,5}

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  • Java "Pool" of longs or Oracle sequence with reusable values

    - by Anthony Accioly
    Several months ago I implemented a solution to choose unique values from a range between 1 and 65535 (16 bits). This range is used to generate unique Route Targets suffixes, which for this customer massive network (it's a huge ISP) are a very disputed resource, so any free index needs to become immediately available to the end user. To tackle this requirement I used a BitSet. Allocate on the RT index with set and deallocate a suffix with clear. The method nextClearBit() can find the next available index. I handle synchronization / concurrency issues manually. This works pretty well for a small range... The entire index is small (around 10k), it is blazing fast and can be easy serialized into a Blob field. The problem is, some new devices can handle RTs of 32 bits (range 1 / 4294967296). Which can't be managed with a BitSet (it would, by itself, consume around 600Mb, plus be limited to int range). Even with this massive range available, the client still wants to free available Route Targets for the end user, mainly because the lowest ones (up to 65535) - which are compatible with old routers - are being heavily disputed. Before I tell the customer that this is impossible and he will have to conform with my reusable index for lower RTs (up to 65550) and use a database sequence for the other ones (which means that when the user frees a Route Target, it will not become available again). Would anyone shed some light? Maybe some kind soul already implemented a high performance number pool for Java (6 if it matters), or I am missing a killer feature of Oracle database (11R2 if it matters)... Wishful thinking. Thank you very much in advance.

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  • Is programming overrated?

    - by aengine
    [Subjective and intended to be a community wiki] I am sorry for such an offensive question: But here are my arguments Most of the progress in "computing" has came from non-programming sources. i.e. People invented faster microprocessors and better routers and novel memory devices. I dont think on average people are writting more efficient programs than those written 10 years ago. And the newer and popular languages are infact slower than C. though speed is one of the lesser criterias. Most of the progress came from novel paradigms. Web, Internet, Cloud computing and Social networking are novel paradigms and did not involve progress in programming as such. Heck even facebook was written in PHP and not some extreme language. Though it did face scalability issues (same with twitter) but i believe money and better programmers (who came in much later) took care of that. Thus ideating capability trumped programming capability/ Even things like Map-Reduce, Column oriented database and Probablistic algorithms (E.g. bloom filters) came from hardcore Algorithms research, rather than some programming convention. Thus my final point is why programming skill is so overstressed? To point a recent example about how only 10% of programmers can "write code" (binary search) without debugging. Isnt it a bit hypocritical, considering your real successs lies in coming up with better algorithm or a novel feature rather than getting right first time???

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