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• choosing the right RAID level for PostgresQL database

  - by Sergey

  Hi, I got an disk array appliance of 8 disks 1T each (UltraStor RS8IP4). It will be used solely by PostgresQL database and I am trying to choose the best RAID level for it. The most priority is for read performance since we operate large data sets (tables, indexes) and we do lots of searches/scans. With the old disks that we have now the most slowdowns happen on SELECTs. Fault tolerance is less important, it can be 1 or 2 disks. Space is the least important factor. Even 1T will be enough. Which RAID level would you recommend in this situation. The current options are 60, 50 and 10, but probably other options can be even better.

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• KVM to Xen migration

  - by qweet

  I've recently been appointed to create some VMs for production use, and went gung ho into making a KVM based VM instead of finding out what our production server uses. I've only recently found out though that our own servers use Xensource OS, and don't look like they're going to be upgraded in the near future. So for the moment, I'm stuck with either two choices- attempting to convert the KVM VM into a Xen VM, or rebuilding what I have into a new Xen VM. Being the lazy person I am, I would rather not have to rebuild the VM. I've looked for some documentation on a procedure to do this, but the only thing I can come up with is an ancient article with some vague instructions. So this is my question, Server Fault- can one migrate a KVM running on a KVM kernel to a Xen kernel? And if so, how?

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• any security tips for my first server? (complete beginner)

  - by Haroldo

  I'm paying for a VPS and hoping to launch my first website on it in the next few days. I'm worried there might be some glaringly obvious security holes in the standard setup, so I'm keen to get some tips About the only thing i know is turn off error reporting in PHP and create users/privilages for MySQL... any more stuff along those lines? I'm using: cpanel and WHM centos 5 php mysql google apps as mail server (so maybe i should disable built in mailer server somehow?!!) This is my first post of Server Fault (i use stack overflow alot), I hope i'm posting this in the right place, with the right tags - please feel free to edit if i'm wrong. Thanks guys!

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• What is the best filesystem for storing thousands of files in one dictionary-like id-blob structure?

  - by Ivan

  What filesystem best suits my needs? Thousands or even millions of files in one directory. Good (ext4 & ntfs level or close) reliability (incl. fault tolerance) and access speed. No directories actually needed, as well as descriptive names, just a dictionary-like structure of id-blob pairs is all I need. No links, attributes, and access control features needed. The purpose is a file storage where all the metadata (data describing all the facts about what the file actually contains and who can access it) is stored in a MySQL database. As far as I know common filesystems like NTFS and ext3/4 can go dead-slow if there are too many files placed in one directory - that's why I ask.

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• Why would the servers network type change from Private to Public?

  - by Phil Hannent

  Just found a fault with a server, other users have had problems connecting to it. The setting on the network card had changed from Private (domain) network to Public (the other option being Home). The switch to the network interface would have caused the firewall to block a lot of normal functions. I am guessing that since the event log showed no reason for the change that it might be due to a complete shutdown we had recently where someone powered up the machines, however the domain controllers might not have been booted up first. Any confirmation that this might be the case?

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• How to configure HA iSCSI for Solaris 10

  - by Noah

  BACKGROUND: We have a StarWind NAS that we are currently using for High Availability storage with our Windows network. Starwind has mirrored drives and multiple ip paths, that the Windows Server combines into one HA disk store. QUESTION: How do I accomplish the same thing under Solaris 10? I've looked at ZFS but to document seems to indicate that ZFS wants to do its own raid/mirroring. I can also attach via iSCSI from Solaris and am presented with both drives being served by the Starwind NS. So, how do I configure solaris so that disk M1 and M2 are considered as a single fault tolerant drive?

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• Opening an oracle database crashes the service [SOLVED]

  - by tundal45

  I am experiencing a weird issue with Oracle where the service started fine after a crash. The database mount went fine as well. However, when I issue alter database open; command, the database does not open, gives a generic cannot connect to the database error & crashes the service. Oracle support has not seen this issue before so it's pretty scary. The fact that there are no logs that give any leads as to what could be causing this is also scary. I was wondering if good folks over at Server Fault had seen something like this or have some insights on things that I could try. It's Oracle 10g running on Windows Server 2003. Thanks, Ashish

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• What's the strengths and weaknesses of existing configuration management systems?

  - by Daniel C. Sobral

  I was looking up here for some comparisons between CFEngine, Puppet, Chef, bcfg2, AutomateIt and whatever other configuration management systems might be out there, and was very surprised I could find very little here on Server Fault. For instance, I only knew of the first three links above -- the other two I found on a related google search. So, I'm not interested in what people think is the best one, or which they like. I'd like to know the following: Configuration Management System's name. Why it was created (as opposed to using an existing solution). Relative strengths. Relative weaknesses. License. Link to project and examples.

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• Windows Server 2008 constantly spamming external IP's on outbound TCP port 445

  - by RSXAdmin

  Hi Server Fault, I have a Windows Server 2008 box running as a Domain Controller. I have noticed in my Cisco ASA firewall logs that this box is continuously sending out (like a thousand requests a second) requests on TCP port 445 to external hosts. I have made an effort to deny this outbound traffic from getting on the internet (using the ASA), however I would like these requests to stop from even occurring at all. I have tried disabling TCP/IP over NetBIOS. I have even turned on Windows Advanced Firewall on the box itself to block outbound 445 but the ASA still detects this particular traffic hitting it. I have other DC's and similar type boxes which are not behaving the same way as this box. Is this normal? Is there a way to stop this spamming? Have I been infected? Thank you universe.

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• startup cassandra layout

  - by davidkomer

  We've got a relatively low-traffic site (~1K pageviews/day) hosted on a single server, and expect it to grow significantly over the next few years. I'm thinking of moving over to Rackspace CloudServer or EC2 and firing up 3 nodes (all on CentOS): 2 x Web (Apache) - with loadbalancer 1 x MySQL (for the Wordpress powered part) The question is where to put Cassandra right now... Should it sit on each Web node, or the MySQL node? My thought right now is to put it on Web nodes. It's my understanding that Cassandra has the benefits of fault-tolerance (i.e. if we take a node down, the site is still operational). So even with only 2 nodes, we'd have that benefit as opposed to just putting it on the MySQL node. Also, as we scale up and add another node, a cassandra instance can come along with it and the php can always run its queries on localhost. Is this a good idea?

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• How do I make a backup of a live server?

  - by Jurily

  At my new job, I have a production server with the following qualities: Windows (XP I think), ancient hardware Absolutely vital database No backups whatsoever Everyone in the company has full admin rights, the passwords are stored in a .txt on the global share No installers, except for the OS The machine itself is sitting on a wooden shelf 5 feet above the ground against an external wall with frequent truck traffic on the other side; the shelf is already bent from the constant load Hasn't been rebooted in $DEITY knows how long, my predecessor wasn't even sure if it would survive it UPS is installed, but since everything is hooked up to it, it would last 10 minutes tops No spare parts or hardware budget How do I make a full backup with minimal impact on the server? I'm not sure how close it is to a total meltdown. For all I know, plugging in a USB stick could kill the company, and of course it will be all my fault, since "it was running fine before you touched it". The ideal solution would be a VM, so I have a test environment as well (separate of course).

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• What type of security problems are mitigated by this .NET architecture?

  - by Jonno

  Given the following physical layout for a .NET web application: DB (sql server, windows) - No public route (no table access, only stored procs) Web Service DAL (iis, windows) - No public route (can be accessed by web server via port 80 and 443) Web Server (iis, windows) - Public route (only via port 80 and 443) What type(s) / examples of attack could be used to compromise the public web server but would be blocked by the Web Service DAL? i.e. can you think of concrete attack types that the DAL stops? Please note, I am interested only in the security aspect, not scaling / fault tolerance / performance / etc. In my mind if the web server has been compromised using an attack over port 80/443, then the same attack would work over port 80/443 to the Web Service DAL box.

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• SBS 2008 reinstall on new machine

  - by Jon

  We purchased a single license on Windows Small Business Server 2008 for a medical office, and soon after a power fault caused the server to overload, destroying the power supply and motherboard. I reinstalled on a new server, and have the domain up and running again, but under system properties it tells me I still need to activate windows, and that the product key currently entered is invalid for activation. I've been trying to figure out how to get in touch with Microsoft to explain the situation and get a new activation key issued without having to pay for another license which we can't afford, but the online documentation hasn't been particularly clear on the subject. Does anyone know how to do that, or if I do need the activation key to continue using SBS 2008? (It currently tells me I have 56 days left to activate) Any tips would be appreciated. I'm not strictly a computer guy and I'm feeling a little lost.

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• What is the best way to back up dedicated web server? (Amanda versus Rsync)

  - by Scott

  Hello everyone, I am trying to establish valid back ups for my web server. It is a linux box on CentOS. I have asked around and "rsync" was suggested by some of the server fault community. However, my coworker at work says that this is really only moving over the physical files and isn't really a usable "snapshot." He suggested using "amanda" and that this did full server snapshots that are more what I am accustomed to. I know at my company we have virtual machines that we take snapshots of and we can restore everything back to just as they were with little effort and little downtime. Is this possible with rsync? Or would I need to create a new server and then migrate the files back and do various configurations? I think I prefer being able to just reset everything to a point in time. Forgive my ignorance, Back ups are something that I have never really had to worry about before.

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• Raid5 is off on my Lefthand P4500

  - by Soeren

  I have 1 cluster with serveral p4500. There is HW Raid5 and the Raid5 is split on: first 6 is one raid 5, and the other 6 is one raid 5. There were two disk that came up with a fault. I replaced both disk in same Raid5. Now the storagesystem says that Volumes is unaccessable and the Raid5 of the P4500 is down. How can I get the lefthand up and working again? Ive tried to put the old disk in the P4500 again, but this does not help. I also tryed to restart the disk shelf as well. Do you have any idea? Or something to get it to work again?

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• .bashrc doesn't get sourced after su'ing to root

  - by Ian Dunn

  I've got a CentOS 5.6 VPS and both root and my normal user account have identical copies of a .bashrc file in their home directories. The file contains a few basic aliases, etc. If I login to root, root's copy gets sourced. If I login to myuser, myuser's copy gets sourced If I su to root after logging into myuser, then all the aliases, etc inside myuser's copy get removed, and root's copy doesn't get sourced. If I then manually source root's copy, the command completes without any errors, but none of the aliases's etc get applied. I've searched Google and Server Fault, but haven't found any solutions. Does anyone know how to fix that?

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• Standalone server setup for compute capacity

  - by mikera

  I'm developing an application for my company that will require a lot of compute capacity (running some very big mathematical calculations), and looking for some form of server setup to do this. For various reasons, we want to run this on-site in our office rather than hosting it externally. It's been a while since I last had to set up my own servers so I thought I would tap into the collective wisdom of serverfault! My broad requirements are: Budget $30-50k, with an aim to get as much compute capacity as possible for that budget 64-bit servers suitable to run Ubuntu Linux + Java Some relatively standalone rack that can be installed in secure office space Fast/low latency network connections between the servers, but don't really care about connectivity to the outside world Storage capacity shared between the servers - they don't necessarily need their own storage providing they can be booted from a common image Downtime can be tolerated (since the calculations are run in batch mode) The software itself is fault-tolerant, so there is no need for extra resiliency in the server setup (cheap replaceable commodity parts will be fine in general) Given these requirements what kind of setup would you recommend and why?

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• Lots of files being used by blank web page. What are they?

  - by byronyasgur

  I am trying to optimise a website and I was using the network waterfall facility in Google Chrome. When I looked at the results there were lots of files which I didnt recognise. I first thought they might be something to do with Google Chrome itself, so I put a blank HTML file on my desktop and checked but there was nothing in the waterfall except the file itself. So I put a blank file on my server and I got the output below. What are all these files, are they all necessary, is this normal and do I need to be in any way concerned. My hosting provider has always been excellent in every regard that I'm aware of. My host is shared hosting, using cpanel and is based on a LAMP server. I also note that a couple of those file have problems but I have no idea how to fault find that or whether it's a concern. EDIT: I have cleared the cache so I don't think it's a browser cache issue.

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• Browser considering www domain and without www domain different

  - by user1444680

  I've bought a domain name and hosted it. My browser is storing separate passwords for mydomain.com and www.mydomain.com, and also caching them separately. I want these two to be considered the same website. The zone records of mydomain.com are: "A" record: "@" points to the IP address of my hosting CNAME: www points to "@" As CNAME signifies alias, shouldn't browser understand (like search engines do) that the two URLs refer to the same website? Is it browser's fault? Please tell how to correct the problem? Do I need to enter some other record for www instead of CNAME?

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• Why is hosted storage so expensive?

  - by Mark Henderson

  There are many questions on Server Fault asking why server storage is so expensive. e.g. Why do I have to pay 50 bucks a month per extra gigabyte of storage or Our file server is always running out of space, why doesn't our sysadmin just throw an extra 1TB drive in there? These questions usually come from people who lack an understanding of how enterprise-level storage works and what influences the price. This question is designed to be the "question to end all questions" regarding the price of enterprise storage.

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• Unable to mount Amazon Public Dataset using ec2-create-volume

  - by the0ther

  I am trying to use a Public Dataset with the snapshot id of snap-­e1608d88. I am looking at these instructions, but they do not seem to help. The first suggestion there says I should click on Volumes and create a new volume, set it's size and availability zone, as well as specifying the snapshot id. The problem is, snapshot id is a dropdown, not a text field, and there are over 100 options in the dropdown. Next I installed the ec2 command line tools and tried to run the ec2-create-volume command. For my first attempt I tried ec2-create-volume --snapshot snap-­e1608d88 --availability-zone us-east-1 but that gave output indicating I need to provide a certificate with the --cert switch. Which certficate exactly? I tried my SSH cert at ~/.ssh/id_rsa. No dice. I got the following Java error: "org.codehaus.xfire.fault.XFireFault: General security error;"

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• Why is "chmod -R 777 /" destructive?

  - by samwise

  This is a Canonical Question about File Permission and Why 777 is "destructive". I'm not asking how to fix this problem, as there are a ton of references of that already on Server Fault (reinstall OS). Why does it do anything destructive at all? If you've ever ran this command you pretty much immediately destroy your operating system. I'm not clear why removing restrictions has any impact on existing processes. For example, if I don't have read access to something and after a quick mistype in the terminal suddenly I now have access well... why does that cause Linux to break?

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• Apache Issues on Windows Server 2008

  - by dlackey

  I'm looking to reinstall Apache 2.2.25 since I continue to get these errors in the Windows Application log every 2-5 minutes: Faulting application name: httpd.exe, version: 2.2.25.0, time stamp: 0x51dd049c Faulting module name: zlib1.dll, version: 1.2.3.0, time stamp: 0x4790446a Exception code: 0xc0000005 Fault offset: 0x00002bad Faulting process id: 0x38e8 Faulting application start time: 0x01cfbfd70cdfbc4f Faulting application path: C:\Apache2\bin\httpd.exe Faulting module path: C:\Apache2\bin\zlib1.dll Report Id: 745f20de-2bca-11e4-bd5d-002590f28d7e If the new install doesn't work or if there are some "issues", can I simply restore the Apache2 directory from backup and then I'll just be back where I started? I thought about just renaming the current install to something like c:\apache2_old and if something fails, I can delete the new install and rename c:\apace2_old back to c:\apache. What do you all think?

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• What's the strengths and weaknesses of existing configuration management systems?

  - by Daniel C. Sobral

  I was looking up here for some comparisons between CFEngine, Puppet, Chef, bcfg2, AutomateIt and whatever other configuration management systems might be out there, and was very surprised I could find very little here on Server Fault. For instance, I only knew of the first three links above -- the other two I found on a related google search. So, I'm not interested in what people think is the best one, or which they like. I'd like to know the following: Configuration Management System's name. Why it was created (as opposed to using an existing solution). Relative strengths. Relative weaknesses. License. Link to project and examples.

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• netgear GS108TV2 RSTP configuration

  - by jhowland

  I have a large set of GS108TV2 units--my goal is to set up a network which is comprised of several loops for redundancy/fault tolerance. I have a minimal 3 switch loop configured, with RSTP enabled on two ports on each switch. I have my bridge max age set to 6, and my bridge forward delay set to 4, which are the minimum values allowed. Hello time is fixed at 2 seconds. The switches respond to a cable being removed from a socket, but it takes too long. I cannot get the switch to respond to a loss of connection on one of the redundant ports in less than 20 seconds. Is there any way to configure these switches to respond faster than 20 seconds? That is unacceptable for my application. thanks in advance for any help

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