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• Can not boot windows XP from cloned hard disk - what can I do?

  - by Martin

  My configuration: a PC (some years old) with MSI K8N-Neo-4F Motherboard, 1 GB RAM. Disk 1 (Maxtor, SATA II, 250 GB): 2 Partitions, on Partition 1 (48 GB): Windows XP Professional (NTFS) on Partition 2 (190 GB): data (NTFS) I wanted to have a larger and faster disk (the PC is incredibly slow and permanently the disk is rattling when I try to open an application or during Windows startup), so I took Disk 2 (Seagate, Sata II, 500 GB), installed in the PC, created at first a 400 GB-partition at the end of the disk and cloned the data to it, which worked well Installed a swap partition and a partition for Ubuntu Linux 12.10 on the first "part" of the disk so I was able to boot Linux and the old Windows XP with the Linux "System selection" at startup. Now I wanted to move Windows XP to the new disk, deleted the Linux partitions cloned Windows XP to the new disk (with free tools - EASESUS), left both disks in the PC and tried to select the new hard drive during boot as boot partition. This did not work, the PC refused to boot from this second disk. I tried many things like making the boot partition on the 2nd drive "active" in the Windows System Preferences modifying the boot.ini file to boot from the second disk - tried to boot from it, but ended with an error message stating that it was not possible to boot from this disk because of a hardware failure or something else or so removing the original disk and plugging the new one on the same SATA port as the original one - also booting failed with an error message repairing the MBR by booting into recovery mode from the Windows XP Installation CD-ROM, selecting the second disk and doing "FIXMBR" which said that everything was fine with the MBR. after that at least the PC tried to boot from the newer disk and then startup was hanging during the blue screen with the Windows Logo.... no luck. ... deleting the cloned partition and cloning again - this time with Macrium Reflect Free version... - no success during booting. I tried a lot of things with no success, so I wonder what I am doing wrong?! What could I do to successfully clone my Win XP partition to replace the original disk by a larger one which is bootable.

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• grub2 error: out of disk

  - by Carl Smotricz

  I'm trying to make a 250G USB hard disk Ubuntu-bootable on a Compaq nc6220 laptop. I've removed all other disks, so /dev/sda (the USB disk) is the only disk other than CDROM. I installed Ubuntu 9.10 to this disk from the live CD, putting the bootloader on /dev/sda . The default system couldn't be booted, and nothing I did in the Grub menu/cmdline helped. So I chrooted onto the disk and did grub-install /dev/sda. That seemed to work fine, but Grub (1.97 beta 4) keeps coming up with error: out of disk Even when I drop to the command line to do something simple like ls or help, it's always the same error message. Any hints for resolving this, please?

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• Windows server detected error with hard disk

  - by user53864

  We have hosting Windows server 2008 R2 and I am working as admin in small company. The server is hanging and restarting as the hard disk seems to be damaged due to power fluctutaion(though having inverter) as it's showing the below error message on server reboot: Problem detected with the hard disk Press any key to continue It's Seagate 1TB SATA hard disk and it's booting after pressing enter. So it's clear that the hard disk is dying. Yes, it's in warranty but it's fact that warranty won't recover the lincesed windows server 2008 and it's data. As it's booting now, I backed up required things and I am thinking to clone the entire hard disk. The first thing it striked me is checking on the Seagate site if any tool available for cloning and I found Seagate DiskWizard but not specified it for windows server 2008. Please anybody could help me giving your best ideas for the below: Urgently, What's the best way(free of cost) for me to clone in my case with the new same sized hard disk? It's a one time lincenced and I cannot use the same key again if I reinstall the server. Will the lincense be carried with new disk if cloned? else there is a way to contact Microsoft explaining the problem occurred, to obtain new key for no charge?. I want to take measure for future. How do I keep two disks in continuous sync? mirrored & raid are the only options converting the disks to dynamic? or is there a best way I could do with no additional charge?. Any help is greatly appreciated. Thank you! EDIT:1 I started cloning the disk with CloneZilla and it was going proper showing in GUI. But after some time there is no GUI but a black screen with some codes(looks like disk location numbers) going page by page(I have attached the screenshots below captured from my phone). Do you people think it's actually cloning?. I started in the morning and it's evening now. I left the office now to let it finish what it's trying to do and I'll go & check it tomorrow. Slowly lost hope, don't know what face it's going to show tomorrow. Any ideas?

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• Does installing windows format the hard disk?

  - by Jason

  My Google search for ""does installing windows format the hard disk" returns: No results found for "does installing windows format the hard disk". I was quite surprised. I'm hoping to get a quick answer here. Does an install format the hard disk, and destroy all data, including non-os/s data? -Or do you specifically have to say "format" at some point so you know you are losing everything? [I tried to go to SP3, but it doesn't work on my computer. My SP2 disk is fired. I only have a SP1 disk, with a seperate SP2 package. I can't get to Safe Mode to uninstall SP3 ("Windows XP Setup cann run under Safemode. Setup will restart now.). I don't want running the SP1 disk to destroy any non-o/s data.] Thanks.

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• Unable to format/add a partition to Windows XP

  - by sma

  I recently add a 1T disk to an XP machine. I found the disk in the "disk management", I click "initialize" to init it, then creates a primary partition with size 950G, then select quick format to format the disk, the "disk management" will then complains: The disk configuration operation did not complete. Check the system event log for more information on the error. Verify the status of your storage devices before retrying. If that does not solve the problem, close the disk management console, then restart disk management or restart the computer. What could be the reason?

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• How to Combine Rescue Disks to Create the Ultimate Windows Repair Disk

  - by The Geek

  We’ve covered loads of different anti-virus, Linux, and other boot disks that help you repair or recover your system, but why limit yourself to just one? Here’s how to combine your favorite repair disks together to create the ultimate repair toolkit for broken Windows systems—all on a single flash drive. The ones we’ve covered already? Here’s a quick list of all the ways you can recover your system with a rescue disk: How to Use the Avira Rescue CD to Clean Your Infected PC How to Use the BitDefender Rescue CD to Clean Your Infected PC How to Use the Kaspersky Rescue Disk to Clean Your Infected PC Change or Reset Windows Password from a Ubuntu Live CD The 10 Cleverest Ways to Use Linux to Fix Your Windows PC Change Your Forgotten Windows Password with the Linux System Rescue CD Use Ubuntu Live CD to Backup Files from Your Dead Windows Computer If you need to clean up an infected system, we’d absolutely recommend the BitDefender CD, since it’s auto-updating. Best bet? Create your ultimate boot disk with as many of the different utilities as your flash drive can hold Latest Features How-To Geek ETC How To Boot 10 Different Live CDs From 1 USB Flash Drive The 20 Best How-To Geek Linux Articles of 2010 The 50 Best How-To Geek Windows Articles of 2010 The 20 Best How-To Geek Explainer Topics for 2010 How to Disable Caps Lock Key in Windows 7 or Vista How to Use the Avira Rescue CD to Clean Your Infected PC Luigi Installs Any OS on Google’s Cr-48 Notebook DIY iPad Stylus Offers Pen-Based Interaction on the Cheap Serene Blue Ubuntu Wallpaper for Your Desktop Enjoy Old School Style Video Game Fun with Chicken Invaders Hide the Twitter “Litter” in Twitter’s Sidebar Area (Chrome and Iron) Public Domain Day: Reflections on Copyright and the Importance of Public Domain

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• no disk space, cant use internet

  - by James

  after trying to install drivers using sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade, im faced with a message saying no space left on device, i ran disk usage analyzer as root and there was three folders namely, main volume, home folder, and my 116gb hard drive (which is practically empty) yet both other folders are full, which is stopping me installing drivers because of space, how do i get ubuntu to use this space on my hard drive? its causing problems because i cant gain access to the internet as i cant download drivers when i havnt got enough space, this happens every time i try it sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 120.0GB, 120034123776 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders, total 234441648 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0003eeed Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 231315455 115656704 83 Linux /dev/sda2 231317502 234440703 1561601 5 Extended /dev/sda5 231317504 234440703 1561600 82 Linux swap / solaris Output of df -h df: '/media/ubuntu/FB18-ED76': No such file or directory Filesysytem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /cow 751M 751M 0 100% / udev 740M 12K 740M 1% /dev tmpfs 151M 792K 150M 1% /run /dev/sr0 794M 794M 0 100% /cdrom /dev/loop0 758M 758M 0 100% /rofs none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 751M 1.4M 749M 1% /tmp none 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock none 751M 276K 751M 1% /run/shm none 100M 40K 100M 1% /run/user

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• How to make and restore incremental snapshots of hard disk

  - by brunopereira81

  I use Virtual Box a lot for distro / applications testing purposes. One of the features I simply love about it is virtual machines snapshots, its saves a state of a virtual machine and is able to restore it to its former glory if something you did went wrong without any problems and without consuming your all hard disk space. On my live systems I know how to create a 1:1 image of the file system but all the solutions I'v known will create a new image of the complete file system. Are there any programs / file systems that are capable of taking a snapshot of a current file system, save it on another location but instead of making a complete new image it creates incremental backups? To easy describe what I want, it should be as dd images of a file system, but instead of only a full backup it would also create incremental. I am not looking for clonezilla, etc. It should run within the system itself with no (or almost none) intervention from the user, but contain all the data of the file systems. I am also not looking for a duplicity backup your all system excluding some folders script + dd to save your mbr. I can do that myself, looking for extra finesse. I'm looking for something I can do before doing massive changes to a system and then if something when wrong or I burned my hard disk after spilling coffee on it I can just boot from a liveCD and restore a working snapshot to a hard disk. It does not need to be daily, it doesn't even need a schedule. Just run once in a while and let it its job and preferably RAW based not file copy based.

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• New Write Flash SSDs and more disk trays

  - by Steve Tunstall

  In case you haven't heard, the Write SSDs the ZFSSA have been updated. Much faster now for the same price. Sweet. The new write-flash SSDs have a new part number of 7105026 , so make sure you order the right ones. It's important to note that you MUST be on code level 2011.1.4.0 or higher to use these. They have increased in IOPS from 6,000 to 11,000, and increased throughput from 200MB/s to 350MB/s.    Also, you can now add six SAS HBAs (up from 4) to the 7420, allowing one to have three SAS channels with 12 disk trays each, for a new total of 36 disk trays. With 3TB drives, that's 2.5 Petabytes. Is that enough for you? Make sure you add new cards to the correct slots. I've talked about this before, but here is the handy-dandy matrix again so you don't have to go find it. Remember the rules: You can have 6 of any one kind of card (like six 10GigE cards), but you only really get 8 slots, since you have two SAS cards no matter what. If you want more than 12 disk trays, you need two more SAS cards, so think about expansion later, too. In fact, if you are going to have two different speeds of drives, in other words you want to mix 15K speed and 7,200 speed drives in the same system, I would highly recommend two different SAS channels. So I would want four SAS cards in that system, no matter how many trays you have. 

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• Booting Ubuntu 12.04 from external eSATA disk

  - by Lord of Scripts

  This is my system topology: Disk #1 (SATA Internal) C: D: (Windows 7 Ultimate) Disk #2 (SATA Internal) E: (Windows Backup) Disk #3 (eSATA External) H: I: (Other windows data) /dev/sdc3 Linux Swap /dev/sdc4 Extended partition /dev/sdc5 Linux / So, I originally had there Ubuntu 8.1 from years ago but never got to use it. Now I used the Ubuntu 12.04 Live CD to install on that same location (That live CD takes a century to boot on a 6GB Intel i7 system...). The installation went fine, I selected it to install on /dev/sdc5 but it never asked me for any boot stuff, where I wanted to install Grub or whatever it is that it uses nowaways (I come from the LILO days when it always worked :-) So, yet again I can't access my new Linux installation. I have to wait a century to boot the "Live" CD and it allows me to see my new installation but I can't do anything with it. I tried the approach of this blog post. Copied the linux.bin of /dev/sdc5 into C: and used the BCDEdit steps to declare the new OS. So when I boot I see the Windows Boot menu and select Linux and after than I only get a black screen with a blinking cursor on the upper left. I can boot into Windows though. So, perhaps it didn't install the boot code on /dev/sdc5? I used this setup years ago booting from Windows with a BIN file: dd if=/dev/sdc5 of=/mnt/share/C/linux.bin bs=512 count=1 I am very reluctant to run GRUB because years ago I did and it wiped out my Windows boot sector and took quite some effort to recover it and be able to boot Windows again. I have been trying to install GRUB on a blank USB stick but I can't find anything clear enough. My system does NOT have a floppy. So can someone give me some ideas about how to get control of my Ubuntu 12.04 installation?

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• Emacs stops taking input when a file has changed on disk [migrated]

  - by recf

  I'm using Emacs v24.3.1 on Windows 8. I had a file change on disk while I had an Emacs buffer open with that file. As soon as I attempt to make a change to the buffer, a message appears in the minibuffer. Fileblah.txt changed on disk; really edit the buffer? (y, n, r or C-h) I would expect to be able to hit r to have it reload the disk version of the file, but nothing happens. Emacs completely stops responding to input. None of the listed keys work, nor do any other keys as far as I can tell. I can't C-g out of the minibuffer. Alt-F4 doesn't work, not does Close window from the task bar. I have to kill the process from task manager. Anyone have any idea what I'm doing wrong here? In cases it's various modes not playing nice with each other, for reference, my init.el is here. Nothing complex. Here's the breakdown: better-defaults (ido-mode, remove menu-bar, uniquify buffer `forward, saveplace) recentf-mode custom frame title visual-line-mode require final newline and delete trailing whitespace on save Markdown mode with auto-mode-alist Flyspell with Aspell backend Powershell mode with auto-mode-alist Ruby auto-mode-alist Puppet mode with auto-mode-alist Feature (Gherkin) mode with auto-mode-alist The specific file was a markdown file with Github-flavored Markdown mode and Flyspell mode enabled.

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• recovering raid 0 hard disk

  - by Hiawatha

  I bumped to a huge (for me) problem. I was running dual boot system (win 7 / linux) and at some point I decided to test fedora ( I am new in Linux ). My hard disk conf: 3 hard disks each 1 TB, 2 set to raid 0 with windows running on it and 1 for linux. After installing it from live usb I found out that windows 7 is not in grub anymore and while booting shows raid error. I installed back Ubuntu and ran Disk Utility and checked now I have one disks (raid 0) failed (READ) error. First has 5 bad sectors and second has 1 bad sector. And now I dont know what to do and how to repair. further I dont know which data i could provide to get help. I tried ntfsfix and got this output: Mounting volume... NTFS signature is missing. FAILED Attempting to correct errors... NTFS signature is missing. FAILED Failed to startup volume: Invalid argument NTFS signature is missing. Trying the alternate boot sector Unrecoverable error Volume is corrupt. You should run chkdsk. #sudo ntfs-3g -o force,rw /dev/sdb /media/windows NTFS signature is missing. Failed to mount '/dev/sdb': Invalid argument The device '/dev/sdb' doesn't seem to have a valid NTFS. Maybe the wrong device is used? Or the whole disk instead of a partition (e.g. /dev/sda, not /dev/sda1)? Or the other way around?

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• Syncronization Exception

  - by Kurru

  Hi I have two threads, one thread processes a queue and the other thread adds stuff into the queue. I want to put the queue processing thread to sleep when its finished processing the queue I want to have the 2nd thread tell it to wake up when it has added an item to the queue However these functions call System.Threading.SynchronizationLockException: Object synchronization method was called from an unsynchronized block of code on the Monitor.PulseAll(waiting); call, because I havent syncronized the function with the waiting object. [which I dont want to do, i want to be able to process while adding items to the queue]. How can I achieve this? Queue<object> items = new Queue<object>(); object waiting = new object(); 1st Thread public void ProcessQueue() { while (true) { if (items.Count == 0) Monitor.Wait(waiting); object real = null; lock(items) { object item = items.Dequeue(); real = item; } if(real == null) continue; .. bla bla bla } } 2nd Thread involves public void AddItem(object o) { ... bla bla bla lock(items) { items.Enqueue(o); } Monitor.PulseAll(waiting); }

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• SSH error: "Corrupted MAC on input" or "Bad packet length"

  - by William Ting

  I have 3 boxes set up as shown: The DFW box can communicate to the SFO / internet just fine, and I send files AUS - DFW. However, every time I trying transferring DFW - AUS it fails over SSH (ssh client, rsync, scp, sftp, etc) with the following error: Corrupted MAC on input. Disconnecting: Packet corrupt Occasionally I'll get a different error: Bad packet length 2097180. Disconnecting: Packet corrupt I've restarted the DFW box, as well as replaced the network cable. I'm not sure what else might be causing problems. Right now to get files from DFW I have to use DFW - SFO - AUS which is not optimal.

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• Impact of variable-length loops on GPU shaders

  - by Will

  Its popular to render procedural content inside the GPU e.g. in the demoscene (drawing a single quad to fill the screen and letting the GPU compute the pixels). Ray marching is popular: This means the GPU is executing some unknown number of loop iterations per pixel (although you can have an upper bound like maxIterations). How does having a variable-length loop affect shader performance? Imagine the simple ray-marching psuedocode: t = 0.f; while(t < maxDist) { p = rayStart + rayDir * t; d = DistanceFunc(p); t += d; if(d < epsilon) { ... emit p return; } } How are the various mainstream GPU families (Nvidia, ATI, PowerVR, Mali, Intel, etc) affected? Vertex shaders, but particularly fragment shaders? How can it be optimised?

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• Linux/Unix MTA with the smartest queue?

  - by threecheeseopera

  I am looking for an MTA that will allow me (a script, really) to proactively manage it's send queue in response to status codes returned by the remote servers I am delivering to. Basically, for each mail sent I would like to be able to react to the SMTP reply code returned by the remote server, ex. '250 OK', or to any error conditions like connection timeouts. Additionally, I would like to be able to manage the send queue moving forward based on this information, e.g. 'example.com has timed out the last 5 connection attempts, so no longer queue mail for recipients @example.com'. I am currently using postfix and perl to parse it's logs for this information, but I am playing a game of catchup that is prone to errors (out-of-order log entries etc.) and it's starting to get messy (some real ugly regexes ;). I really don't want to reinvent the wheel and use some language's smtp library; i would prefer to use a proven/fast/reliable MTA. I am however open to suggestions if what I need just isn't possible. Thanks for your help!

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• Better viewing of postfix mail queue files than postcat?

  - by Geekman

  So I got a call early this morning about a client needing to see what email they have waiting to be delivered sitting in our secondary mail server. Their link for the main server had (still is) been down for two days and they needed to see their email. So I wrote up a quick perl script to use mailq in combination with postcat to dump each email for their address into separate files, tar'd it up and sent it off. Horrible code, I know, but it was urgent. My solution works OK in that it at least gives a raw view, but I thought tonight it would be nice if I had a solution where I could provide their email attachments and maybe remove some "garbage" header text as well. Most of the important emails seem to have a PDF or similar attached. I've been looking around but the only method of viewing queue files I can see is the postcat command, and I really don't want to write my own parser - so I was wondering if any of you have already done so, or know of a better command to use? Here's the code for my current solution: #!/usr/bin/perl $qCmd="mailq | grep -B 2 \"someemailaddress@isp\" | cut -d \" \" -f 1"; @data = split(/\n/, `$qCmd`); $i = 0; foreach $line (@data) { $i++; $remainder = $i % 2; if ($remainder == 0) { next; } if ($line =~ /\(/ || $line =~ /\n/ || $line eq "") { next; } print "Processing: " . $line . "\n"; `postcat -q $line > $line.email.txt`; $subject=`cat $line.email.txt | grep "Subject:"`; #print "SUB" . $subject; #`cat $line.email.txt > \"$subject.$line.email.txt\"`; } Any advice appreciated.

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• Is there a better tool than postcat for viewing postfix mail queue files?

  - by Geekman

  So I got a call early this morning about a client needing to see what email they have waiting to be delivered sitting in our secondary mail server. Their link for the main server had (still is) been down for two days and they needed to see their email. So I wrote up a quick Perl script to use mailq in combination with postcat to dump each email for their address into separate files, tar'd it up and sent it off. Horrible code, I know, but it was urgent. My solution works OK in that it at least gives a raw view, but I thought tonight it would be nice if I had a solution where I could provide their email attachments and maybe remove some "garbage" header text as well. Most of the important emails seem to have a PDF or similar attached. I've been looking around but the only method of viewing queue files I can see is the postcat command, and I really don't want to write my own parser - so I was wondering if any of you have already done so, or know of a better command to use? Here's the code for my current solution: #!/usr/bin/perl $qCmd="mailq | grep -B 2 \"someemailaddress@isp\" | cut -d \" \" -f 1"; @data = split(/\n/, `$qCmd`); $i = 0; foreach $line (@data) { $i++; $remainder = $i % 2; if ($remainder == 0) { next; } if ($line =~ /\(/ || $line =~ /\n/ || $line eq "") { next; } print "Processing: " . $line . "\n"; `postcat -q $line > $line.email.txt`; $subject=`cat $line.email.txt | grep "Subject:"`; #print "SUB" . $subject; #`cat $line.email.txt > \"$subject.$line.email.txt\"`; } Any advice appreciated.

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• How to queue and call actual methods (rather than immediately eval) in java?

  - by alleywayjack

  There are a list of tasks that are time sensitive (but "time" in this case is arbitrary to what another program tells me - it's more like "ticks" rather than time). However, I do NOT want said methods to evaluate immediately. I want one to execute after the other finished. I'm using a linked list for my queue, but I'm not really sure how/if I can access the actual methods in a class without evaluating them immediate. The code would look something like... LinkedList<Method> l = new LinkedList<Method>(); l.add( this.move(4) ); l.add( this.read() ); l.removeFirst().call(); //wait 80 ticks l.removeFirst().call(); move(4) would execute immediately, then 80 ticks later, I would remove it from the list and call this.read() which would then be executed. I'm assuming this has to do with the reflection classes, and I've poked around a bit, but I can't seem to get anything to work, or do what I want. If only I could use pointers...

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• HTTP Header - ntCoent-Length

  - by DMcKenna

  I get the following HTTP response headers in a particular response. All looks okay. However I have noticed that the content-length appears twice... Content-Length: 2424 ntCoent-Length: 2424 Is there a particular reason why the content-length is returned a second time as ntCoent-Length? HTTP/1.0 200 OK Date: Wed, 26 May 2010 09:38:19 GMT Server: Apache P3P: CP="NOI DSP COR CURa ADMa TA1a OUR BUS IND UNI COM NAV INT" Accept-Charset: iso-8859-1, unicode-1-1;q=0.8 Expires: Sun, 15 Jul 1990 00:00:00 GMT Pragma: no-cache Cache-Control: no-cache Content-Language: en ntCoent-Length: 2424 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html;charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Length: 2424

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• Linux router: ping doesn't route back

  - by El Barto

  I have a Debian box which I'm trying to set up as a router and an Ubuntu box which I'm using as a client. My problem is that when the Ubuntu client tries to ping a server on the Internet, all the packets are lost (though, as you can see below, they seem to go to the server and back without problem). I'm doing this in the Ubuntu Box: # ping -I eth1 my.remote-server.com PING my.remote-server.com (X.X.X.X) from 10.1.1.12 eth1: 56(84) bytes of data. ^C --- my.remote-server.com ping statistics --- 13 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 12094ms (I changed the name and IP of the remote server for privacy). From the Debian Router I see this: # tcpdump -i eth1 -qtln icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 7, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 305, seq 8, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 8, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 305, seq 9, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 9, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 305, seq 10, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 10, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 305, seq 11, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 305, seq 11, length 64 ^C 9 packets captured 9 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel # tcpdump -i eth2 -qtln icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth2, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 213, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 213, length 64 IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 214, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 214, length 64 IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 215, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 215, length 64 IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 216, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 216, length 64 IP 192.168.1.10 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 217, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 192.168.1.10: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 217, length 64 ^C 10 packets captured 10 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel And at the remote server I see this: # tcpdump -i eth0 -qtln icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 1, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 1, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 2, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 2, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 3, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 3, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 4, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 4, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 5, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 5, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 6, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 6, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 7, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 7, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 8, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 8, length 64 IP Y.Y.Y.Y > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 360, seq 9, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > Y.Y.Y.Y: ICMP echo reply, id 360, seq 9, length 64 18 packets captured 228 packets received by filter 92 packets dropped by kernel Here "X.X.X.X" is my remote server's IP and "Y.Y.Y.Y" is my local network's public IP. So, what I understand is that the ping packets are coming out of the Ubuntu box (10.1.1.12), to the router (10.1.1.1), from there to the next router (192.168.1.1) and reaching the remote server (X.X.X.X). Then they come back all the way to the Debian router, but they never reach the Ubuntu box back. What am I missing? Here's the Debian router setup: # ifconfig eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 94:0c:6d:82:0d:98 inet addr:10.1.1.1 Bcast:10.1.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::960c:6dff:fe82:d98/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:105761 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:48944 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:40298768 (38.4 MiB) TX bytes:44831595 (42.7 MiB) Interrupt:19 Base address:0x6000 eth2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6c:f0:49:a4:47:38 inet addr:192.168.1.10 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::6ef0:49ff:fea4:4738/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:38335992 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:37097705 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:1 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:4260680226 (3.9 GiB) TX bytes:3759806551 (3.5 GiB) Interrupt:27 eth3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 94:0c:6d:82:c8:72 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) Interrupt:20 Base address:0x2000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:3408 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:3408 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:358445 (350.0 KiB) TX bytes:358445 (350.0 KiB) tun0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:10.8.0.1 P-t-P:10.8.0.2 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:2767779 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1569477 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:3609469393 (3.3 GiB) TX bytes:96113978 (91.6 MiB) # route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.8.0.2 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 127.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 lo 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.2 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth2 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth2 # arp -n # Note: Here I have changed all the different MACs except the ones corresponding to the Ubuntu box (on 10.1.1.12 and 192.168.1.12) Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface 192.168.1.118 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.72 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.94 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.102 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 10.1.1.12 ether 00:1e:67:15:2b:f0 C eth1 192.168.1.86 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.2 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.61 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.64 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.116 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.91 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.52 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.93 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.87 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.92 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.100 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.40 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.53 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.1 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.83 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.89 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.12 ether 00:1e:67:15:2b:f1 C eth2 192.168.1.77 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.66 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.90 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.65 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.41 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.78 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 192.168.1.123 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth2 # iptables -L -n Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination # iptables -L -n -t nat Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination MASQUERADE all -- 10.1.1.0/24 !10.1.1.0/24 MASQUERADE all -- !10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination And here's the Ubuntu box: # ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1e:67:15:2b:f1 inet addr:192.168.1.12 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::21e:67ff:fe15:2bf1/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:28785139 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:19050735 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:32068182803 (32.0 GB) TX bytes:6061333280 (6.0 GB) Interrupt:16 Memory:b1a00000-b1a20000 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1e:67:15:2b:f0 inet addr:10.1.1.12 Bcast:10.1.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::21e:67ff:fe15:2bf0/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:285086 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:12719 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:30817249 (30.8 MB) TX bytes:2153228 (2.1 MB) Interrupt:16 Memory:b1900000-b1920000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:86048 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:86048 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:11426538 (11.4 MB) TX bytes:11426538 (11.4 MB) # route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth1 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 10.8.0.0 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 eth0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 1 0 0 eth0 # arp -n # Note: Here I have changed all the different MACs except the ones corresponding to the Debian box (on 10.1.1.1 and 192.168.1.10) Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface 192.168.1.70 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.90 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.97 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.103 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.13 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.120 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.111 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.118 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.51 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.102 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.64 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.52 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.74 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.94 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.121 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.72 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.87 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.91 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.71 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.78 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.83 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.88 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.82 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.98 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.100 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.93 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.73 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.11 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.85 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.112 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.89 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.65 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.81 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 10.1.1.1 ether 94:0c:6d:82:0d:98 C eth1 192.168.1.53 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.116 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.61 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.10 ether 6c:f0:49:a4:47:38 C eth0 192.168.1.86 (incomplete) eth0 192.168.1.119 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.66 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.1 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 192.168.1.1 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth1 192.168.1.92 ether NN:NN:NN:NN:NN:NN C eth0 # iptables -L -n Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination # iptables -L -n -t nat Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Edit: Following Patrick's suggestion, I did a tcpdump con the Ubuntu box and I see this: # tcpdump -i eth1 -qtln icmp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth1, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 1, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 1, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 2, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 2, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 3, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 3, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 4, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 4, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 5, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 5, length 64 IP 10.1.1.12 > X.X.X.X: ICMP echo request, id 21967, seq 6, length 64 IP X.X.X.X > 10.1.1.12: ICMP echo reply, id 21967, seq 6, length 64 ^C 12 packets captured 12 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel So the question is: if all packets seem to be coming and going, why does ping report 100% packet loss?

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• Examples of limitations in IT due to different bit length by design

  - by Alaudo

  I am teaching the course "Introduction in Programming" for the first-year students and would like to find interesting examples where the datatype size in bits, chosen by design, led to certain known restrictions or important values. Here are some examples: Due to the fact that the Bell teleprinter used 7-bit-code (later accepted as ASCII) until now have we often to encode attachments in electronic messages to contain only 7 bit data. Classical limitation of 32-bit address space leads to the 4Gb maximal RAM size available for 32-bit systems and 4Gb maximal file size in FAT32. Do you know some other interesting examples how the choice of the data type (and especially its binary length) influenced the modern IT world. Added after some discussion in comments: I am not going to teach how to overcome limitations. I just want them to know that 1 byte can hold the values from -127..0..+127 o 0..255, 2 bytes cover the range 0..65535 etc by proving examples they know from other sources, like the above-mentioned base64 encoding etc. We are just learning the basic datatypes and I am trying to find a good reference for "how large" these types are.

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• DRBD on a disk with existing file system that takes all the place

  - by Karolis T.

  I'm currently trying to simulate the environment via XEN. I have installed two debian systems with such FS layout: cltest1:/etc# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda2 6.0G 417M 5.2G 8% / tmpfs 257M 0 257M 0% /lib/init/rw udev 10M 16K 10M 1% /dev tmpfs 257M 4.0K 257M 1% /dev/shm Host cltest2 is identical. Here's my drbd.conf global { minor-count 1; } resource mysql { protocol C; syncer { rate 10M; # 10 Megabytes } on cltest1 { device /dev/drbd0; disk /dev/xvda2; address 192.168.1.186:7789; meta-disk internal; } on cltest2 { device /dev/drbd0; disk /dev/xvda2; address 192.168.1.187:7789; meta-disk internal; } } I have not created filesystem on drbd0 Starting DRBD via init.d script errors out with: Starting DRBD resources: [ d(mysql) /dev/drbd0: Failure: (114) Lower device is already claimed. This usually means it is mounted. [mysql] cmd /sbin/drbdsetup /dev/drbd0 disk /dev/xvda2 /dev/xvda2 internal --set-defaults --create-device failed - continuing! Running: drbdadm create-md mysql gives: cltest1:/etc# drbdadm create-md mysql md_offset 6442446848 al_offset 6442414080 bm_offset 6442217472 Found ext3 filesystem which uses 6291456 kB current configuration leaves usable 6291228 kB Device size would be truncated, which would corrupt data and result in 'access beyond end of device' errors. You need to either * use external meta data (recommended) * shrink that filesystem first * zero out the device (destroy the filesystem) Operation refused. Command 'drbdmeta /dev/drbd0 v08 /dev/xvda2 internal create-md' terminated with exit code 40 drbdadm aborting As I understand, all of my problems are because I don't have unallocated disk space on xvda2. What are my options besides shrinking FS and connecting a separate physical disk? Can't the meta-data be stored on a file in the local filesystem?

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• Data recovery on a corrupted 3TB disk

  - by Mark K Cowan

  Short version I probably need software to run a deep-scan recovery (ideally on Linux) to find files on NTFS filesystem. The file data is intact, but the references are no longer present. Analogous to recovering data from a "quick-formatted" partition. Hopefully there is a smarter way available than deep-scan, one which would recover filenames and possibly paths. Long version I have a 3TB disk containing a load of backups. Windows 7 SP1 refused to detect the disk when plugged in directly via SATA, so I put it on a USB/SATA adaptor which seemed to work at first. The SATA/USB adaptor probably does not support disks over 2.2TB though. Windows first asked me if I wanted to 'format' the disk, then later showed me most of the contents but some folder were inaccessible. I stupidly decided to run a CHKDSK on my backup disk, which made the folders accessible but also left them empty. I connected this disk via SATA to my main PC (Arch Linux). I tried: testdisk ntfsundelete ntfsfix --no-action (to look for diagnostically relevant faults, disk was "OK" though) to no avail as the files references in the tables had presumably been zeroed out by CHKDSK, rather than using a typical journal'd deletion). If it is useful at all, a majority of the files that I want to recover are JPEG, Photoshop PSD, and MPEG-3/MPEG-4/AVI/MKV files. If worst comes to worst, I'll just design my own sector scanner and use some simple heuristic-driven analysis to recover raw binary blocks of data from the disk which appears to match the structures of the above file types. I am unfamiliar with the exact workings of NTFS but used to be proficient at recovering FAT32 systems with just a hex-editor, so I can provide any useful diagnostic information if you let me know how to find it! My priorities in ascending order of importance for choosing the accepted answer: Restores directory structure Recovers many filenames in addition to the file data Is free / very cheap Runs on Linux Recovers a majority of file data The last point is the most important, but the more of the higher points you match the more rep you'll probably get :)

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• What to look for in a reliable backup hard disk?

  - by Senthil

  I want to buy an internal hard disk and use a docking station along with it for backing up important data. The size will be around 500GB to 1TB. I have a budget and several models fit into it. So far, they only seem to vary in size, speed and brand. These are the only things I can compare from the specs. I guess asking for which brand is best is completely subjective so I won't do that. I want my disk to have long life and be reliable. Doesn't matter if it is somewhat slow. Size: Should I go for the one with highest size within my budget? Will higher density cause problems? Or should I go for a moderately sized one? Does the number of platters have an impact? Speed: I do not want high performance. I want it to be reliable and last long. I am definitely not going to choose the expensive 10,000 rpm ones. Should I go for 5400 or 7200? Do these numbers affect longevity and reliability? Are there any other technical and objective factors that I should look for?

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