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  • Better exception for non-exhaustive patterns in case

    - by toofarsideways
    Is there a way to get GHCi to produce better exception messages when it finds at runtime that a call has produced value that does not match the function's pattern matching? It currently gives the line numbers of the function which produced the non-exhaustive pattern match which though helpful at times does require a round of debugging which at times I feel is doing the same set of things over and over. So before I tried to put together a solution I wanted to see if something else exists. An exception message that in addition to giving the line numbers shows what kind of call it attempted to make? Is this even possible?

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  • How to redirect within a monad in Yesod?

    - by Squazic
    I'm currently using the fb package to write a Yesod app that takes data from Facebook. In my Handler, I've managed to get the first step of the authentication to work, but I need to redirect to the url that getUserAccessTokenStep1 returns, which I've defined as fbRedirUrl. I'm having trouble with all the monad wrapping and type checking to make sure I can redirect to this url. getAccessTokenR :: Handler RepHtml getAccessTokenR = do withManager $ \manager -> do FB.runFacebookT creds manager $ do fbRedirUrl <- FB.getUserAccessTokenStep1 redirUrl [] liftIO $ print fbRedirUrl

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  • Applying a function to an arbitrarily long list of arguments

    - by alphomega
    I want to create a function apply that takes a function with an arbitrary amount of arguments as well as a list of integers, and returns the result of the function (Where each integer in the list is an argument in order. I was thinking something like: apply :: ([Int] -> Int) -> [Int] -> Int apply f x:xs = apply (f x) xs apply f [] = f But I know this won't work because the type signature is wrong - the function doesn't take a list of ints, it just takes some amount of int arguments. Additionally, when I get to the base case the f argument to apply should actually be an integer, violating the type signature anyway. Does anyone know how to deal with this sort of problem?

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  • Are monads Writer m and Either e categorically dual?

    - by sdcvvc
    I noticed there is a dual relation between Writer m and Either e monads. If m is a monoid, then unit :: () -> m join :: (m,m) -> m can be used to form a monad: return is composition: a -> ((),a) -> (m,a) join is composition: (m,(m,a)) -> ((m,m),a) -> (m,a) The dual of () is Void (empty type), the dual of product is coproduct. Every type e can be given "comonoid" structure: unit :: Void -> e join :: Either e e -> e in the obvious way. Now, return is composition: a -> Either Void a -> Either e a join is composition: Either e (Either e a) -> Either (Either e e) a -> Either e a and this is the Either e monad. The arrows follow exactly the same pattern. Question: Is it possible to write a single generic code that will be able to perform both as Either e and as Writer m depending on the monoid given?

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  • Safe and polymorphic toEnum

    - by jetxee
    I'd like to write a safe version of toEnum: safeToEnum :: (Enum t, Bounded t) => Int -> Maybe t A naive implementation: safeToEnum :: (Enum t, Bounded t) => Int -> Maybe t safeToEnum i = if (i >= fromEnum (minBound :: t)) && (i <= fromEnum (maxBound :: t)) then Just . toEnum $ i else Nothing main = do print $ (safeToEnum 1 :: Maybe Bool) print $ (safeToEnum 2 :: Maybe Bool) And it doesn't work: safeToEnum.hs:3:21: Could not deduce (Bounded t1) from the context () arising from a use of `minBound' at safeToEnum.hs:3:21-28 Possible fix: add (Bounded t1) to the context of an expression type signature In the first argument of `fromEnum', namely `(minBound :: t)' In the second argument of `(>=)', namely `fromEnum (minBound :: t)' In the first argument of `(&&)', namely `(i >= fromEnum (minBound :: t))' safeToEnum.hs:3:56: Could not deduce (Bounded t1) from the context () arising from a use of `maxBound' at safeToEnum.hs:3:56-63 Possible fix: add (Bounded t1) to the context of an expression type signature In the first argument of `fromEnum', namely `(maxBound :: t)' In the second argument of `(<=)', namely `fromEnum (maxBound :: t)' In the second argument of `(&&)', namely `(i <= fromEnum (maxBound :: t))' As well as I understand the message, the compiler does not recognize that minBound and maxBound should produce exactly the same type as in the result type of safeToEnum inspite of the explicit type declaration (:: t). Any idea how to fix it?

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  • Kernighan & Ritchie word count example program in a functional language

    - by Frank
    I have been reading a little bit about functional programming on the web lately and I think I got a basic idea about the concepts behind it. I'm curious how everyday programming problems which involve some kind of state are solved in a pure functional programing language. For example: how would the word count program from the book 'The C programming Language' be implemented in a pure functional language? Any contributions are welcome as long as the solution is in a pure functional style. Here's the word count C code from the book: #include <stdio.h> #define IN 1 /* inside a word */ #define OUT 0 /* outside a word */ /* count lines, words, and characters in input */ main() { int c, nl, nw, nc, state; state = OUT; nl = nw = nc = 0; while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { ++nc; if (c == '\n') ++nl; if (c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c = '\t') state = OUT; else if (state == OUT) { state = IN; ++nw; } } printf("%d %d %d\n", nl, nw, nc); }

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  • problem with Double and Rational Number

    - by altair211
    Hi, I am writing a function in which I need to read a string contains floating point number and turn it back to Rational. But When I do toRational (read input :: Double), it will not turn for eg: 0.9 into 9 % 10 as expected, but instead 81..... % 9007... Thx

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  • Existentials and Scrap your Boilerplate

    - by finnsson
    I'm writing a XML (de)serializer using Text.XML.Light and Scrap your Boilerplate (at http://github.com/finnsson/Text.XML.Generic) and so far I got working code for "normal" ADTs but I'm stuck at deserializing existentials. I got the existential data type data DataBox where DataBox :: (Show d, Eq d, Data d) => d -> DataBox and I'm trying to get this to compile instance Data DataBox where gfoldl k z (DataBox d) = z DataBox `k` d gunfold k z c = k (z DataBox) -- not OK toConstr (DataBox d) = toConstr d dataTypeOf (DataBox d) = dataTypeOf d but I can't figure out how to implement gunfold for DataBox. The error message is Text/XML/Generic.hs:274:23: Ambiguous type variable `b' in the constraints: `Eq b' arising from a use of `DataBox' at Text/XML/Generic.hs:274:23-29 `Show b' arising from a use of `DataBox' at Text/XML/Generic.hs:274:23-29 `Data b' arising from a use of `k' at Text/XML/Generic.hs:274:18-30 Probable fix: add a type signature that fixes these type variable(s) It's complaining about not being able to figure out the data type of b. I'm also trying to implement dataCast1 and dataCast2 but I think I can live without them (i.e. an incorrect implementation). I guess my questions are: Is it possible to combine existentials with Scrap your Boilerplate? If so: how do you implement gunfold for an existential data type?

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  • Using MonadPlus in FRP.Reactive.FieldTrip

    - by ony
    I'm studying FRP at this moment through FieldTrip adaptor. And hit the problem with strange way of frames scheduling and integration. So now I'm trying to build own marker Event for aligning Behaviour stepping. So... flipflop :: Behavior String flipflop = stepper "none" (xflip 2) where xflip t0 = do t <- withTimeE_ (atTime t0) return "flip" `mplus` xflop (t+3) xflop t0 = do t <- withTimeE_ (atTime t0) return "flop" `mplus` xflip (t+2) txtGeom = ((uscale2 (0.5::Float) *%) . utext . show <$>) main = anim2 (txtGeom . pure flipflop) Questions is: Why this example leads to memory leak? Is there safe way to build sequence of events where each next one is scheduled depending on previous?

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  • functional dependencies vs type families

    - by mhwombat
    I'm developing a framework for running experiments with artificial life, and I'm trying to use type families instead of functional dependencies. Type families seems to be the preferred approach among Haskellers, but I've run into a situation where functional dependencies seem like a better fit. Am I missing a trick? Here's the design using type families. (This code compiles OK.) {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies, FlexibleContexts #-} import Control.Monad.State (StateT) class Agent a where agentId :: a -> String liveALittle :: Universe u => a -> StateT u IO a -- plus other functions class Universe u where type MyAgent u :: * withAgent :: (MyAgent u -> StateT u IO (MyAgent u)) -> String -> StateT u IO () -- plus other functions data SimpleUniverse = SimpleUniverse { mainDir :: FilePath -- plus other fields } defaultWithAgent :: (MyAgent u -> StateT u IO (MyAgent u)) -> String -> StateT u IO () defaultWithAgent = undefined -- stub -- plus default implementations for other functions -- -- In order to use my framework, the user will need to create a typeclass -- that implements the Agent class... -- data Bug = Bug String deriving (Show, Eq) instance Agent Bug where agentId (Bug s) = s liveALittle bug = return bug -- stub -- -- .. and they'll also need to make SimpleUniverse an instance of Universe -- for their agent type. -- instance Universe SimpleUniverse where type MyAgent SimpleUniverse = Bug withAgent = defaultWithAgent -- boilerplate -- plus similar boilerplate for other functions Is there a way to avoid forcing my users to write those last two lines of boilerplate? Compare with the version using fundeps, below, which seems to make things simpler for my users. (The use of UndecideableInstances may be a red flag.) (This code also compiles OK.) {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, FunctionalDependencies, FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances #-} import Control.Monad.State (StateT) class Agent a where agentId :: a -> String liveALittle :: Universe u a => a -> StateT u IO a -- plus other functions class Universe u a | u -> a where withAgent :: Agent a => (a -> StateT u IO a) -> String -> StateT u IO () -- plus other functions data SimpleUniverse = SimpleUniverse { mainDir :: FilePath -- plus other fields } instance Universe SimpleUniverse a where withAgent = undefined -- stub -- plus implementations for other functions -- -- In order to use my framework, the user will need to create a typeclass -- that implements the Agent class... -- data Bug = Bug String deriving (Show, Eq) instance Agent Bug where agentId (Bug s) = s liveALittle bug = return bug -- stub -- -- And now my users only have to write stuff like... -- u :: SimpleUniverse u = SimpleUniverse "mydir"

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  • How do I use multiple where clauses in GHCi?

    - by T.R.
    I'm playing around with GHCi for the first time, and I'm having some trouble writing multi-line functions. My code is as follows: Prelude> :{ Prelude| let diffSquares lst = abs $ squareOfSums lst - sumOfSquares lst Prelude| where Prelude| squareOfSums lst = (fst (sumsAndSquares lst))^2 Prelude| sumOfSquares lst = snd (sumsAndSquares lst) Prelude| sumsAndSquares = foldl (\(sms,sqrs) x -> (sms+x,sqrs+x^2)) (0,0) Prelude| :} It gives the following error: <interactive>:1:142: parse error on input `=' Could someone kindly point me in the direction of what I'm missing?

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  • What is being passed in?

    - by Delirium tremens
    In the code: oneChar :: Char -> Doc oneChar c = case lookup c simpleEscapes of Just r -> text r Nothing | mustEscape c -> hexEscape c | otherwise -> char c where mustEscape c = c < ' ' || c == '\x7f' || c > '\xff' simpleEscapes :: [(Char, String)] simpleEscapes = zipWith ch "\b\n\f\r\t\\\"/" "bnfrt\\\"/" where ch a b = (a, ['\\',b]) r isn't being passed to oneChar. Where does r come from?

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  • Program to find the result of primitive recursive functions

    - by alphomega
    I'm writing a program to solve the result of primitive recursive functions: 1 --Basic functions------------------------------ 2 3 --Zero function 4 z :: Int -> Int 5 z = \_ -> 0 6 7 --Successor function 8 s :: Int -> Int 9 s = \x -> (x + 1) 10 11 --Identity/Projection function generator 12 idnm :: Int -> Int -> ([Int] -> Int) 13 idnm n m = \(x:xs) -> ((x:xs) !! (m-1)) 14 15 --Constructors-------------------------------- 16 17 --Composition constructor 18 cn :: ([Int] -> Int) -> [([Int] -> Int)] -> ([Int] -> Int) 19 cn f [] = \(x:xs) -> f 20 cn f (g:gs) = \(x:xs) -> (cn (f (g (x:xs))) gs) these functions and constructors are defined here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_recursive_function The issue is with my attempt to create the compositon constructor, cn. When it gets to the base case, f is no longer a partial application, but a result of the function. Yet the function expects a function as the first argument. How can I deal with this problem? Thanks.

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  • GHC.Generics and Type Families

    - by jberryman
    This is a question related to my module here, and is simplified a bit. It's also related to this previous question, in which I oversimplified my problem and didn't get the answer I was looking for. I hope this isn't too specific, and please change the title if you can think if a better one. Background My module uses a concurrent chan, split into a read side and write side. I use a special class with an associated type synonym to support polymorphic channel "joins": {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-} class Sources s where type Joined s newJoinedChan :: IO (s, Messages (Joined s)) -- NOT EXPORTED --output and input sides of channel: data Messages a -- NOT EXPORTED data Mailbox a instance Sources (Mailbox a) where type Joined (Mailbox a) = a newJoinedChan = undefined instance (Sources a, Sources b)=> Sources (a,b) where type Joined (a,b) = (Joined a, Joined b) newJoinedChan = undefined -- and so on for tuples of 3,4,5... The code above allows us to do this kind of thing: example = do (mb , msgsA) <- newJoinedChan ((mb1, mb2), msgsB) <- newJoinedChan --say that: msgsA, msgsB :: Messages (Int,Int) --and: mb :: Mailbox (Int,Int) -- mb1,mb2 :: Mailbox Int We have a recursive action called a Behavior that we can run on the messages we pull out of the "read" end of the channel: newtype Behavior a = Behavior (a -> IO (Behavior a)) runBehaviorOn :: Behavior a -> Messages a -> IO () -- NOT EXPORTED This would allow us to run a Behavior (Int,Int) on either of msgsA or msgsB, where in the second case both Ints in the tuple it receives actually came through separate Mailboxes. This is all tied together for the user in the exposed spawn function spawn :: (Sources s) => Behavior (Joined s) -> IO s ...which calls newJoinedChan and runBehaviorOn, and returns the input Sources. What I'd like to do I'd like users to be able to create a Behavior of arbitrary product type (not just tuples) , so for instance we could run a Behavior (Pair Int Int) on the example Messages above. I'd like to do this with GHC.Generics while still having a polymorphic Sources, but can't manage to make it work. spawn :: (Sources s, Generic (Joined s), Rep (Joined s) ~ ??) => Behavior (Joined s) -> IO s The parts of the above example that are actually exposed in the API are the fst of the newJoinedChan action, and Behaviors, so an acceptable solution can modify one or all of runBehaviorOn or the snd of newJoinedChan. I'll also be extending the API above to support sums (not implemented yet) like Behavior (Either a b) so I hoped GHC.Generics would work for me. Questions Is there a way I can extend the API above to support arbitrary Generic a=> Behavior a? If not using GHC's Generics, are there other ways I can get the API I want with minimal end-user pain (i.e. they just have to add a deriving clause to their type)?

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  • Choosing the non-empty Monoid

    - by Nikita Volkov
    I need a function which will choose a non-empty monoid. For a list this will mean the following behaviour: > [1] `mor` [] [1] > [1] `mor` [2] [1] > [] `mor` [2] [2] Now, I've actually implemented it but am wondering wether there exists some standard alternative, because it seems to be a kind of a common case. Unfortunately Hoogle doesn't help. Here's my implementation: mor :: (Eq a, Monoid a) => a -> a -> a mor a b = if a /= mempty then a else b

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  • Which is your favorite "hidden gem" package on Hackage?

    - by finnsson
    There are a lot of packages on Hackage, some well known (such as HUnit) and some less known (such as AspectAG). I'm wondering which package you think is a hidden gem that deserves more users. Maybe a useful data structure, helpers for monads, networking, test, ...? Which is your favorite "hidden gem" package on Hackage?

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  • Modified map2 (without truncation of lists) in F# - how to do it idiomatically?

    - by Maciej Piechotka
    I'd like to rewrite such function into F#: zipWith' :: (a -> b -> c) -> (a -> c) -> (b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] zipWith' _ _ h [] bs = h `map` bs zipWith' _ g _ as [] = g `map` as zipWith' f g h (a:as) (b:bs) = f a b:zipWith f g h as bs My first attempt was: let inline private map2' (xs : seq<'T>) (ys : seq<'U>) (f : 'T -> 'U -> 'S) (g : 'T -> 'S) (h : 'U -> 'S) = let xenum = xs.GetEnumerator() let yenum = ys.GetEnumerator() seq { let rec rest (zenum : IEnumerator<'A>) (i : 'A -> 'S) = seq { yield i(zenum.Current) if zenum.MoveNext() then yield! (rest zenum i) else zenum.Dispose() } let rec merge () = seq { if xenum.MoveNext() then if yenum.MoveNext() then yield (f xenum.Current yenum.Current); yield! (merge ()) else yenum.Dispose(); yield! (rest xenum g) else xenum.Dispose() if yenum.MoveNext() then yield! (rest yenum h) else yenum.Dispose() } yield! (merge ()) } However it can hardly be considered idiomatic. I heard about LazyList but I cannot find it anywhere.

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  • Warning: newtype `CInt' is used in an FFI declaration,

    - by vivian
    When building gtk2hs-buildtools with ghc 7.4.2, I get the following warning: c2hs/toplevel/C2HSConfig.hs:110:1: Warning: newtype `CInt' is used in an FFI declaration, but its constructor is not in scope. This will become an error in GHC 7.6.1. When checking declaration: foreign import ccall safe "static bitfield_direction" bitfield_direction :: CInt I get similar warnings with FFI calls, even though I have import Foreign.C.Types(CInt). What is the correct way of getting rid of this warning?

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  • Why toInteger :: Int -> Integer is lazy?

    - by joppux
    I have the following code: {-# NOINLINE i2i #-} i2i :: Int -> Integer i2i x = toInteger x main = print $ i2i 2 Running GHC with -ddump-simpl flag gives: [Arity 1 NoCafRefs Str: DmdType U(L)] Main.i2i = GHC.Real.toInteger1 Seems that conversion from Int to Integer is lazy. Why is it so - is there a case when I can have (toInteger _|_ ::Int) /= _|_ ?

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  • Defining your own Ord for a data type

    - by mvid
    I am attempting to make some data structures to solve a graph puzzle. I am trying to define an edge's comparison criteria, but I am not sure how. So far: data Edge = Edge (Set String) Bool How do I tell let the compiler know that I want edges to be declared equal if they have identical sets of strings, and not have equality have anything to do with the boolean value?

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  • Use 'let' in 'if' expression

    - by demas
    I need a function that works like this: foo :: Integer -> Integer -> [Integer] foo a b = do let result = [] let Coord x y = boo a b if x > 0 let result = result ++ [3] if y > 0 let result = result ++ [5] if x < a let result = result ++ [7] if y < b let result = result ++ [9] result I can not use the guards because the result can have more then one element. But as I see I can not use 'let' in the 'if' expression: all_possible_combinations.hs:41:14: parse error on input `let' How can I check multiple expressions and add new elements in the list? I search not only imperative solution, but the functional one.

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  • How do I handle the Maybe result of at in Control.Lens.Indexed without a Monoid instance

    - by Matthias Hörmann
    I recently discovered the lens package on Hackage and have been trying to make use of it now in a small test project that might turn into a MUD/MUSH server one very distant day if I keep working on it. Here is a minimized version of my code illustrating the problem I am facing right now with the at lenses used to access Key/Value containers (Data.Map.Strict in my case) {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings, GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving, TemplateHaskell #-} module World where import Control.Applicative ((<$>),(<*>), pure) import Control.Lens import Data.Map.Strict (Map) import qualified Data.Map.Strict as DM import Data.Maybe import Data.UUID import Data.Text (Text) import qualified Data.Text as T import System.Random (Random, randomIO) newtype RoomId = RoomId UUID deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read, Random) newtype PlayerId = PlayerId UUID deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read, Random) data Room = Room { _roomId :: RoomId , _roomName :: Text , _roomDescription :: Text , _roomPlayers :: [PlayerId] } deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read) makeLenses ''Room data Player = Player { _playerId :: PlayerId , _playerDisplayName :: Text , _playerLocation :: RoomId } deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read) makeLenses ''Player data World = World { _worldRooms :: Map RoomId Room , _worldPlayers :: Map PlayerId Player } deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read) makeLenses ''World mkWorld :: IO World mkWorld = do r1 <- Room <$> randomIO <*> (pure "The Singularity") <*> (pure "You are standing in the only place in the whole world") <*> (pure []) p1 <- Player <$> randomIO <*> (pure "testplayer1") <*> (pure $ r1^.roomId) let rooms = at (r1^.roomId) ?~ (set roomPlayers [p1^.playerId] r1) $ DM.empty players = at (p1^.playerId) ?~ p1 $ DM.empty in do return $ World rooms players viewPlayerLocation :: World -> PlayerId -> RoomId viewPlayerLocation world playerId= view (worldPlayers.at playerId.traverse.playerLocation) world Since rooms, players and similar objects are referenced all over the code I store them in my World state type as maps of Ids (newtyped UUIDs) to their data objects. To retrieve those with lenses I need to handle the Maybe returned by the at lens (in case the key is not in the map this is Nothing) somehow. In my last line I tried to do this via traverse which does typecheck as long as the final result is an instance of Monoid but this is not generally the case. Right here it is not because playerLocation returns a RoomId which has no Monoid instance. No instance for (Data.Monoid.Monoid RoomId) arising from a use of `traverse' Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Data.Monoid.Monoid RoomId) In the first argument of `(.)', namely `traverse' In the second argument of `(.)', namely `traverse . playerLocation' In the second argument of `(.)', namely `at playerId . traverse . playerLocation' Since the Monoid is required by traverse only because traverse generalizes to containers of sizes greater than one I was now wondering if there is a better way to handle this that does not require semantically nonsensical Monoid instances on all types possibly contained in one my objects I want to store in the map. Or maybe I misunderstood the issue here completely and I need to use a completely different bit of the rather large lens package?

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  • Why would an image (the Mandelbrot) be skewed and wrap around?

    - by Sean D
    So I just wrote a little snippet to generate the Mandelbrot fractal and imagine my surprise when it came out all ugly and skewed (as you can see at the bottom). I'd appreciate a point in the direction of why this would even happen. It's a learning experience and I'm not looking for anyone to do it for me, but I'm kinda at a dead end debugging it. The offending generation code is: module Mandelbrot where import Complex import Image main = writeFile "mb.ppm" $ imageMB 1000 mandelbrotPixel x y = mb (x:+y) (0:+0) 0 mb c x iter | magnitude x > 2 = iter | iter >= 255 = 255 | otherwise = mb c (c+q^2) (iter+1) where q = x --Mandelbrot --q = (abs.realPart $ x) :+ (abs.imagPart $ x) --Burning Ship argandPlane x0 x1 y0 y1 width height = [(x,y)| y<-[y1,(y1-dy)..y0], --traverse from x<-[x0,(x0+dx)..x1]] --top-left to bottom-right where dx = (x1 - x0)/width dy = (y1 - y0)/height drawPicture :: (a->b->c)->(c->Colour)->[(a,b)]->Image drawPicture function colourFunction plane = map (colourFunction.uncurry function) plane imageMB s = createPPM s s $ drawPicture mandelbrotPixel (\x->[x,x,x]) $ argandPlane (-1.8) (-1.7) (0.02) 0.055 s' s' where s' = fromIntegral s And the image code (which I'm fairly confident in) is: module Image where type Colour = [Int] type Image = [Colour] createPPM :: Int -> Int -> Image -> String createPPM w h i = concat ["P3 ", show w, " ", show h, " 255\n", unlines.map (unwords.map show) $ i]

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