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• Create an alias in Windows XP

  - by Lord Torgamus

  Back in school, I used to have a .login file along the lines of alias ll = ls -l alias dir = ls -Fhl alias web = cd ~/public/public_www/development ... I'd like to do that sort of thing with my XP box here at work, but most of the resources I've found online seem fairly complicated and heavy-duty. Is there a way to do this that doesn't involve mucking about in the registry or running a large batch file? EDIT: My original reason for asking this was that I only need the command line for one command in one specific folder, and I wanted to be able to get to that folder quickly when I launched the command line. But the accepted answer for this question is so good that I decided to ask about my original issue as a separate question here.

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• How can I remove HTTP headers with .htaccess in Apache?

  - by Daniel Magliola

  I have a website that is sending out "cache-control" and "pragma" HTTP headers for PHP requests. I'm not doing that in the code, so I'm assuming it's some kind of Apache configuration, as suggested by this question (you don't really need to go there for this question's context) I don't have anything in my .htaccess files, so it's gotta be in Apache's configuration itself, but I can't access that, this is a shared hosting, I only have FTP access to my website's directory. Is there any way that I can add directives to my .htaccess files that will remove the headers added by the global configuration, or otherwise override the directive so that they're not added in the first place? Thank you very much Daniel

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• Apple RAID configuration vs Hardware RAID

  - by James Hill

  I am researching external HDD's capable or RAID 1 to store a large amount of video content during overseas filming. After filming, the content will be brought back to the office and offloaded onto our storage server. After doing some research, I've found that I can buy an external drive with a built in RAID controller, or I can buy an external drive, with 2 HDD's, that I can configure in a RAID 1 array using the OS. RAID 1 is what we're looking for. I've done some reading on software RAID vs. hardware RAID, but the resources I've found don't discuss performance as it relates to video content or what happens to a software RAID when the computer dies. Question 1: Will the hardware RAID be more performant when dealing with large video files? Question 2: If the mac dies, does my RAID die with it (will my data be accessible on another mac)?

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• How could I let Skydrive desktop sync to MicroSD in Windows 8 tablet?

  - by peSHIr

  I have a Samsung Slate 7 tablet with (now) Windows 8 on it. This machine has a 64 Gb SSD and I have a 64 Gb MicroSD card in it. I also have a Skydrive on my main Microsoft ID that contains about 45 Gb of content. With Windows and some development stuff installed, my Skydrive will not fit on the main drive of the tablet. (Besides, my idea was to keep data on the memory card anyway, to make it easier to repave the machine without data loss if need be.) My problem should now be clear: I want to install the Skydrive desktop app to sync my Skydrive to the MicroSD card. This is not possible, as Skydrive does not allow syncing files to removable drives. I have tried a number of things already, but none of them worked: Use the mklink command line tool to create a directory link/junction from a folder name on SSD to a folder on the MicroSD and then try to install Skydrive sync to the SSD link folder. Skydrive however still recognizes this as something it does not want to sync onto. The various different filter drivers mentioned on Agnipulse (including the Hitachi one) that should make windows see some or all of the removable drives in the system as fixed drives do not seem work on (64-bit) Windows 8: they either can't be installed, do nothing and/or cause Windows 8 to go into Automatic Repair mode when rebooting. The Lexar BootIt app seems to be meant to flip the relevant bit in the on-board drive controller of supported USB pen drives, but I tried it anyway. Of course it did nothing to how the MicroSD card was seen. I have now run out of ideas, it seems, and I was wondering if anyone here has a solution to let Windows 8 see the MicroSD memory card in my tablet as a fixed drive instead of removable drive, or some other way of getting the Skydrive desktop to sync my Skydrive data to that MicroSD card. And to be complete: this is not a duplicate question of this or this as those ask about getting USB drives multiple partitions to work on Windows XP. This question is specific about getting desktop Skydrive to sync to MicroSD card in Windows 8, which seems to be a question I have not seen on superuser so far.

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• Slave/secondary DNS nameserver

  - by user114671

  I'm learning about DNS and have a very basic, generic question about DNS but I can't find an answer anywhere. I have DNS for a few domains set up as follows: - master records with DNS company A - slave records with DNS company B Company A's nameservers are: ns1.companyA.com. ns2.companyA.com. ns3.companyA.com. ns4.companyA.com. ns5.companyA.com. and company B has three slaves: ns6.companyB.com. ns7.companyB.com. ns8.companyB.com. Everything works fine transferring the records between the nameservers and keeping them in sync. But my question is: The registrar of my domain example.com allows me to choose 4 nameservers only. Do I just pick the first 4 for company A, or do I need to include 1 or more of company B's slave nameservers too?

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• Explanation of the init.d/scripts Fedora

  - by Shahmir Javaid

  Below is a copy of vsftpd, i need some explanations of some of the scripts mentioned below in this script: #!/bin/bash # ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: vsftpd # Required-Start: $local_fs $network $named $remote_fs $syslog # Required-Stop: $local_fs $network $named $remote_fs $syslog # Short-Description: Very Secure Ftp Daemon # Description: vsftpd is a Very Secure FTP daemon. It was written completely from # scratch ### END INIT INFO # vsftpd This shell script takes care of starting and stopping # standalone vsftpd. # # chkconfig: - 60 50 # description: Vsftpd is a ftp daemon, which is the program \ # that answers incoming ftp service requests. # processname: vsftpd # config: /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf # Source function library. . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions # Source networking configuration. . /etc/sysconfig/network RETVAL=0 prog="vsftpd" start() { # Start daemons. # Check that networking is up. [ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 1 [ -x /usr/sbin/vsftpd ] || exit 1 if [ -d /etc/vsftpd ] ; then CONFS=`ls /etc/vsftpd/*.conf 2>/dev/null` [ -z "$CONFS" ] && exit 6 for i in $CONFS; do site=`basename $i .conf` echo -n $"Starting $prog for $site: " daemon /usr/sbin/vsftpd $i RETVAL=$? echo if [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ]; then touch /var/lock/subsys/$prog break else if [ -f /var/lock/subsys/$prog ]; then RETVAL=0 break fi fi done else RETVAL=1 fi return $RETVAL } stop() { # Stop daemons. echo -n $"Shutting down $prog: " killproc $prog RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && rm -f /var/lock/subsys/$prog return $RETVAL } # See how we were called. case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; restart|reload) stop start RETVAL=$? ;; condrestart|try-restart|force-reload) if [ -f /var/lock/subsys/$prog ]; then stop start RETVAL=$? fi ;; status) status $prog RETVAL=$? ;; *) echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|try-restart|force-reload|status}" exit 1 esac exit $RETVAL Question I What the hell is the difference between the && and || signs in the below commands, and is it just an easy way to do a simple if check or is it completely different to a if[..something..]; then ..something.. fi: # Check that networking is up. [ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 1 [ -x /usr/sbin/vsftpd ] || exit 1 Question II i get what -eq and -gt is (equal to, greater than) but is there a simple website that explains what -x, -d and -f are? Any help would be apreciated Running Fedora 12 on my OS. Script copied from /etc/init.d/vsftpd Question III It says required starts are $local_fs $network $named $remote_fs $syslog but i cant see any where it checks for those.

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• HP LaserJet Pro 400 Color M451dn Phantom Print Jobs

  - by francisswest

  Scenario: Multiple printers hooked up to a printer server (2008r2) including this HP LaserJet Pro 400 Color M451dn. All machines that are using the printer are based on Windows 7 Enterprise x64. Problem: Every couple of days the users who frequent this printer let me know that a few dozen pages with random characters down one side of the paper print out. This happens usually during the evening when no one is around to send print jobs to it. What I have done: Provided the below screen shot of the printer log with what I assume is the print jobs in question. I have looked into the printer driver compatibility and found no issues. Question: Is there a known issue with this printer or similar printers, and is there a solution that people are familiar with when they see multiple pages of gibberish printing out?

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• What is a fairly accepted endpoints to concurrent calls ratio for a PBX?

  - by Logan Bibby

  Hey guys! Not too positive about the relevance of this question to Server Fault, but I'll let you guys poke around at it anyway. :) I'm trying to figure out what an accepted ratio of endpoints to concurrent calls on the "average" office PBX. I'm defining concurrent calls as any call being placed, including internal calls. I'm not going to be considering call centers into this ratio, I'll be looking at those differently, anyway. To give you guys a little history behind the question: I need this ratio to be able to figure out decent specs for a virtual PBX service I'm going to be rolling out within the upcoming months. The ratio will determine the number of trunks needed per PBX system. -- Logan

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• Should a sysadmin contractor charge overtime for off-peak hours?

  - by Jakobud

  This is not necessarily a server-related question, but more of a system admin question that I think would related to many on SF. I'm doing Sysadmin/IT consulting for a small company. I only work about 3 days a week for them on average. If a server goes down or something like that during off hours (nights, weekends, 3am, etc) and they need it fixed during those time periods, should I be charging overtime for that? I would I not be justified in charging overtime until I've logged 40 hours for the week? Perhaps calling it overtime isn't the best name. I guess maybe its better to call it an off-peak hourly rate. Anyways I just was curious what other consultants did in these circumstances.

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• SQL Maintenance Cleanup Task Working but Not Deleting

  - by Alex

  I have a Maintenance Plan that is suppose to go through the BACKUP folder and remove all .bak older than 5 days. When I run the job, it gives me a success message but older .bak files are still present. I've tried the step at the following question: SQL Maintenance Cleanup Task 'Success' But not deleting files Result is column IsDamaged = 0 I've verified with the following question and this is not my issue: Maintenance Cleanup Task(s) running 'successfully' but not deleting back up files. I've also tried deleting the Job and Maintenance Plan and recreating, but to no avail. Any ideas?

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• hardware addressing and configurable addressing scheme

  - by Zia ur Rahman

  basically i want to ask question about configurable addressing scheme for LAN interface hardware. i have read about it from a book, some main points are given by a configurable addressing scheme provides a mechanism that a customer can use to set a physical address.The mechanism can be manual (the switches that must be set when the interface is first installed).or an electronic memory such as an EPROM that can be downloded from the computer(what does this means). Most hardware needs to be configured only once- configuration is usually done when the hardware is first installed. Question:Suppose a network administrator configures the LAN interface hardware (assigns the address) when he installs it. Now later on if he needs to change the physical address of the device can he change it? Or in this addressing scheme the hardware can only be configured once and we can not reconfigure it later on.

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• Remote Desktop Services In A Virtual VMWare Environment

  - by Christopher W. Szabo

  I have a quick question regarding Microsoft Remote Desktop Services in a virtualized environment using VMWare. This environment will actually be hosted in a large data center with in a cloud that is offered. This particular data center has the ability to establish high speed point to point connections with customers via metro-ethernet who are hosted in the cloud. The result is that customers can actually host their corporate domain in the data center's cloud. Put the merits of such a configuration aside for the time being. Believe me when I say that the cloud is stable and had enough hardware behind it to rival a dedicated cabinet. My question has to do with RDS in a virtual environment, which would amount to virtual desktops hosted on a virtual server. I've read that this works without issue using Hyper-V and VMWare. But before I take the plunge I wanted to get some feedback from the community.

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• SSL certificate for FTPS, is it the same as for HTTPS?

  - by BlackTigerX

  This question is about "FTP over SSL", if I understand correctly FTPS and HTTPS are just the standard FTP and HTTP protocols running on top of SSL, is this correct? The actual question is: is the certificate that you use for FTPS the exact same that you can use for HTTPS? or are there any differences? To give you some context, I need to get a certificate for an FTPS server, I know I can generate one but it needs to be from an certificate authority, I just need to make sure that I can use the same type of certificate that we use here for HTTPS, otherwise need to know what type of certificate I need to get

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• Blocking a country (mass iP Ranges), best practice for the actual block

  - by kwiksand

  Hi all, This question has obviously been asked many times in many different forms, but I can't find an actual answer to the specific plan I've got. We run a popular European Commercial deals site, and are getting a large amount of incoming registrations/traffic from countries who cannot even take part in the deals we offer (and many of the retailers aren't even known outside Western Europe). I've identified the problem area to block a lot of this traffic, but (as expected) there are thousands of ip ranges required. My question now (finally!). On a test server, I created a script to block each range within iptables, but the amount of time it took to add the rules was large, and then iptables was unresponsive after this (especially when attempting a iptables -L). What is the most efficient way of blocking large numbers of ip ranges: iptables? Or a plugin where I can preload them efficiantly? hosts.deny? .htaccess (nasty as I'd be running it in apache on every load balanced web server)? Cheers

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• Multisession burn in Imgburn

  - by blntechie

  Is Multisession burn available in Imgburn? If not, any idea whether it will be implemented in future? I almost recommended Imgburn instead of Nero or Roxio to one of my friend. He requires multisession burning and I found no options to enable it,if available in Options. Note: Please don't question the question. Like, Why would you want multisession anyway? or Isn't USB stick/RW Disk is what you need instead of a RO CD/DVD? Please keep the answers in context. I know that I can use USB sticks instead of CD/DVD and my friend require mulisession anyway. May be I can ask him to keep Nero as a backup for this purpose if Imgburn don't support this.

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• Is there a command line (or autohotkey) way of dismounting a USB drive?

  - by justintime

  I find dismounting a USB drive takes far too many mouse clicks for my liking. Is there are command line way of doing it (XP and Vista)? Addition I have an eye condition that makes hand mouse coordination difficult so any suggestion that there aren't too many clicks will be downvoted as not answering my question. However I use AutoHotkey a lot and one use case would be to call it from an AHK script. So if there is a way to code it in AHK that will do. Added this to the tags. Further question - is it safe to remove a disk when the computer is a. on Standby or b. Hibernated. I recall that W2000 got uspet if you pulled a disk from a hibernated machine. Or is it better to explicitly dismount or sync before you hibernate or standby - prabably in a script.

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• Creating a chain of certificates

  - by StackedCrooked

  This question is a follow up to my previous question, which was, in retrospect, not completely answered: http://superuser.com/questions/126121/how-to-create-my-own-certificate-chain. I'll represent my certificate chain like this: ROOT - A - B - C - ... I am now able to create the ROOT and A certificates, but I didn't succeed in continueing the chain. My command for creating the root certificate is: openssl req -new -newkey rsa:1024 -nodes -out ca.csr -keyout ca.key openssl x509 -trustout -signkey ca.key -days 365 -req -in ca.csr -out ca.pem Certificate A: openssl genrsa -out client.key 1024 openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr openssl ca -in client.csr -out client.cer This command depends on the root certificate implicitly using the data found in the openssl config file. Certificate B will only rely on A, so the previous command won't work here. How can I complete the chain?

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• Network monitoring solution

  - by Hellfrost

  Hello Serverfault ! I have a big distributed system I need to monitor. Background: My system is comprised of two servers, concentrating and controlling the system. Each server is connected to a set of devices (some custom kind of RF controllers, doesnt matter to my question), each device connects to a network switch, and eventually all devices talk to the servers, the protocol between the servers and the devices is UDP, usually the packets are very small, but there are really a LOT of packets. the network is also somewhat complex, and is deployed on a large area physically. i'll have 150-300 of these devices, each generating up to 100+ packets per second, and several network switches, perhaps on 2 different subnets. Question I'm looking for some solution that will allow me to monitor all this mess, how many packets are sent, where, how do they move through the network, bandwidth utilization, throughput, stuff like that. what would you recommend to achieve this? BTW Playing nice with windows is a requirement.

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• Time between AWS Notifying of Scale Down and Terminating instance

  - by SteveEdson

  Here is the scenario, there are multiple EC2 instances behind a load balancer. When traffic dies down, the SCALE_DOWN policy is triggered from a CloudWatch alarm. What I would like, is for the instance that is going to be terminated, or a separate server altogether, to be able to run a quick script that will execute a few commands to ensure all data has been transferred. My initial question was going to be how can I send a notification when an instance is going to be terminated by an auto scale, SCALE_DOWN policy. But then I saw this question Amazon EC2 notifying the instance when the autoscale service terminates it. If the notification is sent, how much time is there before the instance actually gets terminated? Are there any parameters to specify this time? Would it be a better idea to notify an instance that it is no longer needed, and get the instance to terminate itself once it has finished running the final script? Or, am I making this into a bigger problem than it actually is, and theres a far simpler solution?

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• forced reformat without login / and bootcamp

  - by debug

  ok.. im pretty good with stuff like this, but I have a question. I have mac mini with 10.5.(x) on one partition, and bootcamp (windows) on the other. My boss wants me to reformat the whole mac (10.6 (x)), which is usually easy. He does not remember his password to login, which means I cannot log in and allocate the bootcamp back to one partition using Disk Utility, then reformat the whole drive. When I insert the Snow leopard CD, I can only wipe out one partition, my question is: Is there a way to force a wipe out of both drives in the boot sequence? Any help to wipe out this whole drive and do a clean install would be helpful.. Thanks superusers!

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• How can I check whether a volume is mounted where it is supposed to be using Python?

  - by Ben Hymers

  I've got a backup script written in Python which creates the destination directory before copying the source directory to it. I've configured it to use /external-backup as the destination, which is where I mount an external hard drive. I just ran the script without the hard drive being turned on (or being mounted) and found that it was working as normal, albeit making a backup on the internal hard drive, which has nowhere near enough space to back itself up. My question is: how can I check whether the volume is mounted in the right place before writing to it? If I can detect that /external-backup isn't mounted, I can prevent writing to it. The bonus question is why was this allowed, when the OS knows that directory is supposed to live on another device, and what would happen to the data (on the internal hard drive) should I later mount that device (the external hard drive)? Clearly there can't be two copies on different devices at the same path! Thanks in advance!

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• Finding Image resolution in PDF file?

  - by Dave

  I have a problem of having some users creating very large PDFs. On the other hands I have PDF sent from our fax machines that are really small in size and totally printable. My question is Is there any way I can find the resolution (DPI) of the PDF. I search the internet, could not find any answer. Checked the properties of the file, this information was not stored there, at least in my case. What is the optimum resolution of converting text file into image PDF. 96dpi, 300dpi or more ? Fun question. Can I resize a PDF which was scanned with high dpi into smaller dpi? I know some answers might not be available as I have already searched the internet and could not find answers. Note: My PDF are entirely images, text to images. I am also familiar with primoPDF (free) something you can experiment with

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• Connection string during installation

  - by anon2009

  Hi, I've been convinced to use windows setup files(msi) for the installation of my new windows forms application after I asked a question here and got some excellent answers (thank you all): http://serverfault.com/questions/97039/net-application-deployment Now i have a different question: My application will need to access a SQL Server to provide users with data, which means that the connection string must be stored in the client's app.config file. How should I handle this? During installation, the user enters the connection string to that database? How they get the connection string? In an email from the admin? What if the admin wants to use SQL authentication and need to put the user info at the connection string? So you know, the app will be sold via the internet, so I don't have any access to the admins or the network. Any suggestions? Thanks in advanced.

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• How to share a VPN connection in a VMWare Guest VM with the Host

  - by Jonathan

  The need - This question is relevant for all of those who want to bypass their corporate's annoying VPN, and access their work/corporate network from their private computer, especially if the corporate VPN client software can't run on their private computer. Homework: this question is very similar to this one and this one, which aren't answered :( The challange - Can't run the corporate VPN client from the private computer, so converted the work laptop to a VMWare Virtual Machine. The VPN client is working fine inside the Guest VM, now we want to share it with the Host (the private computer) The specs: * The private computer (Host OS) is Mac OS X Lion 64bit * The corporate laptop (Guest VM) is WinXP 32bit, running in Bridged network mode * The VPN client on the Guest VM is is Checkpoint SecuRemote NGX R60 HFA03 * While the VPN is running in the Guest VM, the Host can still ping the Guest and vice versa

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• How to fetch a cpu status thought net-snmp

  - by Steve.DC.Tang

  I want to fetch a device's cpu and memory status thought net-snmp. I get my device's info with this command: snmpwalk -v 2c -c public 210.38.xxx.xxx system And I got this info: SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr.0 = STRING: Ruijie High-density IPv6 10G Core Routing Switch(S8606) By Ruijie Network SNMPv2-MIB::sysObjectID.0 = OID: SNMPv2-SMI::enterprises.4881.1.1.10.1.43 DISMAN-EVENT-MIB::sysUpTimeInstance = Timeticks: (1978814424) 229 days, 0:42:24.24 SNMPv2-MIB::sysContact.0 = STRING: SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.0 = STRING: S8606 SNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.0 = STRING: SNMPv2-MIB::sysServices.0 = INTEGER: 7 Now I want to fetch the cpu status, and I search my question on Google, somebody offer a oid for query the cpu status: snmpwalk -v 2c -c public 210.38.xxx.xxx usageOfCPU But it doesn't worked : No log handling enabled - using stderr logging usageOfCPU: Unknown Object Identifier (Sub-id not found: (top) - usageOfCPU) Somebody told me some switch has its private MIB, and you can use it to see its CPU status, is that right? I hope someone can solve me question......

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