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• How to make a Linux software RAID1 detect disc corruption?

  - by Paul

  This is one of the nightmare days: A virtualized server running on a Linux SW-RAID1 runs a VM that exhibits random segfaults in seemingly random codechunks. While debugging I find that a file gives different md5sums on each and every run. Digging deeper I find this: The raw disc partitions that make up the RAID1 mirror contain 2 bit-differences and ca. 9 sectors are completely empty on one disc and filled with data on the other disc. Obviously Linux gives back a sector from a undeterministically chosen disc of the mirror set. So sometimes the same sector is returned OK, sometimes the corrupted is given back. The docs say: RAID cannot and is not supposed to guard against data corruption on the media. Therefore, it doesn't make any sense either, to purposely corrupt data (using dd for example) on a disk to see how the RAID system will handle that. It is most likely (unless you corrupt the RAID superblock) that the RAID layer will never find out about the corruption, but your filesystem on the RAID device will be corrupted. Thanks. That will help me sleep. :-/ Is there a way to have Linux at least detect this corruption by using sector checksumming or something like that? Would this be detected in a RAID5 setup? Is this the moment I wish I used ZFS or btrfs (once it becomes usable without uber-admin capabilities)?

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• Dual-booting Ubuntu and Pardus with GRUB2...Pardus no show?

  - by Ibn Ali al-Turki

  I have Ubuntu 10.10 installed and used to dual-boot Fedora, but I replaced Fedora with Pardus. After the install, I went into ubuntu, and did a sudo update-grub. It detected my Pardus 2011 install there. When I rebooted, it did not show up in my grub2 menu however. I went back to Ubuntu and did it again...then checked the grub.cfg, and it is not there. I have read that Pardus uses a grub legacy. How can I get Pardus into my grub2 menu? Thanks! sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xd9b3496e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 15197 122067968 83 Linux /dev/sda2 36394 60802 196059757 5 Extended /dev/sda3 15197 30394 122067968 83 Linux /dev/sda5 36394 59434 185075308 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda6 59434 60802 10983424 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order and update-grub Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.35-25-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-2.6.35-25-generic Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin Found Pardus 2011 (2011) on /dev/sda3 Yet after this, I go to grub.cfg, and Pardus is not there.

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• Fix bad superblock on logical partition

  - by Chris

  I was following http://www.howtoforge.com/linux_resi...xt3_partitions and when i reboot and run: root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# fsck -n /dev/sda7 fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) fsck.ext2: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks... fsck.ext2: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda7 The superblock could not be read or does not describe a correct ext2 filesystem. If the device is valid and it really contains an ext2 filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock: e2fsck -b 8193 <device> so i ran e2fsck with all the block numbers that you need (forget exactly what tool i used to find where the superblocks are hidden) no dice then i ran testdisk and had it look for the superblock, no results anyone have any ideas? fdisk -l for reference: root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x97646c29 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 38912 312046593 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda5 64 326 2104320 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 * 327 2938 20972544 83 Linux /dev/sda7 2938 38912 288968672+ 83 Linux To be honest it looks like I lost it... Next step if that happens is to dump the partition to an image file and hope i can find or write some software to parse through the data looking for known file headers, i think.

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• Accidentally dd'ed an image to wrong drive / overwrote partition table + NTFS partition start

  - by Kento Locatelli

  I screwed up and set the wrong output for dd when trying to copy a freenas iso, overwriting the wrong external hard drive. Ironically, I was trying to setup a freenas server for data backup... External drive is only used for data storage, system is entirely intact Drive had a single NTFS partition filing the entire device (2TB WD elements) Drive originally had an MBR partition table. Drive now shows as having a GPT, presumably from the freenas image. Drive was mounted at the time, with maybe a couple kB of data written/read after running dd Drive is just a few months old and healthy (regular SMART / fs checks) I have not reboot the OS (crunchbang) /proc/partition still holds the correct information (and has been stored) Have dd's output (records in / out / bytes) testdrive did not find any partitions on quick or deep search running photorec to recover the more important data (a couple recent plaintext files that hadn't been backed up yet). Vast majority of disk content ( 80%) is unnecessary media files. My current plan is to let photorec do it's thing, then recreate the mbr with gparted and use cfdisk to create another NTFS partition using the sector information from /sys/block/.../. Is that a good course of action (that is, a chance of success)? Or anything else I should try first? Possibly relevant information: dd if=FreeNAS-8.0.4-RELEASE-p3-x86.iso of=/dev/sdc: 194568+0 records in 194568+0 records out 99618816 bytes (100 MB) copied grep . /sys/block/sdc/sdc*/{start,size}: /sys/block/sdc/sdc1/start:2048 /sys/block/sdc/sdc1/size:3907022848 cat /proc/partitions: major minor #blocks name ** Snipped ** 8 32 1953512448 sdc 8 33 1953511424 sdc1 current fdisk -l output: WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdc'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sdc: 2000.4 GB, 2000396746752 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table

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• sudo fdisk in a live session does not show all hard drives

  - by cornbread

  I am having Grub2 issues in my Ubuntu 10.04 dual boot, 2 hard drive system. So I am attempting to follow the standard grub2 reinstallation guide (cant post link because of spam filters allowing only one... ?_?) Don't know if this is the root of my problem, but my speedy internal HD with my OS on it is not showing up anywhere in a live session. Not in nautilus, behind fdisk.... no where. When I can get the main system to boot, there is no issue seeing all available partitions. But the live session sees only the 1TB internal media/backup hard drive. I need access to the other hard drive and it's partitions to finish the grub2 re-installation but I am not sure anymore that is the underlying issue. Anyone have experience with this? The issue I have identified as a grub2 issue is fully described here. SandPvvr describes it exactly. Some notes: I do not see the grub2 menu for my os's holding down the shift key after my bios screen works maybe 10% of the time Not related to reinstalling a windows os. havent been touched in a year do some web development. issue may have started when I was playing with ruby and django. not sure on this. Could a dev environment do this? fdisk in live session ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001d518 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb2 1 121601 976759939 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 487 110765 885816036 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 110766 121601 87040138+ b W95 FAT32 /dev/sdb7 1 486 3903700+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order

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• Linux kernel - can't access sda16 & sda17

  - by osgx

  I can't access sda16 sda17 and higher partitions from my linux. This linux is rather debian (very old); kernel 2.6.23. So, I know that so old linux kernel can't access 16 partitions on single sata disk. What version of kernel should I use to be able access sda16, sda17 etc? I want to update only a kernel, not a whole Linux distribution. PS. There is an WindowsNT kernel which can access and format 16, 17 or higher partition, but my intention is to use sda16 and sda17 from linux (I want Linux Kernel). PPS: dmesg: sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sda: sda1 sda2 sda3 sda4 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 sda9 sda10 sda11 sda12 sda13 sda14 sda15 > sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] xxx 512-byte hardware sectors ... So, there is no mapping of sda16, sda17, ... to sdb. Sdb is the second physical hard drive.

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• What are the replacement options for an IDE hard disk for a DOS based system?

  - by dummzeuch

  I have got a few "embedded" systems running MSDOS 6.2 which boot from and store data to IDE hard disks. Since these drives are nearing their end of life, the question arises how we can replace them. The requirements are: DOS must be able to install and boot from these drives. They must be able to sustain heavy (mostly) write access. If possible, they should be able to survive moderate vibrations (not too bad since the current hard disks have survived several years of that) I considered the following options so far: other ide hard drives: Unfortunately modern IDE drives are too large so DOS cannot boot from them even if I create small partitions. Older IDE drives are just that: old, so they are probably not the most reliable ones any more. SSDs: There are a few SSDs with IDE interface available. I have not yet tried them. Does anybody have any experience with them? They look like the ideal replacement provided that DOS can boot from them and that writing speed does not deteriorate too much (the old hard disks are no race cars either). Compact Flash: There are adapters for using CF with IDE controllers and they work fine. DOS can boot from them and they have no problems at all with vibrations. What I am not sure about is their durability. DOS uses FAT so some very few sectors are written every time the medium is being written to. IDE to SATA converters: I have no idea whether they are any good. Has anybody tried them? It might be an option to use one of these to connect an SATA SSD to the system. Are there any alternatives that I have missed? (We are working on replacing these systems, but it will still take a few years.)

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• nginx + php fpm -> 404 php pages - file not found

  - by Mahesh

  *2037 FastCGI sent in stderr: "Primary script unknown" while reading response header from upstream server { listen 80; ## listen for ipv4; this line is default and implied #listen [::]:80 default ipv6only=on; ## listen for ipv6 server_name .site.com; root /var/www/site; error_page 404 /404.php; access_log /var/log/nginx/site.access.log; index index.html index.php; if ($http_host != "www.site.com") { rewrite ^ http://www.site.com$request_uri permanent; } location ~* \.php$ { fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; #fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock; fastcgi_buffer_size 128k; fastcgi_buffers 256 4k; fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 256k; fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 256k; fastcgi_read_timeout 240; include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name; } location ~ /\. { access_log off; log_not_found off; deny all; } location ~ /(libraries|setup/frames|setup/libs) { deny all; return 404; } location ~ ^/uploads/(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)/(.*)$ { alias /var/www/site/images/missing.gif; #i need to modify this to show only missing files. right now it is showing missing for all the files. } location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ { access_log off; expires 20d; } location /user_uploads/ { location ~ .*\.(php)?$ { deny all; } } location ~ /\.ht { deny all; } } php-fpm config is default and is not touched. The problem is little strange for me. Error pages are showing File not found only if they are .php files. Other error files are clearly calling the 404.php file site.com/test = calls 404.php site.com/test.php = File not found. I am searching and making changes. but it hasn't solved the problem.

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• Messed up partitions... system will not boot!

  - by someguy

  I did a really dumb thing. cfdisk threw an error at me saying "FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 3: Partition ends in the final partial cylinder", so I installed Partition Table Doctor to see if I could fix the problem. When the program started up, it told me there were problems with my partitions, and asked if I wanted them fixed (cannot remember real message, but I believe it had something to do with the cylinder boundaries), so, blindly, without thinking of the consequences, I did. Now, my system will not boot. I tried booting from the Windows 7 installation CD. I went to install a fresh copy, but it said that "No drives were found". I then opened up diskpart. According to diskpart, there is only one partition, containing one volume, assigned the letter "C". Before, I had four partitions! It is also saying that the file system is RAW. Is there any way I can fix this? I have important data that I do not want to lose. Later on... I tried fdisk with the option -l, which lists the partition table(s), and this is what I got: Ignoring extra extended partition 4 Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 64 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x163df116 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 6 18 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 18 7851 62918572+ 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 13073 30402 139196416 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda3 13073 30402 139196416 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda3 13073 30403 139203193 7 HPFS/NTFS I don't know if this will help, but it's extra information, at least. Also, this is how I had my partitions: 40MB (Unallocated) 100MB (System Reserved) 60GB (Windows, C:) 40GB (Was reserved for secondary OS) ~132GB (Home, E:)

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• how can i move ext3 partition to the beginning of drive without losing data?

  - by Felipe Alvarez

  I have a 500GB external drive. It had two partitions, each around 250GB. I removed the first partition. I'd like to move the 2nd to the left, so it consumes 100% of the drive. How can this be accomplished without any GUI tools (CLI only)? fdisk Disk /dev/sdd: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc80b1f3d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd2 29374 60801 252445410 83 Linux parted Model: ST350032 0AS (scsi) Disk /dev/sdd: 500GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 2 242GB 500GB 259GB primary ext3 type=83 dumpe2fs Filesystem volume name: extstar Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: f0b1d2bc-08b8-4f6e-b1c6-c529024a777d Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 15808608 Block count: 63111168 Reserved block count: 0 Free blocks: 2449985 Free inodes: 15799302 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8208 Inode blocks per group: 513 Filesystem created: Mon Feb 15 08:07:01 2010 Last mount time: Fri May 21 19:31:30 2010 Last write time: Fri May 21 19:31:30 2010 Mount count: 5 Maximum mount count: 29 Last checked: Mon May 17 14:52:47 2010 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) Next check after: Sat Nov 13 14:52:47 2010 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: d0363517-c095-4f53-baa7-7428c02fbfc6 Journal backup: inode blocks Journal size: 128M

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• dd on entire disk, but do not want empty portion

  - by Jonathan Henson

  I have a disk, say /dev/sda. Here is fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 64.0 GB, 64023257088 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7783 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0000e4b5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 27 209920 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 27 525 4000768 5 Extended Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda5 27 353 2621440 83 Linux /dev/sda6 353 405 416768 83 Linux /dev/sda7 405 490 675840 83 Linux /dev/sda8 490 525 282624 83 Linux I need to make an image to store on our file server for use in flashing other devices we are manufacturing so I only want the used space (only about 4gb). I want to keep the mbr etc... as this device should be boot ready as soon as the copy is finished. Any ideas? I previously had been using dd if=/dev/sda of=[//fileserver/file], but at that time, my master copy was on a 4gb flash ide.

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• NTFS frequent corruption when writing many small files, index $I30 error

  - by david sedai

  I'm running Windows 7 Ultimate on a laptop with a 500G HDD, and had all partitions formatted as NTFS. I do a lot of programming and LaTeX typesetting, both of these involves a large amount of reading/writing/deleting to a lot of small files, such as C++ library headers or LaTeX packages. The problem is that frequently, when there is a large number of writing to files, the partition being written to often corrupts, the chkntfs e: returns dirty, where e: is the partition being written. I've re-formatted the drive, I've contacted the laptop manufacturer and had the HDD checked, the HDD is not faulty, there are no bad sectors, and I've tried a brand new HDD, to no avail, and the other partition on the same physical drive doesn't have this issue. I'm pretty sure that it's no hardware related. I've searched the Microsoft support pages, one page http://support.microsoft.com/kb/982018 provides an update for Advanced Format Disks, which I've already installed. The chkntfs log shows $130 index errors. I'm at a loss here. Can anyone help? Thanks in advance.

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• Almost All Xenserver Logical Volumes Disappeared - Recovery?

  - by Alex

  We had a hard disc crash of one of two hard discs in a software raid with a LVM on top. The server is running Citrix xenserver. On the hard disk which is still intact, the volume group gets detected well, but only one LV is left. (some hashes replaced by "x") # lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae/MGT VG Name VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae LV UUID x-x-x-x-x-x-vQmZ6C LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 4.00 MiB Current LE 1 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 root@rescue ~ # vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 4 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 1 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 698.62 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 178848 Alloc PE / Size 1 / 4.00 MiB Free PE / Size 178847 / 698.62 GiB VG UUID x-x-x-x-x-x-53w0kL I could understand if a full physical volume is lost - but why only the logical volumes? Is there any explanation for this? Is there any way to recover the logical volumes? EDIT We are here in a rescue system. The problem is that the whole server does not boot (GRUB error 22) What we are trying to do is to access the root filesystem. But everything was in the LVM. We have only this: (parted) print Model: ATA SAMSUNG HD753LJ (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 750GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 32.3kB 750GB 750GB primary boot, lvm And this 750GB LVM volume is exactly what we see on top. edit2 Output of vgcfgrestore, but from the rescue system, as there is no root to chroot to. # vgcfgrestore --list VG_XenStorage-x-b4b0-x-x-408b91acdcae File: /etc/lvm/archive/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae_00000.vg VG name: VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae Description: Created *before* executing '/sbin/vgscan --ignorelockingfailure --mknodes' Backup Time: Fri Jun 28 23:53:20 2013 File: /etc/lvm/backup/VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae VG name: VG_XenStorage-x-x-x-x-408b91acdcae Description: Created *after* executing '/sbin/vgscan --ignorelockingfailure --mknodes' Backup Time: Fri Jun 28 23:53:20 2013

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• nginx+django serving static files

  - by avalore

  I have followed instruction for setting up django with nginx from the django wiki (https://code.djangoproject.com/wiki/DjangoAndNginx) and have nginx setup as follows (a few name changes to fit my setup). user nginx nginx; worker_processes 2; error_log /var/log/nginx/error_log info; events { worker_connections 1024; use epoll; } http { include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] ' '"$request" $status $bytes_sent ' '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" ' '"$gzip_ratio"'; client_header_timeout 10m; client_body_timeout 10m; send_timeout 10m; connection_pool_size 256; client_header_buffer_size 1k; large_client_header_buffers 4 2k; request_pool_size 4k; gzip on; gzip_min_length 1100; gzip_buffers 4 8k; gzip_types text/plain; output_buffers 1 32k; postpone_output 1460; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 75 20; ignore_invalid_headers on; index index.html; server { listen 80; server_name localhost; location /static/ { root /srv/static/; } location ~* ^.+\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png|ico|css|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2|doc|xls|exe|pdf|ppt|txt|tar|mid|midi|wav|bmp|rtf|js|mov) { access_log off; expires 30d; } location / { # host and port to fastcgi server fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8080; fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method; fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string; fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type; fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length; fastcgi_pass_header Authorization; fastcgi_intercept_errors off; fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr; } access_log /var/log/nginx/localhost.access_log main; error_log /var/log/nginx/localhost.error_log; } } Static files aren't being served (nginx 404). If I look in the access log it seems nginx is looking in /etc/nginx/html/static... rather than /srv/static/ as specified in the config. I've no clue why it's doing this, any help would be hugely appreciated.

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• GRUB reporting wrong partition type

  - by plok

  It all started when I had to replace one of the disks that the software RAID 1 on this machine currently uses. From that moment on I have not been able to boot to the Windows XP that is installed on the fourth hard drive, /dev/sdd. I am almost positive that the problem is related not to Windows but to GRUB, as if I unplug all the other hard drives so that the Windows XP disk is now /dev/sda it boots with no problem. The problem seems to be that GRUB detects a wrong partition type, which I understand suggest that something is really messed up. This is what I get when I try to follow the steps that until now had worked like a charm: grub> map (hd0) (hd3) grub> map (hd3) (hd0) grub> root (hd3,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0xfd 0xfd? That doesn't make sense. /dev/sdb and sdc are 0xfd (Linux raid), but not /dev/sdd: edel:~# fdisk -l [...] Disk /dev/sdd: 250.0 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00048d89 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 * 1 30400 244187968+ 7 HPFS/NTFS edel:/boot/grub# cat device.map (hd0) /dev/sda (hd1) /dev/sdb (hd2) /dev/sdc (hd3) /dev/sdd I have been trying to work this out for hours, to no avail. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

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• Recover file from NTFS after it was formatted twice

  - by Phil

  I'm running Linux Mint and have a 2TB drive that I formatted as NTFS. I copied ~120GB of files from another computer to the 2TB drive, removing the files from the other computer as I did so. When they were all on the 2TB drive, I zipped them up as file "Gold.tar.gz". Then I reformatted the 2TB drive as ext3 in a moment of absolute stupidity. I formatted the 2TB back to NTFS, but of course everything is gone. Here is what I have tried: TestDisk -- won't find any lost partitions or undelete files, just the current empty one PhotoRec -- seems to only find some broken text files and misidentify their extensions. It never finds the 100's of avi files I had (before the 120GB copy, I already had 750GB on the drive full of avi files) or anything else that would show me it's working properly. Using dd I recovered the first 512MB of the drive and went hunting through it. I found all of the file as MFT entries, including the file "Gold.tar.gz" in a 2048 byte MFT record. I'm looking now for some way of either (1) telling PhotoRec to look at that record, or (2) analyze the MFT record myself and discover the sectors holding the data; I can piece it all together using dd and join the binary output if it's fragmented. One last thing - from the moment I got this drive a few days ago to the incident, there were only file copies made to it and no deletes. I formatted as NTFS, then copied thousands of files, then made a tar.gz, then reformatted to ext3, then reformatted to NTFS again. I'm hoping that the size of the drive and fact that there was no file modification/deleting happening makes for minimal file fragmentation.

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• What are the replacement options for an IDE hd for a DOS based system?

  - by dummzeuch

  I have got a few "embedded" systems running MSDOS 6.2 which boot from and store data to IDE hard disks. Since these drives are nearing their end of life, the question arises how we can replace them. The requirements are: DOS must be able to install and boot from these drives. They must be able to sustain heavy (mostly) write access. If possible, they should be able to survive moderate vibrations (not too bad since the current hds have survived several years of that) I considered the following options so far: other ide hard drives: Unfortunately modern IDE drives are too large so DOS cannot boot from them even if I create small partitions. Older IDE drives are just that: old, so they are probably not the most reliable ones any more. SSDs: There are a few SSDs with IDE interface available. I have not yet tried them. Does anybody have any experience with them? They look like the ideal replacement provided that DOS can boot from them and that writing speed does not deteriorate too much (the old hds are no race cars either). Compact Flash: There are adapters for using CF with IDE controllers and they work fine. DOS can boot from them and they have no problems at all with vibrations. What I am not sure about is their durability. DOS uses FAT so some very few sectors are written every time the medium is being written to. IDE to SATA converters: I have no idea whether they are any good. Has anybody tried them? It might be an option to use one of these to connect an SATA SSD to the system. Are there any alternatives that I have missed? (We are working on replacing these systems, but it will still take a few years.)

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• How to verify TRIM/discard on encrypted swap?

  - by svarni

  I am using an encrypted swap partition via ecryptfs-setup-swap on my Ubuntu 13.04 computer using a SSD. I have manually set up trim for my ext4 root partition (simply by adding the "discard" option in /etc/fstab). I also manually ran fstrim on the root partition prior to booting and using dstat I saw that for a few seconds several GB/s of data have been written to the disk. That was presumably the effect of the trim command. These high writerates are reproducable by deleting huge files and have not occured before setting up trim, so I take them as evidence for working trim/discard. Manually enabling trim on my root partition has stopped the wearout of my precious new disk from 365 used reserved blocks (out of 6176 total) within three months down to 0 additional used reserved blocks within three additional months (data from SMART attributes). Because I want to minimize the wearout of my SSD I now would like to know whether my swap partition (which is encrypted using ecryptfs-setup-swap) also makes use of the trim/discard option. I tried sudo swapon -d -v /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 but did not receive particular information ("-v") about whether trim/discard ("-d") was applied. If unsupported, i would expect a message. Then I tried sudo dd if=/dev/sda6 count=1 BS=1M | xxd | less directly after booting and when no swapspace was used but I saw not only zeroes. I assume, when looking at freshly trimmed regions, the disk would send zeroes instead of reading random sectors (and according to some forums, (unencrypted) swap space is trimmed once upon boot). Long story short: Are there any ideas on how to test if trim is effectively used for my encrypted swap? And if not, any ideas on how to - at least manually, for once - trim the whole swap space? I wouldn't want to tinker with the partition itself, because I dont know if it needs to be reinitialized as (encrypted) swap - I dont want to be left with an unbootable system :)

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• Unable to resize ec2 ebs root volume

  - by nathanjosiah

  I have followed many of the tutorials that pretty much all say the same thing which is basically: Stop the instance Detach the volume Create a snapshot of the volume Create a bigger volume from the snapshot Attach the new volume to the instance Start the instance back up Run resize2fs /dev/xxx However, step 7 is where the problems start happening. In any case running resize2fs always tells me that it is already xxxxx blocks big and does nothing, even with -f passed. So I start to continue with tutorials which all basically say the same thing and that is: Delete all partitons Recreate them back to what they were except with the bigger sizes Reboot the instance and run resize2fs (I have tried these steps both from the live instance and by attaching the volume to another instance and running the commands there) The main problem is that the instance won't start back up again and the system error log provided in the AWS console doesn't provide any errors. (it does however stop at the grub bootloader which to me indicates that it doesn't like the partitions(yes, the boot flag was toggled on the partition with no affect)) The other thing that happens regardless of what changes I make to the partitions is that the instance that the volume is attached to says that the partition has an invalid magic number and the super-block is corrupt. However, if I make no changes and reattach the volume, the instance runs without a problem. Can anybody shed some light on what I could be doing wrong? Edit On my new volume of 20GB with the 6GB image,df -h says: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvde1 5.8G 877M 4.7G 16% / tmpfs 836M 0 836M 0% /dev/shm And fdisk -l /dev/xvde says: Disk /dev/xvde: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x7d833f39 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvde1 1 766 6144000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvde2 766 784 146432 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. Also, sudo resize2fs /dev/xvde1 says: resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The filesystem is already 1536000 blocks long. Nothing to do!

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• Can't mount hard drive. Ubuntu 12.04

  - by Sam

  I am trying to recover some pictures on my 320 GB Hard Disk, so I put in a Live Ubuntu CD and am in that right now. In the devices list, it shows my USB drive, but not my 320 GB Hard Disk. I can see the disk in Disk Utility (it says it's on /dev/sda), but it's not mounted, and it says it has a few bad sectors but it is OK. In Disk Usage Analyzer, it says my maximum capacity is 13.4 GB, so it's definitely not using the 320 GB Hard Disk. I tried the following: sudo mkdir /media/newhd (worked) sudo mount /dev/sda /media/newhd (didn't work. it says I must specify the filesystem type) I then tried: fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sda (didn't work. Said: Superblock invalid, trying to backup blocks. then: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda. The superblock could not be read or does not describe a correct ext2 filesystem. If the device is valid and it contains an ext2 filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock) Does anyone have any ideas? The whole problem started when my Windows Vista said "Can't find operating system". Any ideas on how I can get on to my hard drive at /dev/sda?

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• Windows 7 - ignore security when reading external drive

  - by w-

  hi, My system hard drive on an XP computer kind of failed (random corrupt sectors). So i got a new harddrive and am trying to recover the files. The filesystem is NTFS. The system i'm trying to use when recovering the files is Windows 7. I'm obviously an admin on this box. The last data i'm trying to recover is stuff in the Documents and Settings folder. I'm using a SATA to a USB cable thingy so that I just plug it in as an External Hard Drive. The problem: In Windows Explorer when i try to copy the data, I keep getting prompted with Security warnings and error messages. It keeps telling me i have to change the owner permissions of the folder and all it's contents. If i tell it to change all the files and folder permissions it takes a really long time because it has to recurse through all the folder contents to change the permissions. Is there a way for me to ignore the file permissions when doing this? thanks

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• Last step in HDD Recovery (fixing windows)

  - by Atom Computing

  My dad’s hard drive corrupted which was a result of many bad sectors. Anyway, I made a clone of the drive and have now repaired it totally (recreating the MBR and MFT) and doing a series of ChkDsk's on it. I can now see all the files and folder on it and it is all intact. I currently have it as a slave in my computer (where I was doing all the repairs). When putting it back into the computer, it comes up with "A disk read error occurred: Press Ctrl + Alt + Del to Restart". I don’t know why this is happening but think it might have something to do with file permissions. I have tried a start-up recovery on the Vista boot CD and it found no problems. When trying to apply file permissions (and creating file perms for the SYSTEM group (as it didn’t have any for SYSTEM group)) it couldn't apply them for some of the System32 folder files. I have tried applying them as admin and with as powerful privileges I can get. All to no avail. When it is in my PC I can boot it up (I added it into my bootloader) and it boots up fine except when it logs in it comes up with the error - "Rundll32.exe - Windows cannot access the specified device, path or file. You may not have the appropriate permissions to access the item" This message keeps coming back and nothing loads at all. Any help would be greatly received as I have got so far with the data recovery and want to avoid a reformat at all costs due to the vast number of programs installed and I don’t have much time on my hands! Thanks

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• Is there a Mac utility that does low level drive integrity check and repair?

  - by Puzzled Late at Night

  The PGP Whole Disk Encryption for Mac OS X Quick Start User Guide version 10.0 contains the following remarks: PGP Corporation deliberately takes a conservative stance when encrypting drives, to prevent loss of data. It is not uncommon to encounter Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) errors while encrypting a hard disk. If PGP WDE encounters a hard drive with bad sectors, PGP WDE will, by default, pause the encryption process. This pause allows you to remedy the problem before continuing with the encryption process, thus avoiding potential disk corruption and lost data. To avoid disruption during encryption, PGP Corporation recommends that you start with a healthy disk by correcting any disk errors prior to encrypting. and As a best practice, before you attempt to use PGP WDE, use a third-party scan disk utility that has the ability to perform a low-level integrity check and repair any inconsistencies with the drive that could lead to CRC errors. These software applications can correct errors that would otherwise disrupt encryption. The PGP WDE Windows user guide suggests SpinRite or Norton Disk Doctor. What recourse do I have on the Mac?

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• Clone a Windows Installation to a 3TB Hard Drive; MBR to GPT

  - by DanBlakemore

  I have Windows 7 Professional 64-bit installed on my desktop. Unfortunately for me and my wallet my hard drive is failing. I have purchased a 3TB hard drive as a replacement for my current 2TB drive. I would like to avoid as much hassle as possible in moving to this new drive so I would like to copy my current partition to the new drive using Gparted. The problem is that I suspect that my current partition is MBR, and I need GPT on my new drive since it is 3TB. Can I simply copy the MBR partition onto the new disk and then convert it to GPT after the fact (can you even convert the type of a partition)? Or would I need to somehow copy the contents of the partition into a GPT partition on the new drive? How do I go about making this transistion? Also, are there any issues I should be wary of booting to a GPT partition? If it matters, my motherboard is 1 year old as of May, 2012. Edit: My motherboard is 1 day old. My old one does not have UEFI compatibility, so I decided to make an upgrade to Intel today given that I would need a UEFI motherboard to use my new HDD. How much can I use a dying hard drive (bad sectors according to Hitachi Drive Fitness Test)? I have assumed not at all, to be safe.

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• Recovering data from an external hard drive

  - by CCallaghan

  I have a WD Elements 2GB hard drive (formatted NTFS). I accidentally kicked out the USB cable while writing data to the disk, and now I can't access most of the data. Although this was ostensibly my backup drive, there is a great deal of important material on there which was only on there. I realise how idiotic this makes me. (So, formatting is not an option.) Things I've tried/information I've gathered: Windows Explorer will recognise the drive itself. However, it will not access most directories therein (and will sometimes crash when exploring). I can access all of the directories through the command line, but the dir command will often report that it can't read any files in most of the directories. The situation was similar when I hooked it up to an Ubuntu machine: the file explorer crashed, but I could access directories - but not files in those directories - via terminal commands. Several files I tried to copy out either resulted in an I/O error being reported or resulted in the command line crashing. The Disk Management utility on Windows reports a healthy disk formatted as NTFS and not RAW. It also indicates the correct amount of space used up and its capacity (so it seems that the files are not deleted). I've tried to run chkdsk, but that hangs on Step 2 (checking indexes) at 74%. Step 1 reported no bad sectors. I tried Recuva, but that didn't seem to work (stalled at 0% for half an hour). I should also note that the disk doesn't seem to be spinning smoothly; it seems to be chopping back, like it's reading the same sector over and over again. I noticed this after I kicked out the cable. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Update: It would seem the problem has taken a turn for the worse. The external hard drive now shows up on my computer as a local disk and is not mountable by Linux.

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