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• Oracle Solaris 11 ZFS Lab for Openworld 2012

  - by user12626122

  Preface This is the content from the Oracle Openworld 2012 ZFS lab. It was well attended - the feedback was that it was a little short - thats probably because in writing it I bacame very time-concious after the ASM/ACFS on Solaris extravaganza I ran last year which was almost too long for mortal man to finish in the 1 hour session. Enjoy. Table of Contents Exercise Z.1: ZFS Pools Exercise Z.2: ZFS File Systems Exercise Z.3: ZFS Compression Exercise Z.4: ZFS Deduplication Exercise Z.5: ZFS Encryption Exercise Z.6: Solaris 11 Shadow Migration Introduction This set of exercises is designed to briefly demonstrate new features in Solaris 11 ZFS file system: Deduplication, Encryption and Shadow Migration. Also included is the creation of zpools and zfs file systems - the basic building blocks of the technology, and also Compression which is the compliment of Deduplication. The exercises are just introductions - you are referred to the ZFS Adminstration Manual for further information. From Solaris 11 onward the online manual pages consist of zpool(1M) and zfs(1M) with further feature-specific information in zfs_allow(1M), zfs_encrypt(1M) and zfs_share(1M). The lab is easily carried out in a VirtualBox running Solaris 11 with 6 virtual 3 Gb disks to play with. Exercise Z.1: ZFS Pools Task: You have several disks to use for your new file system. Create a new zpool and a file system within it. Lab: You will check the status of existing zpools, create your own pool and expand it. Your Solaris 11 installation already has a root ZFS pool. It contains the root file system. Check this: root@solaris:~# zpool list NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT rpool 15.9G 6.62G 9.25G 41% 1.00x ONLINE - root@solaris:~# zpool status pool: rpool state: ONLINE scan: none requested config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM rpool ONLINE 0 0 0 c3t0d0s0 ONLINE 0 0 0 errors: No known data errors Note the disk device the root pool is on - c3t0d0s0 Now you will create your own ZFS pool. First you will check what disks are available: root@solaris:~# echo | format Searching for disks...done AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS: 0. c3t0d0 <ATA-VBOX HARDDISK-1.0 cyl 2085 alt 2 hd 255 sec 63> /pci@0,0/pci8086,2829@d/disk@0,0 1. c3t2d0 <ATA-VBOX HARDDISK-1.0 cyl 1534 alt 2 hd 128 sec 32> /pci@0,0/pci8086,2829@d/disk@2,0 2. c3t3d0 <ATA-VBOX HARDDISK-1.0 cyl 1534 alt 2 hd 128 sec 32> /pci@0,0/pci8086,2829@d/disk@3,0 3. c3t4d0 <ATA-VBOX HARDDISK-1.0 cyl 1534 alt 2 hd 128 sec 32> /pci@0,0/pci8086,2829@d/disk@4,0 4. c3t5d0 <ATA-VBOX HARDDISK-1.0 cyl 1534 alt 2 hd 128 sec 32> /pci@0,0/pci8086,2829@d/disk@5,0 5. c3t6d0 <ATA-VBOX HARDDISK-1.0 cyl 1534 alt 2 hd 128 sec 32> /pci@0,0/pci8086,2829@d/disk@6,0 6. c3t7d0 <ATA-VBOX HARDDISK-1.0 cyl 1534 alt 2 hd 128 sec 32> /pci@0,0/pci8086,2829@d/disk@7,0 Specify disk (enter its number): Specify disk (enter its number): The root disk is numbered 0. The others are free for use. Try creating a simple pool and observe the error message: root@solaris:~# zpool create mypool c3t2d0 c3t3d0 'mypool' successfully created, but with no redundancy; failure of one device will cause loss of the pool So destroy that pool and create a mirrored pool instead: root@solaris:~# zpool destroy mypool root@solaris:~# zpool create mypool mirror c3t2d0 c3t3d0 root@solaris:~# zpool status mypool pool: mypool state: ONLINE scan: none requested config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM mypool ONLINE 0 0 0 mirror-0 ONLINE 0 0 0 c3t2d0 ONLINE 0 0 0 c3t3d0 ONLINE 0 0 0 errors: No known data errors Back to topExercise Z.2: ZFS File Systems Task: You have to create file systems for later exercises. You can see that when a pool is created, a file system of the same name is created: root@solaris:~# zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT mypool 86.5K 2.94G 31K /mypool Create your filesystems and mountpoints as follows: root@solaris:~# zfs create -o mountpoint=/data1 mypool/mydata1 The -o option sets the mount point and automatically creates the necessary directory. root@solaris:~# zfs list mypool/mydata1 NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT mypool/mydata1 31K 2.94G 31K /data1 Back to top Exercise Z.3: ZFS Compression Task:Try out different forms of compression available in ZFS Lab:Create 2nd filesystem with compression, fill both file systems with the same data, observe results You can see from the zfs(1) manual page that there are several types of compression available to you, set with the property=value syntax: compression=on | off | lzjb | gzip | gzip-N | zle Controls the compression algorithm used for this dataset. The lzjb compression algorithm is optimized for performance while providing decent data compression. Setting compression to on uses the lzjb compression algorithm. The gzip compression algorithm uses the same compression as the gzip(1) command. You can specify the gzip level by using the value gzip-N where N is an integer from 1 (fastest) to 9 (best compression ratio). Currently, gzip is equivalent to gzip-6 (which is also the default for gzip(1)). Create a second filesystem with compression turned on. Note how you set and get your values separately: root@solaris:~# zfs create -o mountpoint=/data2 mypool/mydata2 root@solaris:~# zfs set compression=gzip-9 mypool/mydata2 root@solaris:~# zfs get compression mypool/mydata1 NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE mypool/mydata1 compression off default root@solaris:~# zfs get compression mypool/mydata2 NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE mypool/mydata2 compression gzip-9 local Now you can copy the contents of /usr/lib into both your normal and compressing filesystem and observe the results. Don't forget the dot or period (".") in the find(1) command below: root@solaris:~# cd /usr/lib root@solaris:/usr/lib# find . -print | cpio -pdv /data1 root@solaris:/usr/lib# find . -print | cpio -pdv /data2 The copy into the compressing file system takes longer - as it has to perform the compression but the results show the effect: root@solaris:/usr/lib# zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT mypool 1.35G 1.59G 31K /mypool mypool/mydata1 1.01G 1.59G 1.01G /data1 mypool/mydata2 341M 1.59G 341M /data2 Note that the available space in the pool is shared amongst the file systems. This behavior can be modified using quotas and reservations which are not covered in this lab but are covered extensively in the ZFS Administrators Guide. Back to top Exercise Z.4: ZFS Deduplication The deduplication property is used to remove redundant data from a ZFS file system. With the property enabled duplicate data blocks are removed synchronously. The result is that only unique data is stored and common componenents are shared. Task:See how to implement deduplication and its effects Lab: You will create a ZFS file system with deduplication turned on and see if it reduces the amount of physical storage needed when we again fill it with a copy of /usr/lib. root@solaris:/usr/lib# zfs destroy mypool/mydata2 root@solaris:/usr/lib# zfs set dedup=on mypool/mydata1 root@solaris:/usr/lib# rm -rf /data1/* root@solaris:/usr/lib# mkdir /data1/2nd-copy root@solaris:/usr/lib# zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT mypool 1.02M 2.94G 31K /mypool mypool/mydata1 43K 2.94G 43K /data1 root@solaris:/usr/lib# find . -print | cpio -pd /data1 2142768 blocks root@solaris:/usr/lib# zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT mypool 1.02G 1.99G 31K /mypool mypool/mydata1 1.01G 1.99G 1.01G /data1 root@solaris:/usr/lib# find . -print | cpio -pd /data1/2nd-copy 2142768 blocks root@solaris:/usr/lib#zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT mypool 1.99G 1.96G 31K /mypool mypool/mydata1 1.98G 1.96G 1.98G /data1 You could go on creating copies for quite a while...but you get the idea. Note that deduplication and compression can be combined: the compression acts on metadata. Deduplication works across file systems in a pool and there is a zpool-wide property dedupratio: root@solaris:/usr/lib# zpool get dedupratio mypool NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE mypool dedupratio 4.30x - Deduplication can also be checked using "zpool list": root@solaris:/usr/lib# zpool list NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT mypool 2.98G 1001M 2.01G 32% 4.30x ONLINE - rpool 15.9G 6.66G 9.21G 41% 1.00x ONLINE - Before moving on to the next topic, destroy that dataset and free up some space: root@solaris:~# zfs destroy mypool/mydata1 Back to top Exercise Z.5: ZFS Encryption Task: Encrypt sensitive data. Lab: Explore basic ZFS encryption. This lab only covers the basics of ZFS Encryption. In particular it does not cover various aspects of key management. Please see the ZFS Adminastrion Manual and the zfs_encrypt(1M) manual page for more detail on this functionality. Back to top root@solaris:~# zfs create -o encryption=on mypool/data2 Enter passphrase for 'mypool/data2': ******** Enter again: ******** root@solaris:~# Creation of a descendent dataset shows that encryption is inherited from the parent: root@solaris:~# zfs create mypool/data2/data3 root@solaris:~# zfs get -r encryption,keysource,keystatus,checksum mypool/data2 NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE mypool/data2 encryption on local mypool/data2 keysource passphrase,prompt local mypool/data2 keystatus available - mypool/data2 checksum sha256-mac local mypool/data2/data3 encryption on inherited from mypool/data2 mypool/data2/data3 keysource passphrase,prompt inherited from mypool/data2 mypool/data2/data3 keystatus available - mypool/data2/data3 checksum sha256-mac inherited from mypool/data2 You will find the online manual page zfs_encrypt(1M) contains examples. In particular, if time permits during this lab session you may wish to explore the changing of a key using "zfs key -c mypool/data2". Exercise Z.6: Shadow Migration Shadow Migration allows you to migrate data from an old file system to a new file system while simultaneously allowing access and modification to the new file system during the process. You can use Shadow Migration to migrate a local or remote UFS or ZFS file system to a local file system. Task: You wish to migrate data from one file system (UFS, ZFS, VxFS) to ZFS while mainaining access to it. Lab: Create the infrastructure for shadow migration and transfer one file system into another. First create the file system you want to migrate root@solaris:~# zpool create oldstuff c3t4d0 root@solaris:~# zfs create oldstuff/forgotten Then populate it with some files: root@solaris:~# cd /var/adm root@solaris:/var/adm# find . -print | cpio -pdv /oldstuff/forgotten You need the shadow-migration package installed: root@solaris:~# pkg install shadow-migration Packages to install: 1 Create boot environment: No Create backup boot environment: No Services to change: 1 DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB) Completed 1/1 14/14 0.2/0.2 PHASE ACTIONS Install Phase 39/39 PHASE ITEMS Package State Update Phase 1/1 Image State Update Phase 2/2 You then enable the shadowd service: root@solaris:~# svcadm enable shadowd root@solaris:~# svcs shadowd STATE STIME FMRI online 7:16:09 svc:/system/filesystem/shadowd:default Set the filesystem to be migrated to read-only root@solaris:~# zfs set readonly=on oldstuff/forgotten Create a new zfs file system with the shadow property set to the file system to be migrated: root@solaris:~# zfs create -o shadow=file:///oldstuff/forgotten mypool/remembered Use the shadowstat(1M) command to see the progress of the migration: root@solaris:~# shadowstat EST BYTES BYTES ELAPSED DATASET XFRD LEFT ERRORS TIME mypool/remembered 92.5M - - 00:00:59 mypool/remembered 99.1M 302M - 00:01:09 mypool/remembered 109M 260M - 00:01:19 mypool/remembered 133M 304M - 00:01:29 mypool/remembered 149M 339M - 00:01:39 mypool/remembered 156M 86.4M - 00:01:49 mypool/remembered 156M 8E 29 (completed) Note that if you had created /mypool/remembered as encrypted, this would be the preferred method of encrypting existing data. Similarly for compressing or deduplicating existing data. The procedure for migrating a file system over NFS is similar - see the ZFS Administration manual. That concludes this lab session.

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• How to reclaim storage for deleted LOBs

  - by Jim Hudson

  I have a LOB tablespace. Currently holding 9GB out of 12GB available. And, as far as I can tell, deleting records doesn't reclaim any storage in the tablespace. I'm getting worried about handling further processing. This is Oracle 11.1 and the data are in a CLOB and a BLOB column in the same table. The LOB Index segments (SYS_IL...) are small, all the storage is in the data segments (SYS_LOB...) We'e tried purge and coalesce and didn't get anywhere -- same number of bytes in user_extents. "Alter table xxx move" will work, but we'd need to have someplace to move it to that has enough space for the revised data. We'd also need to do that off hours and rebuild the indexes, of course, but that's easy enough. Copying out the good data and doing a truncate, then copying it back, will also work. But that's pretty much just what the "alter table" command does. Am I missing some easy ways to shrink things down and get the storage back? Or is "alter table xxx move" the best approach? Or is this a non-issue and Oracle will grab back the space from the deleted lob rows when it needs it?

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• Windows Azure - access webrole local storage from separate workerrole

  - by Brett Smith

  I'm running an application on windows azure, the MVC views need to be dynamic, I started by storing them as records in the database, but am quite keen to move them to a physical location. My concept was to create the physical file via code... which worked great and speeds up the page load dramatically. This was of course before I realised that the files were only available for the duration of the role Next I looked at a start up task to create the files when the role was started - however I then realised that any separate instances weren't going to sync up unless I monitored the database for changes. So I moved from a start up task to a function in the run method of the role that checks the database every 10 minutes to see if changes have occurred. The problem is that this seems to choke up the application (at least in the warm up stage). Ideally I would like to move the run function to it's own worker role that can sit there and push files out to web role instances, but I'm unsure on how I would go about accessing the web roles local storage from the worker role. Can anybody tell me whether this is actually possible? and hopefully point me in the right direction to achieve this? Just to clarify what I'm trying to achieve -View is created in user interface running on web role and stored in database -Separate web role (front end) has clientside application with virtualpath provider pointing Views requests to local storage (localresource) -separate worker role to create View structure and load this into clientside web role local storage

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• Do all the HTML5 storage systems work together ?

  - by azera

  While there are a lot of good stuff about html5, one thing I don't get is the redondant storage mechanism, first there is localstorage and sessionstorage, which are key value stores, one is for one instance of the app ("one tab"), and the other works for all the instances of that application so they can share data. Both are saved when you close your browser and have a limited size (usually 5MB), that's great and everything would be nice if we stopped there. But then there is the "Web SQL Database", which has the same security system as the localstorage, the same size limit, the same everything except it works like/is sqlite, with tables and sql syntax and all of that. And the bummer is, they don't work on the same data at all ! This is not two way to access your data, this is really two storage for every html 5 app out there (not created by default yes, but still you see my point). What I would like to know is, is there a reason for both of this mechanisms to exist at the same time ? Or did they just look at sql and nosql movement to pick the best then went "screw it let's add both !" ? Why not implement local/session storage as a table inside web sql db ?

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• MySQL " identify storage engine statement"

  - by sammysmall

  This IS NOT a Homework question! While building my current student database project I realized that I may want to identify comprehensive information about a database design in the future. More-so if I am fortunate enough to get a job in this field and were handed a database project how could I break down certain elements for identification... In all of my previous designs I have been using MySQL Community Server (GPL) 5.1.42, I thought (duh) that I was using the MyISAM based on most of my text-book instruction and MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual :: 13 Storage Engines :: 13.1 The MyISAM Storage Engine I determined that this was in fact incorrect for this version and the use of "SHOW ENGINES" at the console... No problem, figured out why they have "versions" the need to pay attention to what version is being used, and the need for a means to determine what I am about to mess up "if" I do not pay attention to detail... Q1. Specifically what statement will identify the version used by someone elses initial database creation? (since I created my own databases I know what version I used) Q2. Specifically what statement will identify the storage engine that the developer used when creating the database. (I specified a particular database in my collection then tried SHOW Engine, did not work, then tried to just get the metadata from one table in that database: mysql SELECT duck_cust, table_type, engine - FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.tables - WHERE table_schema = 'tp' - ORDER BY table_type ASC, table_name DESC; as this was not really what I wanted (and did not work) I am looking for some direction from the pros... Q3. (If you really have the inclination to continue helping) If I were to access a database from an earlier/later "version" are there backward/forward compatibility issues for maintaining/updating data between versions? Please and Thank you in advance for your time and efforts! sammysmall

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• Convert a binary tree to linked list, breadth first, constant storage/destructive

  - by Merlyn Morgan-Graham

  This is not homework, and I don't need to answer it, but now I have become obsessed :) The problem is: Design an algorithm to destructively flatten a binary tree to a linked list, breadth-first. Okay, easy enough. Just build a queue, and do what you have to. That was the warm-up. Now, implement it with constant storage (recursion, if you can figure out an answer using it, is logarithmic storage, not constant). I found a solution to this problem on the Internet about a year back, but now I've forgotten it, and I want to know :) The trick, as far as I remember, involved using the tree to implement the queue, taking advantage of the destructive nature of the algorithm. When you are linking the list, you are also pushing an item into the queue. Each time I try to solve this, I lose nodes (such as each time I link the next node/add to the queue), I require extra storage, or I can't figure out the convoluted method I need to get back to a node that has the pointer I need. Even the link to that original article/post would be useful to me :) Google is giving me no joy. Edit: Jérémie pointed out that there is a fairly simple (and well known answer) if you have a parent pointer. While I now think he is correct about the original solution containing a parent pointer, I really wanted to solve the problem without it :) The refined requirements use this definition for the node: struct tree_node { int value; tree_node* left; tree_node* right; };

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• Varnish returning 503, FetchError (could not get storage)

  - by Archan

  On the current setup we're running into a problem with Varnish, we're running a CentOS 5.7 x86_64 xenpv, with Cpanel WHM, hosted at VPS.net. Sometimes we will recieve a Guru Meditation from Varnish, and when we look in the varnishlog with the following command varnishlog -d -c -m TxStatus:503 it returns output similar to the following: 15 VCL_call c recv 15 VCL_acl c NO_MATCH devs 15 VCL_return c pass 15 VCL_call c hash 15 Hash c **** 15 Hash c ************* 15 VCL_return c hash 15 VCL_call c pass pass 15 Backend c 12 default default 15 TTL c 1835862523 RFC 0 -1 -1 1332454056 0 1332454055 375007920 0 15 VCL_call c fetch hit_for_pass 15 ObjProtocol c HTTP/1.1 15 ObjResponse c OK 15 ObjHeader c Date: Thu, 22 Mar 2012 22:07:35 GMT 15 ObjHeader c Server: Apache/2.2.21 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.2.21 OpenSSL/0.9.8e-fips-rhel5 mod_bwlimited/1.4 mod_fcgid/2.3.6 15 ObjHeader c X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.9 15 ObjHeader c Expires: Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT 15 ObjHeader c Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0 15 ObjHeader c Pragma: no-cache 15 ObjHeader c Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 15 ObjHeader c X-Cacheable: NO:Cache-Control=private 15 FetchError c chunked read_error: 12 (Could not get storage) 15 VCL_call c error deliver 15 VCL_call c deliver deliver As far as I have could gather, we could try increasing the nuke_limit, but currently we have a nuke_limit of 500, and when running varnishstat -1 -f n_lru_nuked we "only" get a total of 1031, even though we have seen the error happen on several pages. When we then run top to see how much memory Varnish is using, it only shows that it is using 763m, although we've set it to be allowed to use 1200m. Any ideas of what the problem can be?

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• Ubuntu 10.04 recognizing USB 2.0 external HD as USB 1.1

  - by btucker

  When I connect the USB 2.0 drive I see this: usb 1-4.3: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 5 so I know it's getting seen as USB 1.1. usb-devices shows that it really is USB 2.0 and connected to a USB 2.0 hub: T: Bus=01 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=03 Cnt=01 Dev#= 2 Spd=12 MxCh= 4 D: Ver= 2.00 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS=64 #Cfgs= 1 P: Vendor=05e3 ProdID=0608 Rev=77.61 S: Product=USB2.0 Hub C: #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=e0 MxPwr=100mA I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=hub T: Bus=01 Lev=02 Prnt=02 Port=01 Cnt=01 Dev#= 4 Spd=12 MxCh= 0 D: Ver= 2.00 Cls=00(>ifc ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS=64 #Cfgs= 1 P: Vendor=13fd ProdID=1340 Rev=02.10 S: Manufacturer=Generic S: Product=External C: #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=c0 MxPwr=2mA I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 2 Cls=08(stor.) Sub=06 Prot=50 Driver=usb-storage It seems the problem is that root hub is: T: Bus=01 Lev=00 Prnt=00 Port=00 Cnt=00 Dev#= 1 Spd=12 MxCh=10 D: Ver= 1.10 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS=64 #Cfgs= 1 P: Vendor=1d6b ProdID=0001 Rev=02.06 S: Manufacturer=Linux 2.6.32-25-server ohci_hcd S: Product=OHCI Host Controller S: SerialNumber=0000:00:02.0 C: #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=e0 MxPwr=0mA I: If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=09(hub ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=hub And there's no mention of ehci_hcd. lsusb -t gives me: /: Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=ohci_hcd/10p, 12M |__ Port 4: Dev 2, If 0, Class=hub, Driver=hub/4p, 12M |__ Port 2: Dev 4, If 0, Class=stor., Driver=usb-storage, 12M |__ Port 3: Dev 5, If 0, Class=stor., Driver=usb-storage, 12M |__ Port 6: Dev 3, If 0, Class=stor., Driver=usb-storage, 12M It seems like I'm missing something which would allow the OS to see USB 2.0 devices. Can anyone point me in the right direction? EDIT Full lsusb -v output: Bus 001 Device 005: ID 13fd:1340 Initio Corporation Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 2.00 bDeviceClass 0 (Defined at Interface level) bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 64 idVendor 0x13fd Initio Corporation idProduct 0x1340 bcdDevice 2.10 iManufacturer 1 Generic iProduct 2 External iSerial 3 57442D574341595930323337 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 32 bNumInterfaces 1 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 0 bmAttributes 0xc0 Self Powered MaxPower 2mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 8 Mass Storage bInterfaceSubClass 6 SCSI bInterfaceProtocol 80 Bulk (Zip) iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes bInterval 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x02 EP 2 OUT bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0040 1x 64 bytes bInterval 0 Device Qualifier (for other device speed): bLength 10 bDescriptorType 6 bcdUSB 2.00 bDeviceClass 0 (Defined at Interface level) bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 64 bNumConfigurations 1 Device Status: 0x0001 Self Powered Bus 001 Device 002: ID 05e3:0608 Genesys Logic, Inc. USB-2.0 4-Port HUB Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 2.00 bDeviceClass 9 Hub bDeviceSubClass 0 Unused bDeviceProtocol 0 Full speed (or root) hub bMaxPacketSize0 64 idVendor 0x05e3 Genesys Logic, Inc. idProduct 0x0608 USB-2.0 4-Port HUB bcdDevice 77.61 iManufacturer 0 iProduct 1 USB2.0 Hub iSerial 0 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 25 bNumInterfaces 1 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 0 bmAttributes 0xe0 Self Powered Remote Wakeup MaxPower 100mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 1 bInterfaceClass 9 Hub bInterfaceSubClass 0 Unused bInterfaceProtocol 0 Full speed (or root) hub iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN bmAttributes 3 Transfer Type Interrupt Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0001 1x 1 bytes bInterval 255 Hub Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 41 nNbrPorts 4 wHubCharacteristic 0x00e0 Ganged power switching Ganged overcurrent protection Port indicators bPwrOn2PwrGood 50 * 2 milli seconds bHubContrCurrent 100 milli Ampere DeviceRemovable 0x00 PortPwrCtrlMask 0xff Hub Port Status: Port 1: 0000.0100 power Port 2: 0000.0103 power enable connect Port 3: 0000.0103 power enable connect Port 4: 0000.0100 power Device Qualifier (for other device speed): bLength 10 bDescriptorType 6 bcdUSB 2.00 bDeviceClass 9 Hub bDeviceSubClass 0 Unused bDeviceProtocol 1 Single TT bMaxPacketSize0 64 bNumConfigurations 1 Device Status: 0x0001 Self Powered Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 1.10 bDeviceClass 9 Hub bDeviceSubClass 0 Unused bDeviceProtocol 0 Full speed (or root) hub bMaxPacketSize0 64 idVendor 0x1d6b Linux Foundation idProduct 0x0001 1.1 root hub bcdDevice 2.06 iManufacturer 3 Linux 2.6.32-25-server ohci_hcd iProduct 2 OHCI Host Controller iSerial 1 0000:00:02.0 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 25 bNumInterfaces 1 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 0 bmAttributes 0xe0 Self Powered Remote Wakeup MaxPower 0mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 1 bInterfaceClass 9 Hub bInterfaceSubClass 0 Unused bInterfaceProtocol 0 Full speed (or root) hub iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN bmAttributes 3 Transfer Type Interrupt Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0002 1x 2 bytes bInterval 255 Hub Descriptor: bLength 11 bDescriptorType 41 nNbrPorts 10 wHubCharacteristic 0x0002 No power switching (usb 1.0) Ganged overcurrent protection bPwrOn2PwrGood 1 * 2 milli seconds bHubContrCurrent 0 milli Ampere DeviceRemovable 0x00 0x00 PortPwrCtrlMask 0xff 0xff Hub Port Status: Port 1: 0000.0100 power Port 2: 0000.0100 power Port 3: 0000.0100 power Port 4: 0000.0103 power enable connect Port 5: 0000.0100 power Port 6: 0000.0103 power enable connect Port 7: 0000.0100 power Port 8: 0000.0100 power Port 9: 0000.0100 power Port 10: 0000.0100 power Device Status: 0x0003 Self Powered Remote Wakeup Enabled

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• GlusterFS as elastic file storage?

  - by Christopher Vanderlinden

  Is there any way to run GlusterFS in a replicated mode, but with the ability to dynamically scale the volume up and down? Say you have 3 servers all running glusterd. your Gluster volume would have to be setup with replica 3 gluster volume create test-volume replica 3 192.168.0.150:/test-volume 192.168.0.151:/test-volume 192.168.0.152:/test-volume You would then mount it as say \mnt\gfs_test What happens when I want to add 2 more servers to the storage pool and then also use them in this volume? Is there any easy way to expand the volume AND increase that replica count to 5? My end goal is to run this on EC2 instances, say 3 Apache front ends, with the webroot setup on the gluster volume mount. My concern is that if I ever need to spin up a server, I would want the server to not only be an additional Apache front end, but also another server in the gluster file system, adding to fault tolerance as well as possibly giving a slight boost in read speed. Maybe there are better options that would fit the bill here? Thanks.

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• Need a recommendation for shared storage on auto-scaling ec2 w/ scalr

  - by john h.

  I have come across so many answers to this question that I am completely lost! I am moving our 2 sites to a load balanced ec2 system with scalr as our cloud manager. Now the question is coming up about persistent storage for the user's uploaded content and other files. Could someone please give me a suggestion and possible a link to a tutorial for the following setup and goals. 2 websites (1 Forum, 1 ecommerce). 1 LB 1 App server (to scale out to as many as needed) 1 DB server (to scale out to as many as needed) Our sites will need to autoscale and according to what I am learning about scalr, that means as new instances load up, I need to run a script to set the basics up on that server (git,php mods, pull site from git, move keys, etc) What I don't understand is how should I handle user uploaded content like profile pictures, avatars, product images, themes, etc... Do I mount an EBS or s3fs folder to hold the websites (maybe /var/www/websitefolder) or do I do something like mount the avatar folders /var/www/websitefolder/images/avatars) I am not sure where to go with this. Could someone give me some detailed help? -John

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• Turn computer into DAS (Direct Attached Storage)

  - by Damon

  Can we build a direct attached storage by taking a computer/server, adding an HBA, and installing some appropriate software? We would use Debian as a host OS for both the DAS and the server. If so, what software do we use? And do we simply need a HBA for the DAS and the Server? Or do we need more hardware? The goal is to use an older server that does not have enough room for drives but does have ECC memory, server processors, redundant power supplies, dual nics, etc. Then find any boxes, server or not, the key being having enough room for 8-12 drives, fans, etc. and turning them into a DAS; build two of these DAS's and have them connected to the server. Eventually we want to have two servers using DRBD and associated services like heartbeat and pace maker to create an HA setup for our server(s) but that will take a long time to configure since I have no experience with anything related to DRBD (yet) and have a learning curve I have to get past, not to mention the additional cost of more hardware (two servers vs one).

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• Need a place to store a few bytes of meta information on storage media

  - by Jason C

  I'm working on an embedded project. I need a place to store some filesystem-independent meta information on a storage device. The device has an MSDOS partition table. The device also may have unallocated space (depending on its size) but it will be TRIMmed (and also may be blown away by new partitions in the future). I need a location on the device that is not unallocated and that has a low risk of being touched (outside of completely erasing the device). The device is only guaranteed to have an MBR at the point the meta data needs to first be written; meaning there are no EBRs/VBRs present that I could use. There are 446 bytes at the very start of the device available for MBR bootstrap code. Currently my only idea is to store data at the end of this block. However, the device is bootable and I have no way of knowing if I'd be blowing away bootstrap code or not. The sector size is 512 bytes and the MBR is the first sector, I'm pretty sure (correct me if I'm wrong) that that means the second sector is available for use by partition data, so I can't use that either. Does anybody have any ideas? I need 4 bytes of space.

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• Industrial strength cloud file storage

  - by ArthurG

  I'm looking for an industrial strength cloud file storage system. It will be used by multiple people in a startup. Our requirements: Transparent file system access: files and folders in the file system must be able transparently access (read and write) files in the cloud; files must be synchronized whenever network access is available and buffered otherwise. The system must be usable by non-technical people. Access control: we need to control who can access which files, at least on a very coarse basis. e.g., the developers will be able to access the system design documents, only the corporate folks can access recruiting documents, and only management can access certain corporate documents. Dropbox provides this via Sharing folders, but that's not adequate, if I understand it correctly, because there's no authentication of the sharing user. so the cloud service should have a notion of an account (our startup) with multiple users with distinct credentials and rights for each user Clients: it must be accessible from Macs and PCs; I would hope that it supports Linux (e.g., Ubuntu) too Security: it must provide robust security Backup: the cloud service must reliably backup the files Versioning: change version history, is a big plus, but not required Not free: we're willing to pay for the service So far, we've reviewed the following, albeit not completely thoroughly: Dropbox: has all except 1) Access control, which is provided via Sharing folders, but that's not adequate, if I understand it correctly, because there's no authentication of the sharing user. and 2) Security, as discussed here http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/05/internet_security and here http://blog.dropbox.com/?p=821. Windows Live Mesh, has all except 1) Clients, only supporting Windows 7 and OS X. SpiderOak has all, except 1) Transparent file system access, which is only available for 1 user. Amazon Cloud, doesn't offer 1) Transparent file system access Rackspace Cloud Drive has all except 1) Access control and 2) Versioning I'll gladly include any clarifications or additional systems the community provides. Arthur

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• Mounting an Azure blob container in a Linux VM Role

  - by djechelon

  I previously asked a question about this topic but now I prefer to rewrite it from scratch because I was very confused back then. I currently have a Linux XS VM Role in Azure. I basically want to create a self-managed and evoluted hosting service using VMs rather than Azure's more-expensive Web Roles. I also want to take advantage of load balancing (between VM Roles) and geo-replication (of Storage Roles), making sure that the "web files" of customers are located in a defined and manageable place. One way I found to "mount" a drive in Linux VM is described here and involves mounting a VHD onto the virtual machine. From what I could learn, the VHD is reliably-stored in a storage role, and is exclusively locked by the VM that uses it. Once the VM Role has its drive I can format the partition to any size I want. I don't want that!! I would like each hosted site to have its own blob directory, then each replicated/load-balanced VM Role to rw mount like in NFS that blob directory to read HTML and script files. The database is obviously courtesy of Microsoft :) My question is Is it possible to actually mount a blob storage into a directory in the Linux FS? Is it possible in Windows Server 2008?

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• Understanding Linux SCSI queue depths

  - by Troels Arvin

  I'm experimenting with the effects of different SCSI queue depth values on a Dell server running CentOS Linux 5.4 (x86_64). The server has two QLogic QLE2560 FC HBAs connected via multipathing to a storage system. The storage system has allocated two LUNs to the server, each connected through four paths in an active-active-active-active round-robin configuration. All in all, the two LUNs exist as eight /dev/sdX devices, represented by two devices in /dev/mpath. I currently adjust the queue depth values in /etc/modprobe.conf and check the result (after rebooting) by looking in the seventh column of /proc/scsi/sg/devices. Two questions related to that: Is there a way to adjust queue depths without rebooting or unloading the qla2xxx kernel module? E.g., can I echo a new queue depth value into some /proc or /sys-like file to update the queue depth? If I set the queue depth to 128, is that 128 in total for all devices handled by the qla2xxx module?, or 128 for each HBA? (256 in total), or 128 for each of the eight /dev/sdX devices (1024 in toal)?, or 128 for each of the two /dev/mpath/... devices (256 in total)? This is important for me to know so that my server doesn't flood the storage system, affecting other servers connected to it.

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• Probability of Blade Chassis Failure

  - by ChrisZZ

  In my organisation we are thinking about buying blade servers - instead of rack servers. Of course technology vendors also make them sound very nice. A concern, that I read very often in different forums, is, that there is a theoretical possibility of the server chassis going down - which would in consequence take all the blades down. That is due to shared infrastructure. My reaction on this probability would be to have redundancy and by two chassis instead of one (very costly of course). Some people (including e.g. HP Vendors) try to convince us, that the chassis is very very unlikely to fail, due to many redundancies (redundant power supply, etc.). Another concern on my side is, that if something goes down, spare parts might be required - which is difficult in our location (Ethiopia). So I would ask to experienced administrators, that have managed blade server: What is your experience? Do they go down as a whole - and what is the sensible shared infrastructure, that might fail? That question could be extended to shared storage. Again I would say, that we need two storage units instead of only one - and again the vendors say, that this things are so rock solid, that no failure is expected. Well - I can hardly believe, that such a critical infrastructure can be very reliable without redundancy - but maybe you can tell me, whether you have successfull blade-based projects, that work without redundancy in its core parts (chassis, storage...) At the moment, we look at HP - as IBM looks much to expensive... thanks a lot best regards Christian

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• Linux - real-world hardware RAID controller tuning (scsi and cciss)

  - by ewwhite

  Most of the Linux systems I manage feature hardware RAID controllers (mostly HP Smart Array). They're all running RHEL or CentOS. I'm looking for real-world tunables to help optimize performance for setups that incorporate hardware RAID controllers with SAS disks (Smart Array, Perc, LSI, etc.) and battery-backed or flash-backed cache. Assume RAID 1+0 and multiple spindles (4+ disks). I spend a considerable amount of time tuning Linux network settings for low-latency and financial trading applications. But many of those options are well-documented (changing send/receive buffers, modifying TCP window settings, etc.). What are engineers doing on the storage side? Historically, I've made changes to the I/O scheduling elevator, recently opting for the deadline and noop schedulers to improve performance within my applications. As RHEL versions have progressed, I've also noticed that the compiled-in defaults for SCSI and CCISS block devices have changed as well. This has had an impact on the recommended storage subsystem settings over time. However, it's been awhile since I've seen any clear recommendations. And I know that the OS defaults aren't optimal. For example, it seems that the default read-ahead buffer of 128kb is extremely small for a deployment on server-class hardware. The following articles explore the performance impact of changing read-ahead cache and nr_requests values on the block queues. http://zackreed.me/articles/54-hp-smart-array-p410-controller-tuning http://www.overclock.net/t/515068/tuning-a-hp-smart-array-p400-with-linux-why-tuning-really-matters http://yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.com/2009/04/linux-io-scheduler-queue-size-and.html For example, these are suggested changes for an HP Smart Array RAID controller: echo "noop" > /sys/block/cciss\!c0d0/queue/scheduler blockdev --setra 65536 /dev/cciss/c0d0 echo 512 > /sys/block/cciss\!c0d0/queue/nr_requests echo 2048 > /sys/block/cciss\!c0d0/queue/read_ahead_kb What else can be reliably tuned to improve storage performance? I'm specifically looking for sysctl and sysfs options in production scenarios.

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• Windows 2003 Storage Server Hanging on Large File Transfers

  - by user25272

  In one of our offices we have a Dell PowerVault 745N NAS device which acts as the main file server. Its running 32bit Windows 2003 Storage Server SP2 with 3GB RAM. The server holds around 60 users HOME folders, which are mapped via AD. The office clients are a mix of XP SP3, Vista and Windows 7. Occasionally the server will completely hang when transferring large files. When the hang happens the console becomes unresponsive with only the mouse active and blank wallpaper. Sometimes stopping the copy frees the server, sometimes not. The hanging can last around 20 minutes. During this time other servers also become unresponsive with blank wallpaper at the console. If you do manage to get onto another server the taskbar and run commands are unresponsive. This also transcends to the client computers sometimes with explorer crashing. I'm guessing this is due to the HOME folder mapping. Eventually the NAS server with free up and everything will be back to normal. The server is configured as follows: PERC 4/DC DATA 2 - 12 SCSI HDD - RAID5 SHADOWCOPY 2 SCSI HDD - RAID1 CERC SATA DATA 11 4 SATA HDD - RAID5 OS 4 SATA HDD - RAID5 All the drivers and firmware is up to date. I've been through all the diagnostics with Dell and the hardware has come up clean including full HDD tests on the arrays. The server has NOD32 installed as the AV, but the hanging happens when it is uninstalled. There are no errors in the event log when this happens and we don't have any errors logged on any of our ProCurve switches. DNS is fine on the domain and AD from what I can tell is running happily. There are no DFS or NFS shares setup either. All the shares are standard Windows. I've unchecked the allow the computer to turn off this device to save power box under Power Management on the NIC. "Set Link Speed and Duplex to Auto-negotiate 1000 " Increased Receive Descriptors buffer from 256 to 352 (reserves more CPU resource for handling data) I've run network traces using network monitor and have found the following: 417 8.078125 {SMB:192, NbtSS:25, TCP:24, IPv4:23} 192.168.2.244 192.168.5.35 SMB SMB:R; Nt Create Andx - NT Status: System - Error, Code = (52) STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND I've tried different cabling; NICs and switch ports all with the same result. Transferring files from other servers on the domain is fine. All I haven't done is run CHKDSK on the drives to look for any file system errors. On the Vista clients I have also run netsh interface tcp set global autotuning=disabled with no result. Could it be that the server has a faulty drive or that the I/O is too much for it to handle? Any ideas why would the hang cause issues with the other servers on the LAN? Many Thanks.

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• 404 redirect with cloud storage

  - by Jeremy DeGroot

  I'm hoping to reach someone with some experience using a service like Amazon's S3 with this question. On my site we have a dedicated image server. And on this server, we have an automatic 404 redirect through Apapche so that, if a user tries to access an image that doesn't exist, they'll see a snazzy "Image Not Available" image. We're looking to move the hosting of these images to a cloud storage solution (S3 or Rackspace's CloudFiles), and I'm wondering if anyone's had any success replicating this behavior on a cloud storage service and if so how they did it.

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• MySQL index cardinality - performance vs storage efficiency

  - by Sean

  Say you have a MySQL 5.0 MyISAM table with 100 million rows, with one index (other than primary key) on two integer columns. From my admittedly poor understanding of B-tree structure, I believe that a lower cardinality means the storage efficiency of the index is better, because there are less parent nodes. Whereas a higher cardinality means less efficient storage, but faster read performance, because it has to navigate through less branches to get to whatever data it is looking for to narrow down the rows for the query. (Note - by "low" vs "high", I don't mean e.g. 1 million vs 99 million for a 100 million row table. I mean more like 90 million vs 95 million) Is my understanding correct? Related question - How does cardinality affect write performance?

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• WPF: isolated storage file path too long

  - by user342961

  Hi, I'm deploying my WPF app with ClickOnce. When developing locally in Visual Studio, I store files in the isolated storage by calling IsolatedStorageFile.GetUserStoreForDomain(). This works just fine and the generated path is C:\Users\Frederik\AppData\Local\IsolatedStorage\phqduaro.crw\hux3pljr.cnx\StrongName.kkulk3wafjkvclxpwvxmpvslqqwckuh0\Publisher.ui0lr4tpq53mz2v2c0uqx21xze0w22gq\Files\FilerefData\-581750116 (189 chars) But when I deploy my app with ClickOnce, the generated path becomes too long, resulting in a DirectoryNotFoundException when creating the isolated storage directory. The generated path with ClickOnce is: C:\Users\Frederik\AppData\Local\Apps\2.0\Data\OQ0LNXJT.R5V\8539ABHC.ODN\exqu..tion_e07264ceafd7486e_0001.0000_b8f01b38216164a0\Data\StrongName.wy0cojdd3mpvq45404l3gxdklugoanvi\Publisher.ui0lr4tpq53mz2v2c0uqx21xze0w22gq\Files\FilerefData\-581750116 (247 chars) When I browse the folders all but the last directory of the path exists. Then when trying to create a folder at this location windows tells me I can't create a directory because the resulting path name will be too long. How can I shorten the path generated by the IsolatedStorage?

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• Getting USB Storage Device Instance ID (unique ID) programmatically

  - by Navaneeth

  Whenever user plug a USB mass storage device, how to get the Device Instance ID (unique ID) of that particular device programmatically?

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• Get storage engine in MySql

  - by Marco

  Hi, how do i get the storage engine used by a specific database in MySql? Thanks

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• Zend_Auth / Zend_Session error and storing objects in Auth Storage

  - by Martin

  Hi All, I have been having a bit of a problem with Zend_Auth and keep getting an error within my Acl. Within my Login Controller I setup my Zend_Auth storage as follows $auth = Zend_Auth::getInstance(); $result = $auth->authenticate($adapter); if ($result->isValid()) { $userId = $adapter->getResultRowObject(array('user_id'), null)->user_id; $user = new User_Model_User; $users = new User_Model_UserMapper; $users->find($userId, $user); $auth->getStorage()->write( $user ); } This seems to work well and I am able to use the object stored in the Zend_Auth storage within View Helpers without any problems. The problem that I seem to be having is when I try to use this within my Acl, below is a snippet from my Acl, as soon as it gets to the if($auth->hasIdentity()) { line I get the exception detailed further down. The $user->getUserLevel() is a methord within the User Model that allows me to convert the user_level_id that is stored in the database to a meaning full name. I am assuming that the auto loader sees these kind of methords and tries to load all the classes that would be required. When looking at the exception it appears to be struggling to find the class as it is stored in a module, I have the Auto Loader Name Space setup in my application.ini. Could anyone help with resolving this? class App_Controller_Plugin_Acl extends Zend_Controller_Plugin_Abstract { protected $_roleName; public function __construct() { $auth = Zend_Auth::getInstance(); if($auth->hasIdentity()) { $user = $auth->getIdentity(); $this->_roleName = strtolower($user->getUserLevel()); } else { $this->_roleName = 'guest'; } } } Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Zend_Session_Exception' with message 'Zend_Session::start() - \Web\library\Zend\Loader.php(Line:146): Error #2 include_once() [&lt;a href='function.include'&gt;function.include&lt;/a&gt;]: Failed opening 'Menu\Model\UserLevel.php' for inclusion (include_path='\Web\application/../library;\Web\library;.;C:\php5\pear') Array' in \Web\library\Zend\Session.php:493 Stack trace: #0 \Web\library\Zend\Session\Namespace.php(143): Zend_Session::start(true) #1 \Web\library\Zend\Auth\Storage\Session.php(87): Zend_Session_Namespace-&gt;__construct('Zend_Auth') #2 \Web\library\Zend\Auth.php(91): Zend_Auth_Storage_Session-&gt;__construct() #3 \Web\library\Zend\A in \Web\library\Zend\Session.php on line 493 Thanks, Martin

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• Convert ASP.NET membership system to secure password storage

  - by wrburgess

  I have a potential client that set up their website and membership system in ASP.NET 3.5. When their developer set up the system, it seems he turned off the security/hashing aspect of password storage and everything is stored in the clear. Is there a process to reinstall/change the secure password storage of ASP.NET membership without changing all of the passwords in the database? The client is worried that they'll lose their customers if they all have to go through a massive password change. I've always installed with security on by default, thus I don't know the effect of a switchover. Is there a way to convert the entire system to a secure password system without major effects on the users?

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