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  • Memory interleaving

    - by Tim Green
    Hello, I have this question that has me rather confused. Suppose that a 1G x 32-bit main memory is built using 256M x 4-bit RAM chips and that this memory is byte-addressable. I have deduced that one would require 4*1G = 2^2*2*30 = 2^32 - so 32 bits to address the full memory. My problem now comes with, say, if you had memory (byte) address "14", determine which memory module this would go into. (There would have to be 8 chips per module to make the 32-bit wide memory, and 4 modules overall giving 32 chips in total. Modules are numbered from 0). In high-order interleave, it appears trivial that it's the first (0) memory module given a lot of the first few bits are 0. However, low-order interleave has me stumped. I can't figure out (for sure) how many bits are used to determine a memory module (possibly 2, given there are 4 in total?). The given solution is Module 3. This is not homework in the same sense so I will not be tagging it as such.

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  • OpenGL Video RAM Limits

    - by Tamir
    I have been trying to make a Cross-platform 2D Online Game, and my maps are made of tiles. My tileset, which I render the tiles from, is quite huge. I wanted to know how can I disable hardware rendering, or at least making it more capable. Hence, I wanted to know what are the basic limits of the video ram, as far as I know, Direct3D has a texture size limits (by that I don't mean the power-of-two texture sizes).

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  • Oracle DB on solaris utilizing swap memory when free RAM available

    - by Ara
    Hi, We have a weird instance where we noticed our oracle database server swap utilization was 100% and surprised to see that the system had free memory available during that period. To my knowledge, swap memory utilization starts once system runs out of free RAM (please correct me if i'm wrong). Not sure what could have caused this unusual activity. Had anyone else experienced such behaviour? Regs,

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  • How to reduce cpu and ram usage?

    - by Hellboy
    i am going to "read" (video/big) files from server (shared environment) to clients (webbrowsers) via php and would like to know first if there is a way to reduce cpu and ram usage somehow (as i have those limited). thanks.

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  • More RAM vs. more servers [closed]

    - by user357972
    I was recently asked "Do you know when to decide between going for more RAM or more servers?" (in the context of scaling data mining applications). I had no idea, so what are some ways to decide? I have very little knowledge of architecture and scaling (my understanding of computer memory and what a server does is limited to the high-level basics), so tips on learning more about these things in general are also very welcome.

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  • Is 1GB RAM with integrated graphics sufficient for Unity 3D on 12.04?

    - by Anwar Shah
    I have been using Ubuntu since Hardy Heron (8.04). I used Natty, Oneiric with Unity. But When I recently (more than 1 month now) upgraded My Ubuntu to Precise (12.04), the performance of my laptop is not satisfactory. It is too unresponsive compared to older releases. For example, the Unity in 12.04 is very unresponsive. Sometimes, it requires 2 seconds to show up the dash (which was not the case with Natty, though people always saying that Natty's version of Unity is buggiest). I am assuming that, May be my 1GB RAM now becomes too low to run Unity of Precise. But I also think, Since Unity is improved in Precise, It may not be the case. So, I am not sure. Do you have any ideas? Will upgrading RAM fix it? How much I need if upgrade is required? Laptop model: "Lenovo 3000 Y410" Graphic : "Intel GMA X3100" on Intel 965GM Chipset. RAM/Memory : "1 GB DDR2" (1 slot empty). Swap space : 1.1GB Resolution: 1280x800 widescreen Shared RAM for Graphics: 256 MB as below output suggests $ dmesg | grep AGP [ 0.825548] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: AGP aperture is 256M @ 0xd0000000

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  • Raspberry Pi Now Shipping with 512MB RAM; Still Only $35

    - by Jason Fitzpatrick
    Fans of the tiny Raspberry Pi will be pleased to hear the new version of their Model B board now ships with 512MB of RAM (up from the previous 256MB). The best part about the upgrade? The price point stays at $35 a board. From the official Raspberry Pi blog: One of the most common suggestions we’ve heard since launch is that we should produce a more expensive “Model C” version of Raspberry Pi with extra RAM. This would be useful for people who want to use the Pi as a general-purpose computer, with multiple large applications running concurrently, and would enable some interesting embedded use cases (particularly using Java) which are slightly too heavyweight to fit comfortably in 256MB. The downside of this suggestion for us is that we’re very attached to $35 as our highest price point. With this in mind, we’re pleased to announce that from today all Model B Raspberry Pis will ship with 512MB of RAM as standard. If you have an outstanding order with either distributor, you will receive the upgraded device in place of the 256MB version you ordered. Units should start arriving in customers’ hands today, and we will be making a firmware upgrade available in the next couple of days to enable access to the additional memory. We’re excited to get our hands on a new board and try out Raspbmc with that extra RAM. HTG Explains: What is the Windows Page File and Should You Disable It? How To Get a Better Wireless Signal and Reduce Wireless Network Interference How To Troubleshoot Internet Connection Problems

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  • In a Virtual Machine, is the Virtual Processor using RAM or part of the Processor?

    - by Jason H
    I am running a 15" MacBook Pro (2.66GHz) and 4GB of RAM. I am considering downgrading to a 13 MacBook Pro (2.4GHz) with 8GB of RAM. Most of what I do at work is through Windows and I need to run it virtually. So my real question is when running a virtual machine will the virtual processor be utilizing RAM or part of the hosts processor? My assumption is that it will utilize the allocated RAM but I have seen zero documentation to support that.

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  • basics of using cut awk grep and sed...

    - by Samantha
    Hello there, I'm trying to extract the year from this output : sam@sam-laptop:~/shell$ date Mon Feb 8 21:57:00 CET 2010 sam@sam-laptop:~/shell$ date | cut -d' ' -f7 2010 sam@sam-laptop:~/shell$ date | awk '{print $6}' 2010 Are there any other ways to get the same result ? using maybe grep, sed etc ? Merci !

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  • How can I create a solid business case for upgrading our programmers to 256 GB SSD and 16 GB of RAM?

    - by Alex. S.
    We have an environment based on Microsoft stack (VS2010, SQL Server, etc), and I firmly believe that we could improve productivity a little bit, having more RAM and a faster secondary SSD. What data do you advice to gather so I can solidify my request in such a way the advantages can be unbiasedly demonstrated? Currently we have only 6GB of RAM and slower HD drives, and at home I have a 128 GB SSD in my desktop and 16 GB of RAM (I also think is the max amount of memory supported by our workstations, if we could go bigger then better), so I can feel the difference and it's real. I also want to add that we are in an industry with plenty of money, so the issue actually is how to get a budget approval from management and spend it wisely to increase productivity.

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  • When I have 6 GB of RAM installed, why is just 3 GB available on Ubuntu?

    - by user842225
    I'm using a laptop with 32-bit Ubuntu 10.04. I used to have only 2 GB of RAM. Today, our IT-support upgraded my laptop to a total of 6 GB of RAM. They told me "Though you do now have 6 GB, when you use your current Ubuntu, you'll only have 3 GB available. You have to install the latest version of 64-bit Ubuntu to enable all of the 6 GB." He was in a hurry to leave without explaining more. I turned on my laptop, used gnome-system-monitor to check, and as he said, it shows I only have 3 GB of RAM. Could someone explain me why? Why do I have just 3 GB available, and why installing a 64-bit version makes all of the 6 GB available?

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  • how to store data in ram in verilog

    - by anum
    i am having a bit stream of 128 bits @ each posedge of clk,i.e.total 10 bit streams each of length 128 bits. i want to divide the 128 bit stream into 8, 8 bits n hve to store them in a ram / memory of width 8 bits. i did it by assigning 8, 8 bits to wires of size 8 bit.in this way there are 16 wires. and i am using dual port ram...wen i cal module of memory in stimulus.i don know how to give input....as i am hving 16 different wires naming from k1 to k16. **codeeee** // this is stimulus file module final_stim; reg [7:0] in,in_data; reg clk,rst_n,rd,wr,rd_data,wr_data; wire [7:0] out,out_wr, ouut; wire[7:0] d; integer i; //wire[7:0] xor_out; reg kld,f; reg [127:0]key; wire [127:0] key_expand; wire [7:0]out_data; reg [7:0] k; //wire [7:0] k1,k2,k3,k4,k5,k6,k7,k8,k9,k10,k11,k12,k13,k14,k15,k16; wire [7:0] out_data1; **//key_expand is da output which is giving 10 streams of size 128 bits.** assign k1=key_expand[127:120]; assign k2=key_expand[119:112]; assign k3=key_expand[111:104]; assign k4=key_expand[103:96]; assign k5=key_expand[95:88]; assign k6=key_expand[87:80]; assign k7=key_expand[79:72]; assign k8=key_expand[71:64]; assign k9=key_expand[63:56]; assign k10=key_expand[55:48]; assign k11=key_expand[47:40]; assign k12=key_expand[39:32]; assign k13=key_expand[31:24]; assign k14=key_expand[23:16]; assign k15=key_expand[15:8]; assign k16=key_expand[7:0]; **// then the module of memory is instanciated. //here k1 is sent as input.but i don know how to save the other values of k. //i tried to use for loop but it dint help** memory m1(clk,rst_n,rd, wr,k1,out_data1); aes_sbox b(out,d); initial begin clk=1'b1; rst_n=1'b0; #20 rst_n = 1; //rd=1'b1; wr_data=1'b1; in=8'hd4; #20 //rst_n=1'b1; in=8'h27; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'h11; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'hae; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'he0; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'hbf; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'h98; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'hf1; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'hb8; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'hb4; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'h5d; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'he5; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'h1e; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'h41; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'h52; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 in=8'h30; rd_data=1'b0; wr_data=1'b1; #20 wr_data=1'b0; #380 rd_data=1'b1; #320 rd_data = 1'b0; /////////////// #10 kld = 1'b1; key=128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b0; #10 wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 kld = 1'b0; key = 128'h 2b7e151628aed2a6abf7158809cf4f3c; wr = 1'b1; rd = 1'b1; #20 wr = 1'b0; #20 rd = 1'b1; #4880 f=1'b1; ///////////////////////////////////////////////// // out_data[i] end /*always@(*) begin while(i) mem[i]^mem1[i] ; i<=16; break; end*/ always #10 clk=~clk; always@(posedge clk) begin //$monitor($time," out_wr=%h,out_rd=%h\n ",out_wr,out); #10000 $stop; end endmodule

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  • Is putting the swapfile & temp folder to ramdisk a good idea in Windows 7 64 bit with lots of RAM?

    - by Tony_Henrich
    I want my Windows to run as fast as possible. If I have 12GB RAM in Windows 7 64bit, quad core CPU, and all apps fit in memory, will the swap file ever be used for anything? The question is about if it's a good idea to put the swap file in a RAM disk. Would a RAM disk help in any way or will Windows intelligently use all the available memory for all its work? I am also thinking of putting the temp folder on a RAM disk. I know the RAM disk is volatile memory and I don't care about its content if it gets lost.

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  • Why my laptop doesnt boot in any OS (windows or ubuntu) after RAM upgrade?

    - by qrsq
    My laptop previously had 2 slots of RAM ( 1x1Gb , 1x2GB , both were clocked at 1066mhz) and it was working on windows 7 x86 OS. I Upgraded the ram with ( 2x4GB clcoked at 1333mhz). Bios displayed 8192MB of memory and windows was working ok but (only 2.99GB of ram from 8gb was avabile). So i decided to switch to an x64 system to be able to use all the amount of memory. But the laptop wasnt able to install any os (windows 7 x64 or windows 8 x64) so i placed the 3gb of ram instead of 8gb. Then i succesfully instaled an x64 os (windows 8). After than i placed the 8gb ram back again. Now the computer doesnt boot in the os but bios is working normally. I tried also to install ubuntu , without any succes. What should i do ?? All the help will be appreciated. thanks

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  • Windows XP + PAE + 6GB RAM: See more than 3.5GB?

    - by nonot1
    Firstly let me say I've seen a number of similar questions on SuperUser, and I don't think this is a duplicate. (Most address 4GB RAM installed. I have 6GB) I have Windows XP 32-bit running on a i7-based Xeon system with 6GB of RAM. I only see 3.5GB of RAM in Windows. Is there any way to squeeze more visible RAM out of this set up? Even an extra 1GB would be great. Does having 6GB (vs 4GB) of RAM installed help at all? (I.e Even if I loose the 3.5-4.0 GB region, can I use the area above it?) P.S. Will eventually move to Windows 7 64-bit, but can't for now.

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  • How does MySQL 5.5 and InnoDB on Linux use RAM?

    - by Loren
    Does MySQL 5.5 InnoDB keep indexes in memory and tables on disk? Does it ever do it's own in-memory caching of part or whole tables? Or does it completely rely on the OS page cache (I'm guessing that it does since Facebook's SSD cache that was built for MySQL was done at the OS-level: https://github.com/facebook/flashcache/)? Does Linux by default use all of the available RAM for the page cache? So if RAM size exceeds table size + memory used by processes, then when MySQL server starts and reads the whole table for the first time it will be from disk, and from that point on the whole table is in RAM? So using Alchemy Database (SQL on top of Redis, everything always in RAM: http://code.google.com/p/alchemydatabase/) shouldn't be much faster than MySQL, given the same size RAM and database?

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  • Is there way to enable 4 GB RAM in 32-bit Windows OS?

    - by Wahid Bitar
    I upgraded my PC to 4 GB RAM and I get only 3 GB. Windows 7 32-Bit consider that I've 4 GB RAM but didn't use more than 3 GB. Someone told me that MS Windows 32-bit doesn't support RAM larger than 3 GB. So please is there any way to make my OS "Windows 7 32-Bit" support more than 3 GB RAM ? *`Note: I can't move to 64-bit because I've many program doesn't work with a 64-bit OS. Edit:: I tried what Mr. Wonsungi advised me but whenever I check this option: Enable support for 4 GB of RAM I get the following error: 'Cannot access to the registry key HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID\{E88DCCE0-11d1-A9F0-00AA0060FA31}.' There is no "CLSID" in my registry, I don't know why!.

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  • Is putting swapfile & temp folder in ramdisk a good idea in Windows 7 64 bit with lots of ram?

    - by Tony_Henrich
    I want my Windows to run as fast as possible. If I have 12GB ram in Windows 7 64bit, quad core cpu, and all apps fit in memory, will the swap file ever be used for anything? The question is about if its a good idea to put the swap file in a ram disk. Would a ram disk help in any way or will Windows intelligently use all the available memory for all its work? I am also thinking of putting the temp folder in a ram disk. I know ram disk is volatile memory and I don't care about its content in it if it gets lost.

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  • For web development which is more important - CPU and Graphics card OR Ram and SSD Harddrive?

    - by adam
    Buying a laptop is always hard work and questions about specific models dont age well on forums. A popular dilema (especially with apple macbooks) is whether to spend more for a faster cpu and graphics card but settle for standard ram and hd OR drop down and spend the savings on more ram and a faster harddrive such as a ssd. Im wondering for web development i.e. ide, unit tests, photoshop work and some user testing screen capturing now and again what would provide better performance. ( No games, music production or spielberg standard video editing.) For examples sake the current apple lineup for their 15inch macbookpros. 2.66 cpu i7 4gb ram 5400rpm drive 4gig ram vs 2.4 cpu i5 8gb ram 124gb sdd roughly the same price.

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  • Java OutOfMemoryError due to Linux RAM disk cache not freed

    - by Markus Jevring
    The process will run fine all day, then, bam, without warning, it will throw this error. Sometimes seemingly in the middle of doing nothing. It will happen at seemingly random times during the day. I checked to see if anything else was running on the machine, like scheduled backups or something, but found nothing. The machine has enough physical memory (2GB, with about 1GB free for a 3-500MB load), and has sufficient -Xmx specified. According to our sysadmin, the problem is that the RAM that the kernel uses as a disk cache (apparently all but 8MB) is not freed when the JVM needs to allocate memory, so the JVM process throws an OutOfMemoryError. This could be because Java asks the kernel if enough memory is available before allocating and finds that it is insufficient, resulting in a crash. I would like to think, however, that Java simply tries to allocate the memory via the kernel, and when the kernel gets such a request, it makes room for the application by throwing our some of the disk cache. Has anyone else run in to the issue, and if so, what was the error, and how did you solve it? We are currently using jdk1.6.0_20 on SLES 10 SP2 Linux 2.6.16.60-0.42.9-smp in VMWare ESX.

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  • .net real time stream processing - needed huge and fast RAM buffer

    - by mack369
    The application I'm developing communicates with an digital audio device, which is capable of sending 24 different voice streams at the same time. The device is connected via USB, using FTDI device (serial port emulator) and D2XX Drivers (basic COM driver is to slow to handle transfer of 4.5Mbit). Basically the application consist of 3 threads: Main thread - GUI, control, ect. Bus reader - in this thread data is continuously read from the device and saved to a file buffer (there is no logic in this thread) Data interpreter - this thread reads the data from file buffer, converts to samples, does simple sample processing and saves the samples to separate wav files. The reason why I used file buffer is that I wanted to be sure that I won't loose any samples. The application doesn't use recording all the time, so I've chosen this solution because it was safe. The application works fine, except that buffered wave file generator is pretty slow. For 24 parallel records of 1 minute, it takes about 4 minutes to complete the recording. I'm pretty sure that eliminating the use of hard drive in this process will increase the speed much. The second problem is that the file buffer is really heavy for long records and I can't clean this up until the end of data processing (it would slow down the process even more). For RAM buffer I need at lest 1GB to make it work properly. What is the best way to allocate such a big amount of memory in .NET? I'm going to use this memory in 2 threads so a fast synchronization mechanism needed. I'm thinking about a cycle buffer: one big array, the Bus Reader saves the data, the Data Interpreter reads it. What do you think about it? [edit] Now for buffering I'm using classes BinaryReader and BinaryWriter based on a file.

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  • cuda/thrust: Trying to sort_by_key 2.8GB of data in 6GB of gpu RAM throws bad_alloc

    - by Sven K
    I have just started using thrust and one of the biggest issues I have so far is that there seems to be no documentation as to how much memory operations require. So I am not sure why the code below is throwing bad_alloc when trying to sort (before the sorting I still have 50% of GPU memory available, and I have 70GB of RAM available on the CPU)--can anyone shed some light on this? #include <thrust/device_vector.h> #include <thrust/sort.h> #include <thrust/random.h> void initialize_data(thrust::device_vector<uint64_t>& data) { thrust::fill(data.begin(), data.end(), 10); } #define BUFFERS 3 int main(void) { size_t N = 120 * 1024 * 1024; char line[256]; try { std::cout << "device_vector" << std::endl; typedef thrust::device_vector<uint64_t> vec64_t; // Each buffer is 900MB vec64_t c[3] = {vec64_t(N), vec64_t(N), vec64_t(N)}; initialize_data(c[0]); initialize_data(c[1]); initialize_data(c[2]); std::cout << "initialize_data finished... Press enter"; std::cin.getline(line, 0); // nvidia-smi reports 48% memory usage at this point (2959MB of // 6143MB) std::cout << "sort_by_key col 0" << std::endl; // throws bad_alloc thrust::sort_by_key(c[0].begin(), c[0].end(), thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(c[1].begin(), c[2].begin()))); std::cout << "sort_by_key col 1" << std::endl; thrust::sort_by_key(c[1].begin(), c[1].end(), thrust::make_zip_iterator(thrust::make_tuple(c[0].begin(), c[2].begin()))); } catch(thrust::system_error &e) { std::cerr << "Error: " << e.what() << std::endl; exit(-1); } return 0; }

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  • How to find out memory layout of your data structure implementation on Linux 64bit machine

    - by ajay
    In this article, http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2010/7/95061-youre-doing-it-wrong/fulltext the author talks about the memory layouts of 2 data structures - The Binary Heap and the B-Heap and compares how one has better memory layout than the other. http://deliveryimages.acm.org/10.1145/1790000/1785434/figs/f5.jpg http://deliveryimages.acm.org/10.1145/1790000/1785434/figs/f6.jpg I want to get hands on experience on this. I have an implementation of a N-Ary Tree and I want to find out the memory layout of my data structure. What is the best way to come up with a memory layout like the one in the article? Secondly, I think it is easier to identify the memory layout if it is an array based implementation. If the implementation of a Tree uses pointers then what Tools do we have or what kind of approach is required to map it's memory layout? Thanks!

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  • Why am I missing 4GB of RAM on Windows Server 2008 R2 64bit?

    - by Nick G
    I noticed today that a server was very low on memory. It physically has 8GB installed and runs Windows 2008 R2 Standard 64bit. It also hosts 2 virtual machines using HyperV. Server is Dell Poweredge R510. However the host OS reports in task manager that it only has 4GB of RAM, despite actually having 8GB and it being a 64bit OS. Computer properties shows Installed memory: 8.00GB (3.99GB usuable). Why would "usable" be half the real RAM installed under a 64bit OS? Additionally nearly all of the 4GB of visible RAM on the host OS is being used by something without anything showing up in task manager (presumably HyperV as it's allocated 3.6GB to the virtual machines its hosting). However that doesn't explain where the other 4GB has gone which Windows can't even see. Where is my missing 4GB of RAM? Update: Dell OpenManage says this: Total Installed Capacity 8192 MB Total Installed Capacity Available to the OS 4096 MB So looks like Nathan's suggestion of memory mirroring might be correct. I'll have to reboot to check this (I think?) Update 2 OK. So I reboot and I get a message saying "the amount of system memory has changed" (despite not having touched the hardware in a year). Once Windows has booted, all 8GB is visible again. Looks like I probably have a hardware RAM issue (I'll perhaps try reseating it whenever I can chuck everyone off the server next). Thanks for your answers and comments. I was hoping it was going to be the mirrored-RAM option but it seems not - that's not even mentioned in the BIOS.

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