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  • Subterranean IL: Custom modifiers

    - by Simon Cooper
    In IL, volatile is an instruction prefix used to set a memory barrier at that instruction. However, in C#, volatile is applied to a field to indicate that all accesses on that field should be prefixed with volatile. As I mentioned in my previous post, this means that the field definition needs to store this information somehow, as such a field could be accessed from another assembly. However, IL does not have a concept of a 'volatile field'. How is this information stored? Attributes The standard way of solving this is to apply a VolatileAttribute or similar to the field; this extra metadata notifies the C# compiler that all loads and stores to that field should use the volatile prefix. However, there is a problem with this approach, namely, the .NET C++ compiler. C++ allows methods to be overloaded using properties, like volatile or const, on the parameters; this is perfectly legal C++: public ref class VolatileMethods { void Method(int *i) {} void Method(volatile int *i) {} } If volatile was specified using a custom attribute, then the VolatileMethods class wouldn't be compilable to IL, as there is nothing to differentiate the two methods from each other. This is where custom modifiers come in. Custom modifiers Custom modifiers are similar to custom attributes, but instead of being applied to an IL element separately to its declaration, they are embedded within the field or parameter's type signature itself. The VolatileMethods class would be compiled to the following IL: .class public VolatileMethods { .method public instance void Method(int32* i) {} .method public instance void Method( int32 modreq( [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile)* i) {} } The modreq([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile) is the custom modifier. This adds a TypeDef or TypeRef token to the signature of the field or parameter, and even though they are mostly ignored by the CLR when it's executing the program, this allows methods and fields to be overloaded in ways that wouldn't be allowed using attributes. Because the modifiers are part of the signature, they need to be fully specified when calling such a method in IL: call instance void Method( int32 modreq([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile)*) There are two ways of applying modifiers; modreq specifies required modifiers (like IsVolatile), and modopt specifies optional modifiers that can be ignored by compilers (like IsLong or IsConst). The type specified as the modifier argument are simple placeholders; if you have a look at the definitions of IsVolatile and IsLong they are completely empty. They exist solely to be referenced by a modifier. Custom modifiers are used extensively by the C++ compiler to specify concepts that aren't expressible in IL, but still need to be taken into account when calling method overloads. C++ and C# That's all very well and good, but how does this affect C#? Well, the C++ compiler uses modreq(IsVolatile) to specify volatility on both method parameters and fields, as it would be slightly odd to have the same concept represented using a modifier or attribute depending on what it was applied to. Once you've compiled your C++ project, it can then be referenced and used from C#, so the C# compiler has to recognise the modreq(IsVolatile) custom modifier applied to fields, and vice versa. So, even though you can't overload fields or parameters with volatile using C#, volatile needs to be expressed using a custom modifier rather than an attribute to guarentee correct interoperability and behaviour with any C++ dlls that happen to come along. Next up: a closer look at attributes, and how certain attributes compile in unexpected ways.

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  • Anatomy of a .NET Assembly - Signature encodings

    - by Simon Cooper
    If you've just joined this series, I highly recommend you read the previous posts in this series, starting here, or at least these posts, covering the CLR metadata tables. Before we look at custom attribute encoding, we first need to have a brief look at how signatures are encoded in an assembly in general. Signature types There are several types of signatures in an assembly, all of which share a common base representation, and are all stored as binary blobs in the #Blob heap, referenced by an offset from various metadata tables. The types of signatures are: Method definition and method reference signatures. Field signatures Property signatures Method local variables. These are referenced from the StandAloneSig table, which is then referenced by method body headers. Generic type specifications. These represent a particular instantiation of a generic type. Generic method specifications. Similarly, these represent a particular instantiation of a generic method. All these signatures share the same underlying mechanism to represent a type Representing a type All metadata signatures are based around the ELEMENT_TYPE structure. This assigns a number to each 'built-in' type in the framework; for example, Uint16 is 0x07, String is 0x0e, and Object is 0x1c. Byte codes are also used to indicate SzArrays, multi-dimensional arrays, custom types, and generic type and method variables. However, these require some further information. Firstly, custom types (ie not one of the built-in types). These require you to specify the 4-byte TypeDefOrRef coded token after the CLASS (0x12) or VALUETYPE (0x11) element type. This 4-byte value is stored in a compressed format before being written out to disk (for more excruciating details, you can refer to the CLI specification). SzArrays simply have the array item type after the SZARRAY byte (0x1d). Multidimensional arrays follow the ARRAY element type with a series of compressed integers indicating the number of dimensions, and the size and lower bound of each dimension. Generic variables are simply followed by the index of the generic variable they refer to. There are other additions as well, for example, a specific byte value indicates a method parameter passed by reference (BYREF), and other values indicating custom modifiers. Some examples... To demonstrate, here's a few examples and what the resulting blobs in the #Blob heap will look like. Each name in capitals corresponds to a particular byte value in the ELEMENT_TYPE or CALLCONV structure, and coded tokens to custom types are represented by the type name in curly brackets. A simple field: int intField; FIELD I4 A field of an array of a generic type parameter (assuming T is the first generic parameter of the containing type): T[] genArrayField FIELD SZARRAY VAR 0 An instance method signature (note how the number of parameters does not include the return type): instance string MyMethod(MyType, int&, bool[][]); HASTHIS DEFAULT 3 STRING CLASS {MyType} BYREF I4 SZARRAY SZARRAY BOOLEAN A generic type instantiation: MyGenericType<MyType, MyStruct> GENERICINST CLASS {MyGenericType} 2 CLASS {MyType} VALUETYPE {MyStruct} For more complicated examples, in the following C# type declaration: GenericType<T> : GenericBaseType<object[], T, GenericType<T>> { ... } the Extends field of the TypeDef for GenericType will point to a TypeSpec with the following blob: GENERICINST CLASS {GenericBaseType} 3 SZARRAY OBJECT VAR 0 GENERICINST CLASS {GenericType} 1 VAR 0 And a static generic method signature (generic parameters on types are referenced using VAR, generic parameters on methods using MVAR): TResult[] GenericMethod<TInput, TResult>( TInput, System.Converter<TInput, TOutput>); GENERIC 2 2 SZARRAY MVAR 1 MVAR 0 GENERICINST CLASS {System.Converter} 2 MVAR 0 MVAR 1 As you can see, complicated signatures are recursively built up out of quite simple building blocks to represent all the possible variations in a .NET assembly. Now we've looked at the basics of normal method signatures, in my next post I'll look at custom attribute application signatures, and how they are different to normal signatures.

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  • Undefined fireball movement behavior

    - by optimisez
    Demonstration video I try to do after the player shoot 10 times of fireball, then delete all the fireball objects and recreate a 10 new set of fireball objects. I did it but there is a weird bug happens that sometimes the fireball will come out from top and move to the right after shooting a few times. All the 10 fireballs should follow the player all the time and all the fireball should come out from player even after a new set of fireballs is recreated. Any ideas to fix it? Variables typedef struct gameObject{ float X; float Y; int length; int height; bool action; }; // Fireball #define FIREBALL_NUM 10 LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 fireball = NULL; RECT fireballRect; gameObject *fireballDest = new gameObject[FIREBALL_NUM]; int iFireBallAnimation; int fireballCount = 0; Set up Fireball void setUpFireBall() { // Initialize destination rectangle, rectangle height and length for (int i = 0; i < FIREBALL_NUM; i++) { fireballDest[i].X = 0; fireballDest[i].Y = 0; fireballDest[i].length = fireballRect.right - fireballRect.left; fireballDest[i].height = fireballRect.bottom - fireballRect.top; } iFireBallAnimation = fireballRect.right - fireballRect.left; // Initialize boolean for (int i = 0; i < FIREBALL_NUM; i++) { fireballDest[i].action = false; } } Initialize fireball void initFireball() { hr = D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(d3dDevice, "fireball.png", 512, 512, D3DX_DEFAULT, NULL, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 255, 0), NULL, NULL, &fireball); // Initialize source rectangle fireballRect.left = 0; fireballRect.top = 256; fireballRect.right = 64; fireballRect.bottom = 320; setUpFireBall(); } Update fireball void update() { updateAnimation(); updateAI(); updatePhysics(); updateGameState(); } void updatePhysics() { motion(); collison(); } void motion() { playerMove(); playerJump(); playerGravity(); shootFireball(); fireballFollowPlayer(); } void shootFireball() { if (keyArr['Z']) fireballDest[fireballCount].action = true; if (fireballDest[fireballCount].action) { fireballDest[fireballCount].X += 10; if (fireballDest[fireballCount].X > 800) fireballCount++; } } void fireballFollowPlayer() { for (int i = 0; i < FIREBALL_NUM; i++) { if (fireballDest[i].action == false) { fireballDest[i].X = playerDest.X - 30; fireballDest[i].Y = playerDest.Y - 14; } } } void updateGameState() { // When no more fireball left, rearm fireball if (fireballCount == FIREBALL_NUM) { delete[] fireballDest; fireballDest = new gameObject[10]; fireballCount = 0; setUpFireBall(); } } Render fireball void renderFireball() { for (int i = 0; i < FIREBALL_NUM; i++) { if (fireballDest[i].action) sprite->Draw(fireball, &fireballRect, NULL, &D3DXVECTOR3(fireballDest[i].X, fireballDest[i].Y, 0), D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255, 255)); } }

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  • Game Object Factory: Fixing Memory Leaks

    - by Bunkai.Satori
    Dear all, this is going to be tough: I have created a game object factory that generates objects of my wish. However, I get memory leaks which I can not fix. Memory leaks are generated by return new Object(); in the bottom part of the code sample. static BaseObject * CreateObjectFunc() { return new Object(); } How and where to delete the pointers? I wrote bool ReleaseClassType(). Despite the factory works well, ReleaseClassType() does not fix memory leaks. bool ReleaseClassTypes() { unsigned int nRecordCount = vFactories.size(); for (unsigned int nLoop = 0; nLoop < nRecordCount; nLoop++ ) { // if the object exists in the container and is valid, then render it if( vFactories[nLoop] != NULL) delete vFactories[nLoop](); } return true; } Before taking a look at the code below, let me help you in that my CGameObjectFactory creates pointers to functions creating particular object type. The pointers are stored within vFactories vector container. I have chosen this way because I parse an object map file. I have object type IDs (integer values) which I need to translate them into real objects. Because I have over 100 different object data types, I wished to avoid continuously traversing very long Switch() statement. Therefore, to create an object, I call vFactoriesnEnumObjectTypeID via CGameObjectFactory::create() to call stored function that generates desired object. The position of the appropriate function in the vFactories is identical to the nObjectTypeID, so I can use indexing to access the function. So the question remains, how to proceed with garbage collection and avoid reported memory leaks? #ifndef GAMEOBJECTFACTORY_H_UNIPIXELS #define GAMEOBJECTFACTORY_H_UNIPIXELS //#include "MemoryManager.h" #include <vector> template <typename BaseObject> class CGameObjectFactory { public: // cleanup and release registered object data types bool ReleaseClassTypes() { unsigned int nRecordCount = vFactories.size(); for (unsigned int nLoop = 0; nLoop < nRecordCount; nLoop++ ) { // if the object exists in the container and is valid, then render it if( vFactories[nLoop] != NULL) delete vFactories[nLoop](); } return true; } // register new object data type template <typename Object> bool RegisterClassType(unsigned int nObjectIDParam ) { if(vFactories.size() < nObjectIDParam) vFactories.resize(nObjectIDParam); vFactories[nObjectIDParam] = &CreateObjectFunc<Object>; return true; } // create new object by calling the pointer to the appropriate type function BaseObject* create(unsigned int nObjectIDParam) const { return vFactories[nObjectIDParam](); } // resize the vector array containing pointers to function calls bool resize(unsigned int nSizeParam) { vFactories.resize(nSizeParam); return true; } private: //DECLARE_HEAP; template <typename Object> static BaseObject * CreateObjectFunc() { return new Object(); } typedef BaseObject*(*factory)(); std::vector<factory> vFactories; }; //DEFINE_HEAP_T(CGameObjectFactory, "Game Object Factory"); #endif // GAMEOBJECTFACTORY_H_UNIPIXELS

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  • Noob Objective-C/C++ - Linker Problem/Method Signature Problem

    - by Josh
    There is a static class Pipe, defined in C++ header that I'm including. The static method I'm interested in calling (from Objetive-c) is here: static ERC SendUserGet(const UserId &_idUser,const GUID &_idStyle,const ZoneId &_idZone,const char *_pszMsg); I have access to an objetive-c data structure that appears to store a copy of userID, and zoneID -- it looks like: @interface DataBlock : NSObject { GUID userID; GUID zoneID; } Looked up the GUID def, and its a struct with a bunch of overloaded operators for equality. UserId and ZoneId from the first function signature are #typedef GUID Now when I try to call the method, no matter how I cast it (const UserId), (UserId), etc, I get the following linker error: Ld build/Debug/Seeker.app/Contents/MacOS/Seeker normal i386 cd /Users/josh/Development/project/Mac/Seeker setenv MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET 10.5 /Developer/usr/bin/g++-4.2 -arch i386 -isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.5.sdk -L/Users/josh/Development/TS/Mac/Seeker/build/Debug -L/Users/josh/Development/TS/Mac/Seeker/../../../debug -L/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/usr/lib/gcc/i686-apple-darwin10/4.2.1 -F/Users/josh/Development/TS/Mac/Seeker/build/Debug -filelist /Users/josh/Development/TS/Mac/Seeker/build/Seeker.build/Debug/Seeker.build/Objects-normal/i386/Seeker.LinkFileList -mmacosx-version-min=10.5 -framework Cocoa -framework WebKit -lSAPI -lSPL -o /Users/josh/Development/TS/Mac/Seeker/build/Debug/Seeker.app/Contents/MacOS/Seeker Undefined symbols: "SocPipe::SendUserGet(_GUID const&, _GUID const&, _GUID const&, char const*)", referenced from: -[PeoplePaneController clickGet:] in PeoplePaneController.o ld: symbol(s) not found collect2: ld returned 1 exit status Is this a type/function signature error, or truly some sort of linker error? I have the headers where all these types and static classes are defined #imported -- I tried #include too, just in case, since I'm already stumbling :P Forgive me, I come from a web tech background, so this c-style memory management and immutability stuff is super hazy. Edit: Added full linker error text. Changed "function" to "method" Thanks, Josh

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  • Noob Objective-C/C++ - Linker Problem/Function Def Problem

    - by Josh
    There is a static class Pipe, defined in C++ header that I'm including. The function I'm interested in calling (from Objetive-c) is here: static ERC SendUserGet(const UserId &_idUser,const GUID &_idStyle,const ZoneId &_idZone,const char *_pszMsg); I have access to an objetive-c data structure that appears to store a copy of userID, and zoneID -- it looks like: @interface DataBlock : NSObject { GUID userID; GUID zoneID; } Looked up the GUID def, and its a struct with a bunch of overloaded operators for equality. UserId and ZoneId from the first function signature are #typedef GUID Now when I try to call the function, no matter how I cast it (const UserId), (UserId), etc, I get the following linker error: "Pipe::SendUserGet(_GUID const&, _GUID const&, _GUID const&, char const*)", referenced from: -[PeoplePaneController clickGet:] in PeoplePaneController.o Is this a type/function signature error, or truly some sort of linker error? I have the headers where all these types and static classes are defined #imported -- I tried #include too, just in case, since I'm already stumbling :P Forgive me, I come from a web tech background, so this c-style memory management and immutability stuff is super hazy. Thanks, Josh

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  • Avoid Resource Conflict

    - by Yan Cheng CHEOK
    I have a MFC exe, trying to dynamic load a MFC dll. // This is code in MFC exe HINSTANCE h = AfxLoadLibrary(_T("DLL.dll")); typedef void(*FUN)(); FUN fun = (FUN)GetProcAddress(h, "loveme"); FreeLibrary(h); Both MFC exe and MFC dll, are having their own resource file. However, I realize that, if MFC exe and MFC dll are having a same resource ID, conflict may occur. // This is code in MFC dll. Both exe and dll, are having resources with // ID 101. CString s; s.LoadString(101); // Resource 101 in exe is being shown :( AfxMessageBox(s); May I know how I can avoid resource ID conflict problem? Can we have two resource in both MFC and DLL, although their ID is different, but they are independent from each other? This means, DLL will only load DLL's resource. EXE will only load EXE's resource.

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  • Design approach, string table data, variables, stl memory usage

    - by howieh
    I have an old structure class like this: typedef vector<vector<string>> VARTYPE_T; which works as a single variable. This variable can hold from one value over a list to data like a table. Most values are long,double, string or double [3] for coordinates (x,y,z). I just convert them as needed. The variables are managed in a map like this : map<string,VARTYPE_T *> where the string holds the variable name. Sure, they are wrapped in classes. Also i have a tree of nodes, where each node can hold one of these variablemaps. Using VS 2008 SP1 for this, i detect a lot of memory fragmentation. Checking against the stlport, stlport seemed to be faster (20% ) and uses lesser memory (30%, for my test cases). So the question is: What is the best implementation to solve this requirement with fast an properly used memory ? Should i write an own allocator like a pool allocator. How would you do this ? Thanks in advance, Howie

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  • Help debugging c fifos code - stack smashing detected - open call not functioning - removing pipes

    - by nunos
    I have three bugs/questions regarding the source code pasted below: stack smashing deteced: In order to compile and not have that error I have addedd the gcc compile flag -fno-stack-protector. However, this should be just a temporary solution, since I would like to find where the cause for this is and correct it. However, I haven't been able to do so. Any clues? For some reason, the last open function call doesn't work and the programs just stops there, without an error, even though the fifo already exists. I want to delete the pipes from the filesystem after before terminating the processes. I have added close and unlink statements at the end, but the fifos are not removed. What am I doing wrong? Thanks very much in advance. P.S.: I am pasting here the whole source file for additional clarity. Just ignore the comments, since they are in my own native language. server.c: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <errno.h> #define MAX_INPUT_LENGTH 100 #define FIFO_NAME_MAX_LEN 20 #define FIFO_DIR "/tmp/" #define FIFO_NAME_CMD_CLI_TO_SRV "lrc_cmd_cli_to_srv" typedef enum { false, true } bool; bool background = false; char* logfile = NULL; void read_from_fifo(int fd, char** var) { int n_bytes; read(fd, &n_bytes, sizeof(int)); *var = (char *) malloc (n_bytes); read(fd, *var, n_bytes); printf("read %d bytes '%s'\n", n_bytes, *var); } void write_to_fifo(int fd, char* data) { int n_bytes = (strlen(data)+1) * sizeof(char); write(fd, &n_bytes, sizeof(int)); //primeiro envia o numero de bytes que a proxima instrucao write ira enviar write(fd, data, n_bytes); printf("writing %d bytes '%s'\n", n_bytes, data); } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { //CRIA FIFO CMD_CLI_TO_SRV, se ainda nao existir char* fifo_name_cmd_cli_to_srv; fifo_name_cmd_cli_to_srv = (char*) malloc ( (strlen(FIFO_NAME_CMD_CLI_TO_SRV) + strlen(FIFO_DIR) + 1) * sizeof(char) ); strcpy(fifo_name_cmd_cli_to_srv, FIFO_DIR); strcat(fifo_name_cmd_cli_to_srv, FIFO_NAME_CMD_CLI_TO_SRV); int n = mkfifo(fifo_name_cmd_cli_to_srv, 0660); //TODO ver permissoes if (n < 0 && errno != EEXIST) //se houver erro, e nao for por causa de ja haver um com o mesmo nome, termina o programa { fprintf(stderr, "erro ao criar o fifo\n"); fprintf(stderr, "errno: %d\n", errno); exit(4); } //se por acaso já existir, nao cria o fifo e continua o programa normalmente //le informacao enviada pelo cliente, nesta ordem: //1. pid (em formato char*) do processo cliente //2. comando /CONNECT //3. nome de fifo INFO_SRV_TO_CLIXXX //4. nome de fifo MSG_SRV_TO_CLIXXX char* command; char* fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli; char* fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli; char* client_pid_string; int client_pid; int fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, fd_info_srv_to_cli; fd_cmd_cli_to_srv = open(fifo_name_cmd_cli_to_srv, O_RDONLY); read_from_fifo(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, &client_pid_string); client_pid = atoi(client_pid_string); read_from_fifo(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, &command); //recebe commando /CONNECT read_from_fifo(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, &fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); //recebe nome de fifo INFO_SRV_TO_CLIXXX read_from_fifo(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, &fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli); //recebe nome de fifo MSG_TO_SRV_TO_CLIXXX //CIRA FIFO MSG_CLIXXX_TO_SRV char fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv[FIFO_NAME_MAX_LEN]; strcpy(fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv, FIFO_DIR); strcat(fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv, "lrc_msg_cli"); strcat(fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv, client_pid_string); strcat(fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv, "_to_srv"); n = mkfifo(fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv, 0660); if (n < 0) { fprintf(stderr, "error creating %s\n", fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv); fprintf(stderr, "errno: %d\n", errno); exit(5); } //envia ao cliente a resposta ao commando /CONNECT fd_info_srv_to_cli = open(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli, O_WRONLY); write_to_fifo(fd_info_srv_to_cli, fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv); free(logfile); free(fifo_name_cmd_cli_to_srv); close(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv); unlink(fifo_name_cmd_cli_to_srv); unlink(fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv); unlink(fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli); unlink(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); printf("fim\n"); return 0; } client.c: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <errno.h> #define MAX_INPUT_LENGTH 100 #define PID_BUFFER_LEN 10 #define FIFO_NAME_CMD_CLI_TO_SRV "lrc_cmd_cli_to_srv" #define FIFO_NAME_INFO_SRV_TO_CLI "lrc_info_srv_to_cli" #define FIFO_NAME_MSG_SRV_TO_CLI "lrc_msg_srv_to_cli" #define COMMAND_MAX_LEN 100 #define FIFO_DIR "/tmp/" typedef enum { false, true } bool; char* nickname; char* name; char* email; void write_to_fifo(int fd, char* data) { int n_bytes = (strlen(data)+1) * sizeof(char); write(fd, &n_bytes, sizeof(int)); //primeiro envia o numero de bytes que a proxima instrucao write ira enviar write(fd, data, n_bytes); printf("writing %d bytes '%s'\n", n_bytes, data); } void read_from_fifo(int fd, char** var) { int n_bytes; read(fd, &n_bytes, sizeof(int)); *var = (char *) malloc (n_bytes); printf("read '%s'\n", *var); read(fd, *var, n_bytes); } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { pid_t pid = getpid(); //CRIA FIFO INFO_SRV_TO_CLIXXX char pid_string[PID_BUFFER_LEN]; sprintf(pid_string, "%d", pid); char* fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli; fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli = (char *) malloc ( (strlen(FIFO_DIR) + strlen(FIFO_NAME_INFO_SRV_TO_CLI) + strlen(pid_string) + 1 ) * sizeof(char) ); strcpy(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli, FIFO_DIR); strcat(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli, FIFO_NAME_INFO_SRV_TO_CLI); strcat(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli, pid_string); int n = mkfifo(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli, 0660); if (n < 0) { fprintf(stderr, "error creating %s\n", fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); fprintf(stderr, "errno: %d\n", errno); exit(6); } int fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, fd_info_srv_to_cli; fd_cmd_cli_to_srv = open("/tmp/lrc_cmd_cli_to_srv", O_WRONLY); char command[COMMAND_MAX_LEN]; printf("> "); scanf("%s", command); while (strcmp(command, "/CONNECT")) { printf("O primeiro comando deverá ser \"/CONNECT\"\n"); printf("> "); scanf("%s", command); } //CRIA FIFO MSG_SRV_TO_CLIXXX char* fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli; fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli = (char *) malloc ( (strlen(FIFO_DIR) + strlen(FIFO_NAME_MSG_SRV_TO_CLI) + strlen(pid_string) + 1) * sizeof(char) ); strcpy(fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli, FIFO_DIR); strcat(fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli, FIFO_NAME_MSG_SRV_TO_CLI); strcat(fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli, pid_string); n = mkfifo(fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli, 0660); if (n < 0) { fprintf(stderr, "error creating %s\n", fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); fprintf(stderr, "errno: %d\n", errno); exit(7); } // ENVIA COMANDO /CONNECT write_to_fifo(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, pid_string); //envia pid do processo cliente write_to_fifo(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, command); //envia commando /CONNECT write_to_fifo(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); //envia nome de fifo INFO_SRV_TO_CLIXXX write_to_fifo(fd_cmd_cli_to_srv, fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli); //envia nome de fifo MSG_TO_SRV_TO_CLIXXX // recebe do servidor a resposta ao comanddo /CONNECT printf("msg1\n"); printf("vamos tentar abrir %s\n", fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); fd_info_srv_to_cli = open(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli, O_RDONLY); printf("%s aberto", fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); if (fd_info_srv_to_cli < 0) { fprintf(stderr, "erro ao criar %s\n", fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); fprintf(stderr, "errno: %d\n", errno); } printf("msg2\n"); char* fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv; printf("msg3\n"); read_from_fifo(fd_info_srv_to_cli, &fifo_name_msg_cli_to_srv); printf("msg4\n"); free(nickname); free(name); free(email); free(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); free(fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli); unlink(fifo_name_msg_srv_to_cli); unlink(fifo_name_info_srv_to_cli); printf("fim\n"); return 0; } makefile: CC = gcc CFLAGS = -Wall -lpthread -fno-stack-protector all: client server client: client.c $(CC) $(CFLAGS) client.c -o client server: server.c $(CC) $(CFLAGS) server.c -o server clean: rm -f client server *~

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  • Are endless loops in bad form?

    - by rlbond
    So I have some C++ code for back-tracking nodes in a BFS algorithm. It looks a little like this: typedef std::map<int> MapType; bool IsValuePresent(const MapType& myMap, int beginVal, int searchVal) { int current_val = beginVal; while (true) { if (current_val == searchVal) return true; MapType::iterator it = myMap.find(current_val); assert(current_val != myMap.end()); if (current_val == it->second) // end of the line return false; current_val = it->second; } } However, the while (true) seems... suspicious to me. I know this code works, and logically I know it should work. However, I can't shake the feeling that there should be some condition in the while, but really the only possible one is to use a bool variable just to say if it's done. Should I stop worrying? Or is this really bad form. EDIT: Thanks to all for noticing that there is a way to get around this. However, I would still like to know if there are other valid cases.

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  • BN_hex2bn magicaly segfaults in openSSL

    - by xunil154
    Greetings, this is my first post on stackoverflow, and i'm sorry if its a bit long. I'm trying to build a handshake protocol for my own project and am having issues with the server converting the clients RSA's public key to a Bignum. It works in my clent code, but the server segfaults when attempting to convert the hex value of the clients public RSA to a bignum. I have already checked that there is no garbidge before or after the RSA data, and have looked online, but i'm stuck. header segment: typedef struct KEYS { RSA *serv; char* serv_pub; int pub_size; RSA *clnt; } KEYS; KEYS keys; Initializing function: // Generates and validates the servers key /* code for generating server RSA left out, it's working */ //Set client exponent keys.clnt = 0; keys.clnt = RSA_new(); BN_dec2bn(&keys.clnt->e, RSA_E_S); // RSA_E_S contains the public exponent Problem code (in Network::server_handshake): // *Recieved an encrypted message from the network and decrypt into 'buffer' (1024 byte long)* cout << "Assigning clients RSA" << endl; // I have verified that 'buffer' contains the proper key if (BN_hex2bn(&keys.clnt->n, buffer) < 0) { Error("ERROR reading server RSA"); } cout << "clients RSA has been assigned" << endl; The program segfaults at BN_hex2bn(&keys.clnt->n, buffer) with the error (valgrind output) Invalid read of size 8 at 0x50DBF9F: BN_hex2bn (in /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8) by 0x40F23E: Network::server_handshake() (Network.cpp:177) by 0x40EF42: Network::startNet() (Network.cpp:126) by 0x403C38: main (server.cpp:51) Address 0x20 is not stack'd, malloc'd or (recently) free'd Process terminating with default action of signal 11 (SIGSEGV) Access not within mapped region at address 0x20 at 0x50DBF9F: BN_hex2bn (in /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8) And I don't know why it is, Im using the exact same code in the client program, and it works just fine. Any input is greatly appriciated!

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  • Using mem_fun_ref with boost::shared_ptr

    - by BlueRaja
    Following the advice of this page, I'm trying to get shared_ptr to call IUnknown::Release() instead of delete: IDirectDrawSurface* dds; ... //Allocate dds return shared_ptr<IDirectDrawSurface>(dds, mem_fun_ref(&IUnknown::Release)); error C2784: 'std::const_mem_fun1_ref_t<_Result,_Ty,_Arg std::mem_fun_ref(Result (_thiscall _Ty::* )(_Arg) const)' : could not deduce template argument for 'Result (_thiscall _Ty::* )(Arg) const' from 'ULONG (_cdecl IUnknown::* )(void)' error C2784: 'std::const_mem_fun_ref_t<_Result,_Ty std::mem_fun_ref(Result (_thiscall _Ty::* )(void) const)' : could not deduce template argument for 'Result (_thiscall _Ty::* )(void) const' from 'ULONG (__cdecl IUnknown::* )(void)' error C2784: 'std::mem_fun1_ref_t<_Result,_Ty,_Arg std::mem_fun_ref(Result (_thiscall _Ty::* )(_Arg))' : could not deduce template argument for 'Result (_thiscall _Ty::* )(Arg)' from 'ULONG (_cdecl IUnknown::* )(void)' error C2784: 'std::mem_fun_ref_t<_Result,_Ty std::mem_fun_ref(Result (_thiscall _Ty::* )(void))' : could not deduce template argument for 'Result (_thiscall _Ty::* )(void)' from 'ULONG (__cdecl IUnknown::* )(void)' error C2661: 'boost::shared_ptr::shared_ptr' : no overloaded function takes 2 arguments I have no idea what to make of this. My limited template/functor knowledge led me to try typedef ULONG (IUnknown::*releaseSignature)(void); shared_ptr<IDirectDrawSurface>(dds, mem_fun_ref(static_cast<releaseSignature>(&IUnknown::Release))); But to no avail. Any ideas?

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  • Boost.MultiIndex: How to make an effective set intersection?

    - by Arman
    Hello, assume that we have a data1 and data2. How can I intersect them with std::set_intersect()? struct pID { int ID; unsigned int IDf;// postition in the file pID(int id,const unsigned int idf):ID(id),IDf(idf){} bool operator<(const pID& p)const { return ID<p.ID;} }; struct ID{}; struct IDf{}; typedef multi_index_container< pID, indexed_by< ordered_unique< tag<IDf>, BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(pID,unsigned int,IDf)>, ordered_non_unique< tag<ID>,BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(pID,int,ID)> > > pID_set; ID_set data1, data2; Load(data1); Load(data2); pID_set::index<ID>::type& L1_ID_index=L1.data.get<ID>(); pID_set::index<ID>::type& L2_ID_index=L2.data.get<ID>(); // How do I use set_intersect? Kind regards, Arman.

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  • Malloc corrupting already malloc'd memory in C

    - by Kyte
    I'm currently helping a friend debug a program of his, which includes linked lists. His list structure is pretty simple: typedef struct nodo{ int cantUnos; char* numBin; struct nodo* sig; }Nodo; We've got the following code snippet: void insNodo(Nodo** lista, char* auxBin, int auxCantUnos){ printf("*******Insertando\n"); int i; if (*lista) printf("DecInt*%p->%p\n", *lista, (*lista)->sig); Nodo* insert = (Nodo*)malloc(sizeof(Nodo*)); if (*lista) printf("Malloc*%p->%p\n", *lista, (*lista)->sig); insert->cantUnos = auxCantUnos; insert->numBin = (char*)malloc(strlen(auxBin)*sizeof(char)); for(i=0 ; i<strlen(auxBin) ; i++) insert->numBin[i] = auxBin[i]; insert-numBin[i] = '\0'; insert-sig = NULL; Nodo* aux; [etc] (The lines with extra indentation were my addition for debug purposes) This yields me the following: *******Insertando DecInt*00341098->00000000 Malloc*00341098->2832B6EE (*lista)-sig is previously and deliberately set as NULL, which checks out until here, and fixed a potential buffer overflow (he'd forgotten to copy the NULL-terminator in insert-numBin). I can't think of a single reason why'd that happen, nor I've got any idea on what else should I provide as further info. (Compiling on latest stable MinGW under fully-patched Windows 7, friend's using MinGW under Windows XP. On my machine, at least, in only happens when GDB's not attached.) Any ideas? Suggestions? Possible exorcism techniques? (Current hack is copying the sig pointer to a temp variable and restore it after malloc. It breaks anyways. Turns out the 2nd malloc corrupts it too. Interestingly enough, it resets sig to the exact same value as the first one).

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  • Composite key syntax in Boost MultiIndex

    - by Sarah
    Even after studying the examples, I'm having trouble figuring out how to extract ranges using a composite key on a MultiIndex container. typedef multi_index_container< boost::shared_ptr< Host >, indexed_by< hashed_unique< const_mem_fun<Host,int,&Host::getID> >, // ID index ordered_non_unique< const_mem_fun<Host,int,&Host::getAgeInY> >, // Age index ordered_non_unique< const_mem_fun<Host,int,&Host::getHousehold> >, // Household index ordered_non_unique< // Age & eligibility status index composite_key< Host, const_mem_fun<Host,int,&Host::getAgeInY>, const_mem_fun<Host,bool,&Host::isPaired> > > > // end indexed_by > HostContainer; My goal is to get an iterator pointing to the first of the subset of elements in HostContainer hmap that has age partnerAge and returns false to Host::isPaired(): std::pair< hmap::iterator,hmap::iterator > pit = hmap.equal_range(boost::make_tuple( partnerAge, false ) ); I think this is very wrong. How/Where do I specify the iterator index (which should be 3 for age & eligibility)? I will include other composite keys in the future. What exactly are the two iterators in std::pair? (I'm copying syntax from an example that I don't understand.) I would ideally use std::count to calculate the number of elements of age partnerAge that are eligible (return false to Host::isPaired()). What is the syntax for extracting the sorted index that meets these requirements? I'm obviously still learning C++ syntax. Thanks in advance for any help.

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  • Boost.MultiIndex: Are there way to share object between two processes?

    - by Arman
    Hello, I have a Boost.MultiIndex big array about 10Gb. In order to reduce the reading I thought there should be a way to keep the data in the memory and another client programs will be able to read and analyse it. What is the proper way to organize it? The array looks like: struct particleID { int ID;// real ID for particle from Gadget2 file "ID" block unsigned int IDf;// postition in the file particleID(int id,const unsigned int idf):ID(id),IDf(idf){} bool operator<(const particleID& p)const { return ID<p.ID;} unsigned int getByGID()const {return (ID&0x0FFF);}; }; struct ID{}; struct IDf{}; struct IDg{}; typedef multi_index_container< particleID, indexed_by< ordered_unique< tag<IDf>, BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(particleID,unsigned int,IDf)>, ordered_non_unique< tag<ID>,BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_MEMBER(particleID,int,ID)>, ordered_non_unique< tag<IDg>,BOOST_MULTI_INDEX_CONST_MEM_FUN(particleID,unsigned int,getByGID)> > > particlesID_set; Any ideas are welcome. kind regards Arman.

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  • Looking for a smarter way to convert a Python list to a GList?

    - by Kingdom of Fish
    I'm really new to C - Python interaction and am currently writing a small app in C which will read a file (using Python to parse it) and then using the parsed information to execute small Python snippets. At the moment I'm feeling very much like I'm reinventing wheels, for example this function: typedef gpointer (list_func)(PyObject *obj); GList *pylist_to_glist(list_func func, PyObject *pylist) { GList *result = NULL; if (func == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "No function definied for coverting PyObject.\n"); } else if (PyList_Check(pylist)) { PyObject *pIter = PyObject_GetIter(pylist); PyObject *pItem; while ((pItem = PyIter_Next(pIter))) { gpointer obj = func(pItem); if (obj != NULL) result = g_list_append(result, obj); else fprintf(stderr, "Could not convert PyObject to C object.\n"); Py_DECREF(pItem); } Py_DECREF(pIter); } return result; } I would really like to do this in a easier/smarter way less prone to memory leaks and errors. All comments and suggestions are appreciated.

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  • C-macro: set a register field defined by a bit-mask to a given value

    - by geschema
    I've got 32-bit registers with field defined as bit-masks, e.g. #define BM_TEST_FIELD 0x000F0000 I need a macro that allows me to set a field (defined by its bit-mask) of a register (defined by its address) to a given value. Here's what I came up with: #include <stdio.h> #include <assert.h> typedef unsigned int u32; /* * Set a given field defined by a bit-mask MASK of a 32-bit register at address * ADDR to a value VALUE. */ #define SET_REGISTER_FIELD(ADDR, MASK, VALUE) \ { \ u32 mask=(MASK); u32 value=(VALUE); \ u32 mem_reg = *(volatile u32*)(ADDR); /* Get current register value */ \ assert((MASK) != 0); /* Null masks are not supported */ \ while(0 == (mask & 0x01)) /* Shift the value to the left until */ \ { /* it aligns with the bit field */ \ mask = mask >> 1; value = value << 1; \ } \ mem_reg &= ~(MASK); /* Clear previous register field value */ \ mem_reg |= value; /* Update register field with new value */ \ *(volatile u32*)(ADDR) = mem_reg; /* Update actual register */ \ } /* Test case */ #define BM_TEST_FIELD 0x000F0000 int main() { u32 reg = 0x12345678; printf("Register before: 0x%.8X\n", reg);/* should be 0x12345678 */ SET_REGISTER_FIELD(&reg, BM_TEST_FIELD, 0xA); printf("Register after: 0x%.8X\n", reg); /* should be 0x123A5678 */ return 0; } Is there a simpler way to do it?

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  • Passing VB Callback function to C dll - noob is stuck.

    - by WaveyDavey
    Callbacks in VB (from C dll). I need to pass a vb function as a callback to a c function in a dll. I know I need to use addressof for the function but I'm getting more and more confused as to how to do it. Details: The function in the dll that I'm passing the address of a callback to is defined in C as : PaError Pa_OpenStream( PaStream** stream, const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters, const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters, double sampleRate, unsigned long framesPerBuffer, PaStreamFlags streamFlags, PaStreamCallback *streamCallback, void *userData ); where the function is parameter 7, *streamCallback. The type PaStreamCallback is defines thusly: typedef int PaStreamCallback( const void *input, void *output, unsigned long frameCount, const PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo* timeInfo, PaStreamCallbackFlags statusFlags, void *userData ); In my vb project I have: Private Declare Function Pa_OpenStream Lib "portaudio_x86.dll" _ ( ByVal stream As IntPtr _ , ByVal inputParameters As IntPtr _ , ByVal outputParameters As PaStreamParameters _ , ByVal samprate As Double _ , ByVal fpb As Double _ , ByVal paClipoff As Long _ , ByVal patestCallBack As IntPtr _ , ByVal data As IntPtr) As Integer (don't worry if I've mistyped some of the other parameters, I'll get to them later! Let's concentrate on the callback for now.) In module1.vb I have defined the callback function: Function MyCallback( ByVal inp As Byte, _ ByVal outp As Byte, _ ByVal framecount As Long, _ ByVal pastreamcallbacktimeinfo As Byte, _ ByVal pastreamcallbackflags As Byte, _ ByVal userdata As Byte) As Integer ' do clever things here End Function The external function in the dll is called with err = Pa_OpenStream( ptr, _ nulthing, _ outputParameters, _ SAMPLE_RATE, _ FRAMES_PER_BUFFER, _ clipoff, _ AddressOf MyCallback, _ dataptr) This is broken in the declaration of the external function - it doesn't like the type IntPtr as a function pointer for AddressOf. Can anyone show me how to implement passing this callback function please ? Many thanks David

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  • Academic question: typename

    - by Arman
    Hi, recently I accounted with a "simple problem" of porting code from VC++ to gcc/intel. The code is compiles w/o error on VC++: #include <vector> using std::vector; template <class T> void test_vec( std::vector<T> &vec) { typedef std::vector<T> M; /*==> add here typename*/ M::iterator ib=vec.begin(),ie=vec.end(); }; int main() { vector<double> x(100, 10); test_vec<double>(x); return 0; } then with g++ we have some unclear errors: g++ t.cpp t.cpp: In function 'void test_vec(std::vector<T, std::allocator<_CharT> >&)': t.cpp:13: error: expected `;' before 'ie' t.cpp: In function 'void test_vec(std::vector<T, std::allocator<_CharT> >&) [with T = double]': t.cpp:18: instantiated from here t.cpp:12: error: dependent-name 'std::M::iterator' is parsed as a non-type, but instantiation yields a type t.cpp:12: note: say 'typename std::M::iterator' if a type is meant If we add typename before iterator the code will compile w/o pb. If it is possible to make a compiler which can understand the code written in the more "natural way", then for me is unclear why we should add typename? Which rules of "C++ standards"(if there are some) will be broken if we allow all compilers to use without "typename"? kind regards Arman.

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  • c - strncpy issue

    - by Joe
    Hi there, I am getting segmentation fault when using strncpy and (pointer-to-struct)-(member) notation: I have simplified my code. I initialise a struct and set all of it's tokens to an empty string. Then a declare a pointer to a struct and assign the address of the struct to it. I pass the pointer to a function. I can print out the contents of the struct at the beginning of the function, but if I try to use the tp - mnemonic in a strncpy function, I get seg fault. Can anyone tell me what I am doing wrong? typedef struct tok { char* label; char* mnem; char* operand; }Tokens; Tokens* tokenise(Tokens* tp, char* line) { // This prints fine printf("Print this - %s\n", tp -> mnem); // This function gives me segmentation fault strncpy(tp -> mnem, line, 4); return tp; } int main() { char* line = "This is a line"; Tokens tokens; tokens.label = ""; tokens.mnem = "load"; tokens.operand = ""; Tokens* tp = &tokens; tp = tokenise(tp, line); return 0; } I have used printf statements to confirm that the code definitely stops executing at the strncpy function. Can anyone tell me where I am going wrong? Many thanks Joe

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  • How to loop through a boost::mpl::list?

    - by Kyle
    This is as far as I've gotten, #include <boost/mpl/list.hpp> #include <algorithm> namespace mpl = boost::mpl; class RunAround {}; class HopUpAndDown {}; class Sleep {}; template<typename Instructions> int doThis(); template<> int doThis<RunAround>() { /* run run run.. */ return 3; } template<> int doThis<HopUpAndDown>() { /* hop hop hop.. */ return 2; } template<> int doThis<Sleep>() { /* zzz.. */ return -2; } int main() { typedef mpl::list<RunAround, HopUpAndDown, Sleep> acts; // std::for_each(mpl::begin<acts>::type, mpl::end<acts>::type, doThis<????>); return 0; }; How do I complete this? (I don't know if I should be using std::for_each, just a guess based on another answer here)

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  • Declaring functors for comparison ??

    - by Mr.Gando
    Hello, I have seen other people questions but found none that applied to what I'm trying to achieve here. I'm trying to sort Entities via my EntityManager class using std::sort and a std::vector<Entity *> /*Entity.h*/ class Entity { public: float x,y; }; struct compareByX{ bool operator()(const GameEntity &a, const GameEntity &b) { return (a.x < b.x); } }; /*Class EntityManager that uses Entitiy*/ typedef std::vector<Entity *> ENTITY_VECTOR; //Entity reference vector class EntityManager: public Entity { private: ENTITY_VECTOR managedEntities; public: void sortEntitiesX(); }; void EntityManager::sortEntitiesX() { /*perform sorting of the entitiesList by their X value*/ compareByX comparer; std::sort(entityList.begin(), entityList.end(), comparer); } I'm getting a dozen of errors like : error: no match for call to '(compareByX) (GameEntity* const&, GameEntity* const&)' : note: candidates are: bool compareByX::operator()(const GameEntity&, const GameEntity&) I'm not sure but ENTITY_VECTOR is std::vector<Entity *> , and I don't know if that could be the problem when using the compareByX functor ? I'm pretty new to C++, so any kind of help is welcome.

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  • Understanding byte order and functions like CFSwapInt32HostToBig

    - by Typeoneerror
    I've got an enumeration in my game. A simple string message with an appended PacketType is being sent with the message (so it knows what to do with the message) over GameKit WIFI connection. I used Apple's GKRocket sample code as a starting point. The code itself is working fantastically; I just want to understand what the line with CFSwapInt32HostToBig is doing. What on earth does that do? and why does it need to do it? My guess is that it's making sure the PacketType value can be converted to an unsigned integer so it can send it reliably, but that doesn't sound all that correct to me. The documentation states "Converts a 32-bit integer from big-endian format to the host’s native byte order." but I don't understand what the means really. typedef enum { PacketTypeStart, // packet to notify games to start PacketTypeRequestSetup, // server wants client info PacketTypeSetup, // send client info to server PacketTypeSetupComplete, // round trip made for completion PacketTypeTurn, // packet to notify game that a turn is up PacketTypeRoll, // packet to send roll to players PacketTypeEnd // packet to end game } PacketType; // .... - (void)sendPacket:(NSData *)data ofType:(PacketType)type { NSLog(@"sendPacket:ofType(%d)", type); // create the data with enough space for a uint NSMutableData *newPacket = [NSMutableData dataWithCapacity:([data length]+sizeof(uint32_t))]; // Data is prefixed with the PacketType so the peer knows what to do with it. uint32_t swappedType = CFSwapInt32HostToBig((uint32_t)type); // add uint to data [newPacket appendBytes:&swappedType length:sizeof(uint32_t)]; // add the rest of the data [newPacket appendData:data]; // Send data checking for success or failure NSError *error; BOOL didSend = [_gkSession sendDataToAllPeers:newPacket withDataMode:GKSendDataReliable error:&error]; if (!didSend) { NSLog(@"error in sendDataToPeers: %@", [error localizedDescription]); } }

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  • D callbacks in C functions

    - by Caspin
    I am writing D2 bindings for Lua. This is in one of the Lua header files. typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L); I assume the equivalent D2 statement would be: extern(C) alias int function( lua_State* L ) lua_CFunction; Lua also provides an api function: void lua_pushcfunction( lua_State* L, string name, lua_CFunction func ); If I want to push a D2 function does it have to be extern(C) or can I just use the function? int dfunc( lua_State* L ) { std.stdio.writeln("dfunc"); } extern(C) int cfunc( lua_State* L ) { std.stdio.writeln("cfunc"); } lua_State* L = lua_newstate(); lua_pushcfunction(L, "cfunc", &cfunc); //This will definitely work. lua_pushcfunction(L, "dfunc", &dfunc); //Will this work? If I can only use cfunc, why? I don't need to do anything like that in C++. I can just pass the address of a C++ function to C and everything just works.

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