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  • How many copies are needed to enlarge an array?

    - by user10326
    I am reading an analysis on dynamic arrays (from the Skiena's algorithm manual). I.e. when we have an array structure and each time we are out of space we allocate a new array of double the size of the original. It describes the waste that occurs when the array has to be resized. It says that (n/2)+1 through n will be moved at most once or not at all. This is clear. Then by describing that half the elements move once, a quarter of the elements twice, and so on, the total number of movements M is given by: This seems to me that it adds more copies than actually happen. E.g. if we have the following: array of 1 element +--+ |a | +--+ double the array (2 elements) +--++--+ |a ||b | +--++--+ double the array (4 elements) +--++--++--++--+ |a ||b ||c ||c | +--++--++--++--+ double the array (8 elements) +--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--+ |a ||b ||c ||c ||x ||x ||x ||x | +--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--+ double the array (16 elements) +--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--+ |a ||b ||c ||c ||x ||x ||x ||x || || || || || || || || | +--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--++--+ We have the x element copied 4 times, c element copied 4 times, b element copied 4 times and a element copied 5 times so total is 4+4+4+5 = 17 copies/movements. But according to formula we should have 1*(16/2)+2*(16/4)+3*(16/8)+4*(16/16)= 8+8+6+4=26 copies of elements for the enlargement of the array to 16 elements. Is this some mistake or the aim of the formula is to provide a rough upper limit approximation? Or am I missunderstanding something here?

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  • Involving kids into programing - which language? [closed]

    - by boj
    Possible Duplicate: What are some good tools for introducing kids to programming? Long-long time ago I had a great book by Frank DaCosta about writing adventure games in Basic, it had a great influence on me. I would like to show the world of programming to my child too but I have two problems: I can not found books like DaCosta's (but we can replace it with our fantasy so not a big deal) Which programming language should I use? Small Basic?

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  • How does the "Fourth Dimension" work with arrays?

    - by Questionmark
    Abstract: So, as I understand it (although I have a very limited understanding), there are three dimensions that we (usually) work with physically: The 1st would be represented by a line. The 2nd would be represented by a square. The 3rd would be represented by a cube. Simple enough until we get to the 4th -- It is kinda hard to draw in a 3D space, if you know what I mean... Some people say that it has something to do with time. The Question: Now, that is all great with me. My question isn't about this, or I'd be asking it on MathSO or PhysicsSO. My question is: How does the computer handle this with arrays? I know that you can create 4D, 5D, 6D, etc... arrays in many different programming languages, but I want to know how that works.

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  • Techniques for Working Without a Debugger [closed]

    - by ashes999
    Possible Duplicate: How to effectively do manual debugging? Programming in a debugger is ideal. When I say a debugger, I mean something that will allow you to: Pause execution in the middle of some code (like a VM) Inspect variable values Optionally set variable values and call methods Unfortunately, we're not always blessed to work in environments that have debuggers. This can be for reasons such as: Debugger is too too too slow (Flash circa Flash 8) Interpreted language (Ruby, PHP) Scripting language (eg. inside RPG Maker XP) My question is, what is an effective way to debug without a debugger? The old method of "interleave code with print statements" is time-consuming and not sufficient.

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  • The Cobra Programming Language

    There are suddenly a number of strong alternatives to C# or VB. F#, IronPython and Iron Ruby are now joined by an open-source alternative called Cobra. Phil is taken by surprise at a language that is so intuitive to use that it is almost like pseudocode.

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  • 14.04 default locales

    - by Seán Ó Séaghdha
    After a new install of 14.04 I have quite a few extra locales/languages. Is this normal? I installed using English (GB) I think since en_AU isn't an option. At some point apt offered a list of unused files which I removed. Now when I open Language Support it warns me that "Language support is not installed completely" and offers to reinstall this list... kde-l10n-zhcn thunderbird-locale-en-gb thunderbird-locale-es libreoffice-l10n-en-gb libreoffice-help-es libreoffice-help-en-gb wspanish thunderbird-locale-zh-cn myspell-es ibus-sunpinyin mythes-en-au kde-l10n-es libreoffice-l10n-zh-cn fonts-arphic-uming ibus-table-wubi thunderbird-locale-es-es thunderbird-locale-zh-hans libreoffice-l10n-en-za thunderbird-locale-es-ar hunspell-en-ca libreoffice-l10n-es libreoffice-help-zh-cn kde-l10n-engb fonts-arphic-ukai So are Spanish and Chinese installed by default in all installations now? Why do I need Canadian English spellchecking installed?

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  • Which numeral systems are useful in computer science?

    - by authchir
    I am wondering which numeral system different programmers are using, or would use if their language has support for them. As an example, in C++ we can use: Octal by prefixing with 0 (e.g. 0377) Decimal by default (e.g. 255) Hexadecimal by prefixing with 0x (e.g. 0xff) When working with bitmask, I am using hexadecimal but would sometimes want to be able to express binary numbers directly. I know some programming language support it with 0b syntax (e.g. 0b11111111). Is there any other numeric system useful in some computer science domain (e.g. cryptography, codecs, 3D graphics, etc)?

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  • Severity and relation to occurence - priority?

    - by user970696
    I have been browsing through some webpages related to testing and found one dealing with the metrics of testing. It says: The severity level of a defect indicates the potential business impact for the end user (business impact = effect on the end user x frequency of occurrence). I do not think think this is correct or what am I missing? Usually it is the priority which is the result of such a calculation (severe bug that occurs rarely is still severe but does not have to be fixed immediately). Also from this description, what is the difference between the effect on the end user and business impact?

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  • How common are circular references? Would reference-counting GC work just fine?

    - by user9521
    How common are circular references? The less common they are, the fewer hard cases you have if you are writing in a language with only reference counting-GC. Are there any cases where it wouldn't work well to make one of the references a "weak" reference so that reference counting still works? It seems like you should be able to have a language only use reference counting and weak references and have things work just fine most of the time, with the goal of efficiency. You could also have tools to help you detect memory leaks caused by circular references. Thoughts, anyone? It seems that Python uses references counting (I don't know if it uses a tracing collector occasionally or not for sure) and I know that Vala uses reference counting with weak references; I know that it's been done before, but how well would it work?

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  • Is excessive indirection and/or redundant encapsulation a recognized concept?

    - by Omega
    I'm curious if there's a series of tendencies or anti-patterns when programming whereby a developer will always locally re-wrap external dependencies when consuming them. A slightly less vague example might be say when consuming an implementation of an interface or abstract, and mapping every touch-point locally before interacting with them. Like an overcomplicated take on composition. Given my example, would the interface not be reliable enough and any change to it never be surmountable any any level of indirection? Is this a good or a bad practice? Can it ever go too far? Does it have a proper name?

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  • Quality Assurance tools discrepancies

    - by Roudak
    It is a bit ironic, yesterday I answered a question related to this topic that was marked to be good and today I'm the one who asks. These are my thoughts and a question: Also let's agree on the terms: QA is a set of activities that defines and implements processes during SW development. The common tool is the process audit. However, my colleague at work agrees with the opinion that reviews and inspections are also quality assurance tools, although most sources classify them as quality control. I would say both sides are partially right: during inspections, we evaluate a physical product (clearly QC) but we see it as a white box so we can check its compliance with set processes (QA). Do you think it is the reason of the dichotomy among the authors? I know it is more like an academic question but it deserves the answer :)

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  • Isn't class scope purely for organization?

    - by Di-0xide
    Isn't scope just a way to organize classes, preventing outside code from accessing certain things you don't want accessed? More specifically, is there any functional gain to having public, protected, or private-scoped methods? Is there any advantage to classifying method/property scope rather than to, say, just public-ize everything? My presumption says no simply because, in binary code, there is no sense of scope (other than r/w/e, which isn't really scope at all, but rather global permissions for a block of memory). Is this correct? What about in languages like Java and C#[.NET]?

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  • Creating a new variable versus assigning an existing one

    - by rwallace
    Which is more common, creating a new variable versus assigning an existing variable (field, array element etc - anything that syntactically uses the assignment operator)? The reason I ask is that I'm designing a new language, and wondering which of these two operations should get the shorter syntax. It's not intended to be a pure functional language, or the question wouldn't arise, so I'd ideally like to count usage across large existing code bases in procedural and object-oriented languages like C, C++ and Java, though as far as I can see there isn't an easy way to do this automatically, and going by memory and eyeball, neither is obviously more common than the other.

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  • Is it relevant to warn about truncating real constants to 32 bits?

    - by zneak
    I'm toying around with LLVM and looking at what it would take to make yet another strongly-typed language, and now that I'm around the syntax, I've noticed that it seems to be a pet peeve of strongly typed language to warn people that their constants won't fit inside a float: // both in Java and C# float foo = 3.2; // error: implicitly truncating a double into a float // or something along these lines Why doesn't this work in Java and C#? I know it's easy to add the f after the 3.2, but is it really doing anything useful? Must I really be that aware that I'm using single-precision reals instead of double-precision reals? Maybe I'm just missing something (which, basically, is why I'm asking). Note that float foo = [const] is not the same thing as float foo = [double variable], where requiring the cast seems normal to me.

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  • ISO 12207 - testing being only validation activity? [closed]

    - by user970696
    Possible Duplicate: How come verification does not include actual testing? ISO norm 12207 states that testing is only validation activity, while all static inspections are verification (that requirement, code.. is complete, correct..). I did found some articles saying its not correct but you know, it is not "official". I would like to understand because there are two different concepts (in books & articles): 1) Verification is all testing except for UAT (because only user can really validate the use). E.g. here OR 2) Verification is everything but testing. All testing is validation. E.g. here Definitions are mostly the same, as Sommerville's: The aim of verification is to check that the software meets its stated functional and non-functional requirements. Validation, however, is a more general process. The aim of validation is to ensure that the software meets the customer’s expectations. It goes beyond simply checking conformance with the specification to demonstrating that the software does what the customer expects it to do It is really bugging me because I tend to agree that functional testing done on a product (SIT) is still verification because I just follow the requirements. But ISO does not agree..

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  • What programming language(s) could I develop this app with for an iPhone

    - by Keon Davies
    The app I'm thinking of making would be little similar to fruit ninja. The app/ game would involve different types of animals flying straight at and you have to choose the right item to catch the animal before he gets to you. For example to capture a fish you would have to select the net and then click on the fish to capture it. Also I would like to have a leader board too. Which programming language(s) could I use to develop what I just described?

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  • A completely free and open programming language

    - by XGouchet
    With Oracle vs Google trial, it seems that Java is not entirely Open and free (as free software) as I expected. Although there exists completely free/open JVM, it's hard to know what is a copyright infringement with Java, and what is not. So I'd like to know if there is a completely Open and free language with open and free IDE (Eclipse-like) out there, Object Oriented if possible, and able to make window-based applications for the main OSs (Linux, Mac, Windows).

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  • How often do CPUs make calculation errors?

    - by veryfoolish
    In Dijkstra's Notes on Structured Programming he talks a lot about the provability of computer programs as abstract entities. As a corollary, he remarks how testing isn't enough. E.g., he points out the fact that it would be impossible to test a multiplication function f(x,y) = x*y for any large values of x and y across the entire ranges of x and y. My question concerns his misc. remarks on "lousy hardware". I know the essay was written in the 1970s when computer hardware was less reliable, but computers still aren't perfect, so they must make calculation mistakes sometimes. Does anybody know how often this happens or if there are any statistics on this?

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  • Semantic algorithms

    - by Mythago
    I have a more theoretical than practical question. I'll start with an example - when I get an email and open it on my iPad, there is a feature, which recognizes the timestamp from the text and offers me to create an event in the calendar. Simply told, I want to know theoretically how it's done - I believe it's some kind of semantic parsing, and I would like if someone could point me to some resources, where I can read more about this.

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  • What is the aim of software testing?

    - by user970696
    Having read many books, there is a basic contradiction: Some say, "the goal of testing is to find bugs" while other say "the goal of the testing is to equalize the quality of the product", meaning that bugs are its by-products. I would also agree that if testing would be aimed primarily on a bug hunt, who would do the actual verification and actually provided the information, that the software is ready? Even e.g. Kaner changed his original definiton of testing goal from bug hunting to quality assesement provision but I still cannot see the clear difference. I percieve both as equally important. I can verify software by its specification to make sure it works and in that case, bugs found are just by products. But also I perform tests just to brake things. Also what definition is more accurate?

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  • Come up with a real-world problem in which only the best solution will do (a problem from Introduction to algorithms) [closed]

    - by Mike
    EDITED (I realized that the question certainly needs a context) The problem 1.1-5 in the book of Thomas Cormen et al Introduction to algorithms is: "Come up with a real-world problem in which only the best solution will do. Then come up with one in which a solution that is “approximately” the best is good enough." I'm interested in its first statement. And (from my understanding) it is asked to name a real-world problem where only the exact solution will work as opposed to a real-world problem where good-enough solution will be ok. So what is the difference between the exact and good enough solution. Consider some physics problem for example the simulation of the fulid flow in the permeable medium. To make this simulation happen some simplyfing assumptions have to be made when deriving a mathematical model. Otherwise the model becomes at least complex and unsolvable. Virtually any particle in the universe has its influence on the fluid flow. But not all particles are equal. Those that form the permeable medium are much more influental than the ones located light years away. Then when the mathematical model needs to be solved an exact solution can rarely be found unless the mathematical model is simple enough (wich probably means the model isn't close to reality). We take an approximate numerical method and after hours of coding and days of verification come up with the program or algorithm which is a solution. And if the model and an algorithm give results close to a real problem by some degree that is good enough soultion. Its worth noting the difference between exact solution algorithm and exact computation result. When considering real-world problems and real-world computation machines I believe all physical problems solutions where any calculations are taken can not be exact because universal physical constants are represented approximately in the computer. Any numbers are represented with the limited precision, at least limited by amount of memory available to computing machine. I can imagine plenty of problems where good-enough, good to some degree solution will work, like train scheduling, automated trading, satellite orbit calculation, health care expert systems. In that cases exact solutions can't be derived due to constraints on computation time, limitations in computer memory or due to the nature of problems. I googled this question and like what this guy suggests: there're kinds of mathematical problems that need exact solutions (little note here: because the question is taken from the book "Introduction to algorithms" the term "solution" means an algorithm or a program, which in this case gives exact answer on each input). But that's probably more of theoretical interest. So I would like to narrow down the question to: What are the real-world practical problems where only the best (exact) solution algorithm or program will do (but not the good-enough solution)? There are problems like breaking of cryptographic ciphers where only exact solution matters in practice and again in practice the process of deciphering without knowing a secret should take reasonable amount of time. Returning to the original question this is the problem where good-enough (fast-enough) solution will do there's no practical need in instant crack though it's desired. So the quality of "best" can be understood in any sense: exact, fastest, requiring least memory, having minimal possible network traffic etc. And still I want this question to be theoretical if possible. In a sense that there may be example of computer X that has limited resource R of amount Y where the best solution to problem P is the one that takes not more than available Y for inputs of size N*Y. But that's the problem of finding solution for P on computer X which is... well, good enough. My final thought that we live in a world where it is required from programming solutions to practical purposes to be good enough. In rare cases really very very good but still not the best ones. Isn't it? :) If it's not can you provide an example? Or can you name any such unsolved problem of practical interest?

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  • Converting lib from other language to python and Rights issue

    - by Arruda
    If I take a program, and basically translate its source from some language to python, with some small changes, can I do a entirely my new lib or I have to make a "version" of the old one? would this be a copy of the first or a new lib based in the ideas of the first? OBS: Consider the original lib is using Apache License v2 Not sure if well explained, but I can't see for now how to make it more clear.

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  • Dates set according to location not chosen language

    - by aspersieman
    I recently installed Ubuntu 13.10 chose my location as Thailand/Bangkok, keyboard layout and language as South African English. Everything seems to be set up correctly except wherever a date is displayed it is displayed in Thai, instead of English. This is most noticeable in the clock indicator (see images included for what I mean). How can I change my dates to English (South African locale if possible).

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  • Validation and Verification explanation (Boehm) - I cannot understand its point

    - by user970696
    Hopefully my last thread about V&V as I found the B.Boehm is text which I just do not understand well (likely my technical English is not that good). http://csse.usc.edu/csse/TECHRPTS/1979/usccse79-501/usccse79-501.pdf Basically he says that verification is about checking that products derived from requirements baseline must correspond to it and that deviation leads only to changes in these derived products (design, code). But he says it begins with design and ends with acceptance tests (you can check the V model inside). The thing is, I have accepted ISO12207 in terms of all testing is validation, yet it does not make any sense here. In order to be sure the product complies with requirements (acceptance test) I need to test it. Also it says that validation problems means that requirements are bad and needs to be changed - which does not happen with testing that testers do, who just checks correspondence with requirements.

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