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• Error occurs when Win 7 opens

  - by user1708748

  I have an HP customized laptop barely a week old. Since yesterday it has given me an error message while opening Windows- every time. it gives error code (0x40000015) refers to an exception at location (0x0033fa4d). I have 64 bit Win 7 and had been transferring files. And installing programs. 8 GB Ram 650 gb hard drive. Not sure which program caused this. Q's that I've seen with this error code all say it occurs while shutting down. A search re. error code told me to use a removal tool. When I downloaded the tool,I got a message saying it is not compatible with Windows 7. Is that really possible? Search re. location code yielded nothing I am an intermediate user. I can restore to an earlier time but I don't know which program might do this again.

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• Debugging "clogged" TCP connections

  - by Nikratio

  I'm having trouble with an internet connection that seems to randomly "freeze" arbitrary tcp connections. The connections stay established, but no data is coming through. When this happens, netstat still shows the connection status as ESTABLISHED on both the local computer: Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name Timer tcp 0 53 192.168.0.10:41129 173.255.235.238:143 ESTABLISHED 8219/gnutls-cli on (79.31/13/0) ..and the remote server: Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name Timer tcp 0 0 173.255.235.238:143 68.5.174.98:41129 ESTABLISHED 5303/imapd off (0.00/0/0) However, it seems that no data at all is transferred. If I run strace on the local and remote process, both just show a repeating sequence of select calls (with different fds of course), e.g. select(6, [0 5], NULL, NULL, {0, 50000}) = 0 (Timeout) select(6, [0 5], NULL, NULL, {0, 50000}) = 0 (Timeout) select(6, [0 5], NULL, NULL, {0, 50000}) = 0 (Timeout) The internet connection overall does not seem affected, I can still establish new connections to the same service on the same server without any problems. However, the affected local applications seem to be unaware of the problem and just hang. When I look at a packet capture of this connection on the client side, the last thing that happens is that the client transmits some data, then nothing happens for about 1100 seconds, and then several TCP Retransmission requests go out, with intervals increasing from 4 seconds to 130 seconds. No activity is captured after that. After about 10 minutes, the connection on the remote end disappears from the netstat (I wasn't able to catch any intermediate state), but still stays ESTABLISHED on the local end. Finally, after some more minutes, the local application aborts with a timeout and disappears from the local netstat output as well. Does anyone have a suggestion of how I could debug this further to find out where the problem lies and how to fix it? Additionaly and/or as a temporary workaround: is is there some way to globally reduce the timeout on client and/or server to reduce the time before the local application aborts?

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• Docs for OpenSSH CA-based certificate based authentication

  - by Zoredache

  OpenSSH 5.4 added a new method for certificate authentication (changes). * Add support for certificate authentication of users and hosts using a new, minimal OpenSSH certificate format (not X.509). Certificates contain a public key, identity information and some validity constraints and are signed with a standard SSH public key using ssh-keygen(1). CA keys may be marked as trusted in authorized_keys or via a TrustedUserCAKeys option in sshd_config(5) (for user authentication), or in known_hosts (for host authentication). Documentation for certificate support may be found in ssh-keygen(1), sshd(8) and ssh(1) and a description of the protocol extensions in PROTOCOL.certkeys. Is there any guides or documentation beyond what is mentioned in the ssh-keygen man-page? The man page covers how to generate certificate and use them, but it doesn't really seem to provide much information about the certificate authority setup. For example, can I sign the keys with an intermediate CA, and have the server trust the parent CA? This comment about the new feature seems to mean that I could setup my servers to trust the CA, then setup a method to sign keys, and then users would not have to publish their individual keys on the server. This also seems to support key expiration, which is great since getting rid of old/invalid keys is more difficult then it should be. But I am hoping to find some more documentation about describe the total configuration CA, SSH server, and SSH client settings needed to make this work.

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• How do I force a server to leave a SharePoint farm

  - by Stefan

  I have two web servers in a SharePoint (WSS 3.0) farm with one database server for the config and content databases. I already moved my content databases to a new database server successfully. But when I tried to move the sharepoint config database using the "stsadm deleteconfigdb" and "stsadm setconfigdb" commands, one of my servers got stuck in an intermediate state. I was able to join one of the web servers with the config database on the new server, but the other server is not able to join because it believes it is already part of the farm (which it used to be, before the move). On the central administration it says the status of the services on the server is "stopping". Even after rebooting all servers involved, uninstalling SharePoint and what not, this status does not change, and because of it, I am not able to join the second server with the new config database. I get random error messages when trying to join the farm. I believe that if I can unstuck this server, it will be able to join the farm again. The farm believes the second server is already part of it, but the web server itself knows its not. Any ideas on how to forcefully kick out a server from the farm?

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• Troubleshooting loss of network connectivity in Windows 2003 - What else to check?

  - by Benny

  We are facing a weird problem in our data center. Our Backup server (running EMC Networker) loses network connection every alternate day around 3:00 AM (Backup schedule starts at midnight). After 2 hours of outage, the network connectivity recovers automatically and back to normal. What we observed: It is unlikely to be network issue, since it is directly connected to server farm switch (layer 2 connection without any intermediate hops). Further, the server is connected to two different switches for Load balancing using Broadcomm Teaming. a) If it were a switch related issue it is unlikely that both the network ports go down, since they are connected to different switch. b) A possibility Vlan wide issue is also ruled out since other devices in the same Vlan are fine. c) Switch interface status is always up. But there are lot of packet drops during the outage period - Can be attributed to high interface utilization of the backup server (near 100%) d) Connectivity is restored without any change on network. Next suspect is resource utilization on Windows server. Both CPU and Memory have rarely exceeded 80%, but NIC card utilization is alarmingly high (near 100%) Not really sure how to investigate this?

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• Is it possible to change "working directory" of XeTeX?

  - by Herbert Sitz

  Using XeTeX there are many working files that get created in process of producing the pdf, and they litter the directory where my main .tex file is. Is it possible to change the working directory of XeTeX so that it stores all these scratch files in some other directory, out of the way? There is a previous question on Superuser.com that discusses a utility that cleans up the working files by deleting them after they're produced: http://superuser.com/questions/95712/how-to-avoid-littering-ones-tex-directories-with-intermediate-files That solution doesn't work for me since I'm using XeTeX, but also it seems like it would be preferable to simply be able to designate a "scratch" directory where all working files are saved. I haven't been able to find any info on how to do it though. Is there a way? (My question is prompted partly because of the fact that I often work with files in a directory that is shared using DropBox, so it creates a lot of unnecessary traffic if files are getting created and destroyed willy nilly. I don't know if it affects speed in any way, but the idea of having a separate working directory that is not shared/replicated by DropBox would be a cleaner solution, even if I could use the method suggested in the earlier thread.)

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• Vista Screen resolution Changes when Switching Users

  - by Benjol

  I regularly have a problem when switching between users in Vista - the screen resolution drops down to 800x600. If I try to set the resolution back to the maximum, it says nothing, but just keeps it at 800x600. I can set it back to an intermediate value. Otherwise I have to either restart the PC, or sometimes if I log off one of the users, I can then set the resolution back to max. Might it also have something to do with using sleep mode instead of performing regular shutdowns? I thought it might be related to the desktop background image taking up too much space, but even with plain colours, the problem still occurs. There is an enormous thread on this here, but not really any answers. From what I can gather from that thread, it isn't related to any particular applications, nor limited to a particular make of graphics card or monitor, so I don't think that including hardware details is useful. This is a very annoying problem, as it screws up my desktop and screen layout every single time. Has anyone here experienced this problem or found a solution? I've noticed that Windows Update has tried to install nVidia updates and apparently they've failed on several occasions. Not sure if that is of any relevance or not. UPDATE The last post on the thread: FWIW - I had this problem for about 2 years and wrote a number of posts in this thread in the past. It survived OS reinstallation, change of practically all of my hardware piece by piece (mobo, cpu, monitor, graphics card, memory, power supply...) I used to be affected by this annoying problem at least once every 24-48 hours. About 1.5 months ago I wiped out my 32 bit vista ultimate installation and installed Windows7 ultimate 64 bit from scratch and never saw this problem again. GOOD RIDDANCE. Vista was a pathetic piece of __ that felt like a flashback to the old [horrible] NT4/Windows95 days. I was seriously considering switching over to Apple/Mac OSX if this problem persisted.

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• Apache HTTPd FollowSymLinks path permission

  - by apast

  Hi, I'm configuring my development environment with a basic Apache HTTPd configuration. But, to avoid a often problem, I want to map my test URL to my development folder. I'm using Ubuntu. My development path is located under the following example path: /home/myusername/myworkspace/hptargetpath/src/pages Considering the following symbolic link mapping: #ls -l /opt/share/www/mydevelopmentrootpath: lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 77 2011-02-13 18:53 /opt/share/www/mydevelopmentrootpath -> /home/myusername/myworkspace/hptargetpath/src/pages With this folder mapping, I configured Apache HTTPd with the following configuration: <VirtualHost *:*> ServerName local.server.com ServerAdmin [email protected] DirectoryIndex index.html DocumentRoot /opt/share/www/mydevelopmentrootpath <Directory /opt/share/www/mydevelopmentrootpath/ > Options +Indexes Options +FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> </VirtualHost> But, I'm receiving a 403 Forbidden error when I want to access index.html under the address http://local.server.com/index.html. 403 Forbidden You don't have permission to access /index.html on this server. On httpd debug log, I checked the following message: [Sun Feb 13 19:34:47 2011] [error] [client 127.0.1.1] Symbolic link not allowed or link target not accessible: /opt/share/www/mydevelopmentrootpath I'm thinking that this problem is been generated by some path permission. It's not a direct permission to directory, but some intermediate directory in the path. There's a directive on httpd core Options: SymLinksIfOwnerMatch The server will only follow symbolic links for which the target file or directory is owned by the same user id as the link. But, I tested it without effects. Somebody may help me? I think that it's a trivial configuration on development environment. Best regards, And Past

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• Hard drive degredation from large memory usage and paging files?

  - by Stephen R

  I've had a question(s) regarding computer degradation going through my head for a while and haven't found many good resources for researching it. 1) First off, when is the virtual RAM/paging file on a hard drive used by Windows? Is it used when the RAM is full? Or does it use the Virtual RAM/paging file as intermediate caching between the RAM and actual hard drive space all the time? 2) If I were to run many applications on my computer at the same time and have a bad habit of doing this for the entire lifetime of the computer, does it use more of the virtual RAM/paging file than if I were to have fewer programs running? Just to note, the RAM never fills up on my computer but it is used heavily. 3) By extension of question 2, if the virtual RAM/paging file is used more heavily, would that result in rapid hard drive degradation? I have seen a pattern among all of the computers that I have owned or used in the past 5 years. I am the kind of person to leave my web browser up with 40 tabs among other programs which will eat up 40% of my memory typically. Over time my computer will slow down, browsers start crashing, programs start seizing up or crashing themselves, eventually the computer becomes essentially unusable. I have been trying to rack my mind to come up with a solution other than to purchase a new PC to have it die on me in the next couple years as well. This is the only thought that has come to mind that might have a simple hardware fix...Windows ReadyBoost...Maybe? I'd like to be able to discuss this so I can learn something about all of the above. Thanks.

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• Find slow network nodes between two data centers

  - by 2called-chaos

  I've got a problem with syncing big amount of data between two data centers. Both machines have got a gigabit connection and are not fully occupied but the fastest that I am able to get is something between 6 and 10 Mbit = not acceptable! Yesterday I made some traceroute which indicates huge load on a LEVEL3 router but the problem exists for weeks now and the high response time is gone (20ms instead of 300ms). How can I trace this to find the actual slow node? Thought about a traceroute with bigger packages but will this work? In addition this problem might not be related to one of our servers as there are much higher transmission rates to other servers or clients. Actually office = server is faster than server <= server! Any idea is appreciated ;) Update We actually use rsync over ssh to copy the files. As encryption tends to have more bottlenecks I tried a HTTP request but unfortunately it is just as slow. We have a SLA with one of the data centers. They said they already tried to change the routing because they say this is related to a cheap network where the traffic gets routed through. It is true that it will route through a "cheapnet" but only the other way around. Our direction goes through LEVEL3 and the other way goes through lambdanet (which they said is not a good network). If I got it right (I'm a network intermediate) they simulated a longer path to force routing through LEVEL3 and they announce LEVEL3 in the AS path. I basically want to know if they're right or they're just trying to abdicate their responsibility. The thing is that the problem exists in both directions (while different routes), so I think it is in the responsibility of our hoster. And honestly, I don't believe that there is a DC2DC connection which only can handle 600kb/s - 1,5 MB/s for weeks! The question is how to detect WHERE this bottleneck is

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• Why can't I see all of the client certificates available when I visit my web site locally on Windows 7 IIS 7?

  - by Jay

  My team has recently moved to Windows 7 for our developer machines. We are attempting to configure IIS for application testing. Our application requires SSL and client certificates in order to authenticate. What I've done: I have configured IIS to require SSL and require (and tried accept) certificates under SSL Settings. I have created the https binding and set it to the proper server certificate. I've installed all the root and intermediate chain certificates for the soft certificates properly in current user and local machine stores. The problem When I browse to the web site, the SSL connection is established and I am prompted to choose a certificate. The issue is that the certificate is one that is created by my company that would be invalid for use in the application. I am not given the soft certificates that I have installed using MMC and IE. We are able to utilize the soft certs from our development machines to our Windows 2008 servers that host the application. What I did: I have attempted to copy the Root CA to every folder location for the Current User and Location Machine account stores that the company certificate's root is in. My questions: Could I be mishandling the certs anywhere else? Could there be a local/group policy that could be blocking the other certs from use? What (if anything) should have to be done differently on Windows 7 from 2008 in regards to IIS? Thanks for your help.

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• How can the route between two private IPs go via public IPs?

  - by Gilles

  I'm trying to understand what this output from traceroute means. I changed the IP addresses for privacy but retained the public/private IP range distinction. traceroute.db -e -n 10.1.1.9 traceroute to (10.1.1.9), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 10.0.0.1 0.596 ms 0.588 ms 0.577 ms 2 10.0.0.2 1.032 ms 1.029 ms 1.084 ms 3 10.0.0.3 3.360 ms 3.355 ms 3.338 ms 4 23.0.0.4 3.974 ms 4.592 ms 4.584 ms 5 23.0.0.5 13.442 ms 13.445 ms 13.434 ms 6 45.0.0.6 13.195 ms 12.924 ms 12.913 ms 7 67.0.0.7 52.088 ms 51.683 ms 52.040 ms 8 10.1.1.8 46.878 ms 44.575 ms 44.815 ms 9 10.1.1.9 45.932 ms 45.603 ms 45.593 ms The first 10.0.* range is inside my organisation. The last 10.1.* range is another site of my organisation. The intermediate addresses belong to various ISPs. I expect that there is some kind of VPN between the two sites, but I don't know much about our network topology. What I don't understand is how the route can go from a private address through public addresses back into private addresses. Searching led me to Public IPs on MPLS Traceroute, which gives a possible explanation: MPLS. Is MPLS the only possible or most likely explanation? Otherwise what does this tell me about our network infrastructure? Bonus question for my edification: in this scenario, who is generating the ICMP TTL exceeded packets and if relevant mangling their source and destination addresses?

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• Did my registrar screw up or is this how name server propagation works?

  - by Brad

  So my company has a number of domains with a large registrar that shall go unnamed. We are making some changes to our DNS infrastructure and the first of those is we are moving our secondary DNS from one server on site to four servers offsite. So we updated the name servers for each domain at the registrar by removing the entry for the old secondary name server and adding the four new ones. I monitored the old secondary server for requests and when I saw no new requests had been made for 24 hours I shut it down. That was this morning. I assumed at this point everything was good. Unfortunately this was my mistake. I should have gone and made sure name servers at large were returning the correct NS records. So this afternoon we were performing maintenance on our primary DNS server and we shut it down. This is when I started getting alerts from our external monitoring. I checked and sure enough, the DNS server used there reported the only NS record for our primary domain was the primary name server. The new secondary servers were not listed and neither was the old secondary. Is it unreasonable of me to have assumed that because the update was from ns1.mydomain.com ns2.mydomain.com to ns1.mydomain.com ns1.backupdns.com ns2.backupdns.com ns3.backupdns.com ns4.backupdns.com in one step at the registrar that there should be no intermediate state where the only NS record was for ns1.mydomain.com? Going forward to be safe obviously I will always leave the old name servers alone until after I'm 100% sure the new ones have propagated and only then remove the old name servers from the registrar. However, I'd still like to know if my registrar screwed up or if my expectation was unreasonable.

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• Certificates in SQL Server 2008

  - by Brandi

  I need to implement SSL for transmissions between my application and Sql Server 2008. I am using Windows 7, Sql Server 2008, Sql Server Management Studio, and my application is written in c#. I was trying to follow the MSDN page on creating certificates and this under 'Encrpyt for a specific client', but I got hopelessly confused. I need some baby steps to get further down the road to implementing encryption successfully. First, I don't understand MMC. I see a lot of certificates in there... are these certificates that I should be using for my own encryption or are these being used for things that already exist? Another thing, I assume all these certificates are files are located on my local computer, so why is there a folder called 'Personal'? Second, to avoid the above issue, I did a little experiment with a self-signed assembly. As shown in the MSDN link above, I used SQL executed in SSMS to create a self-signed certificate. Then I used the following connection string to connect: Data Source=myServer;Initial Catalog=myDatabase;User ID=myUser;Password=myPassword;Encrypt=True;TrustServerCertificate=True It connected, worked. Then I deleted the certificate I'd just created and it still worked. Obviously it was never doing anything, but why not? How would I tell if it's actually "working"? I think I may be missing an intermediate step of (somehow?) getting the file off of SSMS and onto the client? I don't know what I'm doing in the least bit, so any help, advice, comments, references you can give me are much appreciated. Thank you in advance. :)

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• Ping not working

  - by Nishant

  Ping is not working to and from this IP to my computer. inet addr:10.125.104.4 Bcast:10.125.111.255 Mask:255.255.240.0 My computer is like this Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.125.65.75 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.252.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.125.64.6 We both CAN reach the common gateway IP , 10.125.96.6 . What should I check ? What is the barrier in sending info if we both have a common gateway that is pingable ? Besides I can login to a intermediate server and ssh to this server also !!

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• Multiple SSL certificates on one server

  - by Kyle O'Brien

  We're hosting two websites on our fairly tiny but dedicated production server. Both website require SSL authentication. So, we have virtualhosts set up for both of them. They both reference their own domain.key, domain.crt and domain.intermediate.crt files. Each CSR and certificate file for each site was setup using its own unique information and nothing is shared between them (other than the server itself) However, which ever site's symbolic link (set up in /etc/apache2/sites-enabled) is reference first, is the site who's certificate is referenced even if we're visiting the second site. So for example, assume our companies are Cadbury and Nestle. We set up both sites with their own certificates but we create Cadbury's symbolic link in apache's site-enabled folder first and then Nestle's. You can visit Nestle perfectly fine but if you check the certificate installation, it reference's Cadbury's certificate. We're hosting these websites on a dedicated Ubuntu 12.04.3 LTS server. Both certificates are provided by Thawte.com. I came across a few potential solutions with no degree of success. I'm hoping someone else has a decent solution? Thanks Edit: The only other solution that seems to have provided success to some people is using SNI with Apache. However, the setups here didn't seem to coincide with our setup at all.

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• Can I remove the original file while running "sort"?

  - by Spaceman

  I'm sorting a huge file, around 400 gigabytes. I'm running out of the disk space and I must do something quickly. Let's assume the original file is called original_file. So I execute (simplified) it as "sort original_file | gzip -c output_file" I use /home/tmp as a temporary dir. From what I see, there are a lot of intermediate files, like so: tmpA465 tmpB154 ... and so on. The smallest ones have size 12 megabytes. The largest have ~182 megabytes. So, it seems that the "sort" command have already split the original file into small pieces, and have sorted them, and now it is merging them into bigger parts (which will be, eventually, sorted as well). Please correct me if I'm wrong. Can I remove the original file right now without terminating the sort process? I've been waiting for a few days for that and it's important that the "sort" command will not fail and I will get the result file, finally. The OS is Ubuntu server 13.04, x64. Thanks!

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• Looking for VCS wrapper that tracks system files changing across the whole *nix OS and sends diffs through email

  - by nextus

  I need some software that looks after custom directories across the whole OS (i.e. /etc) and alerting me if someone edit something file inside. Additionally, this tool must automatically commit and push changes into backup server, so I can easily determine when specific change in specific file was made. I'm using cvsbackup right now but I want to create or found something more modern. I think using git as VCS is a great idea. I could have local repository and easily revert changes in my configuration files. Furthermore, pushing changes to the remote repository would helps me to recover my configuration files when the server is fault. It doesn't seems difficult to write some wrapper around the git but there are a lot of problems. For example, I need to track custom directories: /usr/local/nginx/ and /etc/. So the destination point for my git repository is /. I don't need to track the other directories so I must to write overwhelming .gitignore rule: * !.gitignore !/etc/ !etc/* !/usr /usr/* !/usr/local /usr/local/* !/usr/local/nginx !/usr/local/nginx/* It's very daunting and prone to error. So it's maybe a good idea to create intermediate file that wrapper reads and converts to .gitignore format. Additionally, I don't want to keep my .git folder in / partition so I need to set appropriate GIT_DIR and GIT_WORK_TREE variables for git. Is there any ready to use tools for implementation this task? I don't found any but I don't believe that no one needs this feature.

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• how to tackle this combinatorial algorithm problem

  - by Andrew Bullock

  I have N people who must each take T exams. Each exam takes "some" time, e.g. 30 min (no such thing as finishing early). Exams must be performed in front of an examiner. I need to schedule each person to take each exam in front of an examiner within an overall time period, using the minimum number of examiners for the minimum amount of time (i.e. no examiners idle) There are the following restrictions: No person can be in 2 places at once each person must take each exam once noone should be examined by the same examiner twice I realise that an optimal solution is probably NP-Complete, and that I'm probably best off using a genetic algorithm to obtain a best estimate (similar to this? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/184195/seating-plan-software-recommendations-does-such-a-beast-even-exist). I'm comfortable with how genetic algorithms work, what i'm struggling with is how to model the problem programatically such that i CAN manipulate the parameters genetically.. If each exam took the same amount of time, then i'd divide the time period up into these lengths, and simply create a matrix of time slots vs examiners and drop the candidates in. However because the times of each test are not necessarily the same, i'm a bit lost on how to approach this. currently im doing this: make a list of all "tests" which need to take place, between every candidate and exam start with as many examiners as there are tests repeatedly loop over all examiners, for each one: find an unscheduled test which is eligible for the examiner (based on the restrictions) continue until all tests that can be scheduled, are if there are any unscheduled tests, increment the number of examiners and start again. i'm looking for better suggestions on how to approach this, as it feels rather crude currently.

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• Why are floating point values so prolific?

  - by Kibbee

  So, title says it all. Why are floating point values so prolific in computer programming. Due to problems like rounding errors, and not being able to even accurately represent numbers such as 0.1, I really can't see how they got as far as they did. I understand that the computation is faster with floating point numbers, however, I can think of only a few cases that they actually the right data type would be using. If you sat back and think about every time you used a floating point value, how many times did you say, well, some error would be ok, as long as the result was a few microseconds faster. It really makes me think because Jeff was talking about NP completeness, and how heuristics give an answer that is kind of right. And well, computers shouldn't do that. They should give you the answer that is correct. Yet we see floating point values used in many applications where they are completely not valid. What really bugs me, isn't that floating point exists, but that in many languages, there isn't even a viable alternative, non-floating point, decimal value. A lot of programmers when doing financial applications have to fall back to storing the number of cents in an integer field. Which brings with it all kinds of other problems. Why do floats continue to be so prolific, even though they can't represent the real answer, and we expect computers to be accurate? [EDIT] Just to clarify, I was talking about Base 2 floating points, and not base 10 floating points. .Net offers the Decimal data type, which is a base 10 floating point value which offers a much better representation of the numbers we deal with on a daily basis in most computer programs. I find it hard to believe that even modern languages like Java don't support base 10 floating point values, unless you want to move into the realm of things like BigDecimal, which isn't really the right answer either in a lot of situations.

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• SQL Server 2005 database design - many-to-many relationships with hierarchy

  - by Remnant

  Note I have completely re-written my original post to better explain the issue I am trying to understand. I have tried to generalise the problem as much as possible. Also, my thanks to the original people who responded. Hopefully this post makes things a little clearer. Context In short, I am struggling to understand the best way to design a small scale database to handle (what I perceive to be) multiple many-to-many relationships. Imagine the following scenario for a company organisational structure: Textile Division Marketing Division | | ---------------------- ---------------------- | | | | HR Dept Finance Dept HR Dept Finance Dept | | | | ---------- ---------- ---------- --------- | | | | | | | | Payroll Hiring Audit Tax Payroll Hiring Audit Accounts | | | | | | | | Emps Emps Emps Emps Emps Emps Emps Emps NB: Emps denotes a list of employess that work in that area When I first started with this issue I made four separate tables: Divisions - Textile, Marketing (PK = DivisionID) Departments - HR, Finance (PK = DeptID) Functions - Payroll, Hiring, Audit, Tax, Accounts (PK = FunctionID) Employees - List of all Employees (PK = EmployeeID) The problem as I see it is that there are multiple many-to-many relationships i.e. many departments have many divisions and many functions have many departments. Question Giving the database structure above, suppose I wanted to do the following: Get all employees who work in the Payroll function of the Marketing Division To do this I need to be able to differentiate between the two Payroll departments but I am not sure how this can be done? I understand that I could build a 'Link / Junction' table between Departments and Functions so that I can retrieve which Functions are in which Departments. However, I would still need to differentiate the Division they belong to. Research Effort As you can see I am an abecedarian when it comes to database deisgn. I have spent the last two days resaerching this issue, traversing nested set models, adjacency models, reading that this issue is known not to be NP complete etc. I am sure there is a simple solution?

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• How do people know so much about programming?

  - by Luciano

  I see people in this forums with a lot of points, so I assume they know about a lot of different programming stuff. When I was young I knew about basic (commodore) and the turbo pascal (pc). Then in college I learnt about C, memory management, x86 set, loop invariants, graphs, db query optimization, oop, functional, lambda calculus, prolog, concurrency, polymorphism, newton method, simplex, backtracking, dynamic programming, heuristics, np completeness, LR, LALR, neural networks, static & dynamic typing, turing, godel, and more in between. Then in industry I started with Java several years ago and learnt about it, and its variety of frameworks, and also design patterns, architecture patterns, web development, server development, mobile development, tdd, bdd, uml, use cases, bug trackers, process management, people management if you are a tech lead, profiling, security concerns, etc. I started to forget what I learnt in college... And then there is the stuff I don't know yet, like python, .net, perl, JVM stuff like groovy or scala.. Of course Google is a must for rapid documentation access to know if a problem has been solved already and how, and to keep informed about new stuff by blogs and places like this one. It's just too much or I just have a bad memory.. how do you guys manage it?

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• Python fit polynomial, power law and exponential from data

  - by Nadir

  I have some data (x and y coordinates) coming from a study and I have to plot them and to find the best curve that fits data. My curves are: polynomial up to 6th degree; power law; and exponential. I am able to find the best fit for polynomial with while(i < 6): coefs, val = poly.polyfit(x, y, i, full=True) and I take the degree that minimizes val. When I have to fit a power law (the most probable in my study), I do not know how to do it correctly. This is what I have done. I have applied the log function to all x and y and I have tried to fit it with a linear polynomial. If the error (val) is lower than the others polynomial tried before, I have chosen the power law function. Am I correct? Now how can I reconstruct my power law starting from the line y = mx + q in order to draw it with the original points? I need also to display the function found. I have tried with: def power_law(x, m, q): return q * (x**m) using x_new = np.linspace(x[0], x[-1], num=len(x)*10) y1 = power_law(x_new, coefs[0], coefs[1]) popt, pcov = curve_fit(power_law, x_new, y1) but it seems not to work well.

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• rpy2: Converting a data.frame to a numpy array

  - by Mike Dewar

  I have a data.frame in R. It contains a lot of data : gene expression levels from many (125) arrays. I'd like the data in Python, due mostly to my incompetence in R and the fact that this was supposed to be a 30 minute job. I would like the following code to work. To understand this code, know that the variable path contains the full path to my data set which, when loaded, gives me a variable called immgen. Know that immgen is an object (a Bioconductor ExpressionSet object) and that exprs(immgen) returns a data frame with 125 columns (experiments) and tens of thousands of rows (named genes). robjects.r("load('%s')"%path) # loads immgen e = robjects.r['data.frame']("exprs(immgen)") expression_data = np.array(e) This code runs, but expression_data is simply array([[1]]). I'm pretty sure that e doesn't represent the data frame generated by exprs() due to things like: In [40]: e._get_ncol() Out[40]: 1 In [41]: e._get_nrow() Out[41]: 1 But then again who knows? Even if e did represent my data.frame, that it doesn't convert straight to an array would be fair enough - a data frame has more in it than an array (rownames and colnames) and so maybe life shouldn't be this easy. However I still can't work out how to perform the conversion. The documentation is a bit too terse for me, though my limited understanding of the headings in the docs implies that this should be possible. Anyone any thoughts?

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• Error Converting PIL B&W images to Numpy Arrays

  - by Elliot

  I am getting weird errors when I try to convert a black and white PIL image to a numpy array. An example of the code I am working with is below. if image.mode != '1': image = image.convert('1') #convert to B&W data = np.array(image) #convert data to a numpy array n_lines = data.shape[0] #number of raster passes line_range = range(data.shape[1]) for l in range(n_lines): # process one horizontal line of the image line = data[l] for n in line_range: if line[n] == 1: write_line_to(xl, z+scale*n, speed) #conversion to other program code elif line[n] == 0: run_to(xl, z+scale*n) #conversion to other program code I have tried this using both array and asarray for the conversion, and gotten different errors. If I use array, then the data I get out is nothing like what I put in. It looks like several very shrunken partial images side by side, with the remainder of the image space filled in in black. If I use asarray, then the entirety of python crashes during the raster step (on a random line). If I work with a greyscale image ('L'), then neither of these errors occurs for either array or asarray. Does anyone know what I am doing wrong? Is there something odd about the way PIL encodes B&W images, or something special I need to pass numpy to make it convert properly?

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