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  • SSH: one user logs in, other don't

    - by Co Lega
    Some users can ssh correctly, others don't. I have an admin user, which is in wheel. I used vsftpd for allowing FTP. I created a nologin user for FTP. Call this user "ftpuser". Now I want to allow sftp. It allows me to connect using admin user. I remove the nologin, by giving the user a shell via usermod -s /bin/bash ftpuser. It still doesn't allow me to connect from the ftpuser via sftp. The content of /home/ftpuser/.ssh is just the known_hosts file which contains "localhost" entry only. User permissions are (in theory) ok: ls -la /home working (admin) : drwx------ 18 admin admin 4096 Feb 6 15:33 admin non-working(ftpuser): drwx------ 3 ftpuser ftp 4096 Mar 26 15:25 ftpuser I haven't configured anything special on openssh. Does the ftpuser need anything extra than shell to enter via ssh?

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  • How do I disable microphone volume auto-adjusting?

    - by balpha
    My coworkers started yelling at me today because apparently I started screaming in their ears during a Google hangout. And sure enough, when I go to the Microphone settings dialog, I can see the level being auto-adjusted constantly; sometimes way too high. I don't think this has happened previously; at least nobody ever complained. Can I find out who is doing that auto-adjusting, and more importantly, can I turn it off? I couldn't find any related setting in the recording device settings. I'm using Windows 7 64bit, and (I'm mentioning this because the theory has come up that it may be related) I don't have Skype running.

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  • Preferred apache permissions for www files with several authors

    - by user1316464
    I can't for the life of me figure out how to design my permissions scheme for my apache files. My requirements seem pretty simple: Apache should have standard permissions of RX for Directories and R for files Web authors should have RWX for Directories and RW for files Don't want to give any access to "other" Want new files/folders to inherit the proper permissions Here are the schemes I've tried 570 for directories and 460 for files Owner: Apache Group: Webdev The problem here is that new files created by users int the Webdev group are owned by user:Webdev and Apache can't read them. If Apache were in the group Webdev then it would also have the wrong permissions (ie it would have Write permissions to files) 750 for directories and 640 for files Owner: Webdev Group: Apache (Webdev is a member of Apache) The problem here is that there is only one webdev account and I have multiple people who need access to contribute. In theory this would work with only one developer if Webdev were also a member of the Apache group. Any ideas?

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  • Is visiting HTTPS websites on a public hotspot secure?

    - by Calmarius
    It's often said that HTTPS SSL/TLS connections are encrypted and said to be secure because the communication between the server and me is encrypted (also provides server authentication) so if someone sniffs my packets, they will need zillions of years to decrypt if using brute force in theory. Let's assume I'm on a public wifi and there is a malicious user on the same wifi who sniffs every packet. Now let's assume I'm trying to access my gmail account using this wifi. My browser does a SSL/TLS handshake with the server and gets the keys to use for encryption and decryption. If that malicious user sniffed all my incoming and outgoing packets. Can he calculate the same keys and read my encrypted traffic too or even send encrypted messages to the server in my name?

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  • Cascading KVM switches

    - by einpoklum
    I have a not-so-small number of computers (say, 5) which I want to access with a single keyboard, USB and monitor. I can get an 8-port KVM switch, which is a pretty expensive piece of hardware; however, in theory, I should be able to cascade KVM switches: Have one 4-port KVM switch between 2 other KVMs (a 2-port and a 4-port). Is this doable (with typical off-the-shelf switches and cables)? Has anyone had experience doing this? Note: I'm interested in USB-only for the keyboard and mouse, and either VGA or DVI for the display. Audio and PS/2 connections are irrelevant for me..

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  • How can I measure TCP timeout limit on NAT firewall for setting keepalive interval?

    - by jmanning2k
    A new (NAT) firewall appliance was recently installed at $WORK. Since then, I'm getting many network timeouts and interruptions, especially for operations which would require the server to think for a bit without a response (svn update, rsync, etc.). Inbound SSH sessions over VPN also timeout frequently. That clearly suggests I need to adjust the TCP (and ssh) keepalive time on the servers in question in order to reduce these errors. But what is the appropriate value I should use? Assuming I have machines on both sides of the firewall between which I can make a connection, is there a way to measure what the time limit on TCP connections might be for this firewall? In theory, I would send a packet with gradually increasing intervals until the connection is lost. Any tools that might help (free or open source would be best, but I'm open to other suggestions)? The appliance is not under my control, so I can't just get the value, though I am attempting to ask what it currently is and if I can get it increased.

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  • Beast / CRIME / Beach attack and stopping it

    - by user2143356
    I have read so much on all this but not entirely sure I understand what has gone on. Also, is this one, two or three problems? It looks to me like three, but it's all very confusing: Beast CRIME Beach It seems the solution may be to simply not use compression with HTTPS traffic (or is that just on one of them?) I use GZIP compression. Is that okay, or is that part of the problem? I also use Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Also, is non-HTTPS traffic okay? So after reading all the theory I just want the solution. I think this may be the solution, but can someone please confirm I have understood everything so I am not likely to suffer from this attack: SOLUTION: Use GZIP compression on HTTP traffic, but don't use any compression on HTTPS traffic

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  • Could a DNSSEC at level n manipulate a zone at level n+2?

    - by jroith
    With some people wondering how DNSSEC could affect global censorship, I'd like to know if DNSSEC could protect a zone from being partially modified by a grandparent zone. (The point of this question is not to suggest that ICANN or it's members are not be trusted, but to figure out how DNSSEC affects the power they could exercise in theory.) For example: ICANN owns the root zone The .de zone is delegated to DENIC, Germany. Assume example.de is delegated to some 3rd party. Now, assuming DENIC does not remove example.de from their zone, would it be possible for them to redirect the subdomain abc.example.de elsewhere by returning signed records from the .de servers for abc.example.de ? Similarly, would it be possible for the DNS root to easily return signed fake records of a third-level domain xy.z while the second-level zone z is not participating in this and is not affected otherwise?

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  • Security considerations in providing VPN access to non-company issued computers [migrated]

    - by DKNUCKLES
    There have been a few people at my office that have requested the installation of DropBox on their computers to synchronize files so they can work on them at home. I have always been wary about cloud computing, mainly because we are a Canadian company and enjoy the privacy and being outside the reach of the Patriot Act. The policy before I started was that employees with company issued notebooks could be issued a VPN account, and everyone else had to have a remote desktop connection. The theory behind this logic (as I understand it) was that we had the potential to lock down the notebooks whereas the employees home computers were outside of our grasp. We had no ability to ensure they weren't running as administrator all the time / were running AV so they were a higher risk at being infected with malware and could compromise network security. With the increase in people wanting DropBox I'm curious as to whether or not this policy is too restrictive and overly paranoid. Is it generally safe to provide VPN access to an employee without knowing what their computing environment looks like?

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  • Directory "Bookmarking" in Linux

    - by Jason R. Mick
    Aside from aliasing and links, is there an easy way in Linux to tag commonly used directories and to navigate to a commonly used directory from the terminal. To be clear the disadvantages I see with alternative approaches, and why I want a bookmark/favorites like system: alias Cons: Too specific (every new favorite requires a new alias...although you could in theory make an alias that echo append your dir as a new alias, which would be sort of clever). Can't nest favorites in folders (can't think of a simple solution to this outside of heavy config scripting). links Cons: Clutter directory make ls a headache. pushd/popd Cons: Non-permanent (without shell config file scripting), can't nest favorites in directories, etc. Granted I have multiple ideas for making my own non-standard solution, but before I have at it I wanted to get some perspective on what's out there and if there is nothing, what is a recommended approach. Does anyone know of such a favorites/bookmark-like terminal solution?

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  • large RAID 10 vs small RAID1

    - by user116399
    The machine will store and serve millions of small files (<15Kb each), and all those files require a total storage space of 400G Considering the exact same SATA hard drives maker and models, on the exact same environment (OS, cpu, ram, raid controller, etc...) which one of the setups bellow would be faster? A) RAID 1 with 2 drives of 2T each, making up total storage of 2T B) RAID 10 with 4 drives of 2T each, making up total storage of 4T [EDIT]: I'm aware RAID10 is faster than RAID1. The larger the disk, at least in theory, the longer will take to do seeks/writes. So, will the performance gain of RAID10 will be outweighed by the "drag" caused the larger disk area when seek/write operations happened?

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  • Why is my Windows XP not allowing me to turn on sounds?

    - by Rookie
    This started to happen few weeks ago: Every time I start up Windows, the global sound volume is set to muted. I was able to just click the muted button to un-muted and that was fine, until now: Now I cant even click that unmute button! Every time I click the unmute button, I hear a split of a second the music I play, then it stops immediately. It is maybe 10 milliseconds until it mutes it again. In theory I could write a program to click that button continuously, but is there another solution to fix this? Or is this a broken hardware problem and Windows knows it and therefore doesn't allow me to enable sounds or my computer would break apart? Any ideas what could be causing this? A weird virus that's purpose is to piss me off? That weird this whole issue is, really, doesn't make any sense at all.

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  • How to set up VLAN network

    - by Paddington
    I'm changing my network from having every device on flat network to using VLans. My problem is that we already have a lot of devices on this network(192.168.20.0/24). From theory, I read that each Vlan has to be a different subnet and then I need to configure virtual interfaces on my Cisco router to cater for inter vlan routing. 1) How can I segment this network with minimum down time on the devices already on the network? 2) Can I just create Vlans and leave all these Vlans in the same layer 3 network so that they can go out of the network (I am not too concerned about inter-Vlan routing) or I have to create subnets which means reconfiguring the existing devices (something I do not want).

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  • What are the recognized ways to increase the size of the RAID array online/offline?

    - by user149509
    Is it possible, in theory, increase the size of the RAID-array of any level just by adding new drive(s)? Variant like "backup whole data - delete old array - add/replace disks - create new array - restore data" is obvious so what are the other options? Does it depend on the RAID-level only or on the implementation of RAID-controller only, or on both? Adding new disks to a striped array necessarily leads to a rebuilding of the array with the redistribution of the strips to the new drives? What steps should be done to increase size of RAID-array in online/offline scenarios? Especially interesting RAID-5 and RAID-10. I would like to see the big picture.

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  • Can I recover files on a disk With 5% of start of disk completely wiped (overwritten with 1s)

    - by ARA
    Recently a virus attacked my pc and cleared 5% of my hard disk which has one partition I viewed the disk in a hex viewer program like active undelete ,cleared the virus data and overwrote it with 1s I want to recover a large file that is about 10gb, but no recovery tools seem to be able to recover any files. I want to know ,in theory, is this file recoverable ? I think that files are fragmented, researched about NTFS File System and i understand cluster information are just saved in MFT File ? Is there any way to recover file without a MFT structure ?

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  • Running JBoss 6 with Runit / daemontools or other process supervision framework

    - by Alex Recarey
    I'm tying to use runit to daemonize JBoss. I use the /opt/jboss-6.1.0.Final/bin/run.sh script to start the server. When I do so from the comandline, JBoss does not detach (which is what we want), and will also shut down when CTRL+C is pressed. In theory a perfect candidate to use runit on. Everything works fine except when I try to get runit to shut down JBoss. When I issue the command sv stop jboss nothing happens. Runit thinks the process is stopped but jboss continues to run normally. I'm not doing anything special with the run script. This is my runit run script: #!/bin/sh exec 2>&1 exec /opt/jboss-6.1.0.Final/bin/run.sh -c standard -b 0.0.0.0 Looking at the jboss_init_redhat.sh script, the start section does mention ./bin/run.sh but the stop section has the following text: JBOSS_CMD_STOP=${JBOSS_CMD_STOP:-"java -classpath $JBOSSCP org.jboss.Shutdown --shutdown"} Any ideas of what I could try?

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  • Why does ^M represent a carriage return?

    - by dotancohen
    Why is ^M used to represent a carriage return in VIM and other contexts? My guess is that M is the 13th letter of the Latin alphabet and a carriage return is \x0D or decimal 13. Is this the reason? Is this representation documented anywhere? EDIT: I notice that Tab is represented by ^I, which is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Conversely, Tab is \x09 or decimal 9, which supports my theory stated above. However, where might this be documented as fact?

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  • Why are special characters such as "carriage return" represented as "^M"?

    - by dotancohen
    Why is ^M used to represent a carriage return in VIM and other contexts? My guess is that M is the 13th letter of the Latin alphabet and a carriage return is \x0D or decimal 13. Is this the reason? Is this representation documented anywhere? I notice that Tab is represented by ^I, which is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Conversely, Tab is \x09 or decimal 9, which supports my theory stated above. However, where might this be documented as fact?

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  • Hybrid HDD/SSD Volume Windows

    - by ccrama
    Is it possible to create a hybrid drive-like experience using an ssd and a hdd? In theory, frequently used files would be stored on the faster ssd, and larger/less used would be moved to the hdd. I know you can create shared volumes in windows, but the speed differences would create some issues I would assume, and it doesn't have drive preference for what gets stored on what drive. Any programs/info/advice would be great! Thanks! (PS. I saw this question, but it was asked three years ago and some solutions have probably changed)

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  • 3D game engine for networked world simulation / AI sandbox

    - by Martin
    More than 5 years ago I was playing with DirectSound and Direct3D and I found it really exciting although it took much time to get some good results with C++. I was a college student then. Now I have mostly enterprise development experience in C# and PHP, and I do it for living. There is really no chance to earn money with serious game development in our country. Each day more and more I find that I miss something. So I decided to spend an hour or so each day to do programming for fun. So my idea is to build a world simulation. I would like to begin with something simple - some human-like creatures that live their life - like Sims 3 but much more simple, just basic needs, basic animations, minimum graphic assets - I guess it won't be a city but just a large house for a start. The idea is to have some kind of a server application which stores the world data in MySQL database, and some client applications - body-less AI bots which simulate movement and some interactions with the world and each other. But it wouldn't be fun without 3D. So there are also 3D clients - I can enter that virtual world and see the AI bots living. When the bot enters visible area, it becomes material - loads a mesh and animations, so I can see it. When I leave, the bots lose their 3d mesh bodies again, but their virtual life still continues. With time I hope to make it like some expandable scriptable sandbox to experiment with various AI algorithms and so on. But I am not intended to create a full-blown MMORPG :D I have looked for many possible things I would need (free and open source) and now I have to make a choice: OGRE3D + enet (or RakNet). Old good C++. But won't it slow me down so much that I won't have fun any more? CrystalSpace. Formally not a game engine but very close to that. C++ again. MOgre (OGRE3D wrapper for .NET) + lidgren (networking library which is already used in some gaming projects). Good - I like C#, it is good for fast programming and also can be used for scripting. XNA seems just a framework, not an engine, so really have doubts, should I even look at XNA Game Studio :( Panda3D - full game engine with positive feedback. I really like idea to have all the toolset in one package, it has good reviews as a beginner-friendly engine...if you know Python. On the C++ side, Panda3D has almost non-existent documentation. I have 0 experience with Python, but I've heard it is easy to learn. And if it will be fun and challenging then I guess I would benefit from experience in one more programming language. Which of those would you suggest, not because of advanced features or good platform support but mostly for fun, easy workflow and expandability, and so I can create and integrate all the components I need - the server with the database, AI bots and a 3D client application?

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  • What is "elegant" code?

    - by Breton
    I see a lot of lip service and talk about the most "elegant" way to do this or that. I think if you spend enough time programming you begin to obtain a sort of intuitive feel for what it is we call "elegance". But I'm curious. Even if we can look at a bit of code, and say instinctively "That's elegant", or "That's messy", I wonder if any of us really understands what that means. Is there a precise definition for this "elegance" we keep referring to? If there is, what is it? Now, what I mean by a precise definition, is a series of statements which can be used to derive questions about a peice of code, or a program as a whole, and determine objectively, or as objectively as possible, whether that code is "elegant" or not. May I assert, that perhaps no such definition exists, and it's all just personal preference. In this case, I ask you a slightly different question: Is there a better word for "elegance", or a better set of attributes to use for judging code quality that is perhaps more objective than merely appealing to individual intuition and taste? Perhaps code quality is a matter of taste, and the answer to both of my questions is "no". But I can't help but feel that we could be doing better than just expressing wishy washy feelings about our code quality. For example, user interface design is something that to a broad range of people looks for all the world like a field of study that oughtta be 100% subjective matter of taste. But this is shockingly and brutally not the case, and there are in fact many objective measures that can be applied to a user interface to determine its quality. A series of tests could be written to give a definitive and repeatable score to user interface quality. (See GOMS, for instance). Now, okay. is Elegance simply "code quality" or is it something more? Is it something that can be measured? Or is it a matter of taste? Does our profession have room for taste? Maybe I'm asking the wrong questions altogether. Help me out here. Bonus Round If there is such a thing as elegance in code, and that concept is useful, do you think that justifies classifying the field of programming as an "Art" capital A, or merely a "craft". Or is it just an engineering field populated by a bunch of wishful thinking humans? Consider this question in the light of your thoughts about the elegance question. Please note that there is a distinction between code which is considered "art" in itself, and code that was written merely in the service of creating an artful program. When I ask this question, I ask if the code itself justifies calling programming an art. Bounty Note I liked the answers to this question so much, I think I'd like to make a photographic essay book from it. Released as a free PDF, and published on some kind of on demand printing service of course, such as "zazz" or "tiggle" or "printley" or something . I'd like some more answers, please!

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  • Pure JSP without mixing HTML, by writing html as Java-like code

    - by ADTC
    Please read before answering. This is a fantasy programming technique I'm dreaming up. I want to know if there's anything close in real life. The following JSP page: <% html { head { title {"Pure fantasy";} } body { h1 {"A heading with double quote (\") character";} p {"a paragraph";} String s = "a paragraph in string. the date is "; p { s; new Date().toString(); } table (Border.ZERO, new Padding(27)) { tr { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { td {i;} } } } } } %> could generate the following HTML page: <html> <head> <title>Pure fantasy</title> </head> <body> <h1>A heading with double quote (") character</h1> <p>a paragraph</p> <p>a paragraph in string. the date is 11 December 2012</p> <table border="0" padding="27"> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> The thing about this fantasy is it reuses the same old Java programming language technique that enable customized keywords used in a way similar to if-else-then, while, try-catch etc to represent html tags in a non-html way that can easily be checked for syntactic correctness, and most importantly can easily be mixed up with regular Java code without being lost in a sea of <%, %>, <%=, out.write(), etc. An added feature is that strings can directly be placed as commands to print out into generated HTML, something Java doesn't support (where pure strings have to be assigned to variables before use). Is there anything in real life that comes close? If not, is it possible to define customized keywords in Java or JSP? Or do I have to create an entirely new programming language for that? What problems do you see with this kind of setup? PS: I know you can use HTML libraries to construct HTML using Java code, but the problem with such libraries is, the source code itself doesn't have a readable HTML representation like the code above does - if you get what I mean.

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  • Is there a way to delay compilation of a stored procedure's execution plan?

    - by Ian Henry
    (At first glance this may look like a duplicate of http://stackoverflow.com/questions/421275 or http://stackoverflow.com/questions/414336, but my actual question is a bit different) Alright, this one's had me stumped for a few hours. My example here is ridiculously abstracted, so I doubt it will be possible to recreate locally, but it provides context for my question (Also, I'm running SQL Server 2005). I have a stored procedure with basically two steps, constructing a temp table, populating it with very few rows, and then querying a very large table joining against that temp table. It has multiple parameters, but the most relevant is a datetime "@MinDate." Essentially: create table #smallTable (ID int) insert into #smallTable select (a very small number of rows from some other table) select * from aGiantTable inner join #smallTable on #smallTable.ID = aGiantTable.ID inner join anotherTable on anotherTable.GiantID = aGiantTable.ID where aGiantTable.SomeDateField > @MinDate If I just execute this as a normal query, by declaring @MinDate as a local variable and running that, it produces an optimal execution plan that executes very quickly (first joins on #smallTable and then only considers a very small subset of rows from aGiantTable while doing other operations). It seems to realize that #smallTable is tiny, so it would be efficient to start with it. This is good. However, if I make that a stored procedure with @MinDate as a parameter, it produces a completely inefficient execution plan. (I am recompiling it each time, so it's not a bad cached plan...at least, I sure hope it's not) But here's where it gets weird. If I change the proc to the following: declare @LocalMinDate datetime set @LocalMinDate = @MinDate --where @MinDate is still a parameter create table #smallTable (ID int) insert into #smallTable select (a very small number of rows from some other table) select * from aGiantTable inner join #smallTable on #smallTable.ID = aGiantTable.ID inner join anotherTable on anotherTable.GiantID = aGiantTable.ID where aGiantTable.SomeDateField > @LocalMinDate Then it gives me the efficient plan! So my theory is this: when executing as a plain query (not as a stored procedure), it waits to construct the execution plan for the expensive query until the last minute, so the query optimizer knows that #smallTable is small and uses that information to give the efficient plan. But when executing as a stored procedure, it creates the entire execution plan at once, thus it can't use this bit of information to optimize the plan. But why does using the locally declared variables change this? Why does that delay the creation of the execution plan? Is that actually what's happening? If so, is there a way to force delayed compilation (if that indeed is what's going on here) even when not using local variables in this way? More generally, does anyone have sources on when the execution plan is created for each step of a stored procedure? Googling hasn't provided any helpful information, but I don't think I'm looking for the right thing. Or is my theory just completely unfounded? Edit: Since posting, I've learned of parameter sniffing, and I assume this is what's causing the execution plan to compile prematurely (unless stored procedures indeed compile all at once), so my question remains -- can you force the delay? Or disable the sniffing entirely? The question is academic, since I can force a more efficient plan by replacing the select * from aGiantTable with select * from (select * from aGiantTable where ID in (select ID from #smallTable)) as aGiantTable Or just sucking it up and masking the parameters, but still, this inconsistency has me pretty curious.

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  • How to extract comment out of header file using python, perl, or sed?

    - by WilliamKF
    I have a header file like this: /* * APP 180-2 ALG-254/258/772 implementation * Last update: 03/01/2006 * Issue date: 08/22/2004 * * Copyright (C) 2006 Somebody's Name here * All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software * without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF * SUCH DAMAGE. */ #ifndef HEADER_H #define HEADER_H /* More comments and C++ code here. */ #endif /* End of file. */ And I wish to extract out the contents of the first C style comment only and drop the " *" at the start of each line to get a file with the following contents: APP 180-2 ALG-254/258/772 implementation Last update: 03/01/2006 Issue date: 08/22/2004 Copyright (C) 2006 Somebody's Name here All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Please suggest an easy way to do this with Python, Perl, sed, or some other way on Unix. Preferably as a one-liner.

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  • I never really understood: what is Application Binary Interface (ABI)?

    - by claws
    I never clearly understood what is an ABI. I'm sorry for such a lengthy question. I just want to clearly understand things. Please don't point me to wiki article, If could understand it, I wouldn't be here posting such a lengthy post. This is my mindset about different interfaces: TV remote is an interface between user and TV. It is an existing entity but useless (doesn't provide any functionality) by itself. All the functionality for each of those buttons on the remote is implemented in the Television set. Interface: It is a "existing entity" layer between the functionality and consumer of that functionality. An, interface by itself is doesn't do anything. It just invokes the functionality lying behind. Now depending on who the user is there are different type of interfaces. Command Line Interface(CLI) commands are the existing entities, consumer is the user and functionality lies behind. functionality: my software functionality which solves some purpose to which we are describing this interface. existing entities: commands consumer: user Graphical User Interface(GUI) window,buttons etc.. are the existing entities, again consumer is the user and functionality lies behind. functionality: my software functionality which solves some purpose to which we are describing this interface. existing entities: window,buttons etc.. consumer: user Application Programming Interface(API) functions or to be more correct, interfaces (in interfaced based programming) are the existing entities, consumer here is another program not a user. and again functionality lies behind this layer. functionality: my software functionality which solves some purpose to which we are describing this interface. existing entities: functions, Interfaces(array of functions). consumer: another program/application. Application Binary Interface (ABI) Here is my problem starts. functionality: ??? existing entities: ??? consumer: ??? I've wrote few softwares in different languages and provided different kind of interfaces (CLI, GUI, API) but I'm not sure, if I ever, provided any ABI. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface says: ABIs cover details such as data type, size, and alignment; the calling convention, which controls how functions' arguments are passed and return values retrieved; the system call numbers and how an application should make system calls to the operating system; Other ABIs standardize details such as the C++ name mangling,[2] . exception propagation,[3] and calling convention between compilers on the same platform, but do not require cross-platform compatibility. Who needs these details? Please don't say, OS. I know assembly programming. I know how linking & loading works. I know what exactly happens inside. Where did C++ name mangling come in between? I thought we are talking at the binary level. Where did languages come in between? anyway, I've downloaded the [PDF] System V Application Binary Interface Edition 4.1 (1997-03-18) to see what exactly it contains. Well, most of it didn't make any sense. Why does it contain 2 chapters (4th & 5th) which describe the ELF file format.Infact, these are the only 2 significant chapters that specification. Rest of all the chapters "Processor Specific". Anyway, I thought that it is completely different topic. Please don't say that ELF file format specs are the ABI. It doesn't qualify to be Interface according to the definition. I know, since we are talking at such low level it must be very specific. But I'm not sure how is it "Instruction Set Architecture(ISA)" specific? Where can I find MS Window's ABI? So, these are the major queries that are bugging me.

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