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  • Haskell Console IO in notepad++

    - by IVlad
    I've recently started to learn Haskell. I have this code module Main where import IO main = do hSetBuffering stdin LineBuffering putStrLn "Please enter your name: " name <- getLine putStrLn ("Hello, " ++ name ++ ", how are you?") I'm using the GHC compiler together with the notepad++ editor. The problem is the interaction goes like this: Process started Vlad Please enter your name: Hello, Vlad, how are you? <<< Process finished. As you can see, output is only written after I input something. This was a bit unexpected, as I was sure the program would first ask for my name, then I'd get to enter it and then it would say hello. Well, that's exactly what happens if I run the exe manually, yet not if I run it with notepad++ and use its console wrapper... How can I make notepad++ display the output when it should, and not all of it just before the program terminates? Is this even possible?

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  • Haskell typeclass

    - by Geoff
    I have a Haskell typeclass question. I can't munge the syntax to get this (seemingly reasonable) program to compile under GHC. import Control.Concurrent.MVar blah1 :: [a] -> IO ([a]) blah1 = return blah2 :: [a] -> IO (MVar [a]) blah2 = newMVar class Blah b where blah :: [a] -> IO (b a) instance Blah [] where blah = blah1 -- BOOM instance Blah (MVar []) where blah = blah2 main :: IO () main = do putStrLn "Ok" I get the following error message, which kind of makes sense, but I don't know how to fix it: `[]' is not applied to enough type arguments Expected kind `*', but `[]' has kind `* -> *' In the type `MVar []' In the instance declaration for `Blah (MVar [])'

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  • Haskell simple compilation bug

    - by fmsf
    I'm trying to run this code: let coins = [50, 25, 10, 5, 2,1] let candidate = 11 calculate :: [Int] calculate = [ calculate (x+candidate) | x <- coins, x > candidate] I've read some tutorials, and it worked out ok. I'm trying to solve some small problems to give-me a feel of the language. But I'm stuck at this. test.hs:3:0: parse error (possibly incorrect indentation) Can anyone tell me why? I've started with haskell today so please go easy on the explanations. I've tried to run it like: runghc test.hs ghc test.hs but with: ghci < test.hs it gives this one: <interactive>:1:10: parse error on input `=' Thanks

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  • How do I write a constant-space length function in Haskell?

    - by Bill
    The canonical implementation of length :: [a] -> Int is: length [] = 0 length (x:xs) = 1 + length xs which is very beautiful but suffers from stack overflow as it uses linear space. The tail-recursive version: length xs = length' xs 0 where length' [] n = n length' (x:xs) n = length xs (n + 1) doesn't suffer from this problem, but I don't understand how this can run in constant space in a lazy language. Isn't the runtime accumulating numerous (n + 1) thunks as it moves through the list? Shouldn't this function Haskell to consume O(n) space and lead to stack overflow? (if it matters, I'm using GHC)

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  • Parallel Haskell in order to find the divisors of a huge number

    - by Dragno
    I have written the following program using Parallel Haskell to find the divisors of 1 billion. import Control.Parallel parfindDivisors :: Integer->[Integer] parfindDivisors n = f1 `par` (f2 `par` (f1 ++ f2)) where f1=filter g [1..(quot n 4)] f2=filter g [(quot n 4)+1..(quot n 2)] g z = n `rem` z == 0 main = print (parfindDivisors 1000000000) I've compiled the program with ghc -rtsopts -threaded findDivisors.hs and I run it with: findDivisors.exe +RTS -s -N2 -RTS I have found a 50% speedup compared to the simple version which is this: findDivisors :: Integer->[Integer] findDivisors n = filter g [1..(quot n 2)] where g z = n `rem` z == 0 My processor is a dual core 2 duo from Intel. I was wondering if there can be any improvement in above code. Because in the statistics that program prints says: Parallel GC work balance: 1.01 (16940708 / 16772868, ideal 2) and SPARKS: 2 (1 converted, 0 overflowed, 0 dud, 0 GC'd, 1 fizzled) What are these converted , overflowed , dud, GC'd, fizzled and how can help to improve the time.

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  • printing menu in terminal and choosing an option, how to?

    - by carlos
    I'm a haskell beginner. I'm trying to make a program that shows a menu through terminal and ask user to introduce an option. Here is the code: main :: IO () main = do putStrLn "0 <- quit" putStrLn "1 <- Hello" putStr "Choose an option: " c <- getChar case c of '0' -> return () '1' -> putChar '\n' >> putStrLn "Hello World" >> main When I use this module in the ghci interpreter everything works like it's suposed to do. But if i compile this with: ghc hello.hs and run it in the terminal, it doesn't display the line "Choose an option:" before ask for a char to be introduced. I think this may be caused because of haskell lazy nature and I don't know how to fix it. Any ideas?

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  • Haskell: Defaulting constraints to type

    - by yairchu
    Consider this example: applyKTimes :: Integral i => i -> (a -> a) -> a -> a applyKTimes 0 _ x = x applyKTimes k f x = applyKTimes (k-1) f (f x) applyThrice :: (a -> a) -> a -> a applyThrice = applyKTimes 3 The 3 in applyThrice is defaulted by GHC to an Integer as shown when compiling with -Wall: Warning: Defaulting the following constraint(s) to type 'Integer' 'Integral t' arising from a use of 'applyKTimes' So I guess that Integer is the default Integral a => a. Is there a way to define "default types" for other constraints too? Is using default types bad practice? (it does complain when using -Wall..)

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  • Strategy for desugaring Haskell

    - by luqui
    I'm developing a virtual machine for purely functional programs, and I would like to be able to test and use the the wide variety of Haskell modules already available. The VM takes as input essentially terms in the untyped lambda calculus. I'm wondering what would be a good way to extract such a representation from modern Haskell modules (eg. with MPTC's, pattern guards, etc.). I did a little research and there doesn't seem to be a tool that does this already (I would be delighted to be mistaken), and that's okay. I'm looking for an approach. GHC Core seems too operationally focused, especially since one of the things the VM does is to change the evaluation order significantly. Are there any accessible intermediate representations that correspond more closely to the lambda calculus?

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  • Haskell: foldl' accumulator parameter

    - by Clinton
    I've been asking a few questions about strictness, but I think I've missed the mark before. Hopefully this is more precise. Lets say we have: n = 1000000 f z = foldl' (\(x1, x2) y -> (x1 + y, y - x2)) z [1..n] Without changing f, what should I set z = ... So that f z does not overflow the stack? (i.e. runs in constant space regardless of the size of n) Its okay if the answer requires GHC extensions. My first thought is to define: g (a1, a2) = (!a1, !a2) and then z = g (0, 0) But I don't think g is valid Haskell.

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  • How do you get 100% code coverage with guards in Haskell?

    - by dan_waterworth
    I'm trying to get (and prove) 100% test coverage for some code I'm writing in Haskell using HPC. However if I write something like this: fac n | n > 0 = n * (fac (n - 1)) | otherwise = 1 Then the second expression of the guard statement has always True tagged to it. What is the easiest way to overcome this in the general case? edit: Just to clarify. This code: fac n = if n > 0 then n * (fac (n - 1)) else 1 Works fine with HPC, (running it gives 100% code coverage). I'm basically suffering from this problem: http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/3175

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  • Looking for Haskell `group` alternative in F#

    - by Heather
    Haskell group descripted there: http://www.haskell.org/ghc/docs/latest/html/libraries/base/Data-List.html#v:group example : group "Mississippi" = ["M","i","ss","i","ss","i","pp","i"] Is there simple F# way of doing it? I can implement something alike let rec sameCounter (data : list<float>) el same (ss : list<float * int>) = if data.Length > (el + 1) then if data.[el] = data.[el + 1] then sameCounter data (el + 1) <| same + 1 <| ss else if same > 0 then sameCounter data (el + 1) <| 0 <| (data.[el], same) :: ss else sameCounter data (el + 1) <| 0 <| ss else ss let group d = sameCounter d 0 0 [] but it's a bit ugly way I think, is there better variant?

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  • Haskell: 'No instance for' arising from a trivial usage of Regex library

    - by artemave
    Following the (accepted) answer from this question, I am expecting the following to work: Prelude Text.Regex.Posix Text.Regex.Base.RegexLike Text.Regex.Posix.String> makeRegex ".*" (makeRegex is a shortcut for makeRegexOpts with predefined options) However, it doesn't: <interactive>:1:0: No instance for (RegexMaker regex compOpt execOpt [Char]) arising from a use of `makeRegex' at <interactive>:1:0-13 Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (RegexMaker regex compOpt execOpt [Char]) In the expression: makeRegex ".*" In the definition of `it': it = makeRegex ".*" Prelude Text.Regex.Posix Text.Regex.Base.RegexLike Text.Regex.Posix.String> make Regex ".*"::Regex <interactive>:1:0: No instance for (RegexMaker Regex compOpt execOpt [Char]) arising from a use of `makeRegex' at <interactive>:1:0-13 Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (RegexMaker Regex compOpt execOpt [Char]) In the expression: makeRegex ".*" :: Regex In the definition of `it': it = makeRegex ".*" :: Regex And I really don't understand why. EDIT Haskell Platform 2009.02.02 (GHC 6.10.4) on Windows EDIT2 Prelude Text.Regex.Base.RegexLike Text.Regex.Posix.String> :i RegexMaker class (RegexOptions regex compOpt execOpt) => RegexMaker regex compOpt execOpt source | regex -> compOpt execOpt, compOpt -> regex execOpt, execOpt -> regex compOpt where makeRegex :: source -> regex makeRegexOpts :: compOpt -> execOpt -> source -> regex makeRegexM :: (Monad m) => source -> m regex makeRegexOptsM :: (Monad m) => compOpt -> execOpt -> source -> m regex -- Defined in Text.Regex.Base.RegexLike

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  • Type error while trying to implement the (>>=) function in order to create a custom monad transforme

    - by CharlieP
    Hello, I'm trying to create a monad transformer for a future project, but unfortunately, my implementation of the Monad typeclasse's (=) function doesn't work. First of all, here is the underlying monad's implementation : newtype Runtime a = R { unR :: State EInfo a } deriving (Monad) Here, the implementation of the Monad typeclasse is done automatically by GHC (using the GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving language pragma). The monad transformer is defined as so : newtype RuntimeT m a = RuntimeT { runRuntimeT :: m (Runtime a) } The problem comes from the way I instanciate the (=) function of the Monad typeclasse : instance (Monad m) => Monad (RuntimeT m) where return a = RuntimeT $ (return . return) a x >>= f = runRuntimeT x >>= id >>= f The way I see it, the first >>= runs in the underlying m monad. Thus, runRuntimeT x >>= returns a value of type Runtime a (right ?). Then, the following code, id >>=, should return a value of type a. This value is the passed on to the function f of type f :: (Monad m) => a -> RuntimeT m b. And here comes the type problem : the f function's type doesn't match the type required by the (=) function. Jow can I make this coherent ? I can see why this doesn't work, but I can't manage to turn it into something functionnal. Thank you for you help, and do not hesitate to correct any flaws in my message, Charlie P.

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  • "Programming In Haskell" error in sat function

    - by Matt Ellen
    I'm in chapter 8 of Graham Hutton's Programming in Haskell and I'm copying the code and testing it in GHC. See the slides here: http://www.cis.syr.edu/~sueo/cis352/chapter8.pdf in particular slide 15 The relevant code I've copied so far is: type Parser a = String -> [(a, String)] pih_return :: a -> Parser a pih_return v = \inp -> [(v, inp)] failure :: Parser a failure = \inp -> [] item :: Parser Char item = \inp -> case inp of [] -> [] (x:xs) -> [(x,xs)] parse :: Parser a -> String -> [(a, String)] parse p inp = p inp sat :: (Char -> Bool) -> Parser Char sat p = do x <- item if p x then pih_return x else failure I have changed the name of the return function from the book to pih_return so that it doesn't clash with the Prelude return function. The errors are in the last function sat. I have copied this directly from the book. As you can probably see p is a function from Char to Bool (e.g. isDigit) and x is of type [(Char, String)], so that's the first error. Then pih_return takes a value v and returns [(v, inp)] where inp is a String. This causes an error in sat because the v being passed is x which is not a Char. I have come up with this solution, by explicitly including inp into sat sat :: (Char -> Bool) -> Parser Char sat p inp = do x <- item inp if p (fst x) then pih_return (fst x) inp else failure inp Is this the best way to solve the issue?

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  • Haskell Linear Algebra Matrix Library for Arbitrary Element Types

    - by Johannes Weiß
    I'm looking for a Haskell linear algebra library that has the following features: Matrix multiplication Matrix addition Matrix transposition Rank calculation Matrix inversion is a plus and has the following properties: arbitrary element (scalar) types (in particular element types that are not Storable instances). My elements are an instance of Num, additionally the multiplicative inverse can be calculated. The elements mathematically form a finite field (??2256). That should be enough to implement the features mentioned above. arbitrary matrix sizes (I'll probably need something like 100x100, but the matrix sizes will depend on the user's input so it should not be limited by anything else but the memory or the computational power available) as fast as possible, but I'm aware that a library for arbitrary elements will probably not perform like a C/Fortran library that does the work (interfaced via FFI) because of the indirection of arbitrary (non Int, Double or similar) types. At least one pointer gets dereferenced when an element is touched (written in Haskell, this is not a real requirement for me, but since my elements are no Storable instances the library has to be written in Haskell) I already tried very hard and evaluated everything that looked promising (most of the libraries on Hackage directly state that they wont work for me). In particular I wrote test code using: hmatrix, assumes Storable elements Vec, but the documentation states: Low Dimension : Although the dimensionality is limited only by what GHC will handle, the library is meant for 2,3 and 4 dimensions. For general linear algebra, check out the excellent hmatrix library and blas bindings I looked into the code and the documentation of many more libraries but nothing seems to suit my needs :-(. Update Since there seems to be nothing, I started a project on GitHub which aims to develop such a library. The current state is very minimalistic, not optimized for speed at all and only the most basic functions have tests and therefore should work. But should you be interested in using or helping out developing it: Contact me (you'll find my mail address on my web site) or send pull requests.

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  • Bubble sort algorithm implementations (Haskell vs. C)

    - by kingping
    Hello. I have written 2 implementation of bubble sort algorithm in C and Haskell. Haskell implementation: module Main where main = do contents <- readFile "./data" print "Data loaded. Sorting.." let newcontents = bubblesort contents writeFile "./data_new_ghc" newcontents print "Sorting done" bubblesort list = sort list [] False rev = reverse -- separated. To see rev2 = reverse -- who calls the routine sort (x1:x2:xs) acc _ | x1 > x2 = sort (x1:xs) (x2:acc) True sort (x1:xs) acc flag = sort xs (x1:acc) flag sort [] acc True = sort (rev acc) [] False sort _ acc _ = rev2 acc I've compared these two implementations having run both on file with size of 20 KiB. C implementation took about a second, Haskell — about 1 min 10 sec. I have also profiled the Haskell application: Compile for profiling: C:\Temp ghc -prof -auto-all -O --make Main Profile: C:\Temp Main.exe +RTS -p and got these results. This is a pseudocode of the algorithm: procedure bubbleSort( A : list of sortable items ) defined as: do swapped := false for each i in 0 to length(A) - 2 inclusive do: if A[i] > A[i+1] then swap( A[i], A[i+1] ) swapped := true end if end for while swapped end procedure I wonder if it's possible to make Haskell implementation work faster without changing the algorithm (there's are actually a few tricks to make it work faster, but neither implementations have these optimizations)

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  • [Haskell] Problem when mixing type classes and type families

    - by Giuseppe Maggiore
    Hi! This code compiles fine: {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, FunctionalDependencies, FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances, FlexibleContexts, EmptyDataDecls, ScopedTypeVariables, TypeOperators, TypeSynonymInstances, TypeFamilies #-} class Sel a s b where type Res a s b :: * instance Sel a s b where type Res a s b = (s -> (b,s)) instance Sel a s (b->(c,a)) where type Res a s (b->(c,a)) = (b -> s -> (c,s)) but as soon as I add the R predicate ghc fails: {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, FunctionalDependencies, FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances, FlexibleContexts, EmptyDataDecls, ScopedTypeVariables, TypeOperators, TypeSynonymInstances, TypeFamilies #-} class Sel a s b where type Res a s b :: * instance Sel a s b where type Res a s b = (s -> (b,s)) class R a where type Rec a :: * cons :: a -> Rec a elim :: Rec a -> a instance Sel a s (b->(c,Rec a)) where type Res a s (b->(c,Rec a)) = (b -> s -> (c,s)) complaining that: Illegal type synonym family application in instance: b -> (c, Rec a) In the instance declaration for `Sel a s (b -> (c, Rec a))' what does it mean and (most importantly) how do I fix it? Thanks

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  • "Ambigous type variable" error when defining custom "read" function

    - by Tener
    While trying to compile the following code, which is enhanced version of read build on readMay from Safe package. readI :: (Typeable a, Read a) => String -> a readI str = case readMay str of Just x -> x Nothing -> error ("Prelude.read failed, expected type: " ++ (show (typeOf > (undefined :: a))) ++ "String was: " ++ str) I get an error from GHC: WavefrontSimple.hs:54:81: Ambiguous type variable `a' in the constraint: `Typeable a' arising from a use of `typeOf' at src/WavefrontSimple.hs:54:81-103 Probable fix: add a type signature that fixes these type variable(s)` I don't understand why. What should be fixed to get what I meant? EDIT: Ok, so the solution to use ScopedTypeVariables and forall a in type signature works. But why the following produces very similar error to the one above? The compiler should infer the right type since there is asTypeOf :: a -> a -> a used. readI :: (Typeable a, Read a) => String -> a readI str = let xx = undefined in case readMay str of Just x -> x `asTypeOf` xx Nothing -> error ("Prelude.read failed, expected type: " ++ (show (typeOf xx)) ++ "String was: " ++ str)

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  • Haskell math performance

    - by Travis Brown
    I'm in the middle of porting David Blei's original C implementation of Latent Dirichlet Allocation to Haskell, and I'm trying to decide whether to leave some of the low-level stuff in C. The following function is one example—it's an approximation of the second derivative of lgamma: double trigamma(double x) { double p; int i; x=x+6; p=1/(x*x); p=(((((0.075757575757576*p-0.033333333333333)*p+0.0238095238095238) *p-0.033333333333333)*p+0.166666666666667)*p+1)/x+0.5*p; for (i=0; i<6 ;i++) { x=x-1; p=1/(x*x)+p; } return(p); } I've translated this into more or less idiomatic Haskell as follows: trigamma :: Double -> Double trigamma x = snd $ last $ take 7 $ iterate next (x' - 1, p') where x' = x + 6 p = 1 / x' ^ 2 p' = p / 2 + c / x' c = foldr1 (\a b -> (a + b * p)) [1, 1/6, -1/30, 1/42, -1/30, 5/66] next (x, p) = (x - 1, 1 / x ^ 2 + p) The problem is that when I run both through Criterion, my Haskell version is six or seven times slower (I'm compiling with -O2 on GHC 6.12.1). Some similar functions are even worse. I know practically nothing about Haskell performance, and I'm not terribly interested in digging through Core or anything like that, since I can always just call the handful of math-intensive C functions through FFI. But I'm curious about whether there's low-hanging fruit that I'm missing—some kind of extension or library or annotation that I could use to speed up this numeric stuff without making it too ugly.

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  • How to do i18n and create Windows Installer of Haskell programs?

    - by Aufheben
    I'm considering using Haskell to develop for a little commercial project. The program must be internationalized (to Simplified Chinese, to be specific), and my customer requests that it should be delivered in a one-click Windows Installer form. So basically these are the two problems I'm facing now: I18n of Haskell programs: the method described in Internationalization of Haskell programs did work (partially) if I change the command of executing the program from LOCALE=zh_CN.UTF-8 ./Main to LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 ./Main (I'm working on Ubuntu 10.10), however, the Chinese output is garbled, and I've no idea why is that. Distribution on Windows: I'm used to work under Linux and build & package my Haskell programs using Cabal, but what is the most natural way to create a one-click Windows Installer from a cabalized Haskell package? Is the package bamse the right way to go? ------ Details for the first problem ------ What I did was: $ hgettext -k __ -o messages.pot Main.hs $ msginit --input=messages.pot --locale=zh_CN.UTF-8 (Edit the zh_CN.po file, adding Chinese translation) $ mkdir -p zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES $ msgfmt --output-file=zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo zh_CN.po $ ghc --make Main.hs $ LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 ./Main And the output was like: This indicates gettext is actually working, but for some reason the generated zh_CN.mo file is broken (my guess). I'm pretty sure my zh_CN.po file is encoded in UTF-8. Plus, aside from using System.IO.putStrLn, I also tried System.IO.UTF8.putStrLn to output the string, which didn't work either.

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  • What do I need to write a small game on Linux?

    - by Michas
    I want to make a simple game: 2d, single-player, without tons of animations and special effects. I am not interested in ready to use game engines, I want to learn to write some code in a quite universal language. I am using Linux (AMD64) and looking for something easy with nice library for games. I do not want to mix few languages, most of them are in fact fast enough themselves for my needs. Cross platform would be an advantage, however all I need is a good Linux support. I have been considering few solutions. Ruby + Language looks very nice. + I am going to learn Ruby. - I am afraid I can have problems with additional libraries. - This thread about game libraries for Ruby could be longer. SDL + C + It is used for games. + It is very easy to set up. + There is a lot of additional libraries. + It is cross-platform. - The solution is quite low level. - The language is sometimes quite hard to read. QT + C++ + It is very easy to set up. + The standard QT libraries supports everything I can possibly need. + It is cross-platform. + The documentation is good. - The compilation is slow. - The language looks horrible. - The size of standard QT libraries is too big to comprehend. Environment of web browser + I am going to learn something more about this environment. + It is somewhat used for games. + It is quite cross-platform. - It would be too much experimental. Java + It is used for games. + The standard Java libraries supports everything I can possibly need. + It is cross-platform. - It is quite hard to set up. - The size of standard Java libraries is too big to comprehend. - The source code in Java could look better. - I think I do not want to learn Java. Google Go + I am going to learn Google Go. - There is big problem with libraries. - The solution would be quite low level. Python + It looks some people do games in Python, according to this thread. + It looks there are probably more libraries than for Ruby. - The Ruby language looks better. - I think I do not want to learn Python. C++ + something else + It is used for games. + It would be probably cross-platform. + There is a lot of libraries. - I do not need C++ extensions over C. - Compilation could be slow, there are fast compilers for C, not for C++. Haskell + I am going to learn Haskell. - Many things about programming computer games looks too much imperative. - It looks I can have some problems with libraries. - Compilation (GHC) looks slow. There is probably something more to consider. Does anyone have experience in making small games for Linux in non mainstream solutions? Does anyone have an advice for me?

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