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  • How can I learn to effectively write Pythonic code?

    - by Matt Fenwick
    I'm tired of getting downvoted and/or semi-rude comments on my Python answers, saying things like "this isn't Pythonic" or "that's not the Python way of doing things". To clarify, I'm not tired of getting corrected and downvoted, and I'm not tired of being wrong: I'm tired of feeling like there's a whole field of Python that I know nothing about, and seems to be implicit knowledge of experienced Python programmers. Doing a google search for "Pythonic" reveals a wide range of interpretations. The wikipedia page says: A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which can have a wide range of meanings related to program style. To say that code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python idioms well, that it is natural or shows fluency in the language. Likewise, to say of an interface or language feature that it is pythonic is to say that it works well with Python idioms, that its use meshes well with the rest of the language. It also discusses the term "unpythonic": In contrast, a mark of unpythonic code is that it attempts to write C++ (or Lisp, Perl, or Java) code in Python—that is, provides a rough transcription rather than an idiomatic translation of forms from another language. The concept of pythonicity is tightly bound to Python's minimalist philosophy of readability and avoiding the "there's more than one way to do it" approach. Unreadable code or incomprehensible idioms are unpythonic. I suspect one way to learn the Pythonic way is just to program in Python a whole bunch. But I bet I could write a bunch of crap and not improve that much without some guidance, whereas a good resource might speed up the learning process significantly. PEP 8 might be exactly what I'm looking for, or maybe not. I'm not sure; on the one hand it covers a lot of ground, but on the other hand, I feel like it's more suited as a reference for knowledgeable programmers than a tutorial for fresh 'uns. How do I get my foot in the Pythonic/Python way of doing things door?

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  • How to avoid general names for abstract classes?

    - by djechlin
    In general it's good to avoid words like "handle" or "process" as part of routine names and class names, unless you are dealing with (e.g.) file handles or (e.g.) unix processes. However abstract classes often don't really know what they're going to do with something besides, say, process it. In my current situation I have an "EmailProcessor" that logs into a user's inbox and processes messages from it. It's not really clear to me how to give this a more precise name, although I've noticed the following style matter arises: better to treat derived classes as clients and named the base class by the part of the functionality it implements? Gives it more meaning but will violate is-a. E.g. EmailAcquirer would be a reasonable name since it's acquiring for the derived class, but the derived class won't be acquiring for anyone. Or just really vague name since who knows what the derived classes will do. However "Processor" is still too general since it's doing many relevant operations, like logging in and using IMAP. Any way out of this dilemma? Problem is more evident for abstract methods, in which you can't really answer the question "what does this do?" because the answer is simply "whatever the client wants."

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  • Practical considerations for HTML / CSS naming conventions (syntax)

    - by Jeroen
    Question: what are the practical considerations for the syntax in class and id values? Note that I'm not asking about the semantics, i.e. the actual words that are being used, as for example described in this blogpost. There are a lot of resources on that side of naming conventions already, in fact obscuring my search for practical information on the various syntactical bits: casing, use of interpunction (specifically the - dash), specific characters to use or avoid, etc. To sum up the reasons I'm asking this question: The naming restrictions on id and class don't naturally lead to any conventions The abundance of resources on the semantic side of naming conventions obscure searches on the syntactic considerations I couldn't find any authorative source on this There wasn't any question on SE Programmers yet on this topic :) Some of the conventions I've considered using: UpperCamelCase, mainly as a cross-over habit from server side coding lowerCamelCase, for consistency with JavaScript naming conventions css-style-classes, which is consistent with naming of css properties (but can be annoying when Ctrl+Shift+ArrowKey selection of text) with_under_scores, which I personally haven't seen used much alllowercase, simple to remember but can be hard to read for longer names UPPERCASEFTW, as a great way to annoy your fellow programmers (perhaps combined with option 4 for readability) And probably I've left out some important options or combinations as well. So: what considerations are there for naming conventions, and to which convention do they lead?

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  • Activist shared printing material gallery

    - by Dave
    What would you say would be the best way to do this: We would like to create a section on our activist community FB page and website in order to share with everyone images and files ready for printing panflets, brochures, t-shirts, stickers, etc. Let's say we have some cool slogans for t-shirts, so we would like to show them on a gallery, and offer for download the original design files needed for a print shop to create the t-shirts. And the same thing for all other kinds of media. We want to enable anyone to be able to just download the files for free, and easily create printed materials with them. But besides offering this hybrid between picture gallery and downloads manager, we would also like to make it very easy for anyone to upload and share their own files with the community, to make it a true collaboration initiative, be it that they get posted automatically, or that we first review and approve all uploads. Cafepress or Spreadshirt let you upload your design and sell your own merchandise. We need something similar, but where people can then download working files for making quality printings and materials. What apps, tools, services or methods are out there with which you think this could be best done?? We have some ideas, but we would like to hear some more!!

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  • When does the "Do One Thing" paradigm become harmful?

    - by Petr
    For the sake of argument here's a sample function that prints contents of a given file line-by-line. Version 1: void printFile(const string & filePath) { fstream file(filePath, ios::in); string line; while (file.good()) { getline(file, line); cout << line << endl; } } I know it is recommended that functions do one thing at one level of abstraction. To me, though code above does pretty much one thing and is fairly atomic. Some books (such as Robert C. Martin's Clean Code) seem to suggest breaking the above code into separate functions. Version 2: void printLine(const string & line) { cout << line << endl; } void printLines(fstream & file) { string line; while (file.good()) { getline(file, line); printLine(line); } } void printFile(const string & filePath) { fstream file(filePath, ios::in); printLines(file); } I understand what they want to achieve (open file / read lines / print line), but isn't it a bit of overkill? The original version is simple and in some sense already does one thing - prints a file. The second version will lead to a large number of really small functions which may be far less legible than the first version. Wouldn't it be, in this case, better to have the code at one place? At which point does the "Do One Thing" paradigm become harmful?

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  • Using prefix incremented loops in C#

    - by KChaloux
    Back when I started programming in college, a friend encouraged me to use the prefix incrementation operator ++i instead of the postfix i++, citing that there was a slight chance of better performance with no real chance of a downside. I realize this is true in C++, and it's become a general habit that I continue to do. I'm led to believe that it makes little to no difference when used in a loop in C#, regardless of data type. Apparently the ++ operator can't be overridden. Nevertheless, I like the appearance more, and don't see a direct downside to it. It did astonish a coworker just a moment ago though, he made the (fairly logical) assumption that my loop would terminate early as a result. He's a self-taught programmer, and apparently never came across the C++ convention. That made me question whether or not the equivalent behavior of pre- and post-fix increment and decrement operators in loops is well known enough. Is it acceptable for me to continue using ++i in looping constructs because of style preference, even though it has no real performance benefit? Or is it likely to cause confusion amongst other programmers? Note: This is assuming the ++i convention is used consistently throughout all code.

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  • Am I the only one this anal / obsessive about code? [closed]

    - by Chris
    While writing a shared lock class for sql server for a web app tonight, I found myself writing in the code style below as I always do: private bool acquired; private bool disposed; private TimeSpan timeout; private string connectionString; private Guid instance = Guid.NewGuid(); private Thread autoRenewThread; Basically, whenever I'm declaring a group of variables or writing a sql statement or any coding activity involving multiple related lines, I always try to arrange them where possible so that they form a bell curve (imagine rotating the text 90deg CCW). As an example of something that peeves the hell out of me, consider the following alternative: private bool acquired; private bool disposed; private string connectionString; private Thread autoRenewThread; private Guid instance = Guid.NewGuid(); private TimeSpan timeout; In the above example, declarations are grouped (arbitrarily) so that the primitive types appear at the top. When viewing the code in Visual Studio, primitive types are a different color than non-primitives, so the grouping makes sense visually, if for no other reason. But I don't like it because the right margin is less of an aesthetic curve. I've always chalked this up to being OCD or something, but at least in my mind, the code is "prettier". Am I the only one?

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  • Dealing with the node.js callback pyramid

    - by thecoop
    I've just started using node, and one thing I've quickly noticed is how quickly callbacks can build up to a silly level of indentation: doStuff(arg1, arg2, function(err, result) { doMoreStuff(arg3, arg4, function(err, result) { doEvenMoreStuff(arg5, arg6, function(err, result) { omgHowDidIGetHere(); }); }); }); The official style guide says to put each callback in a separate function, but that seems overly restrictive on the use of closures, and making a single object declared in the top level available several layers down, as the object has to be passed through all the intermediate callbacks. Is it ok to use function scope to help here? Put all the callback functions that need access to a global-ish object inside a function that declares that object, so it goes into a closure? function topLevelFunction(globalishObject, callback) { function doMoreStuffImpl(err, result) { doMoreStuff(arg5, arg6, function(err, result) { callback(null, globalishObject); }); } doStuff(arg1, arg2, doMoreStuffImpl); } and so on for several more layers... Or are there frameworks etc to help reduce the levels of indentation without declaring a named function for every single callback? How do you deal with the callback pyramid?

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  • Should you always pass the bare minimum data needed into a function

    - by Anders Holmström
    Let's say I have a function IsAdmin that checks whether a user is an admin. Let's also say that the admin checking is done by matching user id, name and password against some sort of rule (not important). In my head there are then two possible function signatures for this: public bool IsAdmin(User user); public bool IsAdmin(int id, string name, string password); I most often go for the second type of signature, thinking that: The function signature gives the reader a lot more info The logic contained inside the function doesn't have to know about the User class It usually results in slightly less code inside the function However I sometimes question this approach, and also realize that at some point it would become unwieldy. If for example a function would map between ten different object fields into a resulting bool I would obviously send in the entire object. But apart from a stark example like that I can't see a reason to pass in the actual object. I would appreciate any arguments for either style, as well as any general observations you might offer. I program in both object oriented and functional styles, so the question should be seen as regarding any and all idioms.

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  • I can't program because the code I am using uses old coding styles. Is this normal to programmers? [closed]

    - by Renato Dinhani Conceição
    I'm in my first real job as programmer, but I can't solve any problems because of the coding style used. The code here: Does not have comments Does not have functions (50, 100, 200, 300 or more lines executed in sequence) Uses a lot of if statements with a lot of paths Has variables that make no sense (eg.: cf_cfop, CF_Natop, lnom, r_procod) Uses an old language (Visual FoxPro 8 from 2002), but there are new releases from 2007. I feel like I have gone back to 1970. Is it normal for a programmer familiar with OOP, clean-code, design patterns, etc. to have trouble with coding in this old-fashion way? EDIT: All the answers are very good. For my (un)hope, appears that there are a lot of this kind of code bases around the world. A point mentioned to all answers is refactor the code. Yeah, I really like to do it. In my personal project, I always do this, but... I can't refactor the code. Programmers are only allowed to change the files in the task that they are designed for. Every change in old code must be keep commented in the code (even with Subversion as version control), plus meta informations (date, programmer, task) related to that change (this became a mess, there are code with 3 used lines and 50 old lines commented). I'm thinking that is not only a code problem, but a management of software development problem.

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  • Dealing with the node callback pyramid

    - by thecoop
    I've just started using node, and one thing I've quickly noticed is how quickly callbacks can build up to a silly level of indentation: doStuff(arg1, arg2, function(err, result) { doMoreStuff(arg3, arg4, function(err, result) { doEvenMoreStuff(arg5, arg6, function(err, result) { omgHowDidIGetHere(); }); }); }); The official style guide says to put each callback in a separate function, but that seems overly restrictive on the use of closures, and making a single object declared in the top level available several layers down, as the object has to be passed through all the intermediate callbacks. Is it ok to use function scope to help here? Put all the callback functions that need access to a global-ish object inside a function that declares that object, so it goes into a closure? function topLevelFunction(globalishObject, callback) { function doMoreStuffImpl(err, result) { doMoreStuff(arg5, arg6, function(err, result) { callback(null, globalishObject); }); } doStuff(arg1, arg2, doMoreStuffImpl); } and so on for several more layers... Or are there frameworks etc to help reduce the levels of indentation without declaring a named function for every single callback? How do you deal with the callback pyramid?

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  • If you favor "T *var", do you ever write "T*"?

    - by Roger Pate
    Thinking about where we place our asterisks; how do those that prefer to keep the "pointerness" away from the type and with the identifier (int *i) write code when the identifier is missing? void f(int*); // 1 void f(int *); // 2 The former seems much more common, no matter what your preference when with the identifier. Is this a special case? What makes it an exception? However, the first still isn't universal, because I have seen the latter style. Besides consistency along the lines of "there's always a space with the identifier, so we have one without", are there any other reasons to prefer it? What about casts or array and function types? How would you re-write these: (void*)var /*or*/ (void *)var int[3] /*or*/ int [3] // more relevant in C++ than C: Example<int[3]> void(int) /*or*/ void (int) // more relevant in C++ than C: std::function<void(int)> The latter two would rarely, if ever, be used in C, but are seen with C++ templates.

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  • Style Trigger on Attached Property

    - by vanja.
    I have created my own Attached Property like this: public static class LabelExtension { public static bool GetSelectable(DependencyObject obj) { return (bool)obj.GetValue(SelectableProperty); } public static void SetSelectable(DependencyObject obj, bool value) { obj.SetValue(SelectableProperty, value); } // Using a DependencyProperty as the backing store for Selectable. This enables animation, styling, binding, etc... public static readonly DependencyProperty SelectableProperty = DependencyProperty.RegisterAttached("Selectable", typeof(bool), typeof(Label), new UIPropertyMetadata(false)); } And then I'm trying to create a style with a trigger that depends on it: <!--Label--> <Style TargetType="{x:Type Label}"> <Style.Triggers> <Trigger Property="Util:LabelExtension.Selectable" Value="True"> <Setter Property="Template"> <Setter.Value> <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type Label}"> <TextBox IsReadOnly="True" Text="{TemplateBinding Content}" /> </ControlTemplate> </Setter.Value> </Setter> </Trigger> </Style.Triggers> </Style> But I'm getting a run time exception: Cannot convert the value in attribute 'Property' to object of type 'System.Windows.DependencyProperty'. Error at object 'System.Windows.Trigger' in markup file How can I access the value of the attached property in a style trigger? I have tried using a DataTrigger with a RelativeSource binding but it wasn't pulling the value through.

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  • How to print each object in a collection in a separate page in Silverlight

    - by Ash
    I would like to know if its possible to print each object in a collection in separate pages using Silverlight printing API. Suppose I have a class Label public class Label { public string Address { get; set; } public string Country { get; set; } public string Name { get; set; } public string Town { get; set; } } I can use print API and print like this. private PrintDocument pd; private void PrintButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { pd.Print("Test Print"); } private void pd_PrintPage(object sender, PrintPageEventArgs e) { Label labelToPrint = new Label() { Name = "Fake Name", Address = "Fake Address", Country = "Fake Country", Town = "Town" }; var printpage = new LabelPrint(); printpage.DataContext = new LabelPrintViewModel(labelToPrint); e.PageVisual = printpage; } LabelPrint Xaml <StackPanel x:Name="LayoutRoot" VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Center"> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Name}" /> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Address}" /> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Town}" /> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Country}" /> </StackPanel> Now, say I've a collection of Label objects, List<Label> labels = new List<Label>() { labelToPrint, labelToPrint, labelToPrint, labelToPrint }; How can I print each object in the list in separate pages ? Thanks for any suggestions ..

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  • DefaultStyledDocument.styleChanged(Style style) may not run in a timely manner?

    - by Paul Reiners
    I'm experiencing an intermittent problem with a class that extends javax.swing.text.DefaultStyledDocument. This document is being sent to a printer. Most of the time the formatting of the document looks correct, but once in a while it doesn't. It looks like some of the changes in the formatting have not been applied. I took a look at the DefaultStyledDocument.styleChanged(Style style) code: /** * Called when any of this document's styles have changed. * Subclasses may wish to be intelligent about what gets damaged. * * @param style The Style that has changed. */ protected void styleChanged(Style style) { // Only propagate change updated if have content if (getLength() != 0) { // lazily create a ChangeUpdateRunnable if (updateRunnable == null) { updateRunnable = new ChangeUpdateRunnable(); } // We may get a whole batch of these at once, so only // queue the runnable if it is not already pending synchronized(updateRunnable) { if (!updateRunnable.isPending) { SwingUtilities.invokeLater(updateRunnable); updateRunnable.isPending = true; } } } } /** * When run this creates a change event for the complete document * and fires it. */ class ChangeUpdateRunnable implements Runnable { boolean isPending = false; public void run() { synchronized(this) { isPending = false; } try { writeLock(); DefaultDocumentEvent dde = new DefaultDocumentEvent(0, getLength(), DocumentEvent.EventType.CHANGE); dde.end(); fireChangedUpdate(dde); } finally { writeUnlock(); } } } Does the fact that SwingUtilities.invokeLater(updateRunnable) is called, rather than invokeAndWait(updateRunnable), mean that I can't count on my formatting changes appearing in the document before it is rendered? If that is the case, is there a way to ensure that I don't proceed with rendering until the updates have occurred?

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  • CSS H4 hover style

    - by user1750613
    I tried many css from other places and stackoverflow, but somehow I can not make it done. I'm very new to css, and using Joomla and a template. I'm using custom.css folder for certain customizations on style. Here is I want to do: I want to style h4 when it is a link. For example, I'm creating a custom html module, have a list in the content. And in the content I'm giving each, h5 style, and a link to it to a certain page in the site. What I want to achieve is to have this list with color blue. And when mouse over-hover to have underline and still the same color. And when clicked back to the original position with no underline and no color change. (the same color in every situation, just underline when you are over it.) I tried these h5, h5 a, h5 a: hover, h5 .contentheading a, and so on... In one instance, it was working with : h5 { font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: bold; } h5 a { color: #0088CC; } h5 a: hover { color: #0088CC; text-decoration: underline; } As I read I should use 'a' when the heading is a link. But now something is overriding it, I'm completely lost now. I see a:hover style in the inspection. I want to use this h5 in several content (in custom modules) when I want to style a content as a list to links. And I thought it will be practical to have one heading with a certain style so that I can use it with flexibility. Thanks a lot, any help will be great : )

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  • What causes style corruption in MS Word?

    - by Phil.Wheeler
    I've had a few documents across my desk that appear to have a corrupted or recursive style for much of the body text: Char char char char char char Does anyone know what causes this and how to permanently delete this style? When I try to delete it, it disappears from the Styles and Formatting pane of Word, only to reappear later when different text is selected. Input or guidance much appreciated.

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  • Print Microsoft Project chart as giant PDF

    - by Eric
    Hi, I have Adobe's PDF creator installed and I'm using Microsoft Project 2007... I want to print my gantt chart as one giant single-page PDF. (Currently it's set to print on letter sized paper, and it's six pages in a 3x2 layout.) I can't figure out where or how to make those settings. The PDF page setup doesn't seem to be right, nor "page setup" in Project. Help :-)

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  • Preferred print drivers

    - by churnd
    As long as I can remember, the preferred print driver has been PCL5 or PCL6. It seems that PCL5 is going the way of the dodo, and PCL6 has more problems than I care to list here (pcl xl errors). It seems that the most reliable print driver these days is the PS (postscript) driver. Just wondering what everyone elses' experience has been and what kind of driver they prefer?

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  • Reporting Services print dialog pops up after drill through

    - by Craig
    Have encountered a problem with in Reporting Services 2005 with printing and drillthrough. If I view a report in Report Manager and then Print the report then I drillthrough from the first report to a second then when I click "back" to go back to the main report the Print dialog pops up. Has anyone else encountered this before? Does anyone know of any workarounds?

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  • Print the file name with another extension (Batch-program)

    - by Semyon Perepelitsa
    Batch-program launchs with 1 parameter (full path to file) program.cmd "C:\Path\To\File\Filename.txt" Now, this program consists of 1 command: echo %1 And it just prints an argument: C:\Path\To\File\Filename.txt for the upper example. But I want it to print an argument (full path) with another extension, e.g. .exe. For the upper example, I want it to print C:\Path\To\File\Filename.exe. How to make it do that?

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