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• Unpacking Argument Lists and Instantiating WTForms objects from web.py

  - by Morris Cornell-Morgan

  After a bit of searching, I've found that it's possible to instantiate a WTForms object in web.py using the following code: form = my_form(**web.input()) web.input() returns a "dictionary-like" web.storage object, but without the double asterisks WTForms will raise an exception: TypeError: formdata should be a multidict-type wrapper that supports the 'getlist' method From the Python documentation I understand that the two asterisks are used to unpack a dictionary of named arguments. That said, I'm still a bit confused about exactly what is going on. What makes the web.storage object returned by web.input() "dictionary-like" enough that it can be unpacked by ** but not "dictionary-like" enough that it can be passed as-is to the WTForms constructor? I know that this is an extremely basic question, but any advice to help a novice programmer would be greatly appreciated!

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• How to write outline data into .otf files?

  - by Sorush Rabiee

  I need to edit or completely replace outline data (bezier curves) of OpenType fonts. the input data is an EPS file that i have to write it into one specified glyph of an otf file with a certain scaling. (The glyph is specified by PostScript name OR Unicode value.) I need something like an encoder (or just a library of file structure of OpenType)? where to find about structure of otf and ttf files? Note: python-realated tools and libraries are performed :-?

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• Pythonic way of adding "ly" to end of string if it ends in "ing"?

  - by Sergio Tapia

  This is my first effort on solving the exercise. I gotta say, I'm kind of liking Python. :D # D. verbing # Given a string, if its length is at least 3, # add 'ing' to its end. # Unless it already ends in 'ing', in which case # add 'ly' instead. # If the string length is less than 3, leave it unchanged. # Return the resulting string. def verbing(s): if len(s) >= 3: if s[-3:] == "ing": s += "ly" else: s += "ing" return s else: return s # +++your code here+++ return What do you think I could improve on here?

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• Efficient JSON encoding for data that may be binary, but is often text

  - by Evgeny

  I need to send a JSON packet across the wire with the contents of an arbitrary file. This may be a binary file (like a ZIP file), but most often it will be plain ASCII text. I'm currently using base64 encoding, which handles all files, but it increases the size of the data significantly - even if the file is ASCII to begin with. Is there a more efficient way I can encode the data, other than manually checking for any non-ASCII characters and then deciding whether or not to base64-encode it? I'm currently writing this in Python, but will probably need to do the same in Java, C# and C++, so an easily portable solution would be preferable.

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• I don't understand how work call_once

  - by SABROG

  Please help me understand how work call_once Here is thread-safe code. I don't understand why this need Thread Local Storage and global_epoch variables. Variable _fast_pthread_once_per_thread_epoch can be changed to constant/enum like {FAST_PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT, BEING_INITIALIZED, FINISH_INITIALIZED}. Why needed count calls in global_epoch? I think this code can be rewriting with logc: if flag FINISH_INITIALIZED do nothing, else go to block with mutexes and this all. #ifndef FAST_PTHREAD_ONCE_H #define FAST_PTHREAD_ONCE_H #include #include typedef sig_atomic_t fast_pthread_once_t; #define FAST_PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT SIG_ATOMIC_MAX extern __thread fast_pthread_once_t _fast_pthread_once_per_thread_epoch; #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif extern void fast_pthread_once( pthread_once_t *once, void (*func)(void) ); inline static void fast_pthread_once_inline( fast_pthread_once_t *once, void (*func)(void) ) { fast_pthread_once_t x = *once; /* unprotected access */ if ( x _fast_pthread_once_per_thread_epoch ) { fast_pthread_once( once, func ); } } #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif #endif FAST_PTHREAD_ONCE_H Source fast_pthread_once.c The source is written in C. The lines of the primary function are numbered for reference in the subsequent correctness argument. #include "fast_pthread_once.h" #include static pthread_mutex_t mu = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; /* protects global_epoch and all fast_pthread_once_t writes */ static pthread_cond_t cv = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER; /* signalled whenever a fast_pthread_once_t is finalized */ #define BEING_INITIALIZED (FAST_PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT - 1) static fast_pthread_once_t global_epoch = 0; /* under mu */ __thread fast_pthread_once_t _fast_pthread_once_per_thread_epoch; static void check( int x ) { if ( x == 0 ) abort(); } void fast_pthread_once( fast_pthread_once_t *once, void (*func)(void) ) { /*01*/ fast_pthread_once_t x = *once; /* unprotected access */ /*02*/ if ( x _fast_pthread_once_per_thread_epoch ) { /*03*/ check( pthread_mutex_lock(µ) == 0 ); /*04*/ if ( *once == FAST_PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT ) { /*05*/ *once = BEING_INITIALIZED; /*06*/ check( pthread_mutex_unlock(µ) == 0 ); /*07*/ (*func)(); /*08*/ check( pthread_mutex_lock(µ) == 0 ); /*09*/ global_epoch++; /*10*/ *once = global_epoch; /*11*/ check( pthread_cond_broadcast(&cv;) == 0 ); /*12*/ } else { /*13*/ while ( *once == BEING_INITIALIZED ) { /*14*/ check( pthread_cond_wait(&cv;, µ) == 0 ); /*15*/ } /*16*/ } /*17*/ _fast_pthread_once_per_thread_epoch = global_epoch; /*18*/ check (pthread_mutex_unlock(µ) == 0); } } This code from BOOST: #ifndef BOOST_THREAD_PTHREAD_ONCE_HPP #define BOOST_THREAD_PTHREAD_ONCE_HPP // once.hpp // // (C) Copyright 2007-8 Anthony Williams // // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See // accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at // http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) #include #include #include #include "pthread_mutex_scoped_lock.hpp" #include #include #include namespace boost { struct once_flag { boost::uintmax_t epoch; }; namespace detail { BOOST_THREAD_DECL boost::uintmax_t& get_once_per_thread_epoch(); BOOST_THREAD_DECL extern boost::uintmax_t once_global_epoch; BOOST_THREAD_DECL extern pthread_mutex_t once_epoch_mutex; BOOST_THREAD_DECL extern pthread_cond_t once_epoch_cv; } #define BOOST_ONCE_INITIAL_FLAG_VALUE 0 #define BOOST_ONCE_INIT {BOOST_ONCE_INITIAL_FLAG_VALUE} // Based on Mike Burrows fast_pthread_once algorithm as described in // http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2444.html template void call_once(once_flag& flag,Function f) { static boost::uintmax_t const uninitialized_flag=BOOST_ONCE_INITIAL_FLAG_VALUE; static boost::uintmax_t const being_initialized=uninitialized_flag+1; boost::uintmax_t const epoch=flag.epoch; boost::uintmax_t& this_thread_epoch=detail::get_once_per_thread_epoch(); if(epoch #endif I right understand, boost don't use atomic operation, so code from boost not thread-safe?

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• How to have localized style when writing cell with xlwt

  - by lfagundes

  I'm writing an Excel spreadsheet with Python's xlwt and I need numbers to be formatted using "." as thousands separator, as it is in brazilian portuguese language. I have tried: style.num_format_str = r'#,##0' And it sets the thousands separator as ','. If I try setting num_format_str to '#.##0', I'll get number formatted as 1234.000 instead of 1.234. And if I open document in OpenOffice and format cells, I can set the language of the cell to "Portuguese (Brazil)" and then OpenOffice will show the format code as being "#.##0", but I don't find a way to set the cell's language to brazilian portuguese. Any ideas?

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• Create two separate windows in terminal

  - by Honza Pokorny

  Picture a terminal. There are two windows inside that terminal. One on top, one on bottom. The top one is much bigger. The top one receives asynchronous updates. The bottom one is for user input. It would work almost exactly the same as vim - the text editor. I'm writing this in Python. I'm guessing you would do this by using curses, but I'm not sure if it's possible.

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• Is this the 'Pythonic' way of doing things?

  - by Sergio Tapia

  This is my first effort on solving the exercise. I gotta say, I'm kind of liking Python. :D # D. verbing # Given a string, if its length is at least 3, # add 'ing' to its end. # Unless it already ends in 'ing', in which case # add 'ly' instead. # If the string length is less than 3, leave it unchanged. # Return the resulting string. def verbing(s): if len(s) >= 3: if s[-3:] == "ing": s += "ly" else: s += "ing" return s else: return s # +++your code here+++ return What do you think I could improve on here?

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• Best language to learn complementing java

  - by danielrutledge

  Hi all, I'm a somewhat experienced java ee developer, and I wish to complement my background by learning a newish language. I'm recently out of school where I did a ton of scientific computing and some functional programming, so I'm pretty comfortable with those families of languages. If at all possible, I'd like to pick a language with some market value, though I know this is tough to gauge. After snooping around a bit, the consensus seems to be one of Python/Ruby/Perl; how would each of these work with java in a web application environment, and in your opinion which complements it best? Any other suggestions for languages would also be welcome.

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• __getattr__ on a module

  - by Matt Joiner

  How can implement the equivalent of a __getattr__ on a class, on a module? Example When calling a function that does not exist in a module's statically defined attributes, I wish to create an instance of a class in that module, and invoke the method on it with the same name as failed in the attribute lookup on the module. class A(object): def salutation(self, accusative): print "hello", accusative def __getattr__(mod, name): return getattr(A(), name) if __name__ == "__main__": salutation("world") Which gives: matt@stanley:~/Desktop$ python getattrmod.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "getattrmod.py", line 9, in <module> salutation("world") NameError: name 'salutation' is not defined Evidently something is not right about my assumed implementation.

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• .net 4.0 concurrent queue dictionary

  - by freddy smith

  I would like to use the new concurrent collections in .NET 4.0 to solve the following problem. The basic data structure I want to have is a producer consumer queue, there will be a single consumer and multiple producers. There are items of type A,B,C,D,E that will be added to this queue. Items of type A,B,C are added to the queue in the normal manner and processed in order. However items of type D or E can only exist in the queue zero or once. If one of these is to be added and there already exists another of the same type that has not yet been processed then this should update that other one in-place in the queue. The queue position would not change (i.e. would not go to the back of the queue) after the update. Which .NET 4.0 classes would be best for this?

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• translate by replacing words inside existing text

  - by Berry Tsakala

  What are common approaches for translating certain words (or expressions) inside a given text, when the text must be reconstructed (with punctuations and everythin.) ? The translation comes from a lookup table, and covers words, collocations, and emoticons like L33t, CUL8R, :-), etc. Simple string search-and-replace is not enough since it can replace part of longer words (cat dog ? caterpillar dogerpillar). Assume the following input: s = "dogbert, started a dilbert dilbertion proces cat-bert :-)" after translation, i should receive something like: result = "anna, started a george dilbertion process cat-bert smiley" I can't simply tokenize, since i loose punctuations and word positions. Regular expressions, works for normal words, but don't catch special expressions like the smiley :-) but it does . re.sub(r'\bword\b','translation',s) ==> translation re.sub(r'\b:-\)\b','smiley',s) ==> :-) for now i'm using the above mentioned regex, and simple replace for the non-alphanumeric words, but it's far from being bulletproof. (p.s. i'm using python)

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• How does Batcher Merge work at a high level?

  - by Mike

  I'm trying to grasp the concept of a Batcher Sort. However, most resources I've found online focus on proof entirely or on low-level pseudocode. Before I look at proofs, I'd like to understand how Batcher Sort works. Can someone give a high level overview of how Batcher Sort works(particularly the merge) without overly verbose pseudocode(I want to get the idea behind the Batcher Sort, not implement it)? Thanks!

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• Facebook calling Google App Engine code using GET instead of POST

  - by Nick Gotch

  I've been developing a Facebook app using Google App Engine in Python and the pyfacebook bindings. For weeks everything worked fine but suddenly it stopped. At first I thought it was a code change so I rolled back the entire dev directory to a version I knew worked, but still it failed. It's possible a change I made to the application's settings caused the issue but, if so, I can't figure out what. I've figured out that the problem is that instead of calling the post(self) method of my Main class, Facebook is calling using a GET. Does anyone know why Facebook would use a GET method instead of a POST? It's an IFrame app. Thanks,

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• Trac & Sqlite PK problem

  - by fampinheiro

  I create my trac enviromnets using a sqlite database, it works very well. Now i want to get some information directly from the database and i'm using C# to do it using System.Data.SQLite. The problem i have is an error in the designer cause the tables don't have primary keys. After get this error i went and noticed that all tables that have more than one primary key defined in the schema were not 'converted' to sqlite, that information is lost. I believe the problem is in sqlite_backend.py but python isn't my speciality and i'm in a hurry so if you can guide me to a quick fix. thank you.

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• Exception_Record in python2.5 problem

  - by amir

  I'm using Python2.5 & the following code produce 2 errors. Can any body help me? class EXCEPTION_RECORD(Structure): _fields_ = [ ("ExceptionCode", DWORD), ("ExceptionFlags", DWORD), ("ExceptionRecord", POINTER(EXCEPTION_RECORD)), ("ExceptionAddress", LPVOID), ("NumberParameters", DWORD), ("ExceptionInformation", ULONG_PTR * EXCEPTION_MAXIMUM_PARAMETERS)] Python Error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "E:\Python25\my_debugger_defines.py", line 70, in <module> class EXCEPTION_RECORD(Structure): File "E:\Python25\my_debugger_defines.py", line 74, in EXCEPTION_RECORD ("ExceptionRecord", POINTER(EXCEPTION_RECORD)), NameError: name 'EXCEPTION_RECORD' is not defined Microsoft Document: The EXCEPTION_RECORD structure describes an exception. typedef struct _EXCEPTION_RECORD { // exr DWORD ExceptionCode; DWORD ExceptionFlags; struct _EXCEPTION_RECORD *ExceptionRecord; PVOID ExceptionAddress; DWORD NumberParameters; DWORD ExceptionInformation[EXCEPTION_MAXIMUM_PARAMETERS]; } EXCEPTION_RECORD; Thanks in advance

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• Explaining persistent data structures in simple terms

  - by Jason Baker

  I'm working on a library for Python that implements some persistent data structures (mainly as a learning exercise). However, I'm beginning to learn that explaining persistent data structures to people unfamiliar with them can be difficult. Can someone help me think of an easy (or at least the least complicated) way to describe persistent data structures to them? I've had a couple of people tell me that the documentation that I have is somewhat confusing. (And before anyone asks, no I don't mean persistent data structures as in persisted to the file system. Google persistent data structures if you're unclear on this.)

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• Scapy PcapReader and packets time

  - by auino

  I'm reading a PCAP file using Scapy using a script such as the (semplified) following one: #! /usr/bin/env python from scapy.all import * # ... myreader = PcapReader(myinputfile) for p in myreader: pkt = p.payload print pkt.time In this case the packets time is not relative to PCAP capture time, but starts from the instant I've launched my script. I'd like to start from 0.0 or to be relative to the PCAP capture. How can I fix it (possibly without "manually" retrieving the first packet time and repeatedly using math to fix the problem)?

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• Error while installing dependencies for PyGTK on Mac OS 10.6.3

  - by Winston C. Yang

  I tried to install the following dependencies for PyGTK 2.16.0 (the Python GIMP Tool Kit) on Mac OS 10.6.3: glib 2.25.5 gettext-0.18 libiconv-1.13.1 When I tried to install glib, I got the following error message: gconvert.c:55:2: error: #error GNU libiconv not in use but included iconv.h is from libiconv The libiconv web page talks about a circular dependency between gettext and libiconv---build one, then build the other, then build the first again. I tried to do this, though possibly incorrectly. (Will the following work: make distclean; ./configure; make; sudo make install?) The author of a posting had the same problem, and he solved it by installing libiconv-1.13.1. Could anyone explain the error in more detail, and how to correct it?

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• accessing files after setup.py install

  - by Matthew

  I'm developing a python application and have a question regarding coding it so that it still works after an user has installed it on his or her machine via setup.py install or similar. In one of my files, I use the following: file = "TestParser/View/MainWindow.ui" cwd = os.getcwd() argv_path = os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]) file_path = os.path.join(cwd, argv_path, file) in order to get the path to MainWindow.ui, when I only know the path relative to the main script's location. This works regardless of from where I call the main script. The issue is that after an user installs the application on his or her machine, the relative path is different, so this doesn't work. I could use __file__, but according to this, py2exe doesn't have __file__. Is there a standard way of achieving this? Or a better way?

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• how to lengthen the pause between the words with text-to-speech (pyTTS or SAPI5)

  - by Berry Tsakala

  Is it possible to extend the gap between spoken words when using text to speech with SAPI5 ? The problem is that esp. with some voices, the words are almost connected to each other, which makes the speech more difficult to understand. I'm using python and pyTTS module (on windows, since it's using SAPI) I tried to hook to the OnWord event and add a time.sleep() or tts.Pause(), but apparently even though all the events are caught, they are being processed only at the end of the spoken text, whether i'm using the sync or async flag. In this NON WORKING example, the sleep() method is executed only after the sentence is spoken: tts = pyTTS.Create() def f(x): tts.Pause() sleep(0.5) tts.Resume() tts.OnWord = f tts.Speak(text)

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• What's the best way to count unique visitors with Hadoop?

  - by beagleguy

  hey all, just getting started on hadoop and curious what the best way in mapreduce would be to count unique visitors if your logfiles looked like this... DATE siteID action username 05-05-2010 siteA pageview jim 05-05-2010 siteB pageview tom 05-05-2010 siteA pageview jim 05-05-2010 siteB pageview bob 05-05-2010 siteA pageview mike and for each site you wanted to find out the unique visitors for each site? I was thinking the mapper would emit siteID \t username and the reducer would keep a set() of the unique usersnames per key and then emit the length of that set. However that would be potentially storing millions of usernames in memory which doesn't seem right. Anyone have a better way? I'm using python streaming by the way thanks

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• Having difficulty in mapreduce to understand

  - by mahesh

  Hi all, I have seen the below link which is of getting started mapreduce with python http://code.google.com/p/appengine-mapreduce/wiki/GettingStartedInPython But still I am not able to understand how its working. I am executing below code but not able to understand what exactly is happening? mapreduce.yaml mapreduce: - name: Testmapper mapper: input_reader: mapreduce.input_readers.DatastoreInputReader handler: main.process params: - name: entity_kind default: main.userDetail mapreduce/main.py #some code class userDetail(db.Model): name = db.StringProperty() #some code def process(u): u.name="mahesh" yield op.db.Put(u) I am executing this and it gives me status = success in status page. But not able to understand what happend The main thing I want do with mapreduce is to search or count records from entity So anyone can please help me?? Thanks in advance

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• Too many values problem

  - by DraskyVanderhoff

  Hi , i was trying to make a full lot of ips for testing using this code : ip_is = [i for i in range(256)] ports = [i for i in range(1024,49152)] return [str(i1)+"."+str(i2)+"."+str(i3)+"."+str(i4)+":"+str(p) for i1,i2,i3,i4,port in ip_is,ip_is,ip_is,ip_is,ports] The problem is the 3rd line in which is made the ip list. If there is a way to make it all at once or how can make one at time in a lazy way ? I'm pretty noob at python :P. Thanks for the Help :)

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• Access to module denied from within GAE dev server

  - by Tomas Kohl

  I am developing an app for GAE. Having installed the "feedparser" module with setuptools, I tried importing it (with "import feedparser") statement. However, the module does not load and when I look at the dev_appserver.py debug log on screen, I see the following: Access to module file denied: /usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/feedparser-4.1-py2.6.egg/feedparser.py So GAE dev server cannot access the module but I can't figure out why. The path is correct and the file is accessible. I am fairly new to Python/Django/GAE - what am I missing?

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