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  • Google Maps API v2 SetBounds

    - by Matthew Lock
    I'm upgrading some code written for Google Maps API v2, and I wish to set the bounds of the map (top, left, bottom, right), rather than the centre. I notice that there's a GMap2.getBounds but I can't seem to find a method which allows me to set the bounds. How can I do this in Google Maps?

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  • will a mysql query run slower if one of the tables involved has no index defined??

    - by lock
    there's this already populated database which came from another dev im not sure what went on that dev's mind when he created the tables, but on one of our scripts there is this query involving 4 tables and it runs super slow SELECT a.col_1, a.col_2, a.col_3, a.col_4, a.col_5, a.col_6, a.col_7 FROM a, b, c, d WHERE a.id = b.id AND b.c_id = c.id AND c.id = d.c_id AND a.col_8 = '$col_8' AND d.g_id = '$g_id' AND c.private = '1' NOTE: $col_8 and $g_id are variables from a form its only my theory that it's due to tables b and c not having an index, although im guessing that the dev didnt think that it was necessary since those tables only tell relations between a and d, where b tells that the data in a belongs to a certain user, and c tells that the user belongs to a group in d as you can see, there's not even a join or other extensive query functions used but this query which returns only around 100 rows takes 2 minutes to execute. anyway my question is simply this post's title. will a mysql query run slower if one of the tables involved has no index defined??

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  • WordPress contact form email as PDF

    - by lock
    I am using the below code for my WordPress site which is emailing all the form details as an HTML text but I need the details to be written into a PDF first and then have to email the PDF as an attachment. How can I achieve this? This is not a PHP code to use PHP's writePDF modules. So, any idea or any code to implement this? <div style="padding-left: 100px;"> [raw] [contact-form subject="Best Aussie Broker" to="[email protected]"] <div id="main34" style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 15px; width: 720px; padding: 15px;"> &nbsp; <h2><span style="color: #ff6600;">Express Application</span></h2> &nbsp; [contact-field label="First Name" type="name" required="true" /] [contact-field label="Last Name" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Email" type="email" required="true" /] [contact-field label="Purpose of Finance?" type="select" options="Home Loan,Refinance,Investment Loan,Debt Consolidation,Other" /] [contact-field label="Your deposit amount" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Amount you need to borrow?" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Brief description of the purpose for finance" type="textarea" required="true" /] <div><label></label> <input class="radio" type="radio" name="19" value="Single Application" onchange="showsingle();" /> <label class="radio">Single Application</label> <div class="clear-form"></div> <input class="radio" type="radio" name="19" value="Joint Application" onchange="showjoint();" /> <label class="radio">Joint Application</label> <div class="clear-form"></div> [contact-field label="Privacy Act" type="checkbox" required="true" /] I have read the Privacy Act 1988 (as Amended) and understand that by selecting the submit button I/we Authorize Best Aussie Broker to act on my/our behalf and manage personal information in relation to this application.<br> <a href="http://googleplex.com.au/pdf.pdf"><img src="http://googleplex.com.au/pdf.png" alt="" /> </a> </div> </div> <div id="single" style="display: none; width: 720px; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 15px; padding: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="padding-top: 10px; width: 720px; text-align: left;"> <h4><span style="color: #ff6600;">Last step then we will get all listed Australian vendors to fight it out for your best deal</span></h4> </div> <div> <label class="select" for="19-date-of-birth">Date of Birth</label> [contact-field label="Day" type="select" options="1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31" /] [contact-field label="Month" type="select" options="January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December" /] [contact-field label="Year" type="select" options="2000,1999,1998,1997,1996,1995,1994,1993,1992,1991,1990,1989,1988,1987,1986,1985,1984,1983,1982,1981,1980,1979,1978,197,1976,1975,1974,1973,1972,1971,1970,1969,1968,1967,1966,1965,1964,1963,1962,1961,1960,1959,1958,1957,1956,1955,1954,1953,1952,1951,1950,1949,1948,1947,1946,1945,1944,1943,1942,1941,1940,1939,1938,1937,1936,1935,1934,1933,1932,1931,1930,1929,1928,1927,1926,1925,1924,1923,1922,1921,1920, 1919,1918,1917,1916,1915,1914,1913,1912,1911,1910,1909" /] </div> [contact-field label="Address" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Suburb" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Postcode" type="text" /] <div> [contact-field label="State" type="select" options="VIC,NSW,QLD,SA,WA,TAS,NZ,Other" /] </div> [contact-field label="Best Contact" type="radio" options="Landline,Mobile" /] [contact-field label="Phone Number" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Marital Status" type="select" options="Married,Single,Other" /] [contact-field label="Residential Status" type="select" options="Renting, Home Owned, Home Mortgage, Board, Other" /] [contact-field label="Children/Dependents" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6" /] <div></div> [contact-field label="Gross Yearly Income" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Current Employer" type="text" /] <div> <label class="select" for="19-year-of-empl">Time at this employer</label> [contact-field label="Year" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,More" /] [contact-field label="Month" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12" /] </div> <div style="padding-right: 15px;"></div> </div> <div id="joint" style="display: none; width: 720px; border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 15px; padding: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="padding-top: 10px; width: 720px; text-align: left;"> <h4><span style="color: #ff6600;">Last step then we will get all listed Australian vendors to fight it out for your best deal</span></h4> </div> <div style="float: left; width: 320px;"> <div> <label class="select" for="19-date-of-birth1">Date of Birth</label> [contact-field label="Day" type="select" options="1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31" /] [contact-field label="Month" type="select" options="January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December" /] [contact-field label="Year" type="select" options="2000,1999,1998,1997,1996,1995,1994,1993,1992,1991,1990,1989,1988,1987,1986,1985,1984,1983,1982,1981,1980,1979,1978,197,1976,1975,1974,1973,1972,1971,1970,1969,1968,1967,1966,1965,1964,1963,1962,1961,1960,1959,1958,1957,1956,1955,1954,1953,1952,1951,1950,1949,1948,1947,1946,1945,1944,1943,1942,1941,1940,1939,1938,1937,1936,1935,1934,1933,1932,1931,1930,1929,1928,1927,1926,1925,1924,1923,1922,1921,1920, 1919,1918,1917,1916,1915,1914,1913,1912,1911,1910,1909" /] </div> [contact-field label="Address" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Suburb" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Postcode" type="text" /] <div> [contact-field label="State" type="select" options="VIC,NSW,QLD,SA,WA,TAS,NZ,Other" /] </div> [contact-field label="Best Contact" type="radio" options="Landline,Mobile" /] [contact-field label="Phone Number" type="text" /] <div></div> <div></div> [contact-field label="Marital Status" type="select" options="Married,Single,Other" /] [contact-field label="Residential Status" type="select" options="Renting, Home Owned, Home Mortgage, Board, Other" /] [contact-field label="Children/Dependents" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6" /] <div></div> <div><label class="text" for="netincome">Net Income</label> <input id="netincome" type="text" name="netincome" /> <select id="netincome-dropdown" name="netincome-dropdown"> <option>Monthly</option> <option>Yearly</option> </select></div> [contact-field label="Current Employer" type="text" /] <div> <label class="select" for="19-year-of-empl2">Time at this employer</label> [contact-field label="Year" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,More" /] [contact-field label="Month" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12" /] </div> </div> <div style="float: right; width: 320px; padding-right: 50px;"> <div> <label class="select" for="19-date-of-birth3">Date of Birth</label> [contact-field label="Day" type="select" options="1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31" /] [contact-field label="Month" type="select" options="January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December" /] [contact-field label="Year" type="select" options="2000,1999,1998,1997,1996,1995,1994,1993,1992,1991,1990,1989,1988,1987,1986,1985,1984,1983,1982,1981,1980,1979,1978,197,1976,1975,1974,1973,1972,1971,1970,1969,1968,1967,1966,1965,1964,1963,1962,1961,1960,1959,1958,1957,1956,1955,1954,1953,1952,1951,1950,1949,1948,1947,1946,1945,1944,1943,1942,1941,1940,1939,1938,1937,1936,1935,1934,1933,1932,1931,1930,1929,1928,1927,1926,1925,1924,1923,1922,1921,1920, 1919,1918,1917,1916,1915,1914,1913,1912,1911,1910,1909" /] </div> [contact-field label="Address" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Suburb" type="text" /] [contact-field label="Postcode" type="text" /] <div> [contact-field label="State" type="select" options="VIC,NSW,QLD,SA,WA,TAS,NZ,Other" /] </div> [contact-field label="Best Contact" type="radio" options="Landline,Mobile" /] [contact-field label="Phone Number" type="text" /] <div></div> <div></div> [contact-field label="Marital Status" type="select" options="Married,Single,Other" /] [contact-field label="Residential Status" type="select" options="Renting, Home Owned, Home Mortgage, Board, Other" /] [contact-field label="Children/Dependents" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6" /] <div></div> <div><label class="text" for="netincome">Net Income</label> <input id="netincome" type="text" name="netincome" /> <select id="netincome-dropdown" name="netincome-dropdown"> <option>Monthly</option> <option>Yearly</option> </select></div> [contact-field label="Current Employer" type="text" /] <div> <label class="select" for="19-year-of-empl">Time at this employer</label> [contact-field label="Year" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,More" /] [contact-field label="Month" type="select" options="0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12" /] </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div></div> </div> &nbsp; [/contact-form][/raw] </div>

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  • valid json still fails on IE with jquery's ajax or getJSON callbacks

    - by lock
    everytime my page loads, im supposed to create a datatable (also a jquery plugin) but when im fetching the contents, using .ajax or .getJSON always goes straight ahead to the error function, without even telling me what went wrong inside the callback $.ajax({ cache: false, type: "POST", url: oSettings.sAjaxSource, data: {'newdate' : date}, contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8", dataType: "json", success: function(json) { console.log('retrieving json data'); }, error: function() { console.log("An error has occurred. Please try again."); } }); that's the actual code with the callback stripped for security purposes... this works fine in firefox which actually executes what's on the callback function but IE simply fails and proceeds to writing my log i've read alot that the primary reason the JSON calls fails for IE is whenever there are trailing commas or simply malformed JS but i used JSONLint already and verified that my json object is a valid one :(

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  • has anyone tried designing a webpage for psp?

    - by lock
    erm im trying to make a personal bible for my psp (i tried googling but the only bible version i've seen on my skimming is on KJV and im trying to make mine have 3 versions namely TNIV, NLT and Amplified Bible) so my only solution was to make on for myself and my approach was to save an html file on my mem-stick and open it up through the console's browser my concerns are: 1. how does the psp browser handle css and javascript? 2. is there a doctype declaration specifically designed for the psp browser? 3. can i use any local database to store my texts for easier query or do i have no choice but rely on static text files? 4. is there anyone in SO who have experienced developing a page for this console and can he/she give me some tips and advice? thanks much in advance for your responses.. :)

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  • How to bring coordination between file system and database?

    - by Lock up
    I am working on a online file management project. We are storing references on the database (sql server) and files data on the on file system. We are facing a problem of coordination between file system and database while we are uploading a file and also in case of deleting a file. First we create a reference in the database or store files on file system. The problem is that if I create a reference in the database first and then store a file on file system, but while storing files on the file system any type of error occur, then the reference for that file is created in the database but no file data exist on the file system. Please give me some solution how to deal with such situation. I am badly in need of it. This case happens also while we deleting a file?

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  • How we can dyanamically bind data with diffrerent dropdownlist in a grid view?

    - by Lock up
    i am wking on an assignment in which i have a gridview that contain deptno in a dropdownlist.by selecting a particular deptno from that dropdownlist,the number of employee of that department displayed in second dropdownlist that is for displaying employyee of a department.And after selecting the employee its salary detail and date of joining displayed in textboxes?we have two database table one is for employee(fields are deptno,empname,salary,joining date,status(true/false))and second department(fields are deptno,deptname,location);;;

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  • how to bring coordination btween file system and databse?

    - by Lock up
    i am working on a online file management project.In which we are storing references on the database(sql server) and files data on the on file system;.In which we are facing a problem of coordination between file system and database while we are uploading a file and also in case of deleting a file that first we create a reference in the data base or store files on file system;;the problem is that if create a reference in the database first and then storing a file on file system.bur while storing files on the file system any type of error occur.then reference for that file is created in the database but no file data on the file system;; please give me som esolution how to deal with such situation;;i am badly in need of it;; This case is also while we deleting a file?

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  • Sum of distinc rows after a 1-many table join

    - by Lock
    I have 2 tables that I am joining. Table 1 has 1-many relationship with table 2. That is, table 2 can return multiple rows for a single row of table 1. Because of this, the records of table 1 is duplicated for as many rows as are on table 2.. which is expected. Now, I have a sum on one of the columns from table 1, but because of the multiple rows that get returned on the join, the sum is obviously multiplying. Is there a way to get this number back to its original number? I tried dividing by the count of rows from table 2 but this didnt quite give me the expected result. Are there any analytical functions that could do this? I almost want something like "if this row has not yet been counted in the sum, add it to the sum"

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  • how to get a product's image in magento?

    - by lock
    im running on version 1.3.2.1 but on my client's server they had magento 1.3.0 so my previous code to display images for my local copy: echo $this->helper('catalog/image')->init($_product)->resize(163, 100); does not work on the client's installation looking at the results returned by their magento, ver 1.3.0 actually returns a url although it points to the skin's media folder is there a way to get the absolute image path for the image? or should i make changes somewhere else that would tell magento that the media directory should be on the root?

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  • how to guarantee atomicity across two databases (the filesystem and your RDBMS)?

    - by Lock up
    i am working on a online file management project.In which we are storing references on the database(sql server) and files data on the on file system;.In which we are facing a problem of coordination between file system and database while we are uploading a file and also in case of deleting a file that first we create a reference in the data base or store files on file system;;the problem is that if create a reference in the database first and then storing a file on file system.bur while storing files on the file system any type of error occur.then reference for that file is created in the database but no file data on the file system;; please give me some solution how to deal with such situation;;i am badly in need of it;; and reason for that?

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  • FreeNX Server w/ nxagent 3.5 not able to create shadow sessions

    - by Jenna Whitehouse
    I am running a FreeNX server on Ubuntu 11.10 and am unable to do session shadowing. I get the authorization prompt, but the shadow client crashes after. The NX server log in the user's .nx directory is as follows: Error: Aborting session with 'Server is already active for display 3000 If this server is no longer running, remove /tmp/.X3000-lock and start again'. Session: Aborting session at 'Mon Oct 1 14:26:44 2012'. Session: Session aborted at 'Mon Oct 1 14:26:44 2012'. This then deletes the lock file, which is the lock file for the initial Unix session and crashes out. Everything works for a normal session, and shadowing works up to the authorization prompt. I am using this software: Ubuntu 11.10 freenx-server 0.7.3.zgit.120322.977c28d-0~ppa11 nx-common 0.7.3.zgit.120322.977c28d-0~ppa11 nxagent 1:3.5.0-1-2-0ubuntu1ppa8 nxlibs 1:3.5.0-1-2-0ubuntu1ppa8 Any help is appreciated, thanks!

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  • How to safely backup MySQL using VSS-based backup solutions

    - by Rhyven
    One of my clients is running MySQL on a Windows Server 2008 system. Their regular backups are performed using StorageCraft's ShadowCopy, which uses the VSS service to perform backups of open files. Some investigation indicates that MySQL is not entirely VSS-aware, and that the tables need to be locked prior to the shadow operation, then unlocked afterwards. There is a post at http://forum.storagecraft.com/Community/forums/p/548/2702.aspx which indicates the steps that need to be performed, however the user had some difficulty in performing them and no follow up solution was ever posted. Specifically, they succeeded in writing a batch file to lock the database, however once the batch file returns from MySQL it drops the connection and thus relinquishes the lock. I'm looking for a method that I can send the MySQL command FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK, then perform the backup, then send UNLOCK TABLES when the backup is complete. Alternatively, I can exclude the MySQL data storage folder from backup, and schedule a mysqldump backup into a folder that will then be backed up by VSS. Can I have some recommendations please?

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  • Unable to open Synaptic manager, unable to install packages, what can I do?

    - by Omkant
    I have installed the sun java6-jdk package but it's not installed completely. After that it's giving an error when I try to install a new package. In terminal when I write "sudo apt-get install [any package name]" I get an error like this: E: could not get lock /var/lib/dpkg/lock -open (11 Resource temporable ) E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg). Also Synaptic package manager is not opening and none of the packages are downloading through any of the methods I know. Please help!

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  • How can I unlock a file without closing the file handle?

    - by netvope
    When I'm downloading a video file with Google Chrome, the file is locked and cannot be opened by media players. I want to be able to play the file while it's being downloaded. The video bitrate is lower than my Internet bandwidth so it wouldn't be a problem. Popular unlockers work by closing file handles, which would interrupt the download. How can I remove the read-lock without closing the file handle? Can I replace the read-lock with a write-lock?

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  • How do you make the computer locked when the monitor is turned off but power not off in Windows Vista?

    - by Anon
    I have a power management setting (set up through the Control Panel) that turns the monitor off after 5 minutes of idling but keeps the power on all time, if the laptop is connected to power. Under this setting, however, the computer doesn't lock itself and becomes vulnerable to any passerby's attempt to log in if I'm not around. Is there any way to force lock in this situation? (I can force lock if I have the laptop go sleep, but for immediate access I'd like to keep the power on when the laptop is connected to power.)

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  • Locking down firmware to keep stolen laptop from being formatted?

    - by Matt Ridge
    On the Mac laptops there are ways through the terminal to lock down the computer so that if someone tries to format the computer they won't be able to do it without the password. This way locks down the firmware. Is there a universal way to do the same thing on a PC? I know there are brands out there such as Samsung, Dell, etc that utilize different fimware types, and in turn will mean that their firmware will be locked down differently. That being said is there a "command code" that will allow you to lock the firmware to keep theives from formatting the hard drive and wiping out your data? I know a person who has time, and knowledge can get any password, and hopefully the person is smart enough to use another password to lock down the firmware, but that's not what I'm asking. I'm asking if it's possible, and if so how? Does the standard PC user require a 3rd party app, or can it be done through the command line? Or Terminal if you are on Linux?

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  • How to turn on/turn off leds by terminal?

    - by GarouDan
    I would like turn on/turn off some of my leds running a command on linux. I use Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. I tried xset led named "Scroll Lock" xset led named "Num Lock" xset led 2 (this is the number of Scroll Lock as `xset q` says) xset led 1 but nothing works. Tried setleds +num setleds +scroll but I got a error message saying Error reading the current settings of flags. Maybe you're not on the console? (I was in a terminal). So, how can I perform this?

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  • Does CHECK TABLE add read/write locks?

    - by Ztyx
    Hi, Yesterday I ran CHECK TABLE on a table that is read very frequently. I scanned the MySQL documentation for CHECK TABLE for any mentions of "lock" (and found none) and also noticed that only SELECT privilege was required to run the command. I therefor concluded that the command did not do any read lock and was safe to run even in production. Sadly, running the command took 1 minute and 37 seconds and seemed to block all read access. My question is therefor, does CHECK TABLE do any read lock? Any other reason why I experienced a read block on the table? Thanks

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  • Suggestions for lightweight, thread-safe scheduler

    - by nirvanai
    I am trying to write a round-robin scheduler for lightweight threads (fibers). It must scale to handle as many concurrently-scheduled fibers as possible. I also need to be able to schedule fibers from threads other than the one the run loop is on, and preferably unschedule them from arbitrary threads as well (though I could live with only being able to unschedule them from the run loop). My current idea is to have a circular doubly-linked list, where each fiber is a node and the scheduler holds a reference to the current node. This is what I have so far: using Interlocked = System.Threading.Interlocked; public class Thread { internal Future current_fiber; public void RunLoop () { while (true) { var fiber = current_fiber; if (fiber == null) { // block the thread until a fiber is scheduled continue; } if (fiber.Fulfilled) fiber.Unschedule (); else fiber.Resume (); //if (current_fiber == fiber) current_fiber = fiber.next; Interlocked.CompareExchange<Future> (ref current_fiber, fiber.next, fiber); } } } public abstract class Future { public bool Fulfilled { get; protected set; } internal Future previous, next; // this must be thread-safe // it inserts this node before thread.current_fiber // (getting the exact position doesn't matter, as long as the // chosen nodes haven't been unscheduled) public void Schedule (Thread thread) { next = this; // maintain circularity, even if this is the only node previous = this; try_again: var current = Interlocked.CompareExchange<Future> (ref thread.current_fiber, this, null); if (current == null) return; var target = current.previous; while (target == null) { // current was unscheduled; negotiate for new current_fiber var potential = current.next; var actual = Interlocked.CompareExchange<Future> (ref thread.current_fiber, potential, current); current = (actual == current? potential : actual); if (current == null) goto try_again; target = current.previous; } // I would lock "current" and "target" at this point. // How can I do this w/o risk of deadlock? next = current; previous = target; target.next = this; current.previous = this; } // this would ideally be thread-safe public void Unschedule () { var prev = previous; if (prev == null) { // already unscheduled return; } previous = null; if (next == this) { next = null; return; } // Again, I would lock "prev" and "next" here // How can I do this w/o risk of deadlock? prev.next = next; next.previous = prev; } public abstract void Resume (); } As you can see, my sticking point is that I cannot ensure the order of locking, so I can't lock more than one node without risking deadlock. Or can I? I don't want to have a global lock on the Thread object, since the amount of lock contention would be extreme. Plus, I don't especially care about insertion position, so if I lock each node separately then Schedule() could use something like Monitor.TryEnter and just keep walking the list until it finds an unlocked node. Overall, I'm not invested in any particular implementation, as long as it meets the requirements I've mentioned. Any ideas would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! P.S- For the curious, this is for an open source project I'm starting at http://github.com/nirvanai/Cirrus

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  • SQL SERVER – Concurrency Basics – Guest Post by Vinod Kumar

    - by pinaldave
    This guest post is by Vinod Kumar. Vinod Kumar has worked with SQL Server extensively since joining the industry over a decade ago. Working on various versions from SQL Server 7.0, Oracle 7.3 and other database technologies – he now works with the Microsoft Technology Center (MTC) as a Technology Architect. Let us read the blog post in Vinod’s own voice. Learning is always fun when it comes to SQL Server and learning the basics again can be more fun. I did write about Transaction Logs and recovery over my blogs and the concept of simplifying the basics is a challenge. In the real world we always see checks and queues for a process – say railway reservation, banks, customer supports etc there is a process of line and queue to facilitate everyone. Shorter the queue higher is the efficiency of system (a.k.a higher is the concurrency). Every database does implement this using checks like locking, blocking mechanisms and they implement the standards in a way to facilitate higher concurrency. In this post, let us talk about the topic of Concurrency and what are the various aspects that one needs to know about concurrency inside SQL Server. Let us learn the concepts as one-liners: Concurrency can be defined as the ability of multiple processes to access or change shared data at the same time. The greater the number of concurrent user processes that can be active without interfering with each other, the greater the concurrency of the database system. Concurrency is reduced when a process that is changing data prevents other processes from reading that data or when a process that is reading data prevents other processes from changing that data. Concurrency is also affected when multiple processes are attempting to change the same data simultaneously. Two approaches to managing concurrent data access: Optimistic Concurrency Model Pessimistic Concurrency Model Concurrency Models Pessimistic Concurrency Default behavior: acquire locks to block access to data that another process is using. Assumes that enough data modification operations are in the system that any given read operation is likely affected by a data modification made by another user (assumes conflicts will occur). Avoids conflicts by acquiring a lock on data being read so no other processes can modify that data. Also acquires locks on data being modified so no other processes can access the data for either reading or modifying. Readers block writer, writers block readers and writers. Optimistic Concurrency Assumes that there are sufficiently few conflicting data modification operations in the system that any single transaction is unlikely to modify data that another transaction is modifying. Default behavior of optimistic concurrency is to use row versioning to allow data readers to see the state of the data before the modification occurs. Older versions of the data are saved so a process reading data can see the data as it was when the process started reading and not affected by any changes being made to that data. Processes modifying the data is unaffected by processes reading the data because the reader is accessing a saved version of the data rows. Readers do not block writers and writers do not block readers, but, writers can and will block writers. Transaction Processing A transaction is the basic unit of work in SQL Server. Transaction consists of SQL commands that read and update the database but the update is not considered final until a COMMIT command is issued (at least for an explicit transaction: marked with a BEGIN TRAN and the end is marked by a COMMIT TRAN or ROLLBACK TRAN). Transactions must exhibit all the ACID properties of a transaction. ACID Properties Transaction processing must guarantee the consistency and recoverability of SQL Server databases. Ensures all transactions are performed as a single unit of work regardless of hardware or system failure. A – Atomicity C – Consistency I – Isolation D- Durability Atomicity: Each transaction is treated as all or nothing – it either commits or aborts. Consistency: ensures that a transaction won’t allow the system to arrive at an incorrect logical state – the data must always be logically correct.  Consistency is honored even in the event of a system failure. Isolation: separates concurrent transactions from the updates of other incomplete transactions. SQL Server accomplishes isolation among transactions by locking data or creating row versions. Durability: After a transaction commits, the durability property ensures that the effects of the transaction persist even if a system failure occurs. If a system failure occurs while a transaction is in progress, the transaction is completely undone, leaving no partial effects on data. Transaction Dependencies In addition to supporting all four ACID properties, a transaction might exhibit few other behaviors (known as dependency problems or consistency problems). Lost Updates: Occur when two processes read the same data and both manipulate the data, changing its value and then both try to update the original data to the new value. The second process might overwrite the first update completely. Dirty Reads: Occurs when a process reads uncommitted data. If one process has changed data but not yet committed the change, another process reading the data will read it in an inconsistent state. Non-repeatable Reads: A read is non-repeatable if a process might get different values when reading the same data in two reads within the same transaction. This can happen when another process changes the data in between the reads that the first process is doing. Phantoms: Occurs when membership in a set changes. It occurs if two SELECT operations using the same predicate in the same transaction return a different number of rows. Isolation Levels SQL Server supports 5 isolation levels that control the behavior of read operations. Read Uncommitted All behaviors except for lost updates are possible. Implemented by allowing the read operations to not take any locks, and because of this, it won’t be blocked by conflicting locks acquired by other processes. The process can read data that another process has modified but not yet committed. When using the read uncommitted isolation level and scanning an entire table, SQL Server can decide to do an allocation order scan (in page-number order) instead of a logical order scan (following page pointers). If another process doing concurrent operations changes data and move rows to a new location in the table, the allocation order scan can end up reading the same row twice. Also can happen if you have read a row before it is updated and then an update moves the row to a higher page number than your scan encounters later. Performing an allocation order scan under Read Uncommitted can cause you to miss a row completely – can happen when a row on a high page number that hasn’t been read yet is updated and moved to a lower page number that has already been read. Read Committed Two varieties of read committed isolation: optimistic and pessimistic (default). Ensures that a read never reads data that another application hasn’t committed. If another transaction is updating data and has exclusive locks on data, your transaction will have to wait for the locks to be released. Your transaction must put share locks on data that are visited, which means that data might be unavailable for others to use. A share lock doesn’t prevent others from reading but prevents them from updating. Read committed (snapshot) ensures that an operation never reads uncommitted data, but not by forcing other processes to wait. SQL Server generates a version of the changed row with its previous committed values. Data being changed is still locked but other processes can see the previous versions of the data as it was before the update operation began. Repeatable Read This is a Pessimistic isolation level. Ensures that if a transaction revisits data or a query is reissued the data doesn’t change. That is, issuing the same query twice within a transaction cannot pickup any changes to data values made by another user’s transaction because no changes can be made by other transactions. However, this does allow phantom rows to appear. Preventing non-repeatable read is a desirable safeguard but cost is that all shared locks in a transaction must be held until the completion of the transaction. Snapshot Snapshot Isolation (SI) is an optimistic isolation level. Allows for processes to read older versions of committed data if the current version is locked. Difference between snapshot and read committed has to do with how old the older versions have to be. It’s possible to have two transactions executing simultaneously that give us a result that is not possible in any serial execution. Serializable This is the strongest of the pessimistic isolation level. Adds to repeatable read isolation level by ensuring that if a query is reissued rows were not added in the interim, i.e, phantoms do not appear. Preventing phantoms is another desirable safeguard, but cost of this extra safeguard is similar to that of repeatable read – all shared locks in a transaction must be held until the transaction completes. In addition serializable isolation level requires that you lock data that has been read but also data that doesn’t exist. Ex: if a SELECT returned no rows, you want it to return no. rows when the query is reissued. This is implemented in SQL Server by a special kind of lock called the key-range lock. Key-range locks require that there be an index on the column that defines the range of values. If there is no index on the column, serializable isolation requires a table lock. Gets its name from the fact that running multiple serializable transactions at the same time is equivalent of running them one at a time. Now that we understand the basics of what concurrency is, the subsequent blog posts will try to bring out the basics around locking, blocking, deadlocks because they are the fundamental blocks that make concurrency possible. Now if you are with me – let us continue learning for SQL Server Locking Basics. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.sqlauthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Performance, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology Tagged: Concurrency

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  • Diagnosing xmodmap errors

    - by intuited
    I'm getting this error when trying to use xmodmap to get rid of caps lock: $ xmodmap -e 'clear Lock' X Error of failed request: BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation) Major opcode of failed request: 118 (X_SetModifierMapping) Value in failed request: 0x17 Serial number of failed request: 8 Current serial number in output stream: 8 I'm running xfce on Maverick "10.10" Meercat. This problem did not occur before I added the Keyboard Layouts applet to a panel; before doing that, I was able to run my xmodmap script to swap Esc and CapsLock: !Remap Caps_Lock as Escape remove Lock = Caps_Lock keysym Caps_Lock = Escape It may be relevant that I chose alt-capslock as the keyboard switch combo in the Keyboard Layouts preferences. I've had a similar problem before, on a different machine, running openbox. On that machine, this problem started when I upgraded to Lucid, and has persisted in Maverick (release 10.10). I reported a bug in xorg. However, it remains unclear whether it's really a problem with xorg, or if I'm just doing something wrong with my configuration. Have other people experienced this problem? Can someone shed some light on what's going on here? It seems there are quite a few layers involved, and I don't understand any of them particularly well, so any information would be helpful. update I've discovered that the problem is specifically triggered by adding the Canada layout variant "Multilingual" (ca-multix). If I instead add the variant "Multilingual (first part)", the problem does not occur. I think this will probably end up being a usable workaround, but I don't yet know what the difference between these variants is. I've filed a freedesktop issue, and am commenting on a related ubuntu issue.

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