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• How do you persist installed software & configurations on an Amazon EC2 instance?

  - by Richard

  I've gotten a base Debian AMI up and running and now I need to know the best way to maintain it. I've ran the updates (aptitude update/upgrade) and installed/configured my software (Apache, Ruby, etc.) but if I reboot the instance or start a new one I'll have to do all this work over again. How do you persist these types of things over a reboot? Do you build a new AMI every time you adjust some tiny piece of the system? Or is there some way to feed it a script on startup that configures it in "real-time"? I know I could go all the way with a Reductive Labs Puppet style setup but that's a bit too much for my needs right now (1-2 servers). Any best practices on this? Update: I found a bit of information on using User-Data to run scripts at instance boot time.

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• Modifying the install environment for RH-like installations

  - by javanix

  I am trying to modify the basic installation environment (ie, what Anaconda runs in) for a customized CentOS distribution. For the first try, I would just like to modify a few of the splash images. My initial attempt to do this entailed: 1) Mount images/install.img to a directory ~/img/ 2) Copy all files from img/ to ~/tmpimg/ 3) Modify the splash images 4) mkisofs -o ~/final/install.img 5) cp ~/final/install.img back to my ~/cdroot/ folder and remake the iso. However, the generated .img in step 4 doesn't even come close to matching the file size from the original install.img (meaning that install.img must be created in some other fashion using compression), and it fails when I boot my iso. What settings should I be using to make the install.img file? Is there some other technique for modifying CentOS install environments?

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• One hard drive missing after converting from ide to ahci

  - by user700859

  I have two 500GB SATA HDD in my desktop running XP. After converting from IDE to AHCI, the HDD I use to store data can no longer be accessed from XP. It shows only the first partition as 150GB, and data type is listed as RAW. However, if I boot into a live linux environment or if I pull that HDD out and connect it using USB, I can still get to all my files again. So I completely formatted the HDD into one single partition. But XP still does not recognize it. It still shows the disk as the 150GB partition and data type is still RAW. What's going on and how do I fix this? Thanks in advance.

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• How to resize root LVM partition in Fedora without LiveCD or Rebooting

  - by Cerin

  I have a virtual machine that recently had its disk image increased from 20GB to 50GB, and fdisk -l verifies that the VM can see this new size. Now I need to resize my root LVM partition to fill the extra 30GB. I've found several articles about resizing LVM, but the few that cover resizing the root partition all claim you need to boot from a LiveCD. Is there any way to do this without taking down the server? The server is critical, so I'd like to minimize downtime.

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• PHP-FPM performing worse than mod_php

  - by lordstyx

  Recently the website I maintain has been growing a lot and I saw the point coming where I'd want to switch from apache to nginx, because I kept on reading that it performs way better. Now I've done the switch, and I have to say, nginx is keeping up just fine. However, php-fpm is forming a problem. Where the php pages used to take 0.1 second to generate with the same load they now take around 3 seconds! Furthermore the error.log from nginx is being spammed with errors like: upstream timed out (110: Connection timed out) while connecting to upstream, client: ... I also tried using unix sockets instead, but those would complain about the following: connect() to unix:/tmp/php5-fpm.sock failed (11: Resource temporarily unavailable) while connecting to upstream I've fiddled with settings here and there but nothing seems to work. Changing the amount of pm.max_children doesn't seem to help a lot either, but with it's current amount at 350 it seems to be the lesser of all evil. The server that's being used has 3 GB RAM (not all of it is free due to a MySQL server also running) along with 2 dual-core processors (4 cores in total). Am I doing something majorly wrong with the settings here, or is the server simply not capable enough? EDIT: Here is the nginx server block server { listen 80; listen [::]:80 default ipv6only=on; root /var/www; index index.php index.html index.htm; server_name localhost; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html; } location /doc/ { alias /usr/share/doc/; autoindex on; allow 127.0.0.1; deny all; } location = /50x.html { root /usr/share/nginx/www; } location ~ \.php$ { fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$; # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;" in php.ini try_files $uri = 404; # With php5-cgi alone: fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # With php5-fpm: #fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php5-fpm.sock; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; } location ~ /\.ht { deny all; } } And the php-fpm pool: [www] user = www-data group = www-data listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 ;listen = /tmp/php5-fpm.sock listen.backlog = -1 pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 350 pm.start_servers = 200 pm.min_spare_servers = 10 pm.max_spare_servers = 350 pm.max_requests = 1536 rlimit_files = 65536 rlimit_core = unlimited chdir = /

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• Windows 7 [virtualized] resolutions in Macbook Pro Retina

  - by Trevor Sullivan

  So, I was considering picking up a Macbook Pro Retina, but then I realized that Apple forces you to scale the resolution, so you don't actually see the true benefits of the 2880x1800 display. Instead, you see upscaled, pixelated icons -- I saw this for myself in an Apple store a couple days ago. That's ok though, because the main reason I'd purchase one is to run Windows 7 on it, however I understand that the bootcamp drivers have not been updated to work with the MBP Retina. Instead, the option would be to run Windows 7 virtualized, but I haven't found any conclusive evidence to indicate whether the entire 2880x1800 resolution would act the same virtualize (VMware Fusion, VirtualBox, Parallels) as running Windows 7 natively. My question is: Does Windows 7 see the entire 2880x1800 virtualized, same as running it on bare metal (boot camp)?

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• Why can't I create a Windows backup on my secondary disk?

  - by Brian Sullivan

  I've installed Windows 7 Ultimate on an SSD that I've added to the XPS desktop that I bought from Dell. I would like to use the built-in backup functionality to create incremental backups and store them on the large drive that came with the machine. I formatted the large drive and turned it into a Basic disk. However, when I try to set the backup location to the large internal disk (E:\) in the "Set up backup" wizard, a get a message saying, "A system image cannot be saved on a drive that your computer boots from or that Windows is installed on." Windows is not installed on that disk. I even deleted the OEM partition that was on the disk, and removed it completely from the boot order in the BIOS. Any clue why Windows is griping at me about this?

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• My ubuntu server is losing connectivity, require assistance troubleshooting

  - by Coderama

  I have two server monitoring tools that check the uptime of my Ubuntu 10.04.1 LTS server. Over the last month both of these tools have reported the following outages: Jan - 15mins: self recovery Jan - 5 mins: self recovery Feb - 15mins: I managed to be online when this happened and logged into my control panel to find that my server was shutdown. I manually restarted it only because I was online. I wonder if it would have restarted? I have contacted my VPS provider (webbynode) who could not see any any problems with their VPS infrastructure for the February outage. I have also checked the following log files to see if there are any anomalies that could be the cause of the outages; I am unable to see anything related to the server shutdown (Feb) in these logs: /var/log/auth.log /var/log/apache2/error.log /var/log/syslog /var/log/kern.log /var/log/boot /var/log/messages Could anyone suggest any other things I should look out for, such as additional system logs? I just added bootlogging through /etc/default/bootlogd

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• Pentium 4 Computer Won't Power Up

  - by Harvey

  I have a faulty Pentium 4 workstation with data that I would like to retrieve. Here are the symptoms & what I've done so far: Machine is totally dead. Motherboard LED is lit but that is the only sign of life. I have replaced the power supply and bypassed the on/off switch. Tried a PC Analyzer motherboard tester but didn't have any power to the card. Unpluggged the P4 cable from the motherboard, hit the on/off switch, the power supply fan comes on and I get codes from the analyzer but nothing that seems to be of any value. Machine does not boot. Will not shut down by hitting the switch. Bad motherboard or could it be a bad CPU cooling fan?

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• Change Linux Console's Default Monitor

  - by Tim M

  Is there any way to specify which monitor the console is displayed on in Linux? Details: I have a 3 monitor setup with 2 video cards. When I boot the computer, the BIOS displays on the PCI graphics card (which has a small monitor). When starting Linux, the console is displayed on the same monitor. Is there a way to have the console output on a different monitor? I'm using the vesafb framebuffer. I don't see a way in my BIOS to change the default video card.

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• Auto login CISCO VPN client on linux [closed]

  - by user70704

  Hi, I have installed Cisco vpn client on my linux system (Fedora core 8). After login, every time, i need to run the following command VPNC to connect the VPN server. VPNC command request the input data from the user, IPSec gateway : IPSec ID: IPSec Secret: Username: Password: So, my requirement is, can i connect the VPN server through any single command?. I feel so lazy to enter the above requirements at every time. I want to connect the VPN Server on boot startup. I was try using expect script, but i can't. Thanks in advance.

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• Is there a limit on the number of USB external drives?

  - by Beska

  I've got three external HDDs, all My Books, 500 GB, 750 GB, and 1 TB. If I hook one or two of them up to a computer, everything seems fine. If I hook all three of them to a computer (I've tried this on two different computers, one running Windows XP, one running Windows Vista), the bootup time goes up by more than an order of magnitude. It can suddenly take about 10-20 minutes to boot the machine, whereas before it might take a minute. All three drives work fine on their own. I'm not using any kind of hub; all three are plugged directly into the machine. Is this associated with some kind of inherent limit in USB? Is this bad hardware design in the CPU box? Is this a My Book problem?

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• How to reinstall OS X 10.8 without internet?

  - by Sam

  I had a crash on my Macbook Air MD231 - Mid 2012, and my system won't boot, and unfortunately my friend erase my partition from disk utility. Now I have three question 1)my internet speed is very low, for re-installing I have to download all of the OS X 10.8 from internet? or I can download it and install it via USB port?(how??) 2)I have to select this option ? "re-install OS X" , and what about size of that? (for example 4.2 Gb) 3)after installing , is there anyway to restore my dada? unfortunately I have not any backup right now, after I turning my Mac on, it's automatically going to repair mode... thnx for your kind

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• Restore iPod Touch

  - by Jason

  Ok.... So I'm part of the iOS developer program and downloaded iOS 6.0 Beta to my iPod Touch. But, I was having troubles getting XCode Beta to run so I tried to downgrade back to the current 5.1.1. Halfway through the downgrade, the process encountered an error. Now my iPod won't boot. I tried restoring it in iTunes, but I think it's trying to restore it to version 6.0, not finding it on the Apple website since it's not out yet, and failing. Any ideas on how to restore my ipod??

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• JFFS2 poor mount performance

  - by Marcin Polkowski

  I run multiple ARM boards with Debian Linux installed. Board is equipped with 512 MB of NAND memory. I've observed that after ~3 months of continuous run booting time increased significantly - it takes over 3 minutes to mount filesystem (JFFS2). System was using about 35% of available storage so I’ve removed unnecessary files (got to ~18%) but this didn't change anything. Then I realized that my software produces directories that are left empty so I’ve removed ~500 empty and unnecessary dirs. This didn’t help either. After system is started I see JFFS2 garbage collector (jffs2_gcd_mtd4) running and occupying over 90% of CPU. Now my question: is there a way to „optimize” JFFS2 filesystem for better performance - faster booting (my system have limited timid to boot up)? It would be great if this optimization could be done remotely - I have no physical access to boards.

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• Xen P2V for large physical hosts with much free space

  - by Sirex

  I need to P2V a rhel5 machine to xen under rhel5. I know I can use dd if=/dev/sda then using virt-install --import on the host, but the downside of this is the original machine has 80% free space on its drive. Does anyone know of (or can document) a quick and easy method which works reliably, to produce a bootable xen image which can run under a hvm in such cases ? I tried clonezilla to make the image, to avoid the free space problem, but it failed to do the clone with "something went wrong" (useless info, i know). At the moment im looking at doing a dd of each partition, and a file level copy of the partition which is mostly empty, then creating a new virtual disk, copying the partitions over to it by mounting both the new image and the virtual drive on a second vm, then copying the boot sectors over, then copying the file level backup..... there must be an easier way ? Oh, and budget is $0. :)

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• Setting up Ubuntu Server for hosting Java web applications

  - by Denis Hoss

  I'm trying to set up an Web Server running Ubuntu server to host some Java web applications, with MySQL running on it, an so on .. here is the tutorial I follow: perfect server ubuntu 11.10 The server configuration is: CPU S1155 INTEL Pentium G850 2.9GHz VGA 5GTs 3MB 65W MB Gigabyte GA-H77-D3H Ram 4x4Gb HDD 5x1TB Seagate (4 in RAID5 and 1 for Backup) The problem is that when I am trying to install the Server version of Ubuntu, when the installer asks me whether to activate ATA RAID Devices, and I click yes, he sees only that one, if I click no, he sees all 5 HDD's separate without any RAID, is this normal? I also tried to install the Desktop version on RAID5, but after restart, Ubuntu does't want to boot up, an underscore stands on the top of the screen. I am a newbie in servers and their configuration, in fact I am developer. I need a help from you guys.

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• how to customize debian installation cd for your needs

  - by Frank

  I have with me a Debian CD, which I want to customize for my own needs. I have extracted the CD and started to change some parts of it, e.g Splash screen (splash.png) installer Title (through isolinux.cfg) etc These are the things that I want to do: Change the Splash logo at start up of installation to have my own (which is done) Change the grub boot parameters to use my comapny name on it. Change the set of packages in it, so that I can have my own set of packages in it and only those packages are installed Do some post installation steps Customize it's startup and login screen to have my company name. After I am done with this customization, I need to build its live installer CD so that I can install it on my own, on any other system.

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• APC PHP cache size does not exceed 32MB, even though settings allow for more

  - by hardy101

  I am setting up APC (v 3.1.9) on a high-traffic WordPress installation on CentOS 6.0 64 bit. I have figured out many of the quirks with APC, but something is still not quite right. No matter what settings I change, APC never actually caches more than 32MB. I'm trying to bump it up to 256 MB. 32MB is a default amount for apc.shm_size, so I am wondering if it's stuck there somehow. I have run the following echo '2147483648' > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax to increase my system's shared memory to 2G (half of my 4G box). Then ran ipcs -lm which returns ------ Shared Memory Limits -------- max number of segments = 4096 max seg size (kbytes) = 2097152 max total shared memory (kbytes) = 8388608 min seg size (bytes) = 1 Also made a change in /etc/sysctl.conf then ran sysctl -p to make the settings stick on the server. Rebooted, too, for good measure. In my APC settings, I have mmap enabled (which happens by default in recent versions of APC). php.ini looks like: apc.stat=0 apc.shm_size="256M" apc.max_file_size="10M" apc.mmap_file_mask="/tmp/apc.XXXXXX" apc.ttl="7200" I am aware that mmap mode will ignore references to apc.shm_segments, so I have left it out with default 1. phpinfo() indicates the following about APC: Version 3.1.9 APC Debugging Disabled MMAP Support Enabled MMAP File Mask /tmp/apc.bPS7rB Locking type pthread mutex Locks Serialization Support php Revision $Revision: 308812 $ Build Date Oct 11 2011 22:55:02 Directive Local Value apc.cache_by_default On apc.canonicalize O apc.coredump_unmap Off apc.enable_cli Off apc.enabled On On apc.file_md5 Off apc.file_update_protection 2 apc.filters no value apc.gc_ttl 3600 apc.include_once_override Off apc.lazy_classes Off apc.lazy_functions Off apc.max_file_size 10M apc.mmap_file_mask /tmp/apc.bPS7rB apc.num_files_hint 1000 apc.preload_path no value apc.report_autofilter Off apc.rfc1867 Off apc.rfc1867_freq 0 apc.rfc1867_name APC_UPLOAD_PROGRESS apc.rfc1867_prefix upload_ apc.rfc1867_ttl 3600 apc.serializer default apc.shm_segments 1 apc.shm_size 256M apc.slam_defense On apc.stat Off apc.stat_ctime Off apc.ttl 7200 apc.use_request_time On apc.user_entries_hint 4096 apc.user_ttl 0 apc.write_lock On apc.php reveals the following graph, no matter how long the server runs (cache size fluctuates and hovers at just under 32MB. See image http://i.stack.imgur.com/2bwMa.png You can see that the cache is trying to allocate 256MB, but the brown piece of the pie keeps getting recycled at 32MB. This is confirmed as refreshing the apc.php page shows cached file counts that move up and down (implying that the cache is not holding onto all of its files). Does anyone have an idea of how to get APC to use more than 32 MB for its cache size?? **Note that the identical behavior occurs for eaccelerator, xcache, and APC. I read here: http://www.litespeedtech.com/support/forum/archive/index.php/t-5072.html that suEXEC could cause this problem.

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• 'Slow down' A DHCP server on purpose.

  - by Ced

  As the title implies, May look like a silly question, But what i'm trying to do, Is to have 2 DHCP servers in one network. One only leases IPs to Bootp clients (And if the client re-requests immediately after leases again) And one DHCP server, which is builtin with my PFsense router, that leases the non-bootp clients so they can access the internet and other network resources. I know by chance that PFsense uses ISC-DHCPd. Maybe they have a delay option? All i need to do to make sure the bootp/PXE boot clients get the proper address, is slow down the DHCP server in the PFsense box. Question is how. Anyone ideas? Thanks in advance

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• How to update BIOS with efi?

  - by gasko peter

  We have a GA-H61M-DS2 rev 2.0 motherboard. It has an "F4" BIOS. We went to the vendors website: http://hu.gigabyte.com/products/page/mb/ga-h61m-ds2rev_20/download/bios and downloaded "F7", the latest BIOS version. We already tried: 1) "Efiflash.exe H61MDS22.F7" command from windows 7/32bit, it said nothing, the command line just flashed for a second.. 2) boot the win7 in "dos" mode (...) but the same thing happened. Q: How can we upgrade the BIOS? There aren't any ways for it?

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• VMWare - Windows XP guest licensing

  - by jcooper

  Hi, If I have a VMWare ESXi server with 4 Windows XP guests running on it, I understand that I need a separate license for each guest. Is there a way to simplify license compliance on these VMs? For example, I want to create a master VM image and boot it 4 times. By default those 4 VMs will have the same Windows activation key installed. Is there a simple solution for this? Or is it ok to do what I've described above provided I have 4 unique license keys on hand in case of audit? thanks!

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• Need help upgrading MacBookPro3,1 RAM to 4GB.

  - by Fantomas

  My questions are: 1) Where to buy it and what to buy? I have heard that this RAM is generic enough and it does not have to come from Apple. 2) Can I reuse my existing stick(s)? Would I have a single 2GB module, or 2 x 1GB modules? 3) If I have 2GB already, is it a good idea to have one old stick and one new one? Which one is better placed at the top and which one at the bottom? Let me know what questions you have. My computer's info: Hardware Overview: Model Name: MacBook Pro Model Identifier: MacBookPro3,1 Processor Name: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor Speed: 2.4 GHz Number Of Processors: 1 Total Number Of Cores: 2 L2 Cache: 4 MB Memory: 2 GB Bus Speed: 800 MHz Boot ROM Version: MBP31.0070.B07 SMC Version (system): 1.16f11

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• How to create a Windows 7 installation usb from Linux or Mac?

  - by Shane

  I have a Windows 7 installation DVD that came with a computer with no optical drive. I have an empty USB thumb drive. I have access to two computers with optical drives, one running Linux and the other running Mac OS X. Notably, I do not have access to any Windows computer at this time. With the tools that I have, how can I create a thumb drive that I can boot with and install Windows 7? Do I have to look out for anything when making the ISO from the DVD (DRM or anything)? After the ISO is made, will UNetbootin work? How about dd?

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• Domain controller failed to restore using windows backup tools

  - by Peilin

  Domain controller failed to restore using windows backup tools One Issue: One 08 R2 domain controller with fully daily backup(only one controller in this company) is out of services due to hardware issue. The below two methods i tried to recover to the new purchasing server,but it is fail. 1)First Method: Using the windows 2008 R2 CD to boot and carry out recover from backup. Everything is OK, but after reboot it will come out blue screen and restart again. 2)Second Method: a)Install the OS in this new server b) Reboot the server to DSRM. c)Using the Windows Backup Tools to restore the system states only After reboot, it will come out the blue screen error and restart again. I know this is may be the different hardware issue, but how to resolve? Or can we only restore the AD services not whole system status? Any suggestion?

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