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  • iptables: allowing incoming for 192.168.1.0/24 allowed incoming for all?

    - by nortally
    The internal side of my ISP router has three devices: ISP router 128.128.43.1 Firewall router 128.128.43.2 Server 128.128.43.3 Behind the Firewall router is a NAT network using 192.168.100.n/24 This question is regarding iptables running on the Server. I wanted to allow access to port 8080 only from the NAT clients behind the Firewall router, so I used this rule -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 192.168.100.0/24 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPT This worked, but UNEXPECTEDLY ALLOWED GLOBAL ACCESS, which resulted in our JBOSS server getting compromised. I now know that the correct rule is to use the Firewall router's address instead of the internal network, but can anyone explain why the first rule allowed global access? I would have expected it to just fail. Full config, mostly lifted from a RedHat server: *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0] -A INPUT -j Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j Firewall-1-INPUT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow ssh from all" -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow https from all" -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow JBOSS from Firewall" ### THIS RESULTED IN GLOBAL ACCESS TO PORT 8080 ### -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 192.168.100.0/24 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPT ### THIS WORKED -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 128.128.43.2 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPt ### -A Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT

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  • Virtual Lan on the Cloud -- Help Confirm my understanding?

    - by marfarma
    [Note: Tried to post this over at ServerFault, but I don't have enough 'points' for more than one link. Powers that be, move this question over there.] Please give this a quick read and let me know if I'm missing something before I start trying to make this work. I'm not a systems admin professional, and I'd hate to end up banging my head into the wall if I can avoid it. Goals: Create a 'road-warrior' capable star shaped virtual LAN for consultants who spend the majority of their time on client sites, and who's firm has no physical network or servers. Enable CIFS access to a cloud-server based installation of Alfresco Allow Eventual implementation of some form of single-sign-on ( OpenLDAP server ) access to Alfresco and other server applications implemented in the future Given: All Servers will live in the public internet cloud (Rackspace Cloud Servers) OpenVPN Server will be a Linux disto, probably Ubuntu 9.x, installed on same server as Alfresco (at least to start) Staff will access server applications and resources from client sites, hotels, trains, planes, coffee shops or their homes over various ISP, using their company laptops or personal home desktops. Based on my Research thus far, to accomplish this, I'll need: OpenVPN with Bridging Enabled to create a star shaped "virtual" LAN http://openvpn.net/index.php/open-source/documentation/miscellaneous/76-ethernet-bridging.html A Road Warrior Network Configuration, as described in this Shorewall article (lower down the page) http://www.shorewall.net/OPENVPN.html Configure bridge addressesing (probably DHCP) http://openvpn.net/index.php/open-source/faq.html#bridge-addressing Configure CIFS / Samba to accept VPN IP address http://serverfault.com/questions/137933/howto-access-samba-share-over-vpn-tunnel Set up Client software, with keys configured for access (potentially through a OpenVPN-Sa client portal) http://www.openvpn.net/index.php/access-server/download-openvpn-as/221-installation-overview.html

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  • How do I fix a custom Event Viewer Log that merges automatically with the Application log?

    - by NightOwl888
    I am trying to create a custom event log for a Windows Service on Windows Server 2003. I would like to name the custom log "(ML) Startup Commands". However, when I add a registry key with that name to HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Eventlog\, it adds a log but shows the exact same events that are in the Application log when looking in the event viewer. If I add a registry key with the name "(ML) Startup Commands 2" to the event log, it shows a blank event log as expected. In fact, any other name will work correctly except for the one I want. I have searched through the registry for other keys with the string "(ML)" and removed all other references to this key name, however I continue to get merged results in the viewer when I create a key with this name. My question is, how can I fix the server so I can create a custom event log with this name that shows only the events from my application, not the events from the default Application event log that is installed with Windows? Update: I rebooted the server and woudn't you know it, the log started acting normally. I got a strange error message in the Application log: The EventSystem sub system is suppressing duplicate event log entries for a duration of 86400 seconds. The suppression timeout can be controlled by a REG_DWORD value named SuppressDuplicateDuration under the following registry key: HKLM\Software\Microsoft\EventSystem\EventLog. For more information, see Help and Support Center at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/events.asp. I can only hope this error doesn't mean the problem will come back after 86400 seconds. I guess I will have to wait and see.

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  • OpenVPN Client timing out

    - by Austin
    I recently installed OpenVPN on my Ubuntu VPS. Whenenver I try to connect to it, I can establish a connection just fine. However, everything I try to connect to times out. If I try to ping something, it will resolve the IP, but will time out after resolving the IP. (So DNS Server seems to be working correctly) My server.conf has this relevant information (At least I think it's relevant. I'm not sure if you need more or not) # Which local IP address should OpenVPN # listen on? (optional) ;local a.b.c.d # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on? # If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances # on the same machine, use a different port # number for each one. You will need to # open up this port on your firewall. port 1194 # TCP or UDP server? ;proto tcp proto udp # "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel, # "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel. # Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging # and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface # and bridged it with your ethernet interface. # If you want to control access policies # over the VPN, you must create firewall # rules for the the TUN/TAP interface. # On non-Windows systems, you can give # an explicit unit number, such as tun0. # On Windows, use "dev-node" for this. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel if you # have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher, # you may need to selectively disable the # Windows firewall for the TAP adapter. # Non-Windows systems usually don't need this. ;dev-node MyTap # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate # (cert), and private key (key). Each client # and the server must have their own cert and # key file. The server and all clients will # use the same ca file. # # See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series # of scripts for generating RSA certificates # and private keys. Remember to use # a unique Common Name for the server # and each of the client certificates. # # Any X509 key management system can be used. # OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file # (see "pkcs12" directive in man page). ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret # Diffie hellman parameters. # Generate your own with: # openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024 # Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using # 2048 bit keys. dh dh1024.pem # Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet # for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from. # The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself, # the rest will be made available to clients. # Each client will be able to reach the server # on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are # ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info. server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address # associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or # is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned # the same virtual IP address from the pool that was # previously assigned. ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging. # You must first use your OS's bridging capability # to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet # NIC interface. Then you must manually set the # IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we # assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we # must set aside an IP range in this subnet # (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate # to connecting clients. Leave this line commented # out unless you are ethernet bridging. ;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100 # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging # using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk # to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server # to receive their IP address allocation # and DNS server addresses. You must first use # your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP # interface with the ethernet NIC interface. # Note: this mode only works on clients (such as # Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is # bound to a DHCP client. ;server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. ;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0" ;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0" # To assign specific IP addresses to specific # clients or if a connecting client has a private # subnet behind it that should also have VPN access, # use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific # configuration files (see man page for more info). # EXAMPLE: Suppose the client # having the certificate common name "Thelonious" # also has a small subnet behind his connecting # machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248. # First, uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line: # iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to # access the VPN. This example will only work # if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are # using "dev tun" and "server" directives. # EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give # Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1. # First uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252 # Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious: # ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2 # Suppose that you want to enable different # firewall access policies for different groups # of clients. There are two methods: # (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each # group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface # for each group/daemon appropriately. # (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically # modify the firewall in response to access # from different clients. See man # page for more info on learn-address script. ;learn-address ./script # If enabled, this directive will configure # all clients to redirect their default # network gateway through the VPN, causing # all IP traffic such as web browsing and # and DNS lookups to go through the VPN # (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT # or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet # in order for this to work properly). push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" # Certain Windows-specific network settings # can be pushed to clients, such as DNS # or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT: # http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats # The addresses below refer to the public # DNS servers provided by opendns.com. ;push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4" # Uncomment this directive to allow different # clients to be able to "see" each other. # By default, clients will only see the server. # To force clients to only see the server, you # will also need to appropriately firewall the # server's TUN/TAP interface. ;client-to-client # Uncomment this directive if multiple clients # might connect with the same certificate/key # files or common names. This is recommended # only for testing purposes. For production use, # each client should have its own certificate/key # pair. # # IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL # CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT, # EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME", # UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT. ;duplicate-cn # The keepalive directive causes ping-like # messages to be sent back and forth over # the link so that each side knows when # the other side has gone down. # Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote # peer is down if no ping received during # a 120 second time period. keepalive 10 120 # For extra security beyond that provided # by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall" # to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding. # # Generate with: # openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key # # The server and each client must have # a copy of this key. # The second parameter should be '0' # on the server and '1' on the clients. ;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret # Select a cryptographic cipher. # This config item must be copied to # the client config file as well. ;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default) ;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES ;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES # Enable compression on the VPN link. # If you enable it here, you must also # enable it in the client config file. comp-lzo # The maximum number of concurrently connected # clients we want to allow. ;max-clients 100 # It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN # daemon's privileges after initialization. # # You can uncomment this out on # non-Windows systems. ;user nobody ;group nogroup # The persist options will try to avoid # accessing certain resources on restart # that may no longer be accessible because # of the privilege downgrade. persist-key persist-tun # Output a short status file showing # current connections, truncated # and rewritten every minute. status openvpn-status.log # By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or # on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to # the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory). # Use log or log-append to override this default. # "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup, # while "log-append" will append to it. Use one # or the other (but not both). ;log openvpn.log ;log-append openvpn.log # Set the appropriate level of log # file verbosity. # # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors # 4 is reasonable for general usage # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems # 9 is extremely verbose verb 3 # Silence repeating messages. At most 20 # sequential messages of the same message # category will be output to the log. ;mute 20 I've tried on multiple computers by the way. The same result on all of them. What could be wrong? Thanks in advance, and if you need other information I'll gladly post it. Information for new comments root@vps:~# iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 862K packets, 51M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 3 packets, 382 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 4641 298K ACCEPT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1671K packets, 2378M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination And root@vps:~# iptables -t nat -L -n -v Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 17937 packets, 2013K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 8975 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1579 103K SNAT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 to:SERVERIP Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 8972 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination

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  • Disk IO slow on ESXi, even slower on a VM (freeNAS + iSCSI)

    - by varesa
    I have a server with ESXi 5 and iSCSI attached network storage(4x1Tb Raid-Z on freenas 8.0.4). Those two machines are connected to each other with Gigabit ethernet. The raid-z volume is divided into three parts: two zvols, shared with iscsi, and one directly on top of zfs, shared with nfs and similar. I ssh'd into the freeNAS box, and did some testing on the disks. I used ddto test the third part of the disks (straight on top of ZFS). I copied a 4GB (2x the amount of RAM) block from /dev/zero to the disk, and the speed was 80MB/s. Other of the iSCSI shared zvols is a datastore for the ESXi. I did similar test with time dd .. there. Since the dd there did not give the speed, I divided the amount of data transfered by the time show by time. The result was around 30-40 MB/s. Thats about half of the speed from the freeNAS host! Then I tested the IO on a VM running on the same ESXi host. The VM was a light CentOS 6.0 machine, which was not really doing anything else at that time. There were no other VMs running on the server at the time, and the other two "parts" of the disk array were not used. A similar dd test gave me result of about 15-20 MB/s. That is again about half of the result on a lower level! Of course the is some overhead in raid-z - zfs - zvolume - iSCSI - VMFS - VM, but I don't expect it to be that big. I belive there must be something wrong in my system. I have heard about bad performance of freeNAS's iSCSI, is that it? I have not managed to get any other "big" SAN OS to run on the box (NexentaSTOR, openfiler). Can you see any obvious problems with my setup?

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  • scp No such file or directory

    - by Joe
    I've a confusing question for which superuser doesn't seem to have a good answer, and neither google. I'm trying to scp a file from a remote server to my local machine. The command is this scp user@server:/path/to/source/file.gz /path/to/destination The error I get is: scp: /path/to/source/file.gz: No such file or directory user is my username on the server. The command syntax appears fine to me. ssh works fine and I can cd to the file and it doesn't seem to be an access control issue? Thanks; Edit: Thank you John. I spotted the issue. ls returned this: -r--r--r-- 1 nobody users 168967171 Mar 10 2009 /path/to/source/file.gz So, the file was on a read-only file system and user is able to read it but not scp. I just copied the file to a different directory and chown it and worked fine. It would be good if someone can explain why this is the case though.

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  • fedora apache/nginx pylons

    - by microchasm
    I'm trying to wrap my head around Pylons and how it works. So far... it's been confusing... I'm using EC2 with Fedora8. Everything is working so far (i.e. I have Pylons/python et al installed and after creating a test app and running paster serve I can access the default page via my domain name). As the Pylons docs explain and as I understand, the built in paster serve server is not suited for a production environment. What I am not clear on, then, is what to do next... It seems like nginx is a good option, but I am more familiar with Apache (like .0002%). I plan on having virtualhosts (which nginx says can accomodate). However, I am totally unclear on how the big picture is supposed to work. In order to serve an app, does paster serve need to be running? Does then nginx/apache basically just act as a proxy to shuttle connections to the paster server? How do I start it so it doesn't terminate after closing the ssh connection? If running multiple apps, what do I set as the host/port in development.ini to differentiate the apps? Or if this is not the right way, how do I differentiate beween apps? I am more familiar with MySQL, but willing to negotiate PostgreSQL if it's a better fit. Is it? Is virtualenv a prerequisite to running multiple apps on the same machine? Thanks in advance for any tips.

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  • problem with .Net xml importnode in powershell

    - by Trondh
    Hi, Im trying to construct a powershell script that uses some XML. I have a XML document where I try to add some values with email addresses. The finished xml document should have this format: (I'm only showing the relevant part of the xml here) <emailAddresses> <value>[email protected]</value> <value>[email protected]</value> <value>[email protected]</value> </emailAddresses> SO, in powershell I try to do this as a test, which fails: $newNumber = [xml] '<value>555-1215</value>' $newNode = $Request2.ImportNode($newNumber.value, $true) $emailnode.AppendChild($newNode) After some reading, I have figured out that if I do this, it suceeds: $newNumber = [xml] '<value name="flubber">555-1215</value>' $newNode = $Request2.ImportNode($newNumber.value, $true) $emailnode.AppendChild($newNode) So, I am stuck. I'm starting to wonder if I should use another function instead of importnode when I have several keys with the same name but different values. As you guys probably have figured out by now, i'm not an expert in xml. ANy help appreciated!

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  • LAMP server VM issues

    - by nullArray
    After getting a recommendation to salvage a wiki by installing a LAMP server, I went on the prowl for a good virtualized one. I used the VMware Player version. Since the windows box has Bonjour, I can, for example, go to http://lamp.local. and it works see the web client. The problem is, I can't ssh to a directory to scp the files I need, mount a usb thumbdrive (usbfs is unsupported) nor get samba working. I can't even update the ubuntu installation, it fails. I've tried bridged, nat and host-only networking settings in VMware Player. Bridged gives me an undefined IP, while the other two each have different IPs. All three settings allow me to access the web config, but none of them give me samba access. Windows usually freezes, then reports that it cannot connect. I'd rather not wipe a box to do a dedicated install, is there I way I can get this VM working, or are there better LAMP VMs out there? This one came already working and set up with VMware Player, so I thought it would be perfect... Thanks,

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  • Encryption setup for Linux NAS?

    - by Daniel
    There's a bazillion hard disk encryption HOWTOs, but somehow I can't find one that actually does what I want. Which is: I have a home NAS running Ubuntu, which is being accessed by a Linux and a Win XP client. (Hopefully MacOS X soon...) I want to setup encryption for home dirs on the NAS so that: It does not interfere with the boot process (since the NAS it tucked away in a cupboard), the home dirs should be accessible as a regular file system on the client(s) (e.g. via SMB), it is easy to use by 'normal' people, (so it does not require SSH-ing to the NAS, mount the encrypted partition on command line, then connecting via SMB, and finally umount the partition after being done. I can't explain that to my mom, or in fact to anyone.) does not store the encryption key the NAS itself, encrypts file meta-data and content (i.e. safe against the 'RIAA' attack, where an intruder should not be able to identify which songs are in your MP3 collection). What I hoped to do was use Samba + PAM. The idea was that on connecting to the SMB server, I'd have to enter the password on the client, which sends it to the server for authentication, which would use the password to mount the encrpytion partition, and would unmount it again when the session was closed. Turns out that doesn't really work, because SMB does not transmit the password in the plain and hence I can't configure PAM to use the incoming password to mount the encrypted patition. So... anything I'm overlooking? Is there any way in which I can use the password entered on the client (e.g. on SMB connect) to initiate mounting the encrypted dir on the server?

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  • Slow performance on VMWare Linux server after Tomcat install

    - by Loftx
    We have a VMWare ESXi 4.1 server hosting a number of Linux and Windows guests. Recently a new Linux guest was added to this server and seemed to be performing well. Tomcat and some other applications on this server were then installed which seem to have caused the server to run really slowly without any obvious resource issues. Slow performance include: The time taken to bring up the password prompt over ssh takes a few seconds when it was previously instantaneous. The time taken to unzip a zip file which was previously a few seconds now takes around 30 seconds The time taken to compile vmware tools has increased by similar factors Both the VMWare console and monitoring commands don't report any issues with high CPU or memory usage but something is obviously slowing the server down somehow. Does anyone have any ideas what may be causing this issue and how it can be resolved? Thanks, Tom Edit As per your questions I’ve looked at some of the performance indicators on both the VM host and VM guest indicated. Firstly I tried reserving the full amount of memory (3gb) for this VM – no other machines on this server have any memory reservation. The swap in rate and swap out rate for the VM host and guest are now both zero. Balloon memory on the guest is zero and on the host is 3.5gb (total memory on the host is 12gb) The swap rate for the guest is also zero. Swap used by the host is 200mb on average. Compression and decompression rates for the host and guest are zero. Command aborts for the host are zero. Read latency is very low – maximum 10ms average 0.8ms. Write latency is higher – a few spikes to 170ms but mostly around 25ms – is this bad? Queue command latency is zero . Physical disk read latency averages 5ms but often 10ms Physical disk write latency averages 15ms but is often 20ms I hope this helps - let me know if you need any more information.

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  • How can I make Cygwin open a new window each time I use a Window 7 keyboard shortcut?

    - by Michael Gundlach
    [Update: The short answer is, if an application in the 3rd thing on your taskbar, press WindowsKey+Shift+3 to open a new instance. Hooray!] I have Chrome and Cygwin on my taskbar. Chrome's shortcut is Ctrl-Alt-C (as set through right clicking the icon and putting Ctrl-Alt-C into Chrome - Properties - Shortcut Key). Cygwin's shortcut is Ctrl-Alt-T. When I press Ctrl-Alt-C, I get a new Chrome window. Great! It's as if I had shift-clicked on the Chrome icon. When I press Ctrl-Alt-T, I get a Cygwin window the first time, but after that I just get focused on the Cygwin window. As if I had simply clicked on the Cygwin icon and not shift-clicked. As if Cygwin wasn't able to have more than one instance open. I can still shift-click the icon to get more instances. I've tried with different keys than Ctrl-Alt-T and got the same behavior. Strangely, I've twice managed to get it into a state (via just clearing and setting the shortcut key over and over) where a shortcut WOULD open multiple instances -- but it was Ctrl-Alt-G both times, which doesn't make sense to my brain which has been trained to use Ctrl-Alt-T for years. Ctrl-Alt-G usually behaves just as poorly as Ctrl-Alt-T, except for the two times when magically it started behaving properly. So I'm thinking this is a Windows 7 bug (which has existed since Windows XP at least), but I'm hoping someone knows something I don't :)

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  • Best way to 'harden' embedded ext4 file server against unexpected loss of power?

    - by Jeremy Friesner
    Hi all, First, a little background: my company makes an audio streaming device that is a headless, rack-mounted Linux box with a couple of SSDs attached. Each SSD is formatted with ext4. The users can connect to the system using Samba/CIFS to upload new audio files or access existing ones. There is also custom software for streaming out audio over the network. This is all fine. The only problem is that the users are audio people, not computer people, and see the system as a 'black box', not as a computer. Which means that at the end of the day, they aren't going to ssh in to the box and enter "/sbin/shutdown -h"; they are just going to cut power to the rack and leave, and expect things to still work properly the next day. Since ext4 has journalling, journal checksumming, etc, this mostly works. The only time it doesn't work is when someone uploads a new file via Samba and then cuts power to the system before the uploaded data has been fully flushed to the disk. In that case, they come in the next day and find that their new file has been truncated or is missing entirely, and are unhappy. My question is, what is the best way to avoid this problem? Is there a way to get smbd to call "sync" at the end of every upload? (Performance on uploads isn't so important, since they only happen occasionally). Or is there a way to tell ext4 to automatically flush within a few seconds of any change to a file? (Again, performance can be sacrificed for safety here) Should I set a particular write-ordering mode, activate barriers, etc?

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  • VNC server failed to start CentOS

    - by Shaun
    I followed a tutorial on how to install and get VNCserver to run on CentOS 6 (since freenx isnt supported yet) and I keep getting Starting VNC server: 1:user [FAILED] How do I figure out whats going on here? Im new to Linux/CentOS and im trying to get RDP going so I can step away from SSH as much as possible (you know us Windows users love our pretty GUI's). So, where is the error log at and how do I find it? Or maybe someone else has experienced this and knows the solution based on the simple error given? After running in debug mode, here is my error + . /etc/init.d/functions ++ TEXTDOMAIN=initscripts ++ umask 022 ++ PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin ++ export PATH ++ '[' -z '' ']' ++ COLUMNS=80 ++ '[' -z '' ']' +++ /sbin/consoletype ++ CONSOLETYPE=pty ++ '[' -f /etc/sysconfig/i18n -a -z '' -a -z '' ']' ++ . /etc/profile.d/lang.sh ++ unset LANGSH_SOURCED ++ '[' -z '' ']' ++ '[' -f /etc/sysconfig/init ']' ++ . /etc/sysconfig/init +++ BOOTUP=color +++ RES_COL=60 +++ MOVE_TO_COL='echo -en \033[60G' +++ SETCOLOR_SUCCESS='echo -en \033[0;32m' +++ SETCOLOR_FAILURE='echo -en \033[0;31m' +++ SETCOLOR_WARNING='echo -en \033[0;33m' +++ SETCOLOR_NORMAL='echo -en \033[0;39m' +++ PROMPT=yes +++ AUTOSWAP=no +++ ACTIVE_CONSOLES='/dev/tty[1-6]' +++ SINGLE=/sbin/sushell ++ '[' pty = serial ']' ++ __sed_discard_ignored_files='/\(~\|\.bak\|\.orig\|\.rpmnew\|\.rpmorig\|\.rpmsave\)$/d' + '[' -r /etc/sysconfig/vncservers ']' + . /etc/sysconfig/vncservers ++ VNCSERVERS='1:larry 2:moe 3:curly' ++ VNCSERVERARGS[1]='-geometry 800x600' ++ VNCSERVERARGS[2]='-geometry 640x480' ++ VNCSERVERARGS[3]='-geometry 640x480' + prog='VNC server' + RETVAL=0 + case "$1" in + start + '[' 0 '!=' 0 ']' + . /etc/sysconfig/network ++ NETWORKING=yes ++ HOSTNAME=vps.binaryvisionaries.com ++ DOMAINNAME=server.name ++ GATEWAYDEV=venet0 ++ NETWORKING_IPV6=yes ++ IPV6_DEFAULTDEV=venet0 + '[' yes = no ']' + '[' -x /usr/bin/vncserver ']' + '[' -x /usr/bin/Xvnc ']' + echo -n 'Starting VNC server: ' Starting VNC server: + RETVAL=0 + '[' '!' -d /tmp/.X11-unix ']' + for display in '${VNCSERVERS}' + SERVS=1 + echo -n '1:larry ' 1:larry + DISP=1 + USER=larry + VNCUSERARGS='-geometry 800x600' + runuser -l larry -c 'cd ~larry && [ -r .vnc/passwd ] && vncserver :1 -geometry 800x600' + RETVAL=1 + '[' 1 -eq 0 ']' + break + '[' -z 1 ']' + '[' 1 -eq 0 ']' + failure 'vncserver start' + local rc=1 + '[' color '!=' verbose -a -z '' ']' + echo_failure + '[' color = color ']' + echo -en '\033[60G' + echo -n '[' [+ '[' color = color ']' + echo -en '\033[0;31m' + echo -n FAILED FAILED+ '[' color = color ']' + echo -en '\033[0;39m' + echo -n ']' ]+ echo -ne '\r' + return 1 + '[' -x /usr/bin/plymouth ']' + /usr/bin/plymouth --details + return 1 + echo + '[' 1 -eq 98 ']' + return 1 + exit 1

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  • Installing Tomcat on CentOS 5

    - by andybaird
    Disclaimer: I am not a server admin, I am a windows user that has lead a life of sinful installation wizards and drag and drop I'm attempting to install Tomcat on CentOS 5 hosted by a MediaTemple dedicated virtual server. I basically followed this guide: Installed jpackage and configured the yum.repo.d jpackage file to set enabled=1 Used yum to install java (yum install java) Downloaded the binary distribution of tomcat with "wget http://archive.apache.org/dist/tomcat/tomcat-6/v6.0.14/bin/apache-tomcat-6.0.14.tar.gz" set JAVA_HOME to point at the jdk location I found with "export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.6.0-openjdk-1.6.0.0/" I gunzip/untar the Tomcat files and run ./startup.sh to start the Tomcat server. That is supposed to put the Tomcat server at myserver.com:8080 - however, I just get a could not contact host error when I try to browse to it (or when I try 'curl localhost:8080' from SSH) After I type ./startup.sh, here is the console output: [root@myserver bin]# ./startup.sh Using CATALINA_BASE: /root/apache-tomcat-6.0.14 Using CATALINA_HOME: /root/apache-tomcat-6.0.14 Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /root/apache-tomcat-6.0.14/temp Using JRE_HOME: /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.6.0-openjdk-1.6.0.0/ [root@myserver bin]# Is there a step I have missed here? Edit: I've now discovered by looking at the log the following error is occuring: Error occurred during initialization of VM Could not reserve enough space for object heap

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  • IPSec for LAN traffic: Basic considerations?

    - by chris_l
    This is a follow-up to my Encrypting absolutely everything... question. Important: This is not about the more usual IPSec setup, where you want to encrypt traffic between two LANs. My basic goal is to encrypt all traffic within a small company's LAN. One solution could be IPSec. I have just started to learn about IPSec, and before I decide on using it and dive in more deeply, I'd like to get an overview of how this could look like. Is there good cross-platform support? It must work on Linux, MacOS X and Windows clients, Linux servers, and it shouldn't require expensive network hardware. Can I enable IPSec for an entire machine (so there can be no other traffic incoming/outgoing), or for a network interface, or is it determined by firewall settings for individual ports/...? Can I easily ban non-IPSec IP packets? And also "Mallory's evil" IPSec traffic that is signed by some key, but not ours? My ideal conception is to make it impossible to have any such IP traffic on the LAN. For LAN-internal traffic: I would choose "ESP with authentication (no AH)", AES-256, in "Transport mode". Is this a reasonable decision? For LAN-Internet traffic: How would it work with the internet gateway? Would I use "Tunnel mode" to create an IPSec tunnel from each machine to the gateway? Or could I also use "Transport mode" to the gateway? The reason I ask is, that the gateway would have to be able to decrypt packages coming from the LAN, so it will need the keys to do that. Is that possible, if the destination address isn't the gateway's address? Or would I have to use a proxy in this case? Is there anything else I should consider? I really just need a quick overview of these things, not very detailed instructions.

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  • ubuntu - Best way of repartitioning a (running) production server

    - by egarcia
    I've got an (externally hosted) production server running Ubuntu LTS. It serves webpages (rails) and has an svn repository accesible through Apache, and a PostgreSQL db. I've got ssh access to the server and root privileges. Most of the "interesting" stuff is located in /var/ : svn repositories are inside /var/svn, web pages under /var/www, etc. Yesterday I was curious about how much disk space had it left, so I did the following: $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 950M 402M 500M 45% / varrun 990M 64K 990M 1% /var/run varlock 990M 0 990M 0% /var/lock udev 990M 76K 989M 1% /dev devshm 990M 0 990M 0% /dev/shm /dev/md5 4.7G 668M 4.1G 15% /usr /dev/md6 4.7G 1.4G 3.4G 29% /var /dev/md7 221G 28M 221G 1% /home none 990M 4.0K 990M 1% /tmp My 'var' partition, which holds most of the interesting part, is only 4.7G big. The /home/ partition, on the other hand, is 221G, but it is mostly unused. I should have checked the disk layout before starting installing stuff. Ideally I would need /var/ and /home/ to be "switched" - /home/ should be the one with 4.7G, and /var/ the one with 221G. Is there a way to solve this without having to reinstall the whole thing?

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  • Automated software installation for MS Windows?

    - by Duncan Bayne
    I am currently setting up a Windows development environment (the whole Visual Studio 2010 stack plus plugins on top of Windows 7). This has got me wondering whether there's a Windows equivalent to what I do for dev environment setup in Ubuntu. It takes literally hours to get a dev environment set up in Windows, involving a lot of manual intervention. On Ubuntu, I have two shell scripts - one I run as root which configures the system using apt-get (amongst other things), one I run as me which configures my user account. Those scripts live in my private Subversion repository. To set up a dev environment from scratch requires five commands: sudo apt-get install -y subversion svn co http://svn.XXXX.XXX/personal/ cd personal sudo ./ubuntu_setup_root.sh ./ubuntu_setup_user.sh The only human intervention required is to pick a root password for MySQL. So it takes only a few minutes of human attention to go from a vanilla Ubuntu installation to a full development environment with the latest builds of everything, perfectly tailored down to shortcut keys and wallpaper. Is there an equivalent process for Windows? In an ideal world it'd be something trivially scriptable using C# Script or Powershell, which could live in source control & make use of a repository of ISOs downloaded from MSDN ...

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  • How have I locked me out from my Ubuntu VPS?

    - by Sanoj
    I have a Ubuntu Server as VPS (OpenVZ), and yesterday I installed php-fpm, but I guess something went wrong with the installation. Because since then I cannot log in to my server over SSH with PuTTY or using WinSCP. The message I get when connecting is Network error: Connection timed out. Immediately after the installation I was not able to use emacs either, I had to re-install it with apt-get install emacs. I have tried with clearing the firewall and rebooting the server from my web-based "control panel", but it doesn't help. The commands I used for installation of the PHP-fpm was from Installing PHP 5.3, Nginx And PHP-fpm On Ubuntu/Debian. And I guess it has something to do with these commands: cd /tmp wget http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/k/krb5/libkrb53_1.6.dfsg.4~beta1-5ubuntu2_i386.deb wget http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/i/icu/libicu38_3.8-6ubuntu0.2_i386.deb sudo dpkg -i *.deb sudo echo "deb http://php53.dotdeb.org stable all" >> /etc/apt/sources.list sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install php5-cli php5-common php5-suhosin sudo apt-get install php5-fpm php5-cgi The web-sites that are hosted from my server works fine. Anyone that have the same experience or know how this could happen? I guess that I have to re-install Ubuntu Server from my "control panel" now, but I would like to avoid this situation in the future. Finally, I have backup on everything so nothing is lost if I have to re-install the machine.

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  • Cyrus: In practical terms, how do end users administer their shared mailboxes?

    - by Nick
    Let's say we have four customer service reps: Billy, Bob, Joe, and Tom. Tom is the department manager. There's a shared Customer Service mailbox on the Cyrus server that they all have access to. Tom, as the manager also has administrative privileges for the shared mailbox. They decide they want to create sub-folders a certain way, and Tom creates them. They're all running Thunderbird, so Tom right-clicks the main folder and chooses "New Subfolder". Now Tom has the Subfolders he needs and the other sales reps have... nothing! Because Cyrus created the Subfolders giving Tom "Full Access" permissions, and everyone else gets no access. So how does Tom give the other reps in his department access to the new folders? As far as Cyrus is concerned, Tom has permission to grant others access to his new mailboxes- But as far as I can tell, there's no option in Thunderbird for granting mailbox permissions. An IT staff member should not have to receive a support request every time someone wants to add a Subfolder to a shared mailbox. That's why we make certain users into mailbox admins in the first place! But asking (non-technical) users to SSH into an IMAP server to run cyradm seems like a bad idea too. Certainly someone has found a solution for this dilemma. Perhaps a Thunderbird extension for setting Cyrus permissions? Or something like umask that forces subfolders to have identical permissions to their parents on creation? And related, what about Sieve configuration? Is there anyway that can be done from the client machine too? Thanks, Nick

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  • Ubuntu Server mdadm drbd ocfs2 kvm hangs under heavy file reading

    - by Stefano Annese
    I have deployed four ubuntu 10.04 server. They are coupled two by two in a cluster scenario. on both sides we have software raid1 disks, drbd8 and OCFS2 and on top of it some kvm machines run with qcow2 disks. I followed this: Link corosync is just used for DRBD and OCFS, the kvm machines are run "manually" When it works is fine: good performances, good I/O, but at a given time one of the two cluster started hanging. Then we tried with just one server turned on and it hangs the same. It seems to happen when an heavy READ in one of the virtual machines occurs, that is during rsyn backup. When the fact occurs the virtual machines are not reachable any more and the real server responds with good delay to the ping but no screen and no ssh is available. All we can do is force shutdown (hold the button) and restart and when it turns on again the raid on which relay drbd is resyncing. All the time it hangs we see such fact. After a couple of week of pain on one side this morning also the other cluster hung, but it has different moteherboard, ram, kvm instances. What is similar is reading for rsync scenario and Western Digital RAID Edistion disks on both side. Can anybody give me some input to solve such issue?

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  • How seriously should I take ECC correctable error warnings?

    - by David Mackintosh
    I have a pile of Sun X2200-M2 servers. These servers have ECC memory. In some of these servers, I am getting warnings in the eLOM about "correctable ECC errors detected", eg: # ssh regress11 ipmitool sel elist 1 | 05/20/2010 | 14:20:27 | Memory CPU0 DIMM2 | Correctable ECC | Asserted 2 | 05/20/2010 | 14:33:47 | Memory CPU0 DIMM2 | Correctable ECC | Asserted ...some more frequently than others. The kernel on this particular system is throwing EDAC errors as well, although with far more frequency than the eLOM is recording ECC events: EDAC k8 MC0: general bus error: participating processor(local node response), time-out(no timeout) memory transaction type(generic read), mem or i/o(mem access), cache level(generic) MC0: CE page 0x42a194, offset 0x60, grain 8, syndrome 0xf654, row 4, channel 1, label "": k8_edac MC0: CE - no information available: k8_edac Error Overflow set EDAC k8 MC0: extended error code: ECC chipkill x4 error EDAC k8 MC0: general bus error: participating processor(local node response), time-out(no timeout) memory transaction type(generic read), mem or i/o(mem access), cache level(generic) MC0: CE page 0x48cb94, offset 0x10, grain 8, syndrome 0xf654, row 5, channel 1, label "": k8_edac MC0: CE - no information available: k8_edac Error Overflow set EDAC k8 MC0: extended error code: ECC chipkill x4 error Now if the server is detecting Uncorrectable ECC, the system resets, so clearly that's bad and removing/replacing the identified stick or pair corrects the issue. But I am thinking that if the error is Correctable, then there's no immediate issue -- I can treat this as a warning and be prepared to pull the stick/pair if an uncorrectable error starts occurring?

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  • I am under DDoS. What can I do?

    - by Falcon Momot
    This is a Canonical Question about DoS and DDoS mitigation. I found a massive traffic spike on a website that I host today; I am getting thousands of connections a second and I see I'm using all 100Mbps of my available bandwidth. Nobody can access my site because all the requests time out, and I can't even log into the server because SSH times out too! This has happened a couple times before, and each time it's lasted a couple hours and gone away on its own. Occasionally, my website has another distinct but related problem: my server's load average (which is usually around .25) rockets up to 20 or more and nobody can access my site just the same as the other case. It also goes away after a few hours. Restarting my server doesn't help; what can I do to make my site accessible again, and what is happening? Relatedly, I found once that for a day or two, every time I started my service, it got a connection from a particular IP address and then crashed. As soon as I started it up again, this happened again and it crashed again. How is that similar, and what can I do about it?

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  • Running multiple sites on a LAMP with secure isolation

    - by David C.
    Hi everybody, I have been administering a few LAMP servers with 2-5 sites on each of them. These are basically owned by the same user/client so there are no security issues except from attacks through vulnerable deamons or scripts. I am builing my own server and would like to start hosting multiple sites. My first concern is... ISOLATION. How can I avoid that a c99 script could deface all the virtual hosts? Also, should I prevent that c99 to be able to write/read the other sites' directories? (It is easy to "cat" a config.php from another site and then get into the mysql database) My server is a VPS with 512M burstable to 1G. Among the free hosting managers, is there any small one which works for my VPS? (which maybe is compatible with the security approach I would like to have) Currently I am not planning to host over 10 sites but I would not accept that a client/hacker could navigate into unwanted directories or, worse, run malicious scripts. FTP management would be fine. I don't want to complicate things with SSH isolation. What is the best practice in this case? Basically, what do hosting companies do to sleep well? :) Thanks very much! David

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  • Cause of slow download speed on a particular EC2 instance?

    - by James
    I have a networking issue I'm trying to solve. I have two EC2 instances, same zone, same type. On one of the two EC2 instances (the 'bad' instance), the download speed is really poor (200k/s), while on the other (the 'good' instance), the download speed is fine, comfortable at 30M/s +). To clarify, I'm talking about downloading files to the EC2 instance while ssh'd into the server, e.g running wget with a large file. I've tried different files, including S3 objects and a large linux ISO from elsewhere. Running ethtool eth0 only returns 'Link detected: yes' for both. When running ifconfig, both return the same for most part, aside from how the good instance shows no error packets yet the bad instance shows many: UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:168372370 errors:5075643 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:122116480 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 Both servers are configured the same, at least were supposed to be. How can I go about diagnosing the cause for the slow download speed? Is there anything particular to EC2 instances that could cause this? Having trouble knowing where to start. Thanks for any help!

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