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  • How to easily Generate Synth Chords Sounds in Android?

    - by barata7
    How to easily Generate Synth Chords Sounds in Android? I wanna be able to generate dynamically an in game Music using 8bit. Tried with AudioTrack, but did not get good results of nice sounds yet. Any examples out there? I have tried the following code without success: public class BitLoose { private final int duration = 1; // seconds private final int sampleRate = 4200; private final int numSamples = duration * sampleRate; private final double sample[] = new double[numSamples]; final AudioTrack audioTrack; public BitLoose() { audioTrack = new AudioTrack(AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC, sampleRate, AudioFormat.CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION_MONO, AudioFormat.ENCODING_PCM_8BIT, numSamples, AudioTrack.MODE_STREAM); audioTrack.play(); } public void addTone(final int freqOfTone) { // fill out the array for (int i = 0; i < numSamples; ++i) { sample[i] = Math.sin(2 * Math.PI * i / (sampleRate / freqOfTone)); } // convert to 16 bit pcm sound array // assumes the sample buffer is normalised. final byte generatedSnd[] = new byte[numSamples]; int idx = 0; for (final double dVal : sample) { // scale to maximum amplitude final short val = (short) ((((dVal * 255))) % 255); // in 16 bit wav PCM, first byte is the low order byte generatedSnd[idx++] = (byte) (val); } audioTrack.write(generatedSnd, 0, sampleRate); } public void stop() { audioTrack.stop(); }

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  • Is the decision to use SNI or IP based SSL made during cert purchase or cert installation?

    - by Neil Thompson
    It's time to renew an SSL cert - but the website will soon be moving from a dedicated machine with a fixed IP to a cloud based host behind a load balancer. When I renew or re-purchase my ssl cert do I make the decision about whether it should be an SNI / IP based SSL Cert at the point of purchase - or is a cert a cert and it's all about where and how it's installed? I'm hoping the renewed cert can continue to be IP based for now, and in a few months when the website (and it's domain ofc) moves to the cloud I can re-use the cert in 'SNI mode'

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  • TCP 30 small packets per second flood connection with server

    - by Denis Ermolin
    I'm testing connection with flash client and cloud server(boost::asio for software) over TCP connection. My connection with server already is really poor - 120 ms ping in average. I found when i start to send packets with 2 bytes size (without tcp header) with speed 30 packets/s - ping grow to 170-200 average. I think that it's really bad and my bad connection and bad cloud provider is reason for this high ping without any load. What do you think? (I tested my software - it can compute about 50k small packets/s so software is not a problem). I measure my ping through flash client - send packet with timestamp and immediatly send from server to client.

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  • Actionscript Enterframe Movement

    - by David
    I am trying to make accelerated movement, but I am running into a problem that, for the life of me, I cannot understand. My class definition: public class Player extends MovieClip { private var stageRef:Stage; private var key:KeyObject; private var acceleration:int = .5; private var curSpeed:int = 0; public function Player(stageRef:Stage) { this.stageRef = stageRef; addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, enterFrame); key = new KeyObject(stageRef); } public function enterFrame(e:Event) : void { if(key.isDown(key.RIGHT)) { x += 5; } } } This works to move my position in the x direction at a constant rate. However, if I change enterFrame to public function enterFrame(e:Event) : void { if(key.isDown(key.RIGHT)) { x += acceleration; } } No movement occurs. Is there something going on in the event I do not understand? Why is it that I can have x increased by a constant value but not a constant value as defined in a variable in the class? Is it a scope issue?

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  • Passing variable from main to Async class

    - by Bigflow
    Somehow, I can't get this done. This is all what I tried till now: Main: private String myState; public String getState() { return myState; } public void setState(String s) { myState = s; } Async: Main appState = ((Main)getApplicationContext()); String state = appState.getState(); Error: No enclosing instance of the type Main is accessible in scope Tried with Helper(Globals) class. public class Globals extends Application{ private String test= "1"; } Main: private Globals mGlobals; mGlobals = new Globals(); mGlobals.test = "2"; //Do Async thing Async: private Globals mGlobals; mGlobals = new Globals(); print mGlobals.test; // (result is 1, should be 2) Also something else, but don't remember good. Tried alot of things (backspace and del buttons are over-used :p ) But I can't get everything working. Async class doesn't have an activity. Code pasted: http://pastebin.com/ikcsdL1p

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  • Implement a threading to prevent UI block on a bug in an async function

    - by Marcx
    I think I ran up againt a bug in an async function... Precisely the getDirectoryListingAsync() of the File class... This method is supposted to return an object containing the lists of files in a specified folder. I found that calling this method on a direcory with a lot of files (in my tests more than 20k files), after few seconds there is a block on the UI until the process is completed... I think that this method is separated in two main block: 1) get the list of files 2) create the array with the details of the files The point 1 seems to be async (for a few second the ui is responsive), then when the process pass from point 1 to point 2 the block of the UI occurs until the complete event is dispathed... Here's some (simple) code: private function checkFiles(dir:File):void { if (dir.exists) { dir.addEventListener( FileListEvent.DIRECTORY_LISTING, listaImmaginiLocale); dir.getDirectoryListingAsync(); // after this point, for the firsts seconds the UI respond well (point 1), // few seconds later (point 2) the UI is frozen } } private function listaImmaginiLocale( event:FileListEvent ):void { // from this point on the UI is responsive again... } Actually in my projects there are some function that perform an heavy cpu usage and to prevent the UI block I implemented a simple function that after some iteration will wait giving time to UI to be refreshed. private var maxIteration:int = 150000; private function sampleFunct(offset:int = 0) :void { if (offset < maxIteration) { // do something // call the recursive function using a timeout.. // if the offset in multiple by 1000 the function will wait 15 millisec, // otherwise it will be called immediately // 1000 is a random number for the pourpose of this example, but I usually change the // value based on how much heavy is the function itself... setTimeout(function():void{aaa(++offset);}, (offset%1000?15:0)); } } Using this method I got a good responsive UI without afflicting performance... I'd like to implement it into the getDirectoryListingAsync method but I don't know if it's possibile how can I do it where is the file to edit or extend.. Any suggestion???

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  • JApplet behaving unexpectedly

    - by JohnW
    import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Image; import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; import java.awt.event.ActionListener; import javax.swing.JApplet; import javax.swing.Timer; public class CountingSheep extends JApplet { private Image sheepImage; private Image backgroundImage; private GameBoard gameBoard; private scoreBoard scoreBoard; public void init() { loadImages(); gameBoard = new GameBoard(sheepImage, backgroundImage); scoreBoard = new scoreBoard(); getContentPane().add(gameBoard); getContentPane().add(scoreBoard); } public void loadImages() { sheepImage = getImage(getDocumentBase(), "sheep.png"); backgroundImage = getImage(getDocumentBase(), "bg.jpg"); } } Update guys: Alright, first of all, thank you very much for all the help you've given so far (specifically creemam and Hovercraft Full of Eels), and your persistence. You've helped me out a lot as this is incredibly important (i.e. me passing my degree). The problem now is: The program works correctly when nothing but the GameBoard class is added to the JApplet, however, when I try to add the ScoreBoard class, both Panel classes do not show on the Applet. I'm guessing this is now down to positioning? Any ideas? EDIT: Gone back to the previously asked question Hovercraft, and found it was due to the layout of the contentPane and the order at with the components were added. Thanks to all of you so much. People like you make the development community a bit of alright.

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  • Why does this code sample produce a memory leak?

    - by citronas
    In the university we were given the following code sample and we were being told, that there is a memory leak when running this code. The sample should demonstrate that this is a situation where the garbage collector can't work. As far as my object oriented programming goes, the only codeline able to create a memory leak would be items=Arrays.copyOf(items,2 * size+1); The documentation says, that the elements are copied. Does that mean the reference is copied (and therefore another entry on the heap is created) or the object itself is being copied? As far as I know, Object and therefore Object[] are implemented as a reference type. So assigning a new value to 'items' would allow the garbage collector to find that the old 'item' is no longer referenced and can therefore be collected. In my eyes, this the codesample does not produce a memory leak. Could somebody prove me wrong? =) import java.util.Arrays; public class Foo { private Object[] items; private int size=0; private static final int ISIZE=10; public Foo() { items= new Object[ISIZE]; } public void push(final Object o){ checkSize(); items[size++]=o; } public Object pop(){ if (size==0) throw new ///... return items[--size]; } private void checkSize(){ if (items.length==size){ items=Arrays.copyOf(items,2 * size+1); } } }

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  • How to change the computer name on a server configured by Puppet

    - by David Sulpy
    I am new to Puppet and I'm trying to get Puppet to configure my EC2 instances after they're started from a Cloud Formation Template in AWS. The problem is that all the nodes that get started from the Cloud Formation Template all have the same name (the name from the AMI that the new nodes derive from). I would love to find a way to have puppet rename the nodes when the nodes start up. (although, as far as I know, a Computer Name change requires reboot, a separate issue...) If you can point me to some documentation that can help me figure this out or if you have any ideas that would be great. My ultimate goal is to have each EC2 start with a unique name so that I can use New Relic server monitoring to report the different servers.

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  • How to refer to enum values inside nhibernate formula mapping specification?

    - by mark
    Dear ladies and sirs. I have two entities types: RunContainer parent entity type Run child entity type Run has a property Status, which is of type RunStatus, like so: public enum RunStatus { Created, Starting, // ... } public class Run { public int ContainerId { get; private set; } // ... public RunStatus Status { get; private set; } } RunContainer has a calculated property ActiveRunCount, like so: public class RunContainer { public int Id { get; private set; } // ... public int ActiveRunCount { get; private set; } } In the mapping for the RunContainer.ActiveRunCount property, I use the formula specification like so: <property name="ActiveRunCount" formula="(select count(r.Id) from Run r where r.ContainerId = Id and r.Status = 1)"/> My problem is that I refer to the RunStatus enum values in the formula by their respective numeric value, rather than the appropriate symbolic name. Can anyone tell me how can I use the symbolic name instead? Thanks.

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  • Compile C++ in Visual Studio

    - by Kasun
    Hi All.. I use this method to compile C++ file in VS. But even i provide the correct file it returns false. Can any one help me... This is class called CL class CL { private const string clexe = @"cl.exe"; private const string exe = "Test.exe", file = "test.cpp"; private string args; public CL(String[] args) { this.args = String.Join(" ", args); this.args += (args.Length > 0 ? " " : "") + "/Fe" + exe + " " + file; } public Boolean Compile(String content, ref string errors) { if (File.Exists(exe)) File.Delete(exe); if (File.Exists(file)) File.Delete(file); File.WriteAllText(file, content); Process proc = new Process(); proc.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false; proc.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true; proc.StartInfo.RedirectStandardError = true; proc.StartInfo.FileName = clexe; proc.StartInfo.Arguments = this.args; proc.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true; proc.Start(); //errors += proc.StandardError.ReadToEnd(); errors += proc.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd(); proc.WaitForExit(); bool success = File.Exists(exe); return success; } } This is my button click event private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { string content = "#include <stdio.h>\nmain(){\nprintf(\"Hello world\");\n}\n"; string errors = ""; CL k = new CL(new string[] { }); if (k.Compile(content, ref errors)) Console.WriteLine("Success!"); else MessageBox.Show("Errors are : ", errors); }

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  • How do you use boost iterators

    - by Neil G
    It worked, and then I added the typedefs so that I could have a const_sparse_iterator as well. Now, when I compile this and try to use sparse_iterator, it says: /Users/neilrg/nn/src/./core/sparse_vector.h:331: error: invalid use of incomplete type 'struct sparse_vector<A>::sparse_iterator' Here's the code. More code here. tempalte<typename T> class sparse_vector { // There is more code at my previous question, but this might be enough...? private: template<typename base_type> class sparse_iterator_private : public boost::iterator_adaptor< sparse_iterator_private<base_type> // Derived , base_type // Base , value_type // Value , boost::random_access_traversal_tag // CategoryOrTraversal > { private: struct enabler {}; // a private type avoids misuse public: sparse_iterator_private() : sparse_iterator_private<base_type>::iterator_adaptor_(0) {} explicit sparse_iterator_private(typename array_type::iterator&& p) : sparse_iterator_private<base_type>::iterator_adaptor_(p) {} private: friend class boost::iterator_core_access; reference dereference() const { return this->base()->value; } }; public: typedef sparse_iterator_private<typename array_type::iterator> sparse_iterator; typedef sparse_iterator_private<typename array_type::const_iterator> const_sparse_iterator; };

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  • virtaul function

    - by hitech
    class a { virtual void foo(void) ; }; class b : public a { public: virtual void foo(void) { cout<< "class b"; } }; int main ( ) { class a *b_ptr = new b ; b_ptr-foo(); } please guide me why the b_ptr-foo() will not call the foo() function of the class b?

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  • Why does my simple hello world console app use so much memory?

    - by CodingThunder
    Looking in Process Explorer it uses; Virtual Size: 550,000k , Working Set: 28000k Why does my simple hello world console app use so much memory? I take it the difference between the Working Set and Virtual Size means that difference will be paged to disk? /I am running 64 bit XP. Thanks class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Hello world"); Console.ReadLine(); } }

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  • Changing the Hibernate 3 settings

    - by Bogdanel
    I use Hibernate3 and Hibernate Tools 3.2.4 to generate hbm.xml and java files and I want to use List instead of HashSet(...). I've tried to modify the hbm.xml files, putting list instead of set. Is there any way to specify to hibernate tools that I want to generate automatically a list not a HashSet? This is an exemple: Java class public class Test implements java.io.Serializable { private Long testId; private Course course; private String testName; private Set<Question> questions = new HashSet<Question>( 0 ); } Test.hbm.xml: <set name="questions" inverse="true" lazy="true" table="questions" fetch="select"> <key> <column name="test_id" not-null="true" /> </key> <one-to-many class="com.app.objects.Question" /> ... </set> I thought that I could find a clue in the "reveng.xml" file, but I failed.

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  • Handling very large lists of objects without paging?

    - by user246114
    Hi, I have a class which can contain many small elements in a list. Looks like: public class Farm { private ArrayList<Horse> mHorses; } just wondering what will happen if the mHorses array grew to something crazy like 15,000 elements. I'm assuming that trying to write and read this from the datastore would be crazy, because I'd get killed on the serialization process. It's important that I can get the entire array in one shot without paging, and each Horse element may only have two string properties in it, so they are pretty lightweight: public class Horse { private String mId; private String mName; } I don't need these horses indexed at all. Does it sound reasonable to just store the mHorse array as a raw Text field, and force my clients to do the deserialization? Something like: public class Farm { private Text mHorsesSerialized; } then whenever the client receives a Farm instance, it has to take the raw string of horses, and split it in order to reinstantiate the list, something like: // GWT client perhaps Farm farm = rpcCall.getMyFarm(); String horsesSerialized = farm.getHorses(); String[] horseBlocks = horsesSerialized.split(","); for (int i = 0; i < horseBlocks.length; i++) { // .. continue deserializing the individual objects ... } yeah... so hopefully it would be quick to read a Farm instance from the datastore, and the serialization penalty is paid by the client, Thanks

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  • Who needs singletons?

    - by sexyprout
    Imagine you access your MySQL database via PDO. You got some functions, and in these functions, you need to access the database. The first thing I thought of is global, like: $db = new PDO('mysql:host=127.0.0.1;dbname=toto', 'root', 'pwd'); function some_function() { global $db; $db->query('...'); } But it's considered as a bad practice. So, after a little search, I ended up with the Singleton pattern, which "applies to situations in which there needs to be a single instance of a class." According to the example of the manual, we should do this: class Database { private static $instance, $db; private function __construct(){} static function singleton() { if(!isset(self::$instance)) self::$instance = new __CLASS__; return self:$instance; } function get() { if(!isset(self::$db)) self::$db = new PDO('mysql:host=127.0.0.1;dbname=toto', 'user', 'pwd') return self::$db; } } function some_function() { $db = Database::singleton(); $db->get()->query('...'); } some_function(); But I just can't understand why you need that big class when you can do it merely with: class Database { private static $db; private function __construct(){} static function get() { if(!isset(self::$rand)) self::$db = new PDO('mysql:host=127.0.0.1;dbname=toto', 'user', 'pwd'); return self::$db; } } function some_function() { Database::get()->query('...'); } some_function(); This last one works perfectly and I don't need to worry about $db anymore. But maybe I'm forgetting something. So, who's wrong, who's right?

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  • Cannot Find Symbol Method?

    - by Aaron
    In my driver program, This line gives me cannot find symbol error and I don't know why, the method is clearly defined in the SavingsAccount class, and I can refer to all other methods in my driver program but just not that one, I tried changing the type to double, and etc but still not working. Refer to ** Account acct2 = new SavingsAccount (name); acct2.calculateBalance(); SavingsAccount Class Inherited from Account Class: public class SavingsAccount extends Account { private final short minBalance = 0; private double overdraftFee; private double yearlyInterestRate = 0.02; private double interestAmount; public SavingsAccount (String name) { super(name); } public double withdraw (double amount) { if (accountBalance - amount >= minBalance) { accountBalance -= amount; System.out.print ("Withdraw Successful"); } else { accountBalance -= amount; overdraftFee = accountBalance * (0.10); accountBalance += overdraftFee; System.out.print ("Withdraw Succesful, however overdraft fee of 10% has been applied to your account"); } return accountBalance; } **public void calculateBalance () { interestAmount = (accountBalance * yearlyInterestRate); accountBalance += interestAmount; }** public String toString() { return super.toString() + " Interest Received: " + interestAmount; } } Account class, if needed import java.util.Random; import java.text.NumberFormat; public abstract class Account { protected double accountBalance; protected long accountNumber; protected String accountHolder; public Account (String name) { accountHolder = name; accountBalance = 0; Random accountNo = new Random(); accountNumber = accountNo.nextInt(100000); } public double deposit (double amount) { accountBalance += amount; return accountBalance; } public String toString() { NumberFormat accountBal = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(); return "Account Balance: " + accountBal.format(accountBalance) + "\nAccount Number: " + accountNumber; } public String getAccountHolder() { return accountHolder; } public double getAccountBalance() { return accountBalance; } public abstract double withdraw (double amount); }

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  • ASP.Net MVC TDD using Moq

    - by Nicholas Murray
    I am trying to learn TDD/BDD using NUnit and Moq. The design that I have been following passes a DataService class to my controller to provide access to repositories. I would like to Mock the DataService class to allow testing of the controllers. There are lots of examples of mocking a repository passed to the controller but I can't work out how to mock a DataService class in this scenerio. Could someone please explain how to implement this? Here's a sample of the relevant code: [Test] public void Can_View_A_Single_Page_Of_Lists() { var dataService = new Mock<DataService>(); var controller = new ListsController(dataService); ... } namespace Services { public class DataService { private readonly IKeyedRepository<int, FavList> FavListRepository; private readonly IUnitOfWork unitOfWork; public FavListService FavLists { get; private set; } public DataService(IKeyedRepository<int, FavList> FavListRepository, IUnitOfWork unitOfWork) { this.FavListRepository = FavListRepository; this.unitOfWork = unitOfWork; FavLists = new FavListService(FavListRepository); } public void Commit() { unitOfWork.Commit(); } } } namespace MyListsWebsite.Controllers { public class ListsController : Controller { private readonly DataService dataService; public ListsController(DataService dataService) { this.dataService = dataService; } public ActionResult Index() { var myLists = dataService.FavLists.All().ToList(); return View(myLists); } } }

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  • What are the interets of synthetic methods?

    - by romaintaz
    Problem One friend suggested an interesting problem. Given the following code: public class OuterClass { private String message = "Hello World"; private class InnerClass { private String getMessage() { return message; } } } From an external class, how may I print the message variable content? Of course, changing the accessibility of methods or fields is not allowed. (the source here, but it is a french blog) Solution The code to solve this problem is the following: try { Method m = OuterClass.class.getDeclaredMethod("access$000", OuterClass.class); OuterClass outerClass = new OuterClass(); System.out.println(m.invoke(outerClass, outerClass)); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } Note that the access$000 method name is not really standard (even if this format is the one that is strongly recommanded), and some JVM will name this method access$0. Thus, a better solution is to check for synthetic methods: Method method = null; int i = 0; while ((method == null) && (i < OuterClass.class.getDeclaredMethods().length)) { if (OuterClass.class.getDeclaredMethods()[i].isSynthetic()) { method = OuterClass.class.getDeclaredMethods()[i]; } i++; } if (method != null) { try { System.out.println(method.invoke(null, new OuterClass())); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } So the interesting point in this problem is to highlight the use of synthetic methods. With these methods, I can access a private field as it was done in the solution. Of course, I need to use reflection, and I think that the use of this kind of thing can be quite dangerous... Question What is the interest - for me, as a developer - of a synthetic method? What can be a good situation where using the synthetic can be useful?

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  • Hibernate saveOrUpdate fails when I execute it on empty table.

    - by Vladimir
    I'm try to insert or update db record with following code: Category category = new Category(); category.setName('catName'); category.setId(1L); categoryDao.saveOrUpdate(category); When there is a category with id=1 already in database everything works. But if there is no record with id=1 I got following exception: org.hibernate.StaleStateException: Batch update returned unexpected row count from update [0]; actual row count: 0; expected: 1: Here is my Category class setters, getters and constructors ommited for clarity: @Entity public class Category { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO) private Long id; private String name; @ManyToOne private Category parent; @OneToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, mappedBy = "parent") private List<Category> categories = new ArrayList<Category>(); } In the console I see this hibernate query: update Category set name=?, parent_id=? where id=? So looks like hibernates tryis to update record instead of inserting new. What am I doing wrong here?

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  • How to add support for resizing when using an undecorated JFrame?

    - by Jonas
    I would like to customize my titlebar, minimize-, maximize- and the close-button. So I used setUndecorated(true); on my JFrame, but I still want to be able to resize the window. What is the best way to implement that? I have a border on the RootPane, and I could use MouseListeners on the Border or the RootPane. Any recommendations? import java.awt.Color; import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JMenu; import javax.swing.JMenuBar; import javax.swing.JMenuItem; import javax.swing.border.LineBorder; public class UndecoratedFrame extends JFrame { private LineBorder border = new LineBorder(Color.BLUE,2); private JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar(); private JMenu menu = new JMenu("File"); private JMenuItem item = new JMenuItem("Nothing"); public UndecoratedFrame() { menu.add(item); menuBar.add(menu); this.setJMenuBar(menuBar); this.setUndecorated(true); this.getRootPane().setBorder(border); this.setSize(400,340); this.setVisible(true); } public static void main(String[] args) { new UndecoratedFrame(); } }

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  • Attribute vector emptying itself

    - by ravloony
    Hello, I have two classes, derived from a common class. The common class has a pure virtual function called execute(), which is implemented in both derived classes. In the inherited class I have an attribute which is a vector. In both execute() methods I overwrite this vector with a result. I access both classes from a vector of pointers to their objects. The problem is when I try to access the result vector form outside the objects. In one case I can get the elements (which are simply pointers), in the other I cannot, the vector is empty. Code: class E; class A{ protected: vector<E*> _result; public: virtual void execute()=0; vector<E*> get_result(); }; vector<E*> A::get_result() { return _result; } class B : public A { public: virtual void execute(); }; B::execute() { //... _result = tempVec; return; } class C : public A { public: virtual void execute(); }; C::execute() { //different stuff to B _result = tempvec; return; } main() { B* b = new B(); C* c = new C(); b->execute(); c->execute(); b->get_result();//returns full vector c->get_result(); //returns empty vector!! } I have no idea what is going on here... I have tried filling _result by hand from a temp vector in the offending class, doing the same with vector::assign(), nothing works. And the other object works perfectly. I must be missing something.... Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • White-box testing in Javascript - how to deal with privacy?

    - by Max Shawabkeh
    I'm writing unit tests for a module in a small Javascript application. In order to keep the interface clean, some of the implementation details are closed over by an anonymous function (the usual JS pattern for privacy). However, while testing I need to access/mock/verify the private parts. Most of the tests I've written previously have been in Python, where there are no real private variables (members, identifiers, whatever you want to call them). One simply suggests privacy via a leading underscore for the users, and freely ignores it while testing the code. In statically typed OO languages I suppose one could make private members accessible to tests by converting them to be protected and subclassing the object to be tested. In Javascript, the latter doesn't apply, while the former seems like bad practice. I could always wall back to black box testing and simply check the final results. It's the simplest and cleanest approach, but unfortunately not really detailed enough for my needs. So, is there a standard way of keeping variables private while still retaining some backdoors for testing in Javascript?

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