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• Easiest way of unit testing C code with Python

  - by Jon Mills

  I've got a pile of C code that I'd like to unit test using Python's unittest library (in Windows), but I'm trying to work out the best way of interfacing the C code so that Python can execute it (and get the results back). Does anybody have any experience in the easiest way to do it? Some ideas include: Wrapping the code as a Python C extension using the Python API Wrap the C code using SWIG Add a DLL wrapper to the C code and load it into Python using ctypes Add a small XML-RPC server to the c-code and call it using xmlrpclib (yes, I know this seems a bit far-out!) Is there a canonical way of doing this? I'm going to be doing this quite a lot, with different C modules, so I'd like to find a way which is least effort.

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• Python 2.7 - Help using an API (HL7)

  - by atomicluis

  I am new to programming and Python. I have a very basic python script that connects to server and send a text message: #!/usr/bin/python import socket s = socket.socket() host = '127.0.0.1' port = 4106 s.connect((host, port)) message = 'test1' s.send(message) print s.recv(1024) s.close Everything is fine, except that this message is an HL7 message and needs to wrapped in MLLP I found this API that I think can do this for me (http://python-hl7.readthedocs.org/en/latest/api.html#mllp-network-client) So I modified my program to the following, but I keep getting the error message: NameError: name 'MLLPClient' is not defined #!/usr/bin/python import socket import hl7 host = '127.0.0.1' port = 4106 with MLLPClient(host, port) as client: client.send_message('test1') print s.recv(1024) s.close Thanks in advanced for all the help

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• Compiling python modules whith DEBUG defined on MSVC

  - by DaedalusFall

  Python rather stupidly has a pragma directive in its include files that forces a link against python26_d.lib when the DEBUG preprocessor variable is defined. This is a problem because the python installer doesn't come with python26_d.lib! So I can't build applications in msvc in debug mode. If i temporarily #undef DEBUG for just one file I get many complaints about inconsistent DLL linkage. If I change the pragma in pythons include file I get undefined references to various debug functions. I have tried compiling my own version of python but its somehow different enough from the python that gets distributed that I can't use my modules with apps built with the vanilla version of python Can anyone give me any advice on how to get round this? Thanks

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• Empty list in appengine datastore: java vs python

  - by lOranger

  I have the following java model class in AppEngine: public class Xyz ... { @Persistent private Set<Long> uvw; } When saving an object Xyz with an empty set uvw in Java, I get a "null" field (as listed in the appengine datastore viewer). When I try to load the same object in python (through remote_api), as defined by the following python model class: class Xys(db.Model): uvw = db.ListProperty(int) I get a "BadValueError: Property uvw is required". When saving another object of the same class in python with an empty uvw list, the datastore viewer print a "missing" field. Apparently empty lists storage handling differs between Java and python and lead to "incompatible" objects. Thus my question: Is there a way to, either: force Java to store an empty list as a "missing" field, force Python to gracefully accept a "null" list as an empty list when loading the object? Or any other suggestion on how to handle empty list field in both languages. Thanks for your answers!

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• Python Mersenne Twister implementation

  - by B Rivera

  I have Python 3.1.2 and I'm using Windows XP. Where can I see Python's implementation of the Mersenne Twister? In the Python docs it is stated that the Mersenne Twister was written in C and the Python History and License ( http://docs.python.org/py3k/license.html?highlight=mersenne%20twister ) states that "The _random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.keio.ac.jp/matumoto/MT2002/emt19937ar.html." random.py imports _random which apparently has the Mersenne Twister implementation in it. I can't seem to locate _random. Any thoughts?

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• GEdit/Python execution plugin?

  - by Simon Woods

  Hi I'm just starting out learning python with GEdit plus various plugins as my IDE. Visual Studio/F# has a feature which permits the highlighting on a piece of text in the code window which then, on a keypress, gets executed in the F# console. Is there a similar facility/plugin which would enable this sort of behaviour for GEdit/Python? I do have various execution type plugins (Run In Python,Better Python Console) but they don't give me this particular behaviour - or at least I'm not sure how to configure them to give me this. I find it useful because in learning python, I have some test code I want to execute particular individual lines or small segments of code (rather then a complete file) to try and understand what they are doing (and the copy/paste can get a bit tiresome) ... or perhaps there is a better way to do code exploration? Many thx Simon

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• Rationale behind Python's preferred for syntax

  - by susmits

  What is the rationale behind the advocated use of the for i in xrange(...)-style looping constructs in Python? For simple integer looping, the difference in overheads is substantial. I conducted a simple test using two pieces of code: File idiomatic.py: #!/usr/bin/env python M = 10000 N = 10000 if __name__ == "__main__": x, y = 0, 0 for x in xrange(N): for y in xrange(M): pass File cstyle.py: #!/usr/bin/env python M = 10000 N = 10000 if __name__ == "__main__": x, y = 0, 0 while x < N: while y < M: y += 1 x += 1 Profiling results were as follows: bash-3.1$ time python cstyle.py real 0m0.109s user 0m0.015s sys 0m0.000s bash-3.1$ time python idiomatic.py real 0m4.492s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.031s I can understand why the Pythonic version is slower -- I imagine it has a lot to do with calling xrange N times, perhaps this could be eliminated if there was a way to rewind a generator. However, with this deal of difference in execution time, why would one prefer to use the Pythonic version?

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• Odd nested dictionary behavior in python

  - by adept

  Im new two python and am trying to grow a dictionary of dictionaries. I have done this in php and perl but python is behaving very differently. Im sure it makes sense to those more familiar with python. Here is my code: colnames = ['name','dob','id']; tablehashcopy = {}; tablehashcopy = dict.fromkeys(colnames,{}); tablehashcopy['name']['hi'] = 0; print(tablehashcopy); Output: {'dob': {'hi': 0}, 'name': {'hi': 0}, 'id': {'hi': 0}} The problem arises from the 2nd to last statement(i put the print in for convenience). I expected to find that one element has been added to the 'name' dictionary with the key 'hi' and the value 0. But this key,value pair has been added to EVERY sub-dictionary. Why? I have tested this on my ubuntu machine in both python 2.6 and python 3.1 the behaviour is the same.

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• Google App Engine - Help with running python shell comands from aptanna studio

  - by spidee

  Hi I'm somewhat of a newbie to python and I'm using app engine and aptanna studio - I need to run some python shell commands so that i can complete the tasks in this Tutorial on how to set up 118 and django. I have got this all working but i don't understand how i run the python commands to compile the dictionarys such as $ PYTHONPATH=/path/to/googleappengine/python/lib/django/ /path/to/googleappengine/python/lib/django/django/bin/make-messages.py -a To be honest - why am i saying that! I dont know where in aptanna studio i run this command -then worse I don't quite understand what exactly i type based on the above command line. My path to google app engine is D:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\ Can anyone help shed some light on how i do this from aptanna / the root of my project?? Im following this Tutorial: http://makeyjl.blogspot.com/2009/02/using-djangos-i18n-in-google-app-engine.html

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• Curious about python installation paths, especially on OSX.

  - by chiggsy

  First: I'm running Macports. No problems with that, except: /opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/bin which is the value of sys.exec_prefix, for my macports python even though: /opt/local/lib/python2.6/site-packages/ seems to be quite a logical place to put things, /opt/local being the macports --prefix, as it were. Why does easy_install put things in this odd Frameworks/Python.framework thing? More importantly, can i use the methods here, to ensure that all my systemwide python, particularly the scripts which I really want in /opt/local/bin, things I use all over the place like (i|b)python for example are accessible?

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• Calculating the pixel size of a string with Python

  - by Aristide

  I have a Python script which needs to calculate the exact size of arbitrary strings displayed in arbitrary fonts in order to generate simple diagrams. I can easily do it with Tkinter. The problem is the results seem to depend on the version of Python and/or the system. import Tkinter as tk import tkFont root = tk.Tk() times12 = tkFont.Font(family="times",size=12) print times12.metrics("linespace"), print times12.measure("Hello world") times24 = tkFont.Font(family="times",size=24) print times24.metrics("linespace"), print times24.measure("Hello world") Python 2.5 on Mac OS X gives the actual pixel measurements: 12 57 24 116 Python 2.6.1 on Mac OS X gives: 14 58 27 115 Python 2.6.3 on Windows XP gives: 19 71 36 154 Such a need being quite common, I suspect I did something wrong. Any idea?

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• How to convert JavaScript dictionary into Python syntax

  - by Sputnix

  Writing out javascript dictionary from inside of JavaScript- enabled application (such as Adobe) into external .jsx file (or any other .txt file) the context of resulted file dictionary looks like: ({one:"1", two:"2"}) (Please note that each dictionary keys are written as they are the variables name (which is not true). A next step is to read this .jsx file with Python. I need to find a way to convert ({one:"1", two:"2"}) into Python dictionary syntax such as: {'one':"1", 'two':"2"} It has been already suggested that instead of using JavaScript's built-in dict.toSource() it would make more sense to use JSON which would write a dictionary content in similar to Python syntax. But unfortunately using JSON is not an option for me. I need to find a way to convert ({one:"1", two:"2"}) into {'one':"1", 'two':"2"} using Python alone. Any suggestions on how to achieve it? Once again, the problem mostly in dictionary keys syntax which inside of Python look like variable names instead of strings-like dictionary keys names: one vs "one"

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• Why is Decimal('0') > 9999.0 True in Python?

  - by parxier

  This is somehow related to my question Why is ''0 True in Python? In Python 2.6.4: >> Decimal('0') > 9999.0 True From the answer to my original question I understand that when comparing objects of different types in Python 2.x the types are ordered by their name. But in this case: >> type(Decimal('0')).__name__ > type(9999.0).__name__ False Why is Decimal('0') > 9999.0 == True then? UPDATE: I usually work on Ubuntu (Linux 2.6.31-20-generic #57-Ubuntu SMP Mon Feb 8 09:05:19 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux, Python 2.6.4 (r264:75706, Dec 7 2009, 18:45:15) [GCC 4.4.1] on linux2). On Windows (WinXP Professional SP3, Python 2.6.4 (r264:75706, Nov 3 2009, 13:23:17) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32) my original statement works differently: >> Decimal('0') > 9999.0 False I even more puzzled now. %-(

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• Running python batch file that has a path

  - by prosseek

  The batch file is something like this, I put the python in some directory that has SPACE character in its path. C:\"Documents and Settings"\Administrator\Desktop\bracket\python\python C:\\"Documents and Settings"\\Administrator\\Desktop\\bracket\\[10,20]\\brackettest.py When I run this one, I get this error. C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\bracket\python\python: can't ope n file 'C:\Documents and Settings\\Administrator\\Desktop\\bracket\\[10,20]\\bra ckettest.py': [Errno 2] No such file or directory C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\bracket What might be wrong? Wrapping the path doesn't solve this problem. "C:\\Documents and Settings\\Administrator\\Desktop\\bracket\\[10,20]\\brackettest.py"

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• Python, Raspberry, and Arduino Communication

  - by user2924156

  I have been working with my Raspberry, Arduino and applying some Python to make them communicate. I also installed pyserial. If I use IDLE and try the following I get my expected results. >>> import serial >>> ser = serial.Serial('/dev/ttyUSB0',115200) >>> ser.write('x:1\n') 8 >>> ser.readline() 'X:1\r\n' If I write a python scrip and run it I don't get anything back. Here is my python script. import serial ser = serial.Serial('/dev/ttyUSB0', 115200) ser.write('!x:1\n') ser.readline() I am new to Python so looking for some help to understand they this works in IDLE but not as a python script run from terminal. Thanks.

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• ctypes import not working on python 2.5

  - by user551906

  Hi, I am trying to import ctypes, and I am using Python 2.5.5 installed using macports (on Mac OS X 10.6). I get an error saying "ImportError: No module named _ctypes" (see details below). As I understand it ctypes is supposed to come preinstalled for python 2.5. Any suggestions? thanks, Saurabh Error details: $ python Python 2.5.5 (r255:77872, Nov 30 2010, 00:05:47) [GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5659)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. import ctypes Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/ctypes/init.py", line 10, in from _ctypes import Union, Structure, Array ImportError: No module named _ctypes

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• Realtime processing and callbacks with Python and C++

  - by Doughy

  I need to write code to do some realtime processing that is fairly computationally complex. I would like to create some Python classes to manage all my scripting, and leave the intensive parts of the algorithm coded in C++ so that they can run as fast as possible. I would like to instantiate the objects in Python, and have the C++ algorithms chime back into the script with callbacks in python. Something like: myObject = MyObject() myObject.setCallback(myCallback) myObject.run() def myCallback(val): """Do something with the value passed back to the python script.""" pass Will this be possible? How can I run a callback in python from a loop that is running in a C++ module? Anyone have a link or a tutorial to help me do this correctly?

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• Update Params in Python During Infinite Loop

  - by python Dude

  Hello, I was hoping to get some help on a question. I have an infinite loop that I need run and I need to update a set of variables (x in this case) at random times from the command-line. Is there any way to do this? For example: x = 0 while True: x = x + 1 if x < 30: do something and I need to update x's value from the command-line periodically

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• Projects to learn Python

  - by Andrew

  I know this isn't a question about a specific snippet of code or anything, but here goes - I've been messing around with the idea of learning Python since I'm pretty bored with PHP (and web development in general), but I can't think of any projects to help me learn. I've already worked through some of Project Euler with Python, but it's getting old. I know the basics, and I want to write something more fun that will introduce me to new things in Python. Is there a cliche beginner project for Python? (for example, PHP's would be a blog or something similiar) Are there any common Python projects for newcomers, or any uncommon ones that you'd suggest? Any ideas would help.

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• SWIG: Throwing exceptions from Python to C++

  - by wheaties

  We've got an interface we've defined in C++ (abstract class, all functions pure virtual) which will be extended in Python. To overcome the cross-language polymorphism issues we're planning on using SWIG directors. I've read how to catch exceptions thrown from C++ code in our Python code here, here, here, and even on SO. It's fairly straight forward and I'm not expecting issues with handling our library's own exceptions. What I'd like to know and can't seem to find in the documentation is how to have our Python implementation of the extended C++ interface throw those C++ exceptions in a way that makes them visible to the C++ code. We could make small functions within the *.i files such that each function throws our exceptions: void throw_myException(){ throw MyException; } but I'm wondering how it will interact with the Python code. Anyone have any experience with throwing C++ exceptions from Python code?

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• Google App Engine Python Datastore

  - by python appengine

  Basically what Im trying to make is a data structure where it has the users name, id, and datejoined. Then i want a "sub-structure" where it has the users "text" and the date it was modified. and the user will have multiple instances of this text. class User(db.Model): ID = db.IntegerProperty() name = db.StringProperty() datejoined = db.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add=True) class Content(db.Model): text = db.StringProperty() datemod= db.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add = True) Is the code set up correctly?

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• How do I stop Python install on Mac OS X from putting things in my home directory?

  - by Rob

  Hi, I'm trying to install Python from source on my Mac. (OS X 10.6.2, Python-2.6.5.tar.bz2) I've done this before and it was easy, but for some reason, this time after ./configure, and make, the sudo make install puts things some things in my home directory instead of in /usr/local/... where I expect. The .py files are okay, but not the .so files... RobsMac Python-2.6.5 $ sudo make install [...] /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./Lib/anydbm.py /usr/local/lib/python2.6 /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./Lib/ast.py /usr/local/lib/python2.6 /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./Lib/asynchat.py /usr/local/lib/python2.6 [...] running build_scripts running install_lib creating /Users/rob/Library/Python creating /Users/rob/Library/Python/2.6 creating /Users/rob/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages copying build/lib.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.6/_AE.so - /Users/rob/Library/ Python/2.6/site-packages copying build/lib.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.6/_AH.so - /Users/rob/Library/ Python/2.6/site-packages copying build/lib.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.6/_App.so - /Users/rob/Library/ Python/2.6/site-packages [...] Later, this causes imports that require those .so files to fail. For example... RobsMac Python-2.6.5 $ python Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 28 2010, 13:40:18) [GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5646) (dot 1)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import zlib Traceback (most recent call last):     File "", line 1, in ImportError: No module named zlib Any ideas what is wrong? thanks, Rob

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• Python for a hobbyist programmer ( a few questions)

  - by Matt

  I'm a hobbyist programmer (only in TI-Basic before now), and after much, much, much debating with myself, I've decided to learn Python. I don't have a ton of free time to teach myself a hundred languages and all programming I do will be for personal use or for distributing to people who need them, so I decided that I needed one good, strong language to be good at. My questions: Is python powerful enough to handle most things that a typical programmer might do in his off-time? I have in mind things like complex stat generators based on user input for tabletop games, making small games, automate install processes, and build interactive websites, but probably a hundred things along those lines Does python handle networking tasks fairly well? Can python source be obscufated (mispelled I think), or is it going to be open-source by nature? The reason I ask this is because if I make something cool and distribute it, I don't want some idiot script kiddie to edit his own name in and say he wrote it And how popular is python, compared to other languages. Ideally, my language would be good and useful with help found online without extreme difficulty, but not so common that every idiot with computer knows python. I like the idea of knowing a slightly obscure language. Thanks a ton for any help you can provide.

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• Sentiment analysis for twitter in python

  - by Ran

  I'm looking for an open source implementation, preferably in python, of Textual Sentiment Analysis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiment_analysis). Is anyone familiar with such open source implementation I can use? I'm writing an application that searches twitter for some search term, say "youtube", and counts "happy" tweets vs. "sad" tweets. I'm using Google's appengine, so it's in python. I'd like to be able to classify the returned search results from twitter and I'd like to do that in python. I haven't been able to find such sentiment analyzer so far, specifically not in python. Are you familiar with such open source implementation I can use? Preferably this is already in python, but if not, hopefully I can translate it to python. Note, the texts I'm analyzing are VERY short, they are tweets. So ideally, this classifier is optimized for such short texts. BTW, twitter does support the ":)" and ":(" operators in search, which aim to do just this, but unfortunately, the classification provided by them isn't that great, so I figured I might give this a try myself. Thanks! BTW, an early demo is here and the code I have so far is here and I'd love to opensource it with any interested developer.

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• What is the most platform- and Python-version-independent way to make a fast loop for use in Python?

  - by Statto

  I'm writing a scientific application in Python with a very processor-intensive loop at its core. I would like to optimise this as far as possible, at minimum inconvenience to end users, who will probably use it as an uncompiled collection of Python scripts, and will be using Windows, Mac, and (mainly Ubuntu) Linux. It is currently written in Python with a dash of NumPy, and I've included the code below. Is there a solution which would be reasonably fast which would not require compilation? This would seem to be the easiest way to maintain platform-independence. If using something like Pyrex, which does require compilation, is there an easy way to bundle many modules and have Python choose between them depending on detected OS and Python version? Is there an easy way to build the collection of modules without needing access to every system with every version of Python? Does one method lend itself particularly to multi-processor optimisation? (If you're interested, the loop is to calculate the magnetic field at a given point inside a crystal by adding together the contributions of a large number of nearby magnetic ions, treated as tiny bar magnets. Basically, a massive sum of these.) # calculate_dipole # ------------------------- # calculate_dipole works out the dipole field at a given point within the crystal unit cell # --- # INPUT # mu = position at which to calculate the dipole field # r_i = array of atomic positions # mom_i = corresponding array of magnetic moments # --- # OUTPUT # B = the B-field at this point def calculate_dipole(mu, r_i, mom_i): relative = mu - r_i r_unit = unit_vectors(relative) #4pi / mu0 (at the front of the dipole eqn) A = 1e-7 #initalise dipole field B = zeros(3,float) for i in range(len(relative)): #work out the dipole field and add it to the estimate so far B += A*(3*dot(mom_i[i],r_unit[i])*r_unit[i] - mom_i[i]) / sqrt(dot(relative[i],relative[i]))**3 return B

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