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• How to move positions within an array?

  - by Jade Mulholland

  A program that simply moves array elements. Two variables: userInputVariable and blankSpaceVariable. I have a 2D array named table. Defined as table[userInputVariable + 1][6] I am printing out this array in a table format, and the far left column is numbered by whatever number the user entered at the beginning of the program. I then ask the user where they would like to enter a blank space within the array. This blank space acts like a divider for all the other information in the array. For example, if the user enters 10 at the start for the userInputVariable, and then enters 5 for the blank space. Once printed, the numbers should go like this: 1, 2, 3, 4, --, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. My plan has been to create a for loop and try to move all the numbers in the array back a position starting from the blank space variable. What I currently have, but does not work: for (int i = blankSpaceVariable; i < table.length - 1; i++) { table[i] = table[i + 1]; } table[blankSpaceVariable] = "--"; With my current code, the numbers go like this: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Tried completing this a few different ways also, but the other info within my 2D array didn't move with the numbers. So I thought that this approach can hopefully move all the info within my 2D array down, and make way for a blank section. All help is greatly appreciated!

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• Specifying a DLL reference

  - by Jesse

  I'm having trouble setting the path to a DLL that is not in the same directory as the executable. I have a reference to dllA.dll. At present, everything is just copied into the same directory and all is well; however, I need to move the executable to another directory while still referencing the DLL in the original directory. So, it's setup like: C:\Original\Dir program.exe dllA.dll dllB.dll dllC.dll But I need to have it setup like: C:\New\Dir program.exe dllB.dll dllC.dl Such that it is still able to reference dllA.dll in C:\Original\dir I tried the following, but to no avail: Set the "Copy Local" value to false for dllA.dll because I want it to be referenced in its original location. Under "Tools Options Projects and Solutions VC++ Directories" I have added the path to "C:\Original\Dir" Added "C:\Original\Dir" to both the PATH and LIB environment variables At runtime, it informs me that it cannot locate dllA.dll Maybe the above steps I took only matter at compile time? I was able to find this http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1382704/c-specifying-a-location-for-dll-reference But I was thinking that my above method should've worked. Any ideas?

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• How can I fix my window focus problem?

  - by Ben313

  I have a very frustrating bug in an application I am working on. The routine is supposed to do something in one window, and then return focus to the other at the end of the method, but when I started to use a large data set the other day, the focus stopped returning at the end. I stepped through the code one line at a time, and the errors stopped. so, i figure its a timing issue of some kind. I trace through until i find what i suspect is the culprit. A call to ShellExecute(...), that terminates an image editor i use. (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb762153(VS.85).aspx) Now, if I step past this call, and then continue to run the program, everything works fine, but if I just run past this line, the error occurs. how can this be? I have a call to SetFocus() at the very end of this method. shouldnt the program hit this no matter what? This is all so very frustrating...

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• Why would gnu ld link order causes Signal 11 (SEGV) on startup?

  - by Benoit

  We are building a large application in C++ that includes the use of many (static) libraries. We have a problem where the application crashes on startup with a Signal 11, before we even reach main. After much debugging, we have observed that if we explicitly reference an object file so its link order is early, the program crashes on startup. If the file is referenced later (or not referenced at all), the program does not crash. To be clear, there is NO code invoked directly from this object file. However, as it is C++, there might be static objects that do get constructed (it's a CORBA IDL generated file). We use the -Wl,--start-group ... --end-group arguments to multi-pass link the symbols since the libraries are interdependent. Here is a representation of what I mean. This is what the linker's object file order is: Order 1 Order 2 Order 3 foo.o foo.o foo.o ... ... ... main.o main.o main.o crasher.o libA.o libA.o libA.o LibB.o LibB.o LibB.o LibC.o LibC.o LibC.o crasher.o Results: NO CRASH NO CRASH CRASH Does any one have an idea why the linkage order has an effect on the crash? It would be nice if we could force the crasher.o to link later, but we're really after an explanation. Also, is there a way to force the linker to place crasher.o towards the end? Just to add to the fun, in actuality, crasher.o is part of a Library in the --start/--end-group.

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• txt file read/overwrite/append. Is this feasible? (Visual C#)

  - by Arcadian

  Hi, I'm writing a program for some data entry I have to periodically do. I have begun testing a few things that the program will have to do but i'm not sure about this part. What i need this part to do is: read a .txt file of data take the first 12 characters from each line take the first 12 characters from each line of the data that has been entered in a multi-line text box compare the two lists line by line if one of the 12 character blocks from the multi-line text box match one of the blocks in the .txt file then overwrite that entire line (only 17 characters in total) if one of the 12 character blocks from the multi-line text box DO NOT match any of the blocks in the.txt file then append that entire line to the file thats all it has to do. i'll do an example: TXT FILE: G01:78:08:32 JG05 G08:80:93:10 JG02 G28:58:29:28 JG04 MULTI-LINE TEXT BOX: G01:78:08:32 JG06 G28:58:29:28 JG03 G32:10:18:14 JG01 G32:18:50:78 JG07 RESULTING TXT FILE: G01:78:08:32 JG06 G08:80:93:10 JG02 G28:58:29:28 JG03 G32:10:18:14 JG01 G32:18:50:78 JG07 as you can see lines 1 and 3 were overwriten, line 2 was left alone as it did not match any blocks in the text box, lines 4 and 5 were appended to the file. thats all i want it to do. How do i go about this? Thanks in advance

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• Scan file contents into an array of a structure.

  - by ZaZu

  Hello, I have a structure in my program that contains a particular array. I want to scan a random file with numbers and put the contents into that array. This is my code : ( NOTE : This is a sample from a bigger program, so I need the structure and arrays as declared ) The contents of the file are basically : 5 4 3 2 5 3 4 2 #include<stdio.h> #define first 500 #define sec 500 struct trial{ int f; int r; float what[first][sec]; }; int trialtest(trial *test); main(){ trial test; trialtest(&test); } int trialtest(trial *test){ int z,x,i; FILE *fin; fin=fopen("randomfile.txt","r"); for(i=0;i<5;i++){ fscanf(fin,"%5.2f\t",(*test).what[z][x]); } fclose(fin); return 0; } But the problem is, whenever this I run this code, I get this error : (25) : warning 508 - Data of type 'double' supplied where a pointer is required I tried adding do{ for(i=0;i<5;i++){ q=fscanf(fin,"%5.2f\t",(*test).what[z][x]); } }while(q!=EOF); But that didnt work either, it gives the same error. Does anyone have a solution to this problem ?

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• Using a single texture image unit with multiple sampler uniforms

  - by bcrist

  I am writing a batching system which tracks currently bound textures in order to avoid unnecessary glBindTexture() calls. I'm not sure if I need to keep track of which textures have already been used by a particular batch so that if a texture is used twice, it will be bound to a different TIU for the second sampler which requires it. Is it acceptable for an OpenGL application to use the same texture image unit for multiple samplers within the same shader stage? What about samplers in different shader stages? For example: Fragment shader: ... uniform sampler2D samp1; uniform sampler2D samp2; void main() { ... } Main program: ... glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex_id); glUniform1i(samp1_location, 0); glUniform1i(samp2_location, 0); ... I don't see any reason why this shouldn't work, but what about if the shader program also included a vertex shader like this: Vertex shader: ... uniform sampler2D samp1; void main() { ... } In this case, OpenGL is supposed to treat both instances of samp1 as the same variable, and exposes a single location for them. Therefore, the same texture unit is being used in the vertex and fragment shaders. I have read that using the same texture in two different shader stages counts doubly against GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS but this would seem to contradict that. In a quick test on my hardware (HD 6870), all of the following scenarios worked as expected: 1 TIU used for 2 sampler uniforms in same shader stage 1 TIU used for 1 sampler uniform which is used in 2 shader stages 1 TIU used for 2 sampler uniforms, each occurring in a different stage. However, I don't know if this is behavior that I should expect on all hardware/drivers, or if there are performance implications.

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• (iphone) How to access CGRect member variable inside c++ class?

  - by Eugene

  i have a c++ class with CGrect variable and i'm getting segfault when trying to access it. class Parent { //with some virtual functions/dtors }; class Child { public: void SetRect(CGRect rect) { mRect = rect; } CGRect GetRect() { return mRect; } int GetIndex() { return mIndex; } private: CGRect mRect; int mIndex; }; i'm doing CGRect rect = childPtr->GetRect(); from object c code and it segfaults. I printed *childPtr just before the call and rect looks fine with intended data value. int index = childPtr->GetIndex(); from same object c code(*.mm), works fine though. Any idea why I'm getting segfaults? Thank you edit - It's got something to do with virtual functions. (gdb) p singlePuzzlePiece-GetRect() Program received signal EXC_BAD_ACCESS, Could not access memory. Reason: KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE at address: 0x00000001 0x00000001 in ?? () Cannot access memory at address 0x1 The program being debugged was signaled while in a function called from GDB. GDB remains in the frame where the signal was received. To change this behavior use "set unwindonsignal on" Evaluation of the expression containing the function (at 0x1) will be abandoned. (gdb) Somehow, the function is not properly compiled?

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• How do you protect yourself from runaway memory consumption bringing down the PC?

  - by romkyns

  Every now and again I find myself doing something moderately dumb that results in my program allocating all the memory it can get and then some. This kind of thing used to cause the program to die fairly quickly with an "out of memory" error, but these days Windows will go out of its way to give this non-existent memory to the application, and in fact is apparently prepared to commit suicide doing so. Not literally of course, but it will starve itself of usable physical RAM so badly that even running the task manager will require half an hour of swapping (after all the runaway application is still allocating more and more memory all the time). This doesn't happen too often, but when it does it's disastrous. I usually have to reset my machine, causing data loss from time to time and generally a lot of inconvenience. Do you have any practical advice on making the consequences of such a mistake less dire? Perhaps some registry tweak to limit the max amount of virtual memory an app is allowed to allocate? Or some CLR flag that will limit this only for the current application? (It's usually in .NET that I do this to myself.) ("Don't run out of RAM" and "Buy more RAM" are no use - the former I have no control over, and the latter I've already done.)

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• Printing distinct integers in an array

  - by ???

  I'm trying to write a small program that prints out distinct numbers in an array. For example if a user enters 1,1,3,5,7,4,3 the program will only print out 1,3,5,7,4. I'm getting an error on the else if line in the function checkDuplicate. Here's my code so far: import javax.swing.JOptionPane; public static void main(String[] args) { int[] array = new int[10]; for (int i=0; i<array.length;i++) { array[i] = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Please enter" + "an integer:")); } checkDuplicate (array); } public static int checkDuplicate(int array []) { for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) { boolean found = false; for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) if (array[i] == array[j]) { found = true; break; } if (!found) System.out.println(array[i]); } return 1; } }

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• How is machine code understood by the machine

  - by Kraken

  I have a very naive question here, and I would like you to correct me on whatever wrong concepts I put out here. The question is as follows: I have ubuntu installed on my machine, now I write a helloWorld.c program in C language. Now, on the operating system I have a compiler installed, when I execute my helloWorld.c program, the OS schedules the compiler and that basically compiles my code into machine code, which eventually, I execute. Now my kernel code is written in C, then how does my machine interprets that code? Say my kernel code is helloWorld.c, now would not I require any compiler, to compile this code. Also, if I hardcode a compiler in maybe ROM or something, then what language is it written in? Assembly language? Let me know if I have made myself clear with the problem. Thanks. EDIT: By kernel code I mean, the code for operating system. Operating System code. I guess it is written in C right?

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• Declaring arrays in c language without initial size

  - by user2534857

  this is the question-- Write a program to manipulate the temperature details as given below. - Input the number of days to be calculated. – Main function - Input temperature in Celsius – input function - Convert the temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit.- Separate function - find the average temperature in Fahrenheit. how can I make this program without initial size of array ?? #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void input(int); int temp[10]; int d; void main() { int x=0; float avg=0,t=0; printf("\nHow many days : "); scanf("%d",&d); input(d); conv(); for(x=0;x<d;x++) { t=t+temp[x]; } avg=t/d; printf("Avarage is %f",avg); getch(); } void input(int d) { int x=0; for(x=0;x<d;x++) { printf("Input temperature in Celsius for #%d day",x+1); scanf("%d",&temp[x]); } } void conv() { int x=0; for(x=0;x<d;x++) { temp[x]=1.8*temp[x]+32; } }

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• 2 basic but interesting questions about .NET

  - by b-gen-jack-o-neill

  Hi, when I first saw C#, I thought this must be some joke. I was starting with programming in C. But in C# you could just drag and drop objects, and just write event code to them. It was so simple. Now, I still like C the most, becouse I am very attracted to the basic low level operations, and C is just next level of assembler, with few basic routines, so I like it very much. Even more becouse I write little apps for microcontrollers. But yeasterday I wrote very simple control program for my microcontroller based LED cube in asm, and I needed some way to simply create animation sequences to the Cube. So, I remembered C#. I have practically NO C# skills, but still I created simple program to make animation sequences in about hour with GUI, just with help of google and help of the embeded function descriptions in C#. So, to get to the point, is there some other reason then top speed, to use any other language than C#? I mean, it is so effective. I know that Java is a bit of similiar, but I expect C# to be more Windows effective since its directly from Microsoft. The second question is, what is the advantage of compiling into CIL, and than run by CLR, than directly compile it into machine code? I know that portability is one, but since C# is mainly for Windows, wouldn´t it be more powerfull to just compile it directly? Thanks.

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• const object in c++

  - by Codenotguru

  I have a question on constant objects. In the following program: class const_check{ int a; public: const_check(int i); void print() const; void print2(); }; const_check::const_check(int i):a(i) {} void const_check::print() const { int a=19; cout<<"The value in a is:"<<a; } void const_check::print2() { int a=10; cout<<"The value in a is:"<<a; } int main(){ const_check b(5); const const_check c(6); b.print2(); c.print(); } void print() is constant member function of the class const_check, so according to the definition of constants if any attempt to change int a it should result in an error but the program works fine for me.I think i am having some confusion here, can anybody tell me why the compiler is not flagging it as an error??

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• Recomendations for Creating a Picture Slide Show with Super-Smooth Transitions (For Live Presentaito

  - by Nick

  Hi everyone, I'm doing a theatrical performance, and I need a program that can read images from a folder and display them full screen on one of the computer's VGA outputs, in a predetermined order. All it needs to do is start with the first image, and when a key is pressed (space bar, right arrow), smoothly cross-fade to the next image. Sounds just like power-point right? The only reason why I can use power-point/open-office is because the "fade smoothly" transition isn't smooth enough, or configurable enough. It tends to be fast and choppy, where I would like to see a perfectly smooth fade over, say, 30 seconds. So the question is what is the best (cheap and fast) way to accomplish this? Is there a program that already does this well (for cheap or free)? OR should I try to hack at open-office's transition code? Or would it be easier to create this from scratch? Are there frameworks that might make it easier? I have web programming experience (php), but not desktop or real-time rendering. Any suggestions are appreciated!

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• Is there command-line tool to extract typedef, structure, enumeration, variable, function from a C or C++ file?

  - by FooF

  I am desiring a command-line tool to extract a definition or declaration (typedef, structure, enumeration, variable, or function) from a C or C++ source file. Also a way to replace an existing definition/declaration would be handy (after transforming the extracted definition by a user-submitted script). Is there such generic tool available, or is some resonably close approximation of such a tool? Scriptability and ability to hook-up with user created scripts or programs is of importance here, although I am academically curious of GUI programs too. Open source solutions for Unix/Linux camp are preferred (although I am curious of Windows and OS X tools too). Primary language interests are C and C++ but more generic solution would be even better (I think we do not need super accurate parsing capabilities for finding, extracting and replacing a definition in a program source file). Sample Use Cases (extra - for the curious mind): Given deeply nested structs and variable (array) initializations of these types, suppose there is a need to change a struct definition by adding or reordering fields or rewriting the variable/array definitions in more readable format without introducing errors resulting from manual labor. This would work by extracting the old initializations, then using a script/program to write the new initializations to replace the old ones. For implementing a code browsing tool - extract a definition. Decorative code generation (e.g. logging function entries / returns). Scripted code structuring (e.g. extract this and that thing and put in different place without change - version control commit comment could document the command to perform this operation to make it evident and verifiable that nothing changed). Note about tags: More accurate tag than code-generation would be code-transformation but it does not exist.

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• Best strategies for reading J code

  - by estanford

  I've been using J for a few months now, and I find that reading unfamiliar code (e.g. that I didn't write myself) is one of the most challenging aspects of the language, particularly when it's in tacit. After a while, I came up with this strategy: 1) Copy the code segment into a word document 2) Take each operator from (1) and place it on a separate line, so that it reads vertically 3) Replace each operator with its verbal description in the Vocabulary page 4) Do a rough translation from J syntax into English grammar 5) Use the translation to identify conceptually related components and separate them with line breaks 6) Write a description of what each component from (5) is supposed to do, in plain English prose 7) Write a description of what the whole program is supposed to do, based on (6) 8) Write an explanation of why the code from (1) can be said to represent the design concept from (7). Although I learn a lot from this process, I find it to be rather arduous and time-consuming -- especially if someone designed their program using a concept I never encountered before. So I wonder: do other people in the J community have favorite ways to figure out obscure code? If so, what are the advantages and disadvantages of these methods?

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• Misaligned Pointer Performance

  - by Elite Mx

  Aren't misaligned pointers (in the BEST possible case) supposed to slow down performance and in the worst case crash your program (assuming the compiler was nice enough to compile your invalid c program). Well, the following code doesn't seem to have any performance differences between the aligned and misaligned versions. Why is that? /* brutality.c */ #ifdef BRUTALITY xs = (unsigned long *) ((unsigned char *) xs + 1); #endif ... /* main.c */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define size_t_max ((size_t)-1) #define max_count(var) (size_t_max / (sizeof var)) int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { unsigned long sum, *xs, *itr, *xs_end; size_t element_count = max_count(*xs) >> 4; xs = malloc(element_count * (sizeof *xs)); if(!xs) exit(1); xs_end = xs + element_count - 1; sum = 0; for(itr = xs; itr < xs_end; itr++) *itr = 0; #include "brutality.c" itr = xs; while(itr < xs_end) sum += *itr++; printf("%lu\n", sum); /* we could free the malloc-ed memory here */ /* but we are almost done */ exit(0); } Compiled and tested on two separate machines using gcc -pedantic -Wall -O0 -std=c99 main.c for i in {0..9}; do time ./a.out; done

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• nothrow or exception ?

  - by Muggen

  I am a student and I have small knowledge on C++, which I try to expand. This is more of a philosophical question.. I am not trying to implement something. Since #include <new> //... T * t = new (std::nothrow) T(); if(t) { //... } //... Will hide the Exception, and since dealing with Exceptions is heavier compared to a simple if(t), why isn't the normal new T() not considered less good practice, considering we will have to use try-catch() to check if a simple allocation succeeded (and if we don't, just watch the program die)?? What are the benefits (if any) of the normal new allocation compared to using a nothrow new? Exception's overhead in that case is insignificant ? Also, Assume that an allocation fails (eg. no memory exists in the system). Is there anything the program can do in that situation, or just fail gracefully. There is no way to find free memory on the heap, when all is reserved, is there? Incase an allocation fails, and an std::bad_alloc is thrown, how can we assume that since there is not enough memory to allocate an object (Eg. a new int), there will be enough memory to store an exception ?? Thanks for your time. I hope the question is in line with the rules.

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• interface abstract in php real world scenario

  - by jason

  The goal is to learn whether to use abstract or interface or both... I'm designing a program which allows a user to de-duplicate all images but in the process rather then I just build classes I'd like to build a set of libraries that will allow me to re-use the code for other possible future purposes. In doing so I would like to learn interface vs abstract and was hoping someone could give me input into using either. Here is what the current program will do: recursive scan directory for all files determine file type is image type compare md5 checksum against all other files found and only keep the ones which are not duplicates Store total duplicates found at the end and display size taken up Copy files that are not duplicates into folder by date example Year, Month folder with filename is file creation date. While I could just create a bunch of classes I'd like to start learning more on interfaces and abstraction in php. So if I take the scan directory class as the first example I have several methods... ScanForFiles($path) FindMD5Checksum() FindAllImageTypes() getFileList() The scanForFiles could be public to allow anyone to access it and it stores in an object the entire directory list of files found and many details about them. example extension, size, filename, path, etc... The FindMD5Checksum runs against the fileList object created from scanForFiles and adds the md5 if needed. The FindAllImageTypes runs against the fileList object as well and adds if they are image types. The findmd5checksum and findallimagetypes are optionally run methods because the user might not intend to run these all the time or at all. The getFileList returns the fileList object itself. While I have a working copy I've revamped it a few times trying to figure out whether I need to go with an interface or abstract or both. I'd like to know how an expert OO developer would design it and why?

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• Windows service: Listening on socket while running as LocalSystem

  - by Socob

  I'm writing a small server-like program in C for Windows (using MinGW/GCC, testing on Windows 7) which is eventually supposed to run as a service with the LocalSystem account. I am creating a socket, and using Windows Sockets bind(), listen() and accept() to listen for incoming connections. If I run the application from the command line (i.e. not as a service, but as a normal user), I have no problems connecting to it from external IPs. However, if I run the program as a service with the LocalSystem account, I can only connect to the service from my own PC, either with 127.0.0.1 or my local address, 192.168.1.80 (I'm behind a router in a small local network). Neither external IPs nor other PCs in the same local network, using my local address, can connect now, even though there were no problems without running as a service. Now, I've heard that networking is handled differently or even not accessible (?) when running as LocalSystem or LocalService or that services cannot access both the desktop and the network (note: my service is not interactive) at the same time due to security considerations. Essentially, I need to find out what's going wrong/how to listen for connections in a service. Is running as NetworkService the same as running as LocalSystem, but with network access? Surely there must be servers that can run as background services, so how do they do it?

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• how to make this in python

  - by user2980882

  The number reduction game Rules of the game: ? The first player to write a 0 wins. ? To start the game, Player 1 picks any whole number greater than 1, say 18. ? The players take turns reducing the number by either: o Subtracting 1 from the number his/her opponent just wrote, OR o Halving the number his/her opponent just wrote, rounding down if necessary. Write a Python program that lets two players play the number reduction game. Your program should: 1. Ask Player 1 to enter the starting number. 2. Use a while-loop to allow the players to take turns reducing the number until someone wins. 3. Each time a player enters a positive number (not 0), inform the other player what his/her choices are and ask him/her to enter the next number. 4. Declare the winner when someone enters 0. Example session: Player 1, enter a number greater than 1: 16 Player 2, your choices are 15 or 8: 15 Player 1, your choices are 14 or 7: 7 Player 2, your choices are 6 or 3:3 Player 1, your choices are 2 or 1:2 Player 2, your choices are 1 or 1:1 Player 1, your choices are 0 or 0:0 Player 1 wins

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• Printing a JFrame and its components

  - by Alex Terreaux

  I have been working in a big program and one of its functionalities should be to print the contents of the main window. I checked the API and found this example: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/2d/printing/gui.html it was very helpful, I tried to use that code in my program by placing this inside the actionperformed method of my print button: PrinterJob job = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob(); job.setPrintable(this); boolean ok = job.printDialog(); if (ok) { try { job.print(); } catch (PrinterException ex) { /* The job did not successfully complete */ } } If I click the print button, I get a printer dialog and when I tell it to print, it just prints a blank document. I know the above code is not all I need, as I've seen in the API's examples there is a print() method, but apparently they never call it, so it is pretty confusing. I've tried calling and using it many times, but with no success. Also, I think that when I finally get it to print, my window will need to be printed in the landscape orientation, it even may need some scaling. Any ideas on how to do that? I would like any useful help to help me implement this code successfully. I know I should be able to do it by myself just by checking the documentation (I've tried for almost 2 days now) but I can't get it to work. I've learned all the programming I know through the internet. Any help will be greatly appreciated.

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• Objective-measures of the expressiveness of programming languages [closed]

  - by Casebash

  I am very interested in the expressiveness of different languages. Everyone who has programmed in multiple languages knows that sometimes a language allows you to express concepts which you can't express in other languages. You can have all kinds of subjective discussion about this, but naturally it would be better to have an objective measure. There do actually exist objective measures. One is Turing-Completeness, which means that a language is capable of generating any output that could be generated by following a sequential set of steps. There are also other lesser levels of expressiveness such as Finite State Automata. Now, except for domain specific languages, pretty much all modern languages are Turing complete. It is therefore natural to ask the following question: Can we can define any other formal measures of expressiveness which are greater than Turing completeness? Now of course we can't define this by considering the output that a program can generate, as Turing machines can already produce the same output that any other program can. But there are definitely different levels in what concepts can be expressed - surely no-one would argue that assembly language is as powerful as a modern object oriented language like Python. You could use your assembly to write a Python interpreter, so clearly any accurate objective measure would have to exclude this possibility. This also causes a problem with trying to define the expressiveness using the minimum number of symbols. How exactly to do so is not clear and indeed appears extremely difficult, but we can't assume that just because we don't know how to solve a problem, that nobody know how to. It is also doesn't really make sense to demand a definition of expressiveness before answering the question - after all the whole point of this question is to obtain such a definition. I think that my explanation will be clear enough for anyone with a strong theoretical background in computer science to understand what I am looking for. If you do have such a background and you disagree, please comment why, but if you don't thats probably why you don't understand the question.

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• Need Multiple Sudoku Solutions

  - by user1567909

  I'm trying to output multiple sudoku solutions in my program. For example, when You enter this as input: 8..6..9.5.............2.31...7318.6.24.....73...........279.1..5...8..36..3...... .'s denote blank spaces. Numbers represent already-filled spaces. The output should be a sudoku solution like so: 814637925325149687796825314957318462241956873638274591462793158579481236183562749 However, I want to output multiple solutions. This would be all the solutions that should be printed: 814637925325149687796825314957318462241956873638274591462793158579481236183562749 814637925325941687796825314957318462241569873638472591462793158579184236183256749 834671925125839647796425318957318462241956873368247591682793154579184236413562789 834671925125839647796524318957318462241956873368247591682793154519482736473165289 834671925125839647796524318957318462241965873368247591682793154519482736473156289 But my program only prints out one solution. Below is my recursive solution to solving a sudoku solution bool sodoku::testTheNumber(sodoku *arr[9][9], int row, int column) { if(column == 9) { column = 0; row++; if(row == 9) return true; } if(arr[row][column]->number != 0) { return testTheNumber(arr, row, column+1); } for(int k = 1; k < 10; k++) { if(k == 10) { arr[row][column]->number = 0; return false; } if(rowIsValid(arr, k, row) && columnIsValid(arr, k, column) && boxIsValid(arr, k, row, column)) { arr[row][column]->number = k; if(testTheNumber(arr, row, column+1)==true) { return true; } arr[row][column]->number = 0; } } return false; } Could anyone help me come up with a way to print out multiple solutions? Thanks.

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