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• How does an OS communicate with other hardware components?

  - by Jack

  How can a program running on a CPU (mostly OS) access other PC hardware? Such as Graphic card, HDD and so? From what I read, in DOS, this was done using BIOS calls, specifically the INT instruction. But, the INT instruction should only jump to the certain space in RAM. So how can some program stored in RAM access other computer hardware, when the CPU can only access RAM, and receive interrupts? Does Windows use INT instructions as well, or is there a new way to communicate with the hardware?

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• How can I create a pen drive that I can boot from, and then install Win98 from?

  - by rossmcm

  I have a HP Compaq t5515 thin client computer with a flash disk and USB port. I want to put Win98 onto it, replacing whatever is on there now (I think it is some Linux-based thing). I can find stuff about putting Win98 onto a pen drive and running from that, but I can't find any info about installing Windows 98 from a pen drive onto a sep[arate system. Is it just a matter of making the pen drive bootable to DOS copying the contents of a Win98 installation CD onto the pen drive booting the HP machine from the pen drive running SETUP.EXE from the pen drive? Any pointers appreciated. TIA

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• How to get back-to-work with a Windows 7 PC that has no admin account?

  - by Nam Gi VU

  Hi everyone, I have a PC which doesn't have the Administrator account active and the only user account left is a Guest user. I want to get back the admin account but I don't know how to do that with a guest user. I have tried searching the internet and try to use the Recovery Mode but adding/activating the admin account from DOS not working for me at all. Please help if you meet & solve it before! Thank you, Nam. ps. You can see my diigo try on solving this problem.

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• Wine not finding some files

  - by Levans

  I'm having strange issues with Wine : If I look a C:\windows\system32\drivers\ in wine explorer, the directory looks empty, while the directory ~/.wine/drive_c/windows/system32/drivers is not. Plus, having the H: drive mapped to my home directory, I can look at H:\.wine\drive_c\windows\system32\drivers and it is not empty, the files are here ! Thus it seems Wine has the rights to access these files. So why don't they appear on the C: drive ? Some of my programs need them. I'm using Gentoo Linux, and Wine is version 1.7.0 compiled with these useflags (from eix) : X alsa cups fontconfig gecko jpeg lcms ldap mono mp3 ncurses nls openal opengl perl png prelink run-exes ssl threads truetype udisks xcomposite xinerama xml -capi -custom-cflags -dos -gphoto2 -gsm -gstreamer -odbc -opencl -osmesa -oss -pulseaudio -samba -scanner -selinux -test -v4l ABI_MIPS="-n32 -n64 -o32" ABI_X86="32 64 -x32" ELIBC="glibc" EDIT: I just updated to wine 1.7.4 and nothing changed.

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• What you'd need to setup BBS?

  - by raspi

  What I need to setup BBS nowadays? I'm thinking of BBBS or PCBoard (no telnet! too new technology). What I've thinked so far, I'd need: virtual machine which runs DOS and hook that virtual COM-port to somekind of virtual VoIP modem software somehow (is there any?). How you can call to it across internet? Can you use HyperTerminal straight with that virtual/real modem? Or will VoIP just garble the modem data and nothing will work?

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• Is it possible to make Ctrl+C as responsive as Ctrl+Break in the Windows 7 console?

  - by Peter Graham

  Is it possible to make Ctrl+C act like Ctrl+Break in the Windows 7 cmd.exe console? By default Ctrl+C seems to only send a signal the next time the input buffer is read, where Ctrl+Break sends a signal immediately. This makes Ctrl+C useless for ending processes because when I want to end a process I want to end it immediately. I'm using Ctrl+Break for now but it's far harder to type. It looks like in DOS you can add BREAK=ON to CONFIG.SYS to achieve this, but not in Windows 7?

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• Should I limit end-user gigabit ports to avoid saturating uplink/trunk connections?

  - by Joel Coel

  We have a campus with 16 buildings and older 850nm 1Gbps fiber links between the buildings, that all come to a core switch for our servers that also uses 1Gbps ports. We're finally starting to replace our aging 10/100 end-user switches, and much of what we're looking at are 1 Gbps units. My question is, since the trunk/uplink lines are still 1Gbps, if I were to install 1 Gbps switches for end users, should I limit the ports to 100Mbps until I can also upgrade the trunks to avoid allowing a bad-behaving host to saturate a trunk line (since we're a college, we have plenty of mis-behaving hosts) and thereby create a DoS situation for a building, or will TCP congestion control typically take care of that for me? What if we have a lot of UDP traffic (games, video chats, even a small amount of bittorrent)?

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• Install Navicat for MySQL on Linux Ubuntu 12.04

  - by DanielAttard

  How do I install Navicat on Ubuntu Desktop 12.04? I have just configured a new Ubuntu 12.04. Because I'm not so familiar with the command line, I prefer to use Ubuntu Desktop so that I can have a GUI. Now I need to install a front-end to connect with MySQL. I prefer to use Navicat in a MAC environment, so I was hoping to install Navicat on the Ubuntu machine. I downloaded a Linux copy of Navicat for MySQL from here: http://www.navicat.com/download/navicat-for-mysql The problem I am having is that I don't know how to install the program after it has been downloaded. There is a navicat.exe file in the navicat folder, but that seems to be for a DOS/Windows environment. I just can't figure out how to install Navicat onto Ubuntu Desktop 12.04. Anyone have any ideas? Thanks.

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• How to update BIOS with efi?

  - by gasko peter

  We have a GA-H61M-DS2 rev 2.0 motherboard. It has an "F4" BIOS. We went to the vendors website: http://hu.gigabyte.com/products/page/mb/ga-h61m-ds2rev_20/download/bios and downloaded "F7", the latest BIOS version. We already tried: 1) "Efiflash.exe H61MDS22.F7" command from windows 7/32bit, it said nothing, the command line just flashed for a second.. 2) boot the win7 in "dos" mode (...) but the same thing happened. Q: How can we upgrade the BIOS? There aren't any ways for it?

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• How OS comunicates with HW?

  - by Jack

  Hi, how can program runnig on CPU (mostly OS) acess other PC hardware? Such as Graphic card, HDD and so? From what I read, In DOS, this was done using BIOS calls, specifically INT instruction. But, int instruction should only jump to the certain space in RAM. So, how can some program stored in RAM acess other computer HW, when CPU can acess only RAM, and reeive interrupts? And, does windows use int instructions as well, or is there any new way to communicate with HW? Thanks.

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• if a usb pen drive has 64349 cylinders, is it damaged?

  - by Andrew S

  I have a 4Gb USB pen drive that I'm trying to format with FAT32. When I run fdisk, it gives me this message: The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 64349. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) I've tried deleting the partition table, creating new partitions, etc, but they never work. Sometimes I can write to the drive the first time I use it after formatting it, but then it becomes read-only in both Windows and Linux. I've tried this on multiple computers. Am I doing something wrong, or is the drive reporting an incorrect number of cylinders? Is the drive itself likely to be corrupted, and is there anyway to fix this under Windows Vista or Linux? Thanks

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• Toshiba Equium A110-252 laptop won't boot Windows.

  - by Drew Gibson

  I have a Toshiba Equium A110-252 laptop (XP Pro) which stopped booting a couple of weeks ago. The symptoms are that the laptop would display its DOS Toshiba splash screen, then the Windows (XP) boot screen would display, then a very brief blue screen flash, then back to the boot options screen (offering safe mode, safe mode with networking etc, last known good config, etc... none of these work). I assumed a duff HD, and swapped it for a new one and reinstalled from a TrueImage backup. This worked until I installed windows updates I think (the backup was a few months old), and now the PC is doing the same thing. I have installed a third, old HD (60GB) with Ubuntu 11.04 on it, and everything is fine. PC boots and runs Ubuntu beautifully. I need Windows running on it though ! Given these symptoms, could it a windows update issue ? Or might I have a hardware fault still ?

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• can not access dlink 604 set up interface

  - by user36089

  Hello everyone I used dlink-di604 enthernet board as router to share web access. My ISP provides the service base on Ethernet rathern than base on Ethernet pppoe mode. It is manually setup ipv4, subnet mask , DNS, Gateway etc Log in using web user name&password. I use http://192.168.0.2 try to access dlink di604 setup inferface, but failed I call command ipconfig /all Dos shell displayed: Ethernet adapter Local Connection: Physical Address: 00-3c-56-79-19-49 IPv4 address:10.7.8.225 subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 default gate way: 10.7.8.1 DNS servers 10.10.10.10 What is the correct way to access dlink 604 setup interface and set to share web access? Welcome any comment Thanks interdev

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• Can I remove a RAR file's (known) password without recompressing the archive?

  - by Abluescarab

  Long title. Anyway, I haven't been able to find an answer to this question. I know the password to the RAR file, I locked it myself, but now all I want to do is remove the password because it's too much of a pain in the butt to type it in every time. Is there a way to do this in WinRAR or an equivalent program? The only thing I knew to do was to extract it, then create a new RAR without the password. It's not a life-or-death issue, but it would be nice to know. Thanks for your time! EDIT: I just saw a bunch of related questions that appear to ask the same thing. The only solution I saw was using a DOS command to yadda yadda yadda. Here it is: How to remove password protection from compressed files Is there an easier way? Thanks again!

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• I have problem with pc. Random reboots with post hyper transport sync flood error

  - by user29867

  I have problem with my pc. Random reboots with post "hyper transport sync flood" error. It happens completely random. Most times i watch movie, some times when i play a game, even when i browse internet. My spec are as follow: MB ASUS M4A78-E CPU Phenom II 940 Sapphire Radeon hd4850 Vapor-X RAM OCZ DDR2 PC2-8500 kit 2x2GB PSU CM Real Power M520W CASE CM Centurion 590 Temps of MB, CPU and 4850 are in normal range. MB is hooter, around 60-70°C under load, Radeon 60-65°C under load (playing game for couple hours). CPU dos not past 50-55°C. So i think its not a cooling problem, CM case is pretty good, and have a lots of fans. I try with this memmory: TWIN2X4096-6400C5DHX same problem.

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• Pages partially load on rapid refresh

  - by user101570

  I recently set up a VPS slice with 256MB to run a LAMP stack (Ubuntu 11.04, Apache2, Mysql, PHP5). So far I'm only running a simple Wordpress site on an IP-based virtual host I set up. The performance is excellent, but I've noticed that if I send multiple HTTP requests from the same IP in a short time period, only partial pages are rendered. Then if I wait a bit and refresh the page, the entire page loads again. I noticed this behaviour when accessing the site from two browsers from my office desktop, but it also presents itself if I quickly navigate the site from a single browser (any browser). I'm guessing this is an Apache phenomenon, as the pages are rendered correctly except under the conditions above, but perhaps I'm wrong here. Could it be my hosting company with some kind of DOS protection in place? As a relative Linux/server noob, I'd really appreciate any insight into what settings in Apache could explain this behaviour, and how I might go about changing it.

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• What are the practical limits on file extension name lengths?

  - by GorillaSandwich

  I started using DOS back before Windows, and ever since have taken it for granted that Every file has a file extension, like .txt, .jpg, etc That extension is always short (usually 3 letters) I learned early that the extension is basically just a hint to the OS as to what the content type is. Eventually I got exposed to Mac and Linux, files with no extensions, etc. And of course I've seen shorter extensions, like .rb and .py. I just noticed that markdown-formatted files can have the extension .markdown, and it made me wonder - how long can that extension be? If I make it .mycrazylongextensiontypewoohoo, will certain operating systems or programs choke on the file? Are extension names generally short just for convenience, or is this based on some limitation, legacy or current?

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• Windows shortcut doesn't work: how to enclose filenames with spaces?

  - by Olivier Pons

  Here's my problem: I've made a shortcut on my Desktop (Windows XP (sigh)) like this: C:\WINDOWS\system32\cmd.exe /k "mysql -u root drupal-defaultadm < ^"C:\Documents and Settings\AAA\Mes documents\Downloads\01.drupal-defaultadm.sql^" && exit" When I double click on it, the DOS prompt is opened, but I get this error: File not found. C:\wamp\bin\mysql\mysql5.5.24\bin> So I'm trying to do the command "by hand" and only removing the ^: C:\wamp\bin\mysql\mysql5.5.24\bin>mysql -u root drupal-defaultadm < "C:\Documents and Settings\AAA\Mes documents\Downloads\01.drupal-defaultadm.sql" C:\wamp\bin\mysql\mysql5.5.24\bin> And gives no error. I'm pretty sure this has to do with the whitespaces enclosed with ". How shall I do to make it work?

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• what does STOP service do in Windows?

  - by Radek

  I start my web server as web service on Windows XP. How it was done is described here My web server is coded in ruby/sinatra and I start it in .bat file. That file is used by the service too. Manually I stop the web server by pressing CTRL+C in the dos window. How can I stop the server now as it started via service? I found out that I can stop it via taskkill /f /t /im ruby.exe Is there any way I can use the MMC stop service function to stop the web server? runweb.bat c: cd C:\web ruby C:\web\web2.rb

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• How to obtain printed page count if no web-gui or driver-gui is available to show it

  - by Macgreggor at your service

  I am curious if windows print servers can keep a count of the printed pages sent to it? Can an individual PC (WinXP+)? Is there some secret command you can send it (with telnet, dos, etc)? I searched & couldn't find any questions similar to this here so lets keep this open-ended for future people who are curious. Is this more suited towards server fault? Maybe, but this is more about printers & local PC's have print servers now-a-days. Anyhow in my situation I have the following printers (yes old) I am curious on page-counts: HP Laserjet 1300 (using some kind of PC-card to LPT/Parallel adapter, then a network adapter on top of that [Netgear PS101 print server]) Canon Faxphone L80 Epson LX-300+

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• Why no Win16 support in 64-bit Windows?

  - by dsimcha

  My understanding (from Wikipedia) is that the x64 instruction set supports executing 16-bit protected mode code from long mode, but cannot execute real mode code without being switched out of long mode because long mode lacks virtual 8086 mode. Therefore, it stands to reason that real mode DOS apps can't be run in Win64 w/o software emulation or dynamic translation. However, why was support for Win16 protected-mode apps excluded when support for them seems (at least at first glance) to be reasonably implementable and is included in newer versions of Win32? Was it just a matter of demand not being high enough to justify implementation costs (and the win32 version was already implemented), or is there a good technical reason?

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• How to rename multiple files in multiple folders with 1 command

  - by Charles

  We want to rename our *.html files to *.php but (sadly enough) have not enough knowledge to do it with a dos batchfile and/or cmd prompt command. The problem is that each file is in seperat folder and yes talking about 1500+ different folder names. Using wildcards for the files I know is the '*' but using also a wildcard for folders is unknown to me. We probably need to use the (MSDOS) 'FOR' command but there I am stucked. Folder structure we use is: parent-folder/child-folder/grandchild-folder/file.html sample: games/A/game_name/file.html, games/B/game_name/file.html, games/C/game_name/file.html and so on. The parent folder is for all files the same, the child & grandchild folders are different for most files. After renaming these files to .php I assume following in the .htaccess will make a permanent redirect. RedirectMatch 301 (.).html$ http://oursite.com$1.php Looking forward to suggestions/answers, thnx in advance.

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• Load testing nginx inside AWS

  - by andy

  I'm trying to load test nginx running on AWS. I need to try to optimise it to handle 1Gbps of inbound traffic. Currently I've got it to peak at 85Mbit/s by running nginx on an m1.large with 4 other machines hitting it by using ab with -i (for head requests) -k (keepalives) -r (ignore failed requests) -n 500000 -c 20000. I'm struggling to generate more than 85 Mbit/s traffic from 4 machines, yet when I do scp a large file I get nearly 0.25Gbit/s of traffic going over the network. Are there any tools or approaches that I could use to load test nginx that might generate more load? I'm only interested in inbound traffic, so perhaps a DoS tool could help if it chucks away responses? I'm hitting a very small (40 byte) static asset, and have peaked at handling 50K concurrent connections and getting 25k reqs/s when just using a single load generator machine.

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• syslog log of TCP packet

  - by com

  Occasionally, I noticed a lot of following messsages in syslog Nov {datetime} hostname kernel: [8226528.586232] AIF:PRIV TCP packet: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC={mac} SRC={sourceip} DST={destinationip} LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=20361 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=39950 DPT=37 WINDOW=14600 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 On the Internet, I found that DOS attack may cause such type of output, unfortunately, I don't understand what does this log mean. The only thing is clear for me is this log is related to network. The source host is the host where nagios is installed. Does it mean nagios somehow does behave well? And what does it mean at all?

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• Windows 2008 server unaccessible without traces in the event log

  - by Rob

  I am trying to figure out why a Windows 2008 server became inaccessible in terms of RDP and access to a web application. The server was turned off and then on. Look at the event log at the time it went offline, I can't find anything. And looking at misc application logs, the system was running like normal after it went offline. It has to be said that by mistake the firewall was switched off earlier, so a lot of attempts had been done to access the SQL Server with the sa user as well as RDP login. But the attempts has been going on for days, so nothing new about that. Besides the event logs, is there anywhere else I can go to examine the cause of this? I am also in doubt whether or not a DOS attack or similar would show up in the event log. From a log for a backup application running on this server I can see that an attempt was done to access a remote IP after the server went offline, but got no connection.

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