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  • SQL SERVER – Core Concepts – Elasticity, Scalability and ACID Properties – Exploring NuoDB an Elastically Scalable Database System

    - by pinaldave
    I have been recently exploring Elasticity and Scalability attributes of databases. You can see that in my earlier blog posts about NuoDB where I wanted to look at Elasticity and Scalability concepts. The concepts are very interesting, and intriguing as well. I have discussed these concepts with my friend Joyti M and together we have come up with this interesting read. The goal of this article is to answer following simple questions What is Elasticity? What is Scalability? How ACID properties vary from NOSQL Concepts? What are the prevailing problems in the current database system architectures? Why is NuoDB  an innovative and welcome change in database paradigm? Elasticity This word’s original form is used in many different ways and honestly it does do a decent job in holding things together over the years as a person grows and contracts. Within the tech world, and specifically related to software systems (database, application servers), it has come to mean a few things - allow stretching of resources without reaching the breaking point (on demand). What are resources in this context? Resources are the usual suspects – RAM/CPU/IO/Bandwidth in the form of a container (a process or bunch of processes combined as modules). When it is about increasing resources the simplest idea which comes to mind is the addition of another container. Another container means adding a brand new physical node. When it is about adding a new node there are two questions which comes to mind. 1) Can we add another node to our software system? 2) If yes, does adding new node cause downtime for the system? Let us assume we have added new node, let us see what the new needs of the system are when a new node is added. Balancing incoming requests to multiple nodes Synchronization of a shared state across multiple nodes Identification of “downstate” and resolution action to bring it to “upstate” Well, adding a new node has its advantages as well. Here are few of the positive points Throughput can increase nearly horizontally across the node throughout the system Response times of application will increase as in-between layer interactions will be improved Now, Let us put the above concepts in the perspective of a Database. When we mention the term “running out of resources” or “application is bound to resources” the resources can be CPU, Memory or Bandwidth. The regular approach to “gain scalability” in the database is to look around for bottlenecks and increase the bottlenecked resource. When we have memory as a bottleneck we look at the data buffers, locks, query plans or indexes. After a point even this is not enough as there needs to be an efficient way of managing such large workload on a “single machine” across memory and CPU bound (right kind of scheduling)  workload. We next move on to either read/write separation of the workload or functionality-based sharing so that we still have control of the individual. But this requires lots of planning and change in client systems in terms of knowing where to go/update/read and for reporting applications to “aggregate the data” in an intelligent way. What we ideally need is an intelligent layer which allows us to do these things without us getting into managing, monitoring and distributing the workload. Scalability In the context of database/applications, scalability means three main things Ability to handle normal loads without pressure E.g. X users at the Y utilization of resources (CPU, Memory, Bandwidth) on the Z kind of hardware (4 processor, 32 GB machine with 15000 RPM SATA drives and 1 GHz Network switch) with T throughput Ability to scale up to expected peak load which is greater than normal load with acceptable response times Ability to provide acceptable response times across the system E.g. Response time in S milliseconds (or agreed upon unit of measure) – 90% of the time The Issue – Need of Scale In normal cases one can plan for the load testing to test out normal, peak, and stress scenarios to ensure specific hardware meets the needs. With help from Hardware and Software partners and best practices, bottlenecks can be identified and requisite resources added to the system. Unfortunately this vertical scale is expensive and difficult to achieve and most of the operational people need the ability to scale horizontally. This helps in getting better throughput as there are physical limits in terms of adding resources (Memory, CPU, Bandwidth and Storage) indefinitely. Today we have different options to achieve scalability: Read & Write Separation The idea here is to do actual writes to one store and configure slaves receiving the latest data with acceptable delays. Slaves can be used for balancing out reads. We can also explore functional separation or sharing as well. We can separate data operations by a specific identifier (e.g. region, year, month) and consolidate it for reporting purposes. For functional separation the major disadvantage is when schema changes or workload pattern changes. As the requirement grows one still needs to deal with scale need in manual ways by providing an abstraction in the middle tier code. Using NOSQL solutions The idea is to flatten out the structures in general to keep all values which are retrieved together at the same store and provide flexible schema. The issue with the stores is that they are compromising on mostly consistency (no ACID guarantees) and one has to use NON-SQL dialect to work with the store. The other major issue is about education with NOSQL solutions. Would one really want to make these compromises on the ability to connect and retrieve in simple SQL manner and learn other skill sets? Or for that matter give up on ACID guarantee and start dealing with consistency issues? Hybrid Deployment – Mac, Linux, Cloud, and Windows One of the challenges today that we see across On-premise vs Cloud infrastructure is a difference in abilities. Take for example SQL Azure – it is wonderful in its concepts of throttling (as it is shared deployment) of resources and ability to scale using federation. However, the same abilities are not available on premise. This is not a mistake, mind you – but a compromise of the sweet spot of workloads, customer requirements and operational SLAs which can be supported by the team. In today’s world it is imperative that databases are available across operating systems – which are a commodity and used by developers of all hues. An Ideal Database Ability List A system which allows a linear scale of the system (increase in throughput with reasonable response time) with the addition of resources A system which does not compromise on the ACID guarantees and require developers to learn new paradigms A system which does not force fit a new way interacting with database by learning Non-SQL dialect A system which does not force fit its mechanisms for providing availability across its various modules. Well NuoDB is the first database which has all of the above abilities and much more. In future articles I will cover my hands-on experience with it. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology Tagged: NuoDB

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  • Server Systems for SQL Server 2012 per core licensing

    - by jchang
    Until recently, the SQL Server Enterprise Edition per processor (socket) licensing model resulted in only 2 or 3 server system configurations being the preferred choice. Determine the number of sockets: 2, 4 or 8. Then select the processor with the most compute capability at that socket count level. Finally, fill the DIMM sockets with the largest capacity ECC memory module at reasonable cost per GB. Currently this is the 16GB DIMM with a price of $365 on the Dell website, and $240 from Crucial. The...(read more)

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  • How to disable "N" Wireless Mode RTL8192 (Thinkpad Edge 15 Core i5) in natty

    - by Gustavo Rubio
    I've seen many owners of thinkpad edges which are supossed to be linux-friendly having problems with wireless adapter. I've found several links inside askubuntu and in ubuntuforums which have a lot of work-arounds for those problems, mine seems to be wierd though. I use my laptop on both my office and at home. At home I have a router which is A/B/G and here at home the wireless connection works just fine, using a WEP key. But in work I have a B/G/N wireless router and it doesn't work, my guess is that this adapter works with N modes but somehow this is buggy in the bundled driver in natty. I've tried to disable the "N" mode in the router but that didn't work. Later I went to realtek website, downloaded their driver and compiled myself, kinda seems to work most of the time but sometimes some websites keep trying to load or load just parts of it and images start to look like their links are broken and so on, much like what you get when you were loading a page and suddenly the connection is lost. This problem, as I said, is only using the realtek driver from their website. Dmesg gives me this a lot of these: [ 5869.049454] rtl8192se_update_ratr_table: ratr_index=0 ratr_table=0x00000ff5 [ 5879.240563] DHCP pkt src port:68, dest port:67!! So I thougth I might as well switch back to the original driver which seems to work just fine on A/B/G wireless networks but not on N networks so if anybody knows how to disable that mode from within the driver please let us know :) Thanks in advance! PS: I do found a link to a similar question and it was answered but let me remind you I'm NOT using the intel version of wireless for my thinkpad but the realtek (RTL8192SvB)

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  • designing classes with similar goal but widely different decisional core

    - by Stefano Borini
    I am puzzled on how to model this situation. Suppose you have an algorithm operating in a loop. At every loop, a procedure P must take place, whose role is to modify an input data I into an output data O, such that O = P(I). In reality, there are different flavors of P, say P1, P2, P3 and so on. The choice of which P to run is user dependent, but all P have the same finality, produce O from I. This called well for a base class PBase with a method PBase::apply, with specific reimplementations of P1::apply(I), P2::apply(I), and P3::apply(I). The actual P class gets instantiated in a factory method, and the loop stays simple. Now, I have a case of P4 which follows the same principle, but this time needs additional data from the loop (such as the current iteration, and the average value of O during the previous iterations). How would you redesign for this case?

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  • thunderbird-bin causing CPU (core) lockup (12.04, 64bit, up-to-date)

    - by david6
    I have experienced 2-3 unexplained lockup over last 10 days. Today, I had a random lockup (no mouse, keyboard response, 100% CPU). But, when I finally switched (Ctrl-Alt-F1) to command line (it took several minutes) it told me that thunderbird-bin had locked a CPU. I ran this to resolve: pidof thunderbird-bin sudo kill #### However, after saving other work, I tried restarting Thunderbird. It went to 90%+ CPU, and within 20 seconds it locked again. Once I have more detail I will raise a bug (on Ubuntu Forums). Does anyone have any other suggestions, advice?

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  • Problem Trying to Install ROOT (by CERN) on Ubuntu 11.04 i386

    - by Jose Luis
    I hope you can help me with this problem I am trying to install root in my computer, but I have a problem and I don't know what to do to solve it I've downloaded the tar file with the root version that I want to install I've extracted the files in the tar file I've run the configure program succesfully, but when I run "make" command I get this result: cp /root/root/core/utils/src/RClStl.cxx core/utils/src/RClStl_tmp.cxx bin/rmkdepend -R -fcore/utils/src/RClStl_tmp.d -Y -w 1000 -- -pipe -m32 -Wall -W -Woverloaded-virtual -fPIC -Iinclude -DR__HAVE_CONFIG -pthread -UR__HAVE_CONFIG -DROOTBUILD -I/root/root/core/utils/src -D__cplusplus -- core/utils/src/RClStl_tmp.cxx g++ -O2 -pipe -m32 -Wall -W -Woverloaded-virtual -fPIC -Iinclude -DR__HAVE_CONFIG -pthread -UR__HAVE_CONFIG -DROOTBUILD -I/root/root/core/utils/src -o core/utils/src/RClStl_tmp.o -c core/utils/src/RClStl_tmp.cxx In file included from core/utils/src/RClStl.h:28:0, from core/utils/src/RClStl_tmp.cxx:16: core/utils/src/Scanner.h:16:27: fatal error: clang/AST/AST.h: No existe el fichero o el directorio compilation terminated. make: * [core/utils/src/RClStl_tmp.o] Error 1 rm core/utils/src/RClStl_tmp.cxx I don´t know what to do Please, help me thank you in advance

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  • Why is Thunderbird pegging a core at 100%?

    - by david6
    I have experienced 2-3 unexplained lockup over last 10 days. Today, I had a random lockup (no mouse, keyboard response, 100% CPU). But, when I finally switched (Ctrl-Alt-F1) to command line (it took several minutes) it told me that thunderbird-bin had locked a CPU. I ran this to resolve: pidof thunderbird-bin sudo kill #### However, after saving other work, I tried restarting Thunderbird. It went to 90%+ CPU, and within 20 seconds it locked again. Once I have more detail I will raise a bug (on Ubuntu Forums). Does anyone have any other suggestions, advice? UPDATE Thunderbird 13.0.1 is quite stable in safe mode. Still working to resolve ..

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  • ubuntu 11.10 on MacBookPro 7,1 can only see one cpu

    - by gozzilli
    On a MacBookPro 7,1 running ubuntu 11.10, System monitor only sees 1 core (instead of 2). cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep 'cpu cores' also gives: cpu cores : 1 I followed this guide and added acpi_apic_instance=2 to the line with GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT, but that doesn't seem to change the situation. What can I do? I'm using rEFIt, installed under MacOS, and running in dual boot with MacOS. After the rEFIT menu, I'm still presented with the GRUB menu (I'm assuming that's normal). I saw similar posts on this matter, but could not fix my problem with what they suggested. Any help appreciated. Thanks!

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  • How are benchmarks for multiple cores calculated?

    - by B Seven
    I found this site to compare CPU's. http://www.cpubenchmark.net/high_end_cpus.html What wasn't clear is how the benchmark for multiple core processors is calculated. If one CPU has 4 cores (such as Intel Core i7 which comes in 2, 4, and 6 core versions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_i7#Core_i7), does that mean that the benchmark should be double that of the version that has 2 cores (assuming the same clock frequency)?

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  • 8 Strategies for Putting Customers at the Core of Your Business (Forbes)

    - by Richard Lefebvre
    Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 In this Forbes article, read how companies can become more successful at placing customers in the center of their business... At Oracle we’ve been on a 10-year enterprise-wide journey toward greater customer-centricity—and that has required a change in our culture. What’s your journey’s story towards focusing more on your customers? /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}

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  • PHP processes run one at a time, always taking 100% of one core

    - by Derek Kurth
    We have seven websites written in PHP running on a Windows 2008 server with IIS 7.5. They are all very slow right now. When I look in Task Manager, I see around 10 php-cgi.exe processes, and they are all taking 0% of the CPU, except one, which is taking 25%. It's a quad-core server, so it's taking 100% of one core. If I watch for a few seconds, the process taking 25% will go to 0%, and a different php-cgi.exe process will jump to 25%. So all the php-cgi.exe processes are just lined up, waiting on a single core, and each process uses 100% of the processor when it can. Each of the 7 sites is in its own application pool in IIS, and we're using FastCGI. The PHP version is 5.3. Any ideas? Thanks!

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  • I.T. Chargeback : Core to Cloud Computing

    - by Anand Akela
    Contributed by Mark McGill Consolidation and Virtualization have been widely adopted over the years to help deliver benefits such as increased server utilization, greater agility and lower cost to the I.T. organization. These are key enablers of cloud, but in themselves they do not provide a complete cloud solution. Building a true enterprise private cloud involves moving from an admin driven world, where the I.T. department is ultimately responsible for the provisioning of servers, databases, middleware and applications, to a world where the consumers of I.T. resources can provision their infrastructure, platforms and even complete application stacks on demand. Switching from an admin-driven provisioning model to a user-driven model creates some challenges. How do you ensure that users provisioning resources will not provision more than they need? How do you encourage users to return resources when they have finished with them so that others can use them? While chargeback has existed as a concept for many years (especially in mainframe environments), it is the move to this self-service model that has created a need for a new breed of chargeback applications for cloud. Enabling self-service without some form of chargeback is like opening a shop where all of the goods are free. A successful chargeback solution will be able to allocate the costs of shared I.T. infrastructure based on the relative consumption by the users. Doing this creates transparency between the I.T. department and the consumers of I.T. When users are able to understand how their consumption translates to cost they are much more likely to be prudent when it comes to their use of I.T. resources. This also gives them control of their I.T. costs, as moderate usage will translate to a lower charge at the end of the month. Implementing Chargeback successfully create a win-win situation for I.T. and the consumers. Chargeback can help to ensure that I.T. resources are used for activities that deliver business value. It also improves the overall utilization of I.T. infrastructure as I.T. resources that are not needed are not left running idle. Enterprise Manager 12c provides an integrated metering and chargeback solution for Enterprise Manager Targets. This solution is built on top of the rich configuration and utilization information already available in Enterprise Manager. It provides metering not just for virtual machines, but also for physical hosts, databases and middleware. Enterprise Manager 12c provides metering based on the utilization and configuration of the following types of Enterprise Manager Target: Oracle VM Host Oracle Database Oracle WebLogic Server Using Enterprise Manager Chargeback, administrators are able to create a set of Charge Plans that are used to attach prices to the various metered resources. These plans can contain fixed costs (eg. $10/month/database), configuration based costs (eg. $10/month if OS is Windows) and utilization based costs (eg. $0.05/GB of Memory/hour) The self-service user provisioning these resources is then able to view a report that details their usage and helps them understand how this usage translates into cost. Armed with this information, the user is able to determine if the resources are delivering adequate business value based on what is being charged. Figure 1: Chargeback in Self-Service Portal Enterprise Manager 12c provides a variety of additional interfaces into this data. The administrator can access summary and trending reports. Summary reports allow the administrator to drill-down through the cost center hierarchy to identify, for example, the top resource consumers across the organization. Figure 2: Charge Summary Report Trending reports can be used for I.T. planning and budgeting as they show utilization and charge trends over a period of time. Figure 3: CPU Trend Report We also provide chargeback reports through BI Publisher. This provides a way for users who do not have an Enterprise Manager login (such as Line of Business managers) to view charge and usage information. For situations where a bill needs to be produced, chargeback can be integrated with billing applications such as Oracle Billing and Revenue Management (BRM). Further information on Enterprise Manager 12c’s integrated metering and chargeback: White Paper Screenwatch Cloud Management on OTN

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  • Dell Powerdge840 2.4GHz 64 bit quad core

    - by newb64bit
    I am having an issue, where I have changed the boot order to cdrom and turned off hd boot all together and still my system is unable to detect ubuntu and claims, no boot device found. Some additional information: When this same cd is inserted and dell is booted into win 2003 server (which is what is installed on this machine), it detects the cd drive but not the cd at all (keeps asking me to insert disc) I have also created a bootable flash drive using LinuxLive USB creator and when this is selected in boot order again am told no boot device detected. I was speaking to dell and they suggested perhaps there are no drivers on the actual ubuntu installation for the hardware on this Dell and hence the failure of this dell to detect the ubuntu cd. Now, I don't know too much about computers, but this last bit confused me a bit. If the system detects the hardware (when it is booting it sees the cd rom and in bios it sees when the flash drive is connected), then shouldn't it be able to read what is on those drives? However, if there is some firmware or software install that needs to happen, could someone please tell me where to find the correct drivers for ubuntu and dell poweredge to work together? Shall I be installing the desktop version or the server edition, also, 32 bit or 63 bit? Thank you in advance.

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  • Tiny Core Linux - I have sound (and more)!

    <b>Click:</b> "It's not usually a big deal, getting sound working in Linux or BSD. In my case, however, my laptop's internal sound module is dead, and I've substituted a USB sound module from DealExtreme.com that costs about $2."

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  • iPhone Core Data Lightweight Migration error: reason = "Can't find model for source store";

    - by tul697
    Steps taken: 1. Added Data Model version: Changed my XXX.xcdatamodel to XXX.xcdatamodeId with Design - Data Model - Add Model Version. Set the new XXX 2.xcdatamodel as current version Added an attribute to XXX 2.xcdatamodel Added NSMigratePersistentStoresAutomaticallyOption and NSInferMappingModelAutomaticallyOption like most tutorials, I added the option in the addPersistentStoreWithType. ran the code and I got this error: Unresolved error Error Domain=NSCocoaErrorDomain Code=134130 UserInfo=0x146bb80 "Operation could not be completed. (Cocoa error 134130.)", { URL = file://localhost/Users/tleung/Library/Application%20Support/iPhone%20Simulator/3.0/Applications/B585CDFC-17C3-4A44-84E2-0B75893C46B8/Documents/favorites.sqlite; metadata = { NSPersistenceFrameworkVersion = 241; NSStoreModelVersionHashes = { City = <70ea1f9f aaa9af29 52d2bfe4 3071d97f 8224f765 d69928d5 e5844120 52742a35; StationStore = <40d8093a 1d7d00ec 178b4374 36dfc137 ccfa3a88 87e2d467 69e8ae7e d4c49dbb; }; NSStoreModelVersionHashesVersion = 3; NSStoreModelVersionIdentifiers = ( ); NSStoreType = SQLite; NSStoreUUID = "9DD342A6-1F68-4997-A097-096DC96D7BF3"; }; reason = "Can't find model for source store"; } I've also tried NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"YOURDB" ofType:@"momd"]; NSURL *momURL = [NSURL fileURLWithPath:path]; managedObjectModel = [[NSManagedObjectModel alloc] initWithContentsOfURL:momURL]; as suggested by other posts with no success. It seems that it can't find ANY of my models... anyone have any idea?

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  • How to get pixel data from a UIImage (Cocoa Touch) or CGImage (Core Graphics)?

    - by Olie
    I have a UIImage (Cocoa Touch). From that, I'm happy to get a CGImage or anything else you'd like that's available. I'd like to write this function: - (int)getRGBAFromImage:(UIImage *)image atX:(int)xx andY:(int)yy { // [...] // What do I want to read about to help // me fill in this bit, here? // [...] int result = (red << 24) | (green << 16) | (blue << 8) | alpha; return result; } Thanks!

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  • getting core file

    - by ashwani66476
    Hello All I am running a Core JAVA application on AIX machine, and it creates a file named "core". My concern are 1. I am not able to open this "core" file in "Heap Analyzer" or "Thread Analyzer". 2. Which tools do I need to use, So that I can analyze this "core" file. 3. Could any one elaborate more about this file? why this "core" file creates. Waiting for response..... Many Thanks

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