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• How could I represent 1.625 by 0 or a 1 (binary digit)?

  - by pepito

  This is an excerpt from wikipedia about 'full rate' speech coding standard. Full Rate or FR or GSM-FR or GSM 06.10 was the first digital speech coding standard used in the GSM digital mobile phone system. The bit rate of the codec is 13 kbit/s, or 1.625 bits/audio sample. And this one is an excerpt from wikipedia about bit. In computing parlance, bit is the abbreviation for a single binary digit, represented by a 0 or a 1. How could I represent 1.625 by 0 or a 1? Actually, that's my lecturer's question that I could not answer. Some links to papers are more than welcome. Thanks in advance.

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• Installing ssl certificates in GlassFish v3

  - by a1ex07

  I have just installed a new ssl certificate on GlassFish 3. I also changed all references to s1as to a new certificate alias in config/domain.xml. Everything seems to work fine, but I wonder if I have to change all "s1as" entries in config/sun-acc.xml, wss-server-config-1.0.xml,wss-server-config-2.0.xml as well ? Do settings in these files affect anything ? Thanks in advance.

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• Apress Deal of the Day - 5Mar/2011 - Crafting Digital Media: Audacity, Blender, Drupal, GIMP, Scribus, and other Open Source Tools

  - by TATWORTH

  Today's Apress $10 deal of the day at http://www.apress.com/info/dailydeal has been on before. I have a copy and it is useful read on open source applications for Windows. Crafting Digital Media: Audacity, Blender, Drupal, GIMP, Scribus, and other Open Source Tools Open source software, also known as free software, now offers a creative platform with world-class programs. Crafting Digital Media is your foundation course in photographic manipulation, illustration, animation, making music, video editing, and more using open source software.

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• Converting a byte array to a X.509 certificate

  - by ddd

  I'm trying to port a piece of Java code into .NET that takes a Base64 encoded string, converts it to a byte array, and then uses it to make a X.509 certificate to get the modulus & exponent for RSA encryption. This is the Java code I'm trying to convert: byte[] externalPublicKey = Base64.decode("base 64 encoded string"); KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA"); EncodedKeySpec publicKeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(externalPublicKey); Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(publicKeySpec); RSAPublicKey pbrtk = (java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey) publicKey; BigInteger modulus = pbrtk.getModulus(); BigInteger pubExp = pbrtk.getPublicExponent(); I've been trying to figure out the best way to convert this into .NET. So far, I've come up with this: byte[] bytes = Convert.FromBase64String("base 64 encoded string"); X509Certificate2 x509 = new X509Certificate2(bytes); RSA rsa = (RSA)x509.PrivateKey; RSAParameters rsaParams = rsa.ExportParameters(false); byte[] modulus = rsaParams.Modulus; byte[] exponent = rsaParams.Exponent; Which to me looks like it should work, but it throws an exception when I use the base 64 encoded string from the Java code to generate the X509 certificate. Is Java's X.509 implementation just incompatible with .NET's, or am I doing something wrong in my conversion from Java to .NET? Or is there simply no conversion from Java to .NET in this case?

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• How to create X509 self signed certificate for use in Apache Tomcat

  - by DaveJohnston

  I have a Java application that runs on Windows Mobile devices using a 3rd Party JVM. The application communicates with an Apache Tomcat server over HTTP. We have also used HTTPS for some connections and the certificates were created using the Sun keytool utility. First a keystore was created using genkey, then the certificate exported using export and finally that was imported into another keystore using import. The file created by genkey was loaded into the Apache server and the keystore created using import was loaded into the JVM on the PDA. Everything works as expected. I am now working with a new JVM on the PDA and (for whatever reason) I have established that this JVM requires the keystore to be in X509 (DER) format. I started working on this about a month ago and had it working, but stupidly never wrote down the steps I took, and now I can't for the life of me remember what I did. I seem to remember using openssl but other than that I am totally lost. Anything I create now using openssl and try to load into Apache causes an error at startup (Invalid Keystore Format) so I am probably missing something out entirely. Does anyone have any ideas how I should be going about creating this self-signed X509 certificate that can be loaded into Apache server and JVM running on a PDA?

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• Locating SSL certificate, key and CA on server

  - by jovan

  Disclaimer: you don't need to know Node to answer this question but it would help. I have a Node server and I need to make it work with HTTPS. As I researched around the internet, I found that I have to do something like this: var fs = require('fs'); var credentials = { key: fs.readFileSync('path/to/ssl/private-key'), cert: fs.readFileSync('path/to/ssl/cert'), ca: fs.readFileSync('path/to/something/called/CA') }; var app = require('https').createServer(credentials, handler); I have several problems with this. First off, all the examples I found use completely different approaches. Some link to .pem files for both the certificate and key. I don't know what pem files are but I know my certificate is .crt and my key is .key. Some start off at the root folder and some seem to just have these .pem files in the application directory. I don't. Some use the ca thing too and some don't. This CA is supposed to be my domain's CA bundle according to some articles - but none explain where to find this file. In the ssl directory on my server I have one .crt file in the certs directory and one .key file in the keys directory, in addition to an empty csrs directory and an ssl.db file. So, where do I find these 3 files (key, cert, ca) and how do I link to them correctly?

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• Verify Authenticode signature as being from our company for automatic updater

  - by James Johnston

  I am implementing an automatic update feature and need some advice on how to do this securely using best practices. I would like to use the downloaded file's Authenticode signature to verify that it is safe to run (i.e. originates from our company and hasn't been tampered with). My question is very similar to question #2008519. The bottom-line question: what's the best, most secure way to check Authenticode signatures for an automatic update feature? What fields in the certificate should be checked? Requirements being: (1) check signature is valid, (2) check it's my signature, (3) old clients can still update when my certificate expires and I get a new one. Here's some background information / ideas from my research: I believe this could be broken into two steps: Verify that the signature is valid. I believe this should be easy using WinVerifyTrust as outlined in http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa382384(VS.85).aspx - I don't expect problems here. Verify that the signature corresponds to our company, and not another company. This seems to be a more difficult question to answer: One possibility is to check some of the strings in the signature. Could be obtained via code at MS KB article #323809, but this article doesn't make recommendations on what fields should be checked for this type of application (or any other, for that matter). Question #1072540 also illustrates how to get some certificate info, but again doesn't recommend what fields to actually check. My concern is that the strings might not be the best check: what if another person is able to obtain a certificate with the same name, for example? Or if there's a valid reason for us to change the strings in the future? The person at question #2008519 has a very similar requirement. His need for a "TrustedByUs" function is identical to mine. However, he goes about doing the check by comparing public keys. While this would work in the short-term, it seems like it won't work for an automatic update feature. This is because code signing certificates are only valid for 2 - 3 years max. Therefore, in the future, when we buy a new certificate in 2 years, the old clients wouldn't be able to update any more due to the change in public key.

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• ssl_error_handshake_failure_alert with Commercial CA-based client certificate

  - by Bryan

  Attempting to implement client authentication with an SSL cert. http://www.modssl.org/docs/2.8/ssl_howto.html#auth-selective Receive the following errors. Apache: Re-negotiation handshake failed: Not accepted by client!? Firefox: ssl_error_handshake_failure_alert I assume it is a configuration error, but have not been able to locate it. Additional info: Commercial CA server cert servers secure works without problem in Apache 2.2 & Passenger. Only client authentication related directives do not work.

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• NPS EAP authentication failing after Windows Update

  - by sqlreader

  I have a Windows 2008 Std server running NPS. After applying the latest round of updates (including Root Certificates for April 2012 KB931125 (See:http://support.microsoft.com/kb/933430/)), EAP authentication is failing due to being malformed. Sample error (Security/Event ID 6273), truncated for brevity: Authentication Details: Proxy Policy Name: Use Windows authentication for all users Network Policy Name: Wireless Access Authentication Provider: Windows Authentication Server: nps-host.corp.contoso.com Authentication Type: PEAP EAP Type: - Account Session Identifier: - Reason Code: 266 Reason: The message received was unexpected or badly formatted. The NPS policy (Wireless Access) is configured accordingly (for Constraints/Authentication methods) EAP Types: Microsoft: Protected EAP (PEAP) - with a valid certificate from ADCS Microsoft: Secured password (EAP-MSCHAP v2) Less secure authentication methods: Microsoft Encrypted Authentication version 2 (MS-CHAP-v2) User can change password after it has expired Microsoft Encrypted Authentication (MS-CHAP) User can change password after it has expired We've tested a different RADIUS server without the aforementioned patch, and removed EAP as an authentication type and experienced success. Has anyone else experienced this issue?

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• Can Windows log CryptoAPI CRL timouts?

  - by makerofthings7

  We have several .NET applications that occasionally "act slow" with no CPU or disk access. I suspect that they are hung up on authentication when trying to validate the certificate, since the timeout is almost 20 seconds. As per this MSFT article Most applications do not specify to CryptoAPI to use a cumulative time-out. If the cumulative time-out option is not enabled, CryptoAPI uses the CryptoAPI default setting which is a time-out of 15 seconds per URL. If the cumulative time-out option specified by the application, then CryptoAPI will use a default setting of 20 seconds as the cumulative timeout. The first URL receives a maximum timeout of 10 seconds. Each subsequent URL timeout is half of the remaining balance in the cumulative timeout value. Since this is a service, how can I detect and log CryptoAPI hangs for applications I have sourcecode to, and also 3rd party

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• Wildcard SSL certificates, EV

  - by nachito

  I run a Magento e-commerce store with multiple subdomains for an affiliate program, plus a main store. Example, foo.example.com and bar.example.com are affiliates, www.example.com is my main store. They all share the same code and database and the same virtual host. Currently I have a wildcard certificate which works fine for everything. However, I was looking at EV certificates to increase customer confidence (which is not possible with wildcard certificates -- or so I'm told). What would be the simplest setup to have both an EV SSL Cert for the main store and a wildcard for the affiliate subdomains? Two virtual hosts? By the way, I'm running Litespeed as a webserver.

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• IIS requesting certificates even though set to ignore

  - by lupefiasco

  I have a web site in IIS 6 with directory security set to Require secure channel (SSL) and Require 128-bit encryption. Also, the Client certificates setting is set to "Ignore client certificates". When I hit https://servername/resource in Internet Explorer and Chrome , I am prompted for a certificate. I can cancel the prompt, and the resource will load, but I don't want to see this prompt at all. I looked at the virtual directories and resources within the web site, and they all have the ignore client certificates setting on. Could there be another setting, perhaps in the metbase, that is overriding the web site's directory security settings?

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• How do I receive email sent to postmaster?

  - by jonescb

  I have a VPS server that I would like to get an SSL certificate for, and the CA needs an email address to verify that I own the domain. The options are: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], and an address to @whoisguard.com. The server runs CentOS 5, and all I have set up for email is sendmail. I don't have POP3 or IMAP. According to this Wikipedia article on Postmaster, it says that all SMTP servers support postmaster and it cites RFC 5321. Does sendmail conform to this? I tried sending a test mail to [email protected], but I don't know how to receive it on my server. Do I need to open up any ports? I haven't gotten a message back saying that my test mail failed to send, so my server must have gotten it.

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• Setting up SSL on Glassfish V2 or V3

  - by javanix

  My employer recently purchased a Trustwave SSL certificate. Trustwave advertises support on their website, but they don't give an installation guide like they do for their other servers at all, and I am having a difficult time getting it configured correctly with GlassFish. I found this http://blogs.sun.com/enterprisetechtips/entry/using_ssl_with_glassfish_v2 blog post that is sort of helpful, but I'm still unable to get it working (I think the issue is that I don't fully understand the GlassFish keystore, so I am modifying it incorrectly and the server throws security exceptions on startup). Does anyone have any experience doing so, and can you point me to a decent resource? Thanks for any help.

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• Choosing a low cost wildcard SSL cert (PsotiveSSL, RapidSSL, or other)?

  - by Malcolm

  I'm looking to put in place a wildcard SSL certificate for a server that will be providing REST style web services to multiple subdomains. We use NameCheap.com for our DNS services and they offer a choice of 2 very competitively priced wildcard certs: PositiveSSL Wildcard $129.99/yr RapidSSL Wildcard $148.88/yr Is there any reason to choose one of these branded certs over the other? Or are there problems with these low cost certs that we should aware of? If so, what SSL vendor/products do you recommend and why do you recommend them? Thank you, Malcolm

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• Puppet Agent still able to connect to Master after certificate revocation

  - by chris

  In summary: Client connects for the first time and requests cert; on the Master, puppetca -s client is executed; Client gets the cert and completes the run successfully. Fine. But now: on the Master, puppetca -c client is executed and client's cert is not in the cert list anymore; Client connects again and can perform the run as usual; Restarting puppetmasterd doesn't solve the issue. How can I prevent client to connect once its cert has been revoked? Thanks in advance

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• secure email crashes outlook 2007

  - by Josh

  I have a number of secure emails sent to my outlook 2007 client. most arrive fine and display the prompt with regards to granting access to the certificate and then open. today i received two that when i try and open them they crash outlook. i have tried restarting outlook and my computer. please can you give me some ideas of what it could be or how i can troubleshoot this issue. i am working on Vista Utlimate x64. thanks. Josh

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• signing the web server certificate with the CA key

  - by user1064786

  I have problem in running the command below using openssl-0.9.8e and apache in Ubuntu 11.10. do you have any idea to resolve it? first i was receiving this error: No such file or directory:bss_file.c:169:fopen('openssl.cnf','rb') then i copied my modified openssl.cnf file in the /etc/ssl/ directory. now i receive an error regarding -in option: openssl ca -days 3650 –in server/requests/ciise.concordia.ca.csr –cert ./CA/ConcordiaCA.crt –keyfile ./CA/ConcordiaCA.key –out ./server/certificates/ciise.concordia.ca.crt -config openssl.cnf unknown option –in I also copied ciise.concordia.ca.csr in the upper directory, but the problem still persists I would appreciate any help:)

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• choosing the right SSL certifcate

  - by seengee

  Hi All, We're looking to purchase some SSL certificates to secure the login pages of ecommerce sites. It is not required to secure the actual payment process as this is protected by a third party with its own verisign certificate. rapidSSL looks like a good (and cheap) option but a salesperson has told me that they are only suitable for "test sites" and recommended that we use one that is 4 times the cost. Can anyone make any recommendations about what we should be looking for and what we should consider? Thanks.

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• Will I need a dedicated static IP or a unique IP is enough to SSL enable my website?

  - by Devner

  Hi, This is the first time I am dealing with SSL and Dedicated Static IP /Unique IP. Now this webhost says that they will provide Unique IP (not shared with other customers) but do NOT guarantee that it will be static. Now I plan to make my website SSL enabled and install a SSL certificate. So in order to SSL enable my website, will I really need a Dedicated Static IP or will this Unique IP (without the guarantee that it will be static) be enough? What problems will I need to face if the IP is not static? I have already bought hosting from them. And they showed me that option while adding optional services to the account (after I placed my order), so I did not even have a clue about this. Thank you all in advance.

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• Trusted Root certificates regularly disappear on Windows 7

  - by Evgeny

  I've installed several self-signed certificates on my Windows 7 Ultimate x64 machine for development purposes. One was installed into Trusted Root CAs and 2 were installed into My Certificates and Trusted People. Every day or two the certificate installed into Trusted Root CAs disappears and I have to re-install it! This is annoying the hell out of me. Why is it happening and how do I stop it? The other certificates (installed into other stores) do not disappear. My first thought was some kind of Group Policy, but my machine is not part of a domain - though it does obtains its IP address from a corporate DHCP server, so I'm not sure if they can somehow still manage to apply Group Policy to me.

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• Reset local Certificate Revocation List (CRL) manual

  - by Sasha

  How can I reset local CRL (in OS local cash) in Windows OS (XP, Windows 7) manual? We need to reset local CRL because otherwise the OS will use local CRL until "next update" period. As described in "Manually publish the CRL": Clients that have a cached copy of the previously-published CRL or delta CRL will continue using it until its validity period has expired, even though a new CRL has been published. Manually publishing a CRL does not affect cached copies of CRLs that are still valid; it only makes a new CRL available for systems that do not have a valid CRL.

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• vpn/Openvpn as a cloud service

  - by 8pipe

  I am working on creating a small cloud (any number of EC2 instances that can be deployed based on load) implementing a VPN as a service for the company I'm working for. This is basically a project gathering together various vpn resources under one aegis as a cloud based service. As a user of openvpn, I'm somewhat familiar with being able to connect, but I'm looking for resources to start this project. Essentially I need to be able to: run a certificate authority and manage keys to distribute to coworkers build an ami that handles openvpn as a service balance the load if necessary among machines instances as needed Any suggestions for tutorials, things to avoid, roadblocks I might not be seeing from a novice perspective, etc. or just help in visualizing this is appreciated.

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• Sun Java keytool importing EV certificates into a single keystore

  - by ss0

  At my current job we are using tomcat, customers have custom web portals setup on their own local machines. EV certs are new to me, they have 2 part intermediary and a primary certificate. For our product to work it appears I need to get all three parts installed under a single keystore entry. How can I roll all three parts into a single x.509 compliant file for import? They syntax I am using is as follows: /blah/system/j2sdk/bin/keytool -import -alias foo -keystore /zix/system/jdk1.5.0_06/jre/lib/security/cacerts -file certname.pem -trustcacerts where foo = the keystore name and certname.pem is the main cert. I have tried importing the intermediate certs under their own names into the keystore and I don't know if it's just the product I have to work with (not vanilla tomcat) or what but it doesn't see those. I have seen a working system and all three certs were under the single keystore alias. Anyone have any ideas?

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• Redirect To Domain Before SSL Is Read

  - by Devin Dixon

  I had to switch servers and I want to redirect all SSL urls to the non-ssl site. The problem I am running into is the https site still throws invalid certificate error even through apache has the redirect implemented. <VirtualHost *:443> ServerAdmin [email protected] DocumentRoot /data/sites/www.example.com/main/ RewriteEngine on Redirect 301 / http://www.example.com SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/www.examplecom/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/www.example.com/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key ServerName www.example.com ErrorLog "logs/example.com-error_log" CustomLog "logs/example.com-access_log" common </VirtualHost> My question is, how can I do a redirect and avoid the invalid ssl certifcation error in the browser?

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