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• Multiple logins with pam_mount means multiple (redundant) mounts ...

  - by Jamie

  I've configured pam_mount.so to automagically mount a cifs share when users login; the problem is if a user logs into multiple times simultaneously, the mount command is repeated multiple times. This so far isn't a problem but it's messy when you look at the output of a mount command. # mount /dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) none on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) //srv1/UserShares/jrisk on /home/jrisk type cifs (rw,mand) //srv1/UserShares/jrisk on /home/jrisk type cifs (rw,mand) //srv1/UserShares/jrisk on /home/jrisk type cifs (rw,mand) I'm assuming I need to fiddle with either the pam.d/common-auth file or pam_mount.conf.xml to accomplish this. How can I instruct pam_mount.so to avoid duplicate mountings?

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• Home Server: storage virtualisation, what to choose?

  - by Huygens

  I'm looking for virtualisation solutions for storage and OS for a home server. A sort of private cloud where I manage the storage space independently of the VM one. This question focus on storage management. (I have another question related to the VM/compute instance management). Here my environement and wishes. Server: HP Proliant MicroServer with 8 GB RAM (AMD Turion dual core with AMD-V technology) with 1 250GB system disk and up to 4 HDD (2 TB) for "data" OS types: only Linux (perhaps a *BSD VM in the future) Linux distributions do not matter, I'm familiar with RHEL, Fedora, Suse, Ubuntu, but any other recommandation will be fine The 4 HDD is going to be a software RAID array, probably RAID 5. storage should be "virtualised/cloudified": easy to extend: if I add a NAS on the network, I can include the NAS space capacity within this storage space as one virtual disk. This can be a NAS, an external HDD or another server. cluster FS or S3 style space or OpenStack block storage? Whatever is easier to manage/maintain and easy to integrate/plug to VM/compute instance. I would prefer free (libre, as in a free speach) and open source tools. But it does not have to be free as in a free beer. Note: the VMs I intend to run on top of this server are one dedicated to backup, one for a "owncloud/dropbox"-like service and perhaps one for media server (hosting video and photos). I'm not sure if traditional VMs or compute instance are the most suitable for this.

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• How to know whether mongodb is running on 64 bit mode or 32 bit mode

  - by Jim Thio

  My programmer install mongodb. Then somehow it doesn't work. I run C:\mongod\bin>mongod mongod --help for help and startup options Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 warning: 32-bit servers don't have journaling enabled by def ault. Please use --journal if you want durability. Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] MongoDB starting : pid=3800 port=27017 dbpat h=/data/db 32-bit host=haryantoi5 Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] ** NOTE: when using MongoDB 32 bit, you are limited to about 2 gigabytes of data Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] ** see http://blog.mongodb.org/post/13 7788967/32-bit-limitations Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] ** with --journal, the limit is lower Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] db version v2.0.7-rc1, pdfile version 4.5 Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] git version: 9efe4cce272373b52b96de1309c1fbf 0c984305f Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] build info: windows sys.getwindowsversion(ma jor=6, minor=0, build=6002, platform=2, service_pack='Service Pack 2') BOOST_LIB _VERSION=1_42 Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] options: {} ************** Unclean shutdown detected. Please visit http://dochub.mongodb.org/core/repair for recovery instructions. ************* Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] exception in initAndListen: 12596 old lock f ile, terminating Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 dbexit: Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] shutdown: going to close listening sockets.. . Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] shutdown: going to flush diaglog... Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] shutdown: going to close sockets... Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] shutdown: waiting for fs preallocator... Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] shutdown: closing all files... Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 [initandlisten] closeAllFiles() finished Sat Aug 11 22:57:50 dbexit: really exiting now It seems that mongod is running on 32 bit. I have a 64 bit computer and I want to run mongodb in 64 bit enviroment. How do I do so?

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• how do I fix a wrong UUID in grub.cfg?

  - by mozerella

  I run Debian Wheezy alone on my PC and I recently copied the root partition to another with rsync as I found that worked well (I also know about dd and ddrescue but they leave unusable space on the new partition). I generated a new random UUID for the new partition with sudo tune2fs -U random /dev/hda9 and also updated fstab / and /home entries. Then as I know so little about GRUB I used a gui (GRUB Customizer) to probe for the new OS and add an entry to GRUB and the MBR -it makes an /etc/grub.d entry then updates GRUB. On startup, the GRUB list contains the new OS (on sda9) but it boots the first OS (which I copied from -sda5). /boot/grub/grub.cfg contains the new debian OS but it looks like this set root='(hd0,msdos9)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 64662470-0e58-4dfd-90ac-43227d773556 linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-2-amd64 root=UUID=cc3bca0d-aee4-4b9c-95c2-57212cc36d4d ro quiet initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-2-amd64 the 1st uuid is of sda9, but the 2nd uuid there is of sda5. I can change the 2nd uuid at startup (with E) and it boots sda9. So how can I get grub.cfg corrected so that the sda9 GRUB list entry boots from sda9 permanently?

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• Codecs, Premiere Pro & Quicktime: Import or Play Error

  - by Nchpmn

  Original Question I've been using a FS-H200 (not the Pro variant) recorder with a JVC ProHD camera. I have been shooting with the DTE FORMAT to Quicktime (.mov). I copied the files to an external hard drive and am now trying to edit. The files will play back in VLC, as they would be expected to. However they will not import into Adobe Premiere CS5.5, instead giving an error: Unsupported format or damaged file. Quicktime gives the following error when attempting to play the files: Error -2002: a bad public movie atom was found in the movie (Filename) To try and fix this, I have installed the following codec packs: K-Lite Codec Pack 64-bit Full (version 5.9, latest) K-Lite Codec Pack 32-bit Full (version 8.4, latest) MainConcept Codec Suite (Broadcast) v5.1 for Adobe CS5 Reinstalled Quicktime with new download from Apple The same errors and problems still exist. From this I can assume that there is an issue with Quicktime and that is what Premiere is using as an encoder/decoder for the codec. Is there any way to fix this? From looking at the "Codec Information" from VLC: Stream 0 Type: Video Codec: MPEG-1/2 (mpgv) Language: English Resolution: 1280 x 720 Frame Rate: 25 Stream 1 Type: Audio Codec: PCM S16 BE (twos) Language: English Channels: Stereo Sample Rate: 48000 Hz Bits per sample: 16 Other computer specs: Windows 7 Professional 64-bit (SP1) Gigabyte Z68X-UD3-B3 Intel i7-2600K 16GB DDR3 2TB WD 7200RPM SATA 6Gb/s LaCie d2 Quadra 2TB v3 7200RPM (External HDD) NVIDIA GeForce GTX 560 Ti Golden Sample Updates 2012-03-11 @ 2050 AEDT MPEG Steamclip doesn't recognise, play or convert the footage. File open error: unrecognised file type. [Open Anyway] File open error: can't find video or audio tracks. 2012-03-24 @ 1920 AEDT Had to transcode the footage. :(

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• On linux, what does it mean when a directory has size 0 instead of 4096?

  - by kdt

  Here's a strange thing I haven't seen before -- a directory whose size is reported by ls as 0 instead of 4096, and I can't create any files within it. # ls -ld lib home drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Feb 7 03:10 home <-- it has zero size dr-xr-xr-x. 11 root root 4096 Feb 4 09:28 lib # touch home/foo touch: cannot touch `home/foo': No such file or directory <-- and I can't create files in it # rm home rm: cannot remove `home': Is a directory <-- look, it really is a dir So what does it mean for a directory to have size 0 instead of 4096? Filesystem is ext4 on fedora core 14. The output of mount is: /dev/mapper/vg_dev-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") /dev/vda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw) Output of du -s /home: 0 /home Output of stat /home: File: `/home' Size: 0 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 1024 directory Device: 15h/21d Inode: 34913 Links: 2 Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2011-02-07 03:45:46.188995765 -0800 Modify: 2011-02-07 03:11:59.980995019 -0800 Change: 2011-02-06 07:58:45.874995002 -0800

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• EC2 AMI won't boot after edit

  - by Eric Lars0n

  I did something stupid, I got a new laptop and copied everything over to the new one, then wiped the old one clean. Then I realized that I forgot to copy the private key out of .ssh that I use to connect to my AWS EBS backed instance. So I can't log in to my custom AMI. So I created a new Volume from the Snapshot of the AMI, then started up a public instance and attached the Volume to it, edit the sshd_config to allow for password log in. Unmounted the volume, detached it, made a snapshot of it, then made a new AMI from the snapshot. The new AMI launches, but never passes the Status Checks and is not reachable. What am I doing wrong? Or alternatively how can I fix my problem? Edit: Adding some of the console output Linux version 2.6.16-xenU ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.0.1 20050727 (Red Hat 4.0.1-5)) #1 SMP Mon May 28 03:41:49 SAST 2007 BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Xen: 0000000000000000 - 000000006a400000 (usable) 980MB HIGHMEM available. 727MB LOWMEM available. NX (Execute Disable) protection: active IRQ lockup detection disabled RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize NET: Registered protocol family 2 Registering block device major 8 XENBUS: Timeout connecting to devices! Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(8,0)

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• KVM Guest Reboot Loop

  - by javano

  I have been pulled into a situation where a KVM server (CentOS 6.2) lost power and upon reboot one of the guests hasn't started up again (XP SP3). I have SSH'ed in and someone must have changed something relating to the hyper visors prior to the power loss, but not rebooted all the guests. This particular guest wouldn't start because it was configured to use /usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64 which isn't there now (assuming it was before?). I changed it to use /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm as this is what all the other guests on this server seem to be using, and its booting up. Using virt-manager on my local machine I can connect to the display of the XP machine and it gets as far as this screen; http://support.gateway.com/emachines/issues/2-1131285152-01.gif The problem I face now, is that which ever option I choose the machine just reboots. So it's and endless loop. I thought that perhaps a file system error maybe present due to the unclean shutdown. There is an XP SP3 ISO mounted under the guest, which I booted from in an attempt to access the recovery tools, but I don't have the Administrator password! I am out of ideas, and it's turning out to be quite the conundrum. Should I use a 3rd party live CD to test the FS for errors? How else can I trouble shoot these restarts?

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• Trouble getting started with the STEALTH monitoring package

  - by dlanced

  Is anyone here familiar with the Linux-based STEALTH package (for monitoring FS integrity of client systems)? I'm trying to get started with a very simple configuration, but I'm running into trouble (this is running under Ubuntu 14.04): Config line `USE BASE/root/stealth/10.0.0.79' invalid STEALTH (2.11.02) started at Fri, 30 May 2014 15:25:00 +0000 Program terminated due to non-zero exit value for -type f -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; (EOC Fri May 30 15:25:00 2014 127) Stealth is creating a binary tmp file in the Stealth server root and generating a "report" file in the start directory, but not much else. Regarding the "USE BASE...invalid" error, and just to be sure, I manually created the directories in /root, but it didn't help. And, by the way, I am running stealth with sudo. Everything seems to be configured correctly: I'm able to ssh into root@client from the stealth machine without a password Here's my "policy" file (I've removed the email directives just for simplicity): DEFINE SSHCMD /usr/bin/ssh [email protected] -T -q exec /bin/bash --noprofile DEFINE EXECSHA1 -xdev -perm +u+s,g+s ( -user root -or -group root ) \ -type f -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; USE BASE/root/stealth/10.0.0.79 USE SSH ${SSHCMD} USE DD /bin/dd USE DIFF /usr/bin/diff USE PIDFILE /var/run/stealth- USE REPORT report USE SH /bin/sh GET /usr/bin/sha1sum /root/tmp LABEL \nchecking the client's /usr/bin/find program CHECK LOG = remote/binfind /usr/bin/sha1sum /usr/bin/find LABEL \nsuid/sgid/executable files uid or gid root on the / partition CHECK LOG = remote/setuidgid /usr/bin/find / ${EXECSHA1} LABEL \nconfiguration files under /etc CHECK LOG = remote/etcfiles \ /usr/bin/find /etc -type f -not -perm /6111 \ -not -regex "/etc/(adjtime\|mtab)"\ -exec /usr/bin/sha1sum {} \; Any ideas? Thanks,

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• EC2 kernel decision and issues with creating a new machine with my AMI

  - by roacha

  I could really use some advice. I started a new instance on EC2 using Amazon's AMI and during the deployment process I selected a Kernel ID of "Use Default". I then configured my server the way that I wanted to and took a snapshot of it. I then created my own AMI to create new servers with. When I try and create a new server with this AMI the server fails to start and I get the error: EXT3-fs: sda1: couldn't mount because of unsupported optional features (240). Which appears to happen because I am selecting a kernel id of "Use default" again when building my second server. I have read that in order for this to work I need to choose the same kernel id that was used in my original server. I have deleted my original server and don't know what it was using. What is the best process to follow in order to not have these issues? Should I choose "Use Default" for my original server? How do you know which kernel it selected? Then should I just document this and always specify this during the deployment of my next servers using my custom AMI? OR should I choose a custom kernel id during the initial build and always use this one moving ahead hoping Amazon never retires it? Thanks for any advice!

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• How can I make grub2 boot into Windows 7?

  - by Grzenio

  I had Windows 7 installed on my system, then I installed Debian testing with grub2 as its boot manager. Initially I couldn't see windows entry in grub at all, so I ran: aptitude install os-prober kcpuload update-grub Now I can see the entry, but when I select it I get only Win7 system restore, instead of the the real thing. Any ides how to make it work? EDIT: I tried the suggested approach to add a new file to /etc/grub.d, which generated an entry in grub.cfg, but it does not appear in the grub menu on boot :( I have this: grzes:/home/ga# cat /etc/grub.d/11_Windows #! /bin/sh -e echo Adding Windows >&2 cat << EOF menuentry “Windows 7? { set root=(hd0,2) chainloader +1 } And I have the following grub.cfg file: grzes:/home/ga# cat /boot/grub/grub.cfg # # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE # # It is automatically generated by /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig using templates # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub # ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ### if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then load_env fi set default="0" if [ ${prev_saved_entry} ]; then set saved_entry=${prev_saved_entry} save_env saved_entry set prev_saved_entry= save_env prev_saved_entry set boot_once=true fi function savedefault { if [ -z ${boot_once} ]; then saved_entry=${chosen} save_env saved_entry fi } insmod ext2 set root=(hd0,3) search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 6ce3ff31-0ef7-41df-a6f5-b6b886db3a94 if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then set gfxmode=640x480 insmod gfxterm insmod vbe if terminal_output gfxterm ; then true ; else # For backward compatibility with versions of terminal.mod that don't # understand terminal_output terminal gfxterm fi fi set locale_dir=/boot/grub/locale set lang=en insmod gettext set timeout=5 ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

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• Creating a partitioned raid1 array for booting a debian squeeze system

  - by gucki

  I'd like to have the following raid1 (mirror) setup: /dev/md0 consists of /dev/sda and /dev/sdb I created this raid1 device using mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --auto=yes --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda /dev/sdb This gave a warning about metadata being 1.2 and my system might not boot. I cannot use 0.9 because it restricts the size of the raid to 2TB and I assume grub shipped with latest debian (squeeze) should be able to handle metadata 1.2. So then I created the needed partitions like this: # creating new label (partition table) parted -s /dev/md0 mklabel 'msdos' # creating partitions sfdisk -uM /dev/md0 << EOF 0,4096 ,1024,S ; EOF # making root filesystem mkfs -t ext4 -L boot -m 0 /dev/md0p1 # making swap filesystem mkswap /dev/md0p2 # making data filesystem mkfs -t ext4 -L data /dev/md0p3 Then I mounted the root partition, copied a minimal debian install inside and temporary mounted /dev /proc /sys. Afer this I chrooted to the new root folder and executed: grub-install --no-floppy --recheck /dev/md0 However this fails badly with: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: unknown filesystem. Auto-detection of a filesystem of /dev/md0p1 failed. Please report this together with the output of "/usr/sbin/grub-probe --device-map=/boot/grub/device.map --target=fs -v /boot/grub" to I don't think it's a bug in grub (so I didn't report it yet) but a fault of mine. So I really wonder how to properly setup my raid1, everything I tried so far failed.

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• How To Boot with "mem=1024m" Argument using GRUB - Ubuntu 10.04

  - by nicorellius

  I am still working on this question. This new one is a different question so I thought it would be good to post a new question. Is this the proper protocol or should I have just edited the other question? I'm running Ubuntu 10.04 with the kernel 2.6.32-22-generic on a Toshiba Satellite laptop. When I enter the GRUB menu (I have Ubuntu 9.10 installed as well), I can choose which kernel to boot. I use scroll down to the one I want and press "e" and I expect to be able to enter mem=1024m and force the kernel to use this much memory. But when I run cat /proc/meminfo or look in the process manager after booting wth this argument I still see all the RAM: ~2 GB. Am I using this boot argument incorrectly? The boot configuration (before I add anything) looks like this: insmod ext2 set root=(hd0,1) search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 10270f21-1c42-494b-bd3f-813c23f6d\ 518 linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-22-generic root=UUID=10270f21-1c42-494b-b\ d3f-813c23f6d518 ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-22-generic The way I did this was that I added the mem=1024m after the last line and pressed Ctrl+x (Emacs save and boot the kernel) and the system booted. I tried adding mem=1024m to the end and the beginning of this list and it appeared to not change the RAM allocation.

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• Debian grub2 update removed Windows boot option.

  - by Wrikken

  Since I updated grub to grub 2 I no longer get the option to boot to Windows (which is unfortunately sometimes necessary for proprietary MSIE browser plugins I need to use for work). Relevant /boot/grub/menu.lst portion: ### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST # This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian # ones. title Other operating systems: root # This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS # on /dev/hda1 title Windows NT/2000/XP root (hd0,0) savedefault makeactive chainloader +1 This however does not appear anymore. I do have some entries in /boot/grub/grub.cfg with entries like these: menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os { insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='(hd1,msdos1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set e638c434-4884-412f-a141-2c194f881fae echo 'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=e638c434-4884-412f-a141-2c194f881fae ro quiet echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64 } Do I have to alter that file? If so, what is the correct syntax for a Windows boot? If not, what could be the problem?

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• grub refuses to install to raid array

  - by ronno

  I have a software raid 0 setup with dual booting Windows 7 and Ubuntu 12.04. The GRUB bootloader that is already on the hard drive seems to work fine. However, since the latest package update for grub, it refuses to install the new version to the hard disk. grub-install throws the following error: /usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: cannot find a GRUB drive for /dev/mapper/< raid name_RAID0p9. Check your device.map. Auto-detection of a filesystem of /dev/mapper/< raid name_RAID0p9 failed. Try with --recheck. If the problem persists please report this together with the output of "/usr/sbin/grub-probe --device-map="/boot/grub/device.map" --target=fs -v /boot/grub" to < [email protected] update-grub pops the same "/usr/sbin/grub-probe: error: cannot find a GRUB drive for /dev/mapper/< raid name_RAID0p9. Check your device.map." every alternate line. I don't understand what exactly is going on. I'm afraid to reinstall the grub package because it might mess up the boot, which currently works fine. Is it safe to just ignore this?

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• Files showing in smbclient but not smbmount

  - by Staale

  I have a samba folder that I try and access through smbclient, and I can browse it just fine. However, mounting it through smbmount, all the folders under the share are empty. I can list the folders directly under the share fine, but they all appear empty. smbclient: # smbclient //server/share -U username -W workgroup password smbmount # sudo smbmount //server/share mntpoint -o user=username,workgroup=workgroup,password=password I have also tried with domain=workgroup instead of workgroup, both give the same result. No error messages, everything mounts fine, but all the folders under mntpoint are empty, despite the same folders being non-empty when using smbclient. Are these using different libraries? How can I debug the error? Additionally, if I try to mount //server/share/folder, doing an ls results in a segmentation fault. Using dmesg I find: kernel BUG at /build/buildd/linux-2.6.28/fs/cifs/cifs_dfs_ref.c:315! Full trace: http://pastebin.com/m70adc213 Using a credentials file, I first get empty dirs, then Resource temporarily unavailable. In my dmesg I see the following output: CIFS VFS: compose_mount_options: Failed to resolve server part of \\srv\share to IP: -11

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• No partition on USB Flash Drive?

  - by Skytunnel

  A friend gave me a corrupted USB memory stick to try recovery data from. But I've had some unusual results, so thought I'd share to see if anyone is familiar with this problem... First off I just tried opening from my own PC. Windows prompted to Format the drive, which I of course declined Downloaded TestDisk to anaylsis the drive. And right away I noticed something strange, on the listed drives it comes up as Disk /dev/sdc - 6144 B - USB Flash Drive That's right, the first USB flash drive smaller than a floppy disk!? Moving on anyway... first anaylsis comes up with: Partition sector doesn't have the endmark 0xAA55 TestDisk's Quick Search gave no results, moved on to Deeper Search: No partition found or selected for recovery This left me stumped. I tired a couple of other programs with no success I did manage to get a backup image, but it was just as small as TestDisk indicated, so nothing of use on it After a few hours trying various suggestions from other sources, I gave in and just tried formatting the drive. But returned the message: Windows was unable to complete the format. From googling that, the suggestion was to delete the partition. But there is no partition to delete in this case. most recently I've tried formatting from cmd, and got this result: Format D: /FS:FAT32 The type of the file system is RAW The new file system is FAT32 Verifying 0M 11 bad sectors were encountered during the format. These sectors cannot be guaranteed to have been cleaned The volume is too small for FAT32 Anyone got any suggestions? UPDATE: As per suggestion from @Karen, I tried running a CLEAN from DISKPART, results as follows DiskPart has encountered an error: The request could not be preformed because of an I/O device error.

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• apache chokes after 300 connections

  - by john titus

  We have an apache webserver in front of Tomcat hosted on EC2, instance type is extra large with 34GB memory. Our application deals with lot of external webservices and we have a very lousy external webservice which takes almost 300 seconds to respond to requests during peak hours. During peak hours the server chokes at just about 300 httpd processes. ps -ef | grep httpd | wc -l =300 I have googled and found numerous suggestions but nothing seems to work.. following are some configuration i have done which are directly taken from online resources. I have increased the limits of max connection and max clients in both apache and tomcat. here are the configuration details: //apache <IfModule prefork.c> StartServers 100 MinSpareServers 10 MaxSpareServers 10 ServerLimit 50000 MaxClients 50000 MaxRequestsPerChild 2000 </IfModule> //tomcat <Connector port="8080" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol" connectionTimeout="600000" redirectPort="8443" enableLookups="false" maxThreads="1500" compressableMimeType="text/html,text/xml,text/plain,text/css,application/x-javascript,text/vnd.wap.wml,text/vnd.wap.wmlscript,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml-dtd,application/xslt+xml" compression="on"/> //Sysctl.conf net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=1 fs.file-max = 5049800 vm.min_free_kbytes = 204800 vm.page-cluster = 20 vm.swappiness = 90 net.ipv4.tcp_rfc1337=1 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 65536 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000 net.core.somaxconn = 1024 I have been trying numerous suggestions but in vain.. how to fix this? I'm sure m2xlarge server should serve more requests than 300, probably i might be going wrong with my configuration.. The server chokes only during peak hours and when there are 300 concurrent requests waiting for the [300 second delayed] webservice to respond. Please help..

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• Tuning Linux + HAProxy

  - by react

  I'm currently rolling out HAProxy on Centos 6 which will send requests to some Apache HTTPD servers and I'm having issues with performance. I've spent the last couple of days googling and still can't seem to get past 10k/sec connections consistently when benchmarking (sometimes I do get 30k/sec though). I've pinned the IRQ's of the TX/RX queues for both the internal and external NICS to separate CPU cores and made sure HAProxy is pinned to it's own core. I've also made the following adjustments to sysctl.conf: # Max open file descriptors fs.file-max = 331287 # TCP Tuning net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65023 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 10240 net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 400000 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 60000 net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 3 net.core.somaxconn = 40000 net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 8192 16384 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 8192 16384 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 65536 98304 131072 net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 40000 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 If I use AB to hit the a webserver directly I easily get 30k/s connections. If I stop the webservers and use AB to hit HAProxy then I get 30k/s connections but obviously it's useless. I've also disabled iptables for now since I read that nf_conntrack can slow everything down, no change. I've also disabled the irqbalance service. The fact that I can hit each individual device with 30k/s makes me believe the tuning of the servers is OK and that it must be some HAProxy config? Here's the config which I've built from reading tuning articles, etc http://pastebin.com/zsCyAtgU The server is a dual Xeon CPU E5-2620 (6 cores) with 32GB of RAM. Running Centos 6.2 x64. The private and public interfaces are on separate NICS. Anyone have any ideas? Thanks.

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• Relinking a deleted file

  - by mbac32768

  Sometimes people delete files they shouldn't, a long-running process still has the file open, and recovering the data by catting /proc/<pid>/fd/N just isn't awesome enough. Awesome enough would be if you could "undo" the delete by running some magic option to ln that would let you re-link to the inode number (recovered through lsof). I can't find any Linux tools to do this, least with cursory Googling. What do you got, serverfault? EDIT1: The reason catting the file from /proc/<pid>/fd/N isn't awesome enough is because the process which still has the file open is still writing to it. A delete removes the reference to the inode from the filesystem namespace. What I want is a way of re-creating the reference. EDIT2: 'debugfs ln' works but the risk is too high since it frobs raw filesystem data. The recovered file is also crazy inconsistent. The link count is zero and I can't add links to it. I'm worse off this way since I can just use /proc/<pid>/fd/N to access the data without corrupting my fs.

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• Is it safe to format this partition?

  - by xanesis4

  On a ubuntu server I own, I am running out of space. When I ran sudo parted /dev/sda -l to find all available drives, I got this: Model: ATA ST31000528AS (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 1000GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 256MB 255MB primary ext2 boot 2 257MB 1000GB 1000GB extended 5 257MB 1000GB 1000GB logical lvm Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm) Disk /dev/mapper/server--vg-swap_1: 2135MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: loop Number Start End Size File system Flags 1 0.00B 2135MB 2135MB linux-swap(v1) Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm) Disk /dev/mapper/server--vg-root: 998GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: loop Number Start End Size File system Flags 1 0.00B 998GB 998GB ext4 I understand /dev/mapper/server--vg-root is the filesystem, and /dev/sda1 has some stuff related to GRUB. But, what about /dev/sda2 and /dev/sda5? When I tried to mount /dev/sda2, it said that I needed to specify the file system, which according to the table, is nonexistent. So, is it safe to format this with, say ext4 and mount it? Also, when I tried to mount /dev/sd5, it gave me this error: mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member' I assume it is NOT save to reformat this. If I'm wrong, then that would be great, because I could save some space. Please let me know either way. Thanks in advance! UPDATE: Here is the result of mount: /dev/mapper/server--vg-root on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext2 (rw,acl) /dev/sda1 on /media/hd2 type ext2 (rw)

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• Ubuntu-one syncs single files, but not directories [closed]

  - by Luiz Cláudio Duarte

  I'm using Ubuntu 10.10, fully updated. I have tried to sync my ~/Documents and ~/Pictures folders; U1 replicates the directory structure, but no files are uploaded. Next I tried to sync a single file inside ~/Ubuntu One and it was synced. Then I tried to put a directory inside ~/Ubuntu One and, again, the directory structure was replicated, but no files were synced. All the files have the "syncing" icon, however. The latest syncdaemon.log is below: 2011-03-30 07:41:50,752 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.fsm - INFO - loading updated metadata 2011-03-30 07:41:55,081 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.fsm - INFO - initialized: idx_path: 266, idx_node_id: 266, shares: 1 2011-03-30 07:41:55,082 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.GeneralINotProc - INFO - Ignoring files: ['\\A#.*\\Z', '\\A.*~\\Z', '\\A.*\\.py[oc]\\Z', '\\A.*\\.sw[nopx]\\Z', '\\A.*\\.swpx\\Z', '\\A\\..*\\.tmp\\Z'] 2011-03-30 07:41:55,083 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.HQ - INFO - HashQueue: _hasher started 2011-03-30 07:41:55,902 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.DBus - INFO - DBusInterface initialized. 2011-03-30 07:41:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - INFO - Using '/home/l_claudius/Ubuntu One' as root dir 2011-03-30 07:41:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - INFO - Using '/home/l_claudius/.local/share/ubuntuone/syncdaemon' as data dir 2011-03-30 07:41:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - INFO - Using '/home/l_claudius/.local/share/ubuntuone/shares' as shares root dir 2011-03-30 07:41:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - NOTE - ---- MARK (state: <State: 'INIT' (queues IDLE connection 'Not User Not Network')>; queues: metadata: 0; content: 0; hash: 0, fsm-cache: hit=1 miss=266) ---- 2011-03-30 07:41:55,904 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - NOTE - Local rescan starting... 2011-03-30 07:41:55,904 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.local_rescan - INFO - start scan all volumes 2011-03-30 07:41:55,906 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.local_rescan - INFO - processing trash 2011-03-30 07:41:56,044 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.local_rescan - INFO - processing move limbo 2011-03-30 07:41:56,491 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - NOTE - Local rescan finished! 2011-03-30 07:41:56,492 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - INFO - hash queue empty. We are ready! 2011-03-30 07:42:15,583 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.DBus - INFO - u'CredentialsFound': callbacking with credentials (token_name: None). 2011-03-30 07:42:15,584 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.DBus - INFO - connect: credential request was successful, pushing SYS_USER_CONNECT. 2011-03-30 07:42:15,617 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.ActionQueue - INFO - Connection started to host fs-1.one.ubuntu.com, port 443. 2011-03-30 07:42:15,977 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.ActionQueue - INFO - Connection made. 2011-03-30 07:42:15,978 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.StorageClient - INFO - Connection made. 2011-03-30 07:42:16,581 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.ActionQueue - INFO - The request 'protocol_version' finished OK. 2011-03-30 07:42:16,774 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.ActionQueue - INFO - The request 'caps_raising_if_not_accepted' finished OK. 2011-03-30 07:42:16,966 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.ActionQueue - INFO - The request 'caps_raising_if_not_accepted' finished OK. 2011-03-30 07:42:17,722 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.ActionQueue - INFO - The request 'oauth_authenticate' finished OK. 2011-03-30 07:42:17,723 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.ActionQueue - NOTE - Session ID: '563bc960-35fa-4f44-b9b6-125819656dc3' 2011-03-30 07:42:19,258 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.ActionQueue - INFO - The request 'list_volumes' finished OK. 2011-03-30 07:43:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - NOTE - ---- MARK (state: <State: 'QUEUE_MANAGER' (queues IDLE connection 'With User With Network')>; queues: metadata: 0; content: 0; hash: 0, fsm-cache: hit=1059 miss=266) ---- 2011-03-30 07:45:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - NOTE - ---- MARK (state: <State: 'QUEUE_MANAGER' (queues IDLE connection 'With User With Network')>; queues: metadata: 0; content: 0; hash: 0, fsm-cache: hit=1059 miss=266) ---- 2011-03-30 07:47:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - NOTE - ---- MARK (state: <State: 'QUEUE_MANAGER' (queues IDLE connection 'With User With Network')>; queues: metadata: 0; content: 0; hash: 0, fsm-cache: hit=1059 miss=266) ---- 2011-03-30 07:49:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - NOTE - ---- MARK (state: <State: 'QUEUE_MANAGER' (queues IDLE connection 'With User With Network')>; queues: metadata: 0; content: 0; hash: 0, fsm-cache: hit=1059 miss=266) ---- 2011-03-30 07:51:55,903 - ubuntuone.SyncDaemon.Main - NOTE - ---- MARK (state: <State: 'QUEUE_MANAGER' (queues IDLE connection 'With User With Network')>; queues: metadata: 0; content: 0; hash: 0, fsm-cache: hit=1059 miss=266) ----

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• Creating my first F# program in my new &ldquo;Expert F# Book&rdquo;

  - by MarkPearl

  So I have a brief hour or so that I can dedicate today to reading my F# book. It’s a public holiday and my wife’s birthday and I have a ton of assignments for UNISA that I need to complete – but I just had to try something in F#. So I read chapter 1 – pretty much an introduction to the rest of the book – it looks good so far. Then I get to chapter 2, called “Getting Started with F# and .NET”. Great, there is a code sample on the first page of the chapter. So I open up VS2010 and create a new F# console project and type in the code which was meant to analyze a string for duplicate words… #light let wordCount text = let words = Split [' '] text let wordset = Set.ofList words let nWords = words.Length let nDups = words.Length - wordSet.Count (nWords, nDups) let showWordCount text = let nWords,nDups = wordCount text printfn "--> %d words in text" nWords printfn "--> %d duplicate words" nDups   So… bad start - VS does not like the “Split” method. It gives me an error message “The value constructor ‘Split’ is not defined”. It also doesn’t like wordSet.Count telling me that the “namespace or module ‘wordSet’ is not defined”. ??? So a bit of googling and it turns out that there was a bit of shuffling of libraries between the CTP of F# and the Beta 2 of F#. To have access to the Split function you need to download the F# PowerPack and hen reference it in your code… I download and install the powerpack and then add the reference to FSharp.Core and FSharp.PowerPack in my project. Still no luck! Some more googling and I get the suggestions I got were something like this…#r "FSharp.PowerPack.dll";; #r "FSharp.PowerPack.Compatibility.dll";; So I add the code above to the top of my Program.fs file and still no joy… I now get an error message saying… Error    1    #r directives may only occur in F# script files (extensions .fsx or .fsscript). Either move this code to a script file, add a '-r' compiler option for this reference or delimit the directive with '#if INTERACTIVE'/'#endif'. So what does that mean? If I put the code straight into the F# interactive it works – but I want to be able to use it in a project. The C# equivalent I would think would be the “Using” keyword. The #r doesn’t seem like it should be in the FSharp code. So I try what the compiler suggests by doing the following…#if INTERACTIVE #r "FSharp.PowerPack.dll";; #r "FSharp.PowerPack.Compatibility.dll";; #endif No luck, the Split method is still not recognized. So wait a second, it mentioned something about FSharp.PowerPack.Compatibility.dll – I haven’t added this as a reference to my project so I add it and remove the two lines of #r code. Partial success – the Split method is now recognized and not underlined, but wordSet.Count is still not working. I look at my code again and it was a case error – the original wordset was mistyped comapred to the wordSet. Some case correction and the compiler is no longer complaining. So the code now seems to work… listed below…#light let wordCount text = let words = String.split [' '] text let wordSet = Set.ofList words let nWords = words.Length let nDups = words.Length - wordSet.Count (nWords, nDups) let showWordCount text = let nWords,nDups = wordCount text printfn "--> %d words in text" nWords printfn "--> %d duplicate words" nDups  So recap – if I wanted to use the interactive compiler then I need to put the #r code. In my mind this is the equivalent of me adding the the references to my project. If however I want to use the powerpack in a project – I just need to make sure that the correct references are there. I feel like a noob once again!

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• Cannot Mount USB 3.0 Hard Disk ?!!

  - by Tenken

  Hi, I have a USB 3.0 external hard disk which I am unable to mount. The entry appears in the "lsusb" command, but I do not exactly understand how to mount it. This is the output for my lsusb command. "ASMedia Technology Inc." is the USB 3.0 device. I would appreciate some help in mounting and accessing the hard disk. This the relevant output of my "lsusb -v" : Bus 009 Device 002: ID 174c:5106 ASMedia Technology Inc. Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 2.10 bDeviceClass 0 (Defined at Interface level) bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 64 idVendor 0x174c ASMedia Technology Inc. idProduct 0x5106 bcdDevice 0.01 iManufacturer 2 ASMedia iProduct 3 AS2105 iSerial 1 00000000000000000000 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 32 bNumInterfaces 1 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 0 bmAttributes 0xc0 Self Powered MaxPower 0mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 8 Mass Storage bInterfaceSubClass 6 SCSI bInterfaceProtocol 80 Bulk (Zip) iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0200 1x 512 bytes bInterval 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x02 EP 2 OUT bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0200 1x 512 bytes bInterval 0 Device Qualifier (for other device speed): bLength 10 bDescriptorType 6 bcdUSB 2.10 bDeviceClass 0 (Defined at Interface level) bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 64 bNumConfigurations 1 Device Status: 0x0001 Self Powered Bus 009 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 3.00 bDeviceClass 9 Hub bDeviceSubClass 0 Unused bDeviceProtocol 3 bMaxPacketSize0 9 idVendor 0x1d6b Linux Foundation idProduct 0x0003 3.0 root hub bcdDevice 2.06 iManufacturer 3 Linux 2.6.35-28-generic xhci_hcd iProduct 2 xHCI Host Controller iSerial 1 0000:04:00.0 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 25 bNumInterfaces 1 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 0 bmAttributes 0xe0 Self Powered Remote Wakeup MaxPower 0mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 1 bInterfaceClass 9 Hub bInterfaceSubClass 0 Unused bInterfaceProtocol 0 Full speed (or root) hub iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x81 EP 1 IN bmAttributes 3 Transfer Type Interrupt Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0004 1x 4 bytes bInterval 12 Hub Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 41 nNbrPorts 4 wHubCharacteristic 0x0009 Per-port power switching Per-port overcurrent protection TT think time 8 FS bits bPwrOn2PwrGood 10 * 2 milli seconds bHubContrCurrent 0 milli Ampere DeviceRemovable 0x00 PortPwrCtrlMask 0xff Hub Port Status: Port 1: 0000.0100 power Port 2: 0000.0100 power Port 3: 0000.0503 highspeed power enable connect Port 4: 0000.0503 highspeed power enable connect Device Status: 0x0003 Self Powered Remote Wakeup Enabled This is the error given when I try to mount the hard drive: shinso@shinso-IdeaPad:~$ sudo mount /dev/sdb /mnt [sudo] password for shinso: mount: /dev/sdb: unknown device This the output of "dmesg|tail": [30062.774178] Either the lower file is not in a valid eCryptfs format, or the key could not be retrieved. Plaintext passthrough mode is not enabled; returning -EIO [30535.800977] usb 9-4: USB disconnect, address 3 [30659.237342] Valid eCryptfs headers not found in file header region or xattr region [30659.237351] Either the lower file is not in a valid eCryptfs format, or the key could not be retrieved. Plaintext passthrough mode is not enabled; returning -EIO [31259.268310] Valid eCryptfs headers not found in file header region or xattr region [31259.268313] Either the lower file is not in a valid eCryptfs format, or the key could not be retrieved. Plaintext passthrough mode is not enabled; returning -EIO [31860.059058] Valid eCryptfs headers not found in file header region or xattr region [31860.059062] Either the lower file is not in a valid eCryptfs format, or the key could not be retrieved. Plaintext passthrough mode is not enabled; returning -EIO [32465.220590] Valid eCryptfs headers not found in file header region or xattr region [32465.220593] Either the lower file is not in a valid eCryptfs format, or the key could not be retrieved. Plaintext passthrough mode is not enabled; returning -EIO I am using Ubuntu 10.10 (64 bit). Any help is appreciated.

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• WIF-less claim extraction from ACS: JWT

  - by Elton Stoneman

  ACS support for JWT still shows as "beta", but it meets the spec and it works nicely, so it's becoming the preferred option as SWT is losing favour. (Note that currently ACS doesn’t support JWT encryption, if you want encrypted tokens you need to go SAML). In my last post I covered pulling claims from an ACS token without WIF, using the SWT format. The JWT format is a little more complex, but you can still inspect claims just with string manipulation. The incoming token from ACS is still presented in the BinarySecurityToken element of the XML payload, with a TokenType of urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt: <t:RequestSecurityTokenResponse xmlns:t="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust">   <t:Lifetime>     <wsu:Created xmlns:wsu="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd">2012-08-31T07:39:55.337Z</wsu:Created>     <wsu:Expires xmlns:wsu="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd">2012-08-31T09:19:55.337Z</wsu:Expires>   </t:Lifetime>   <wsp:AppliesTo xmlns:wsp="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2004/09/policy">     <EndpointReference xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">       <Address>http://localhost/x.y.z</Address>     </EndpointReference>   </wsp:AppliesTo>   <t:RequestedSecurityToken>     <wsse:BinarySecurityToken wsu:Id="_1eeb5cf4-b40b-40f2-89e0-a3343f6bd985-6A15D1EED0CDB0D8FA48C7D566232154" ValueType="urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt" EncodingType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-soap-message-security-1.0#Base64Binary" xmlns:wsu="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd" xmlns:wsse="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd">[ base64string ] </wsse:BinarySecurityToken>   </t:RequestedSecurityToken>   <t:TokenType>urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt</t:TokenType>   <t:RequestType>http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/02/trust/Issue</t:RequestType>   <t:KeyType>http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/NoProofKey</t:KeyType> </t:RequestSecurityTokenResponse> The token as a whole needs to be base-64 decoded. The decoded value contains a header, payload and signature, dot-separated; the parts are also base-64, but they need to be decoded using a no-padding algorithm (implementation and more details in this MSDN article on validating an Exchange 2013 identity token). The values are then in JSON; the header contains the token type and the hashing algorithm: "{"typ":"JWT","alg":"HS256"}" The payload contains the same data as in the SWT, but JSON rather than querystring format: {"aud":"http://localhost/x.y.z" "iss":"https://adfstest-bhw.accesscontrol.windows.net/" "nbf":1346398795 "exp":1346404795 "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/authenticationinstant":"2012-08-31T07:39:53.652Z" "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/authenticationmethod":"http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/authenticationmethod/windows" "http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/windowsaccountname":"xyz" "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress":"[email protected]" "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/upn":"[email protected]" "identityprovider":"http://fs.svc.x.y.z.com/adfs/services/trust"} The signature is in the third part of the token. Unlike SWT which is fixed to HMAC-SHA-256, JWT can support other protocols (the one in use is specified as the "alg" value in the header). How to: Validate an Exchange 2013 identity token contains an implementation of a JWT parser and validator; apart from the custom base-64 decoding part, it’s very similar to SWT extraction. I've wrapped the basic SWT and JWT in a ClaimInspector.aspx page on gitHub here: SWT and JWT claim inspector. You can drop it into any ASP.Net site and set the URL to be your redirect page in ACS. Swap ACS to issue SWT or JWT, and using the same page you can inspect the claims that come out.

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