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  • Centos iptables configuration for Wordpress and Gmail smtp

    - by Fabrizio
    Let me start off by saying that I'm a Centos newby, so all info, links and suggestions are very welcome! I recently set up a hosted server with Centos 6 and configured it as a webserver. The websites running on it are nothing special, just some low traffic projects. I tried to configure the server as default as possible, but I like it to be secure as well (no ftp, custom ssh port). Getting my Wordpress to run as desired, I'm running into some connection problems. 2 things are not working: installing plugins and updates through ssh2 (failed to connect to localhost:sshportnumber) sending emails from my site using the Gmail smtp (Failed to connect to server: Permission denied (13)) I have the feeling that these are both related to the iptables configuration, because I've tried everything else (I think). I tried opening up the firewall to accept traffic for ports 465 (gmail smtp) and ssh port (lets say this port is 8000), but both the issues remain. Ssh connections from the terminal are working fine though. After each change I tried implementing I restarted the iptables service. This is my iptables configuration (using vim): # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.7 on Sun Jun 1 13:20:20 2014 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 8000 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 465 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited -A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited -A OUTPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 8000 -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 465 -j ACCEPT COMMIT # Completed on Sun Jun 1 13:20:20 2014 Are there any (obvious) issues with my iptables setup considering the above mentioned issues? Saying that the firewall is doing exactly nothing in this state is also an answer... And again, if you have any other suggestions for me to increase security (considering the basic things I do with this box), I would love hear it, also the obvious ones! Thanks!

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  • mount.nfs: access denied by server while mounting (Kerberos authentication)

    - by Nick
    There's plenty of references to this error on Goggle, and even a question here with the same title, but it seems that "access denied by server while mounting" is a catch-all error. I've tried suggestions that others have used to fix this problem, but they did not work in my case. I'm trying to set-up a Kerberos-based NFS file server with shared homes for a Linux network. I'm using Ubuntu 11.04 Servers and clients. When trying to mount a share using: mount 192.168.1.115:/export/home/ /media/tmp I get: mount.nfs: access denied by server while mounting 192.168.1.115:/export/home/ This is the same if I mount it from a client machine or from the server itself. On the server, in /var/log/syslog I get: Aug 25 06:22:37 nfs mountd[1580]: authenticated mount request from 192.168.1.115:835 for /export/home (/export/home) Aug 25 06:22:37 nfs mountd[1580]: authenticated unmount request from 192.168.1.115:766 for /export/home (/export/home) Which is odd, since it says it's authenticated the request, not denying it. /etc/exports: /export *(rw,fsid=0,crossmnt,insecure,async,no_subtree_check,sec=krb5p:krb5i:krb5) /export/home *(rw,insecure,async,no_subtree_check,sec=krb5p:krb5i:krb5) On client: me@dt1:/$ rpcinfo -p 192.168.1.115 program vers proto port 100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper 100024 1 udp 37320 status 100024 1 tcp 48460 status 100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs 100003 3 tcp 2049 nfs 100003 4 tcp 2049 nfs 100227 2 tcp 2049 100227 3 tcp 2049 100003 2 udp 2049 nfs 100003 3 udp 2049 nfs 100003 4 udp 2049 nfs 100227 2 udp 2049 100227 3 udp 2049 100021 1 udp 58625 nlockmgr 100021 3 udp 58625 nlockmgr 100021 4 udp 58625 nlockmgr 100021 1 tcp 49616 nlockmgr 100021 3 tcp 49616 nlockmgr 100021 4 tcp 49616 nlockmgr 100005 1 udp 45627 mountd 100005 1 tcp 60265 mountd 100005 2 udp 45627 mountd 100005 2 tcp 60265 mountd 100005 3 udp 45627 mountd 100005 3 tcp 60265 mountd Any suggestions I could try?

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  • Troubleshooting an overheating CPU

    - by Jeff Fry
    I & my father just recently put together a new PC. Specs below. From the very beginning, on boot it will often complain that the CPU is too hot. If I sit in BIOS and watch the CPU, it'll drop back down from red to blue (<72C), at which point I've tended to just boot into Windows...and haven't had any problems. In fact, I've played a couple hours straight of Skyrim at max settings, and not had any visible issues. That said, I've occasionally walked away & come back to find that it's crashed. Yesterday, it crashed (while idle) twice in 12 hours, which shifted the balance from busy-with-life to nervous-I'm-about-to-melt-something. I just installed Core Temp which is showing my 4 cores fluxuating between 70-98C. I'm guessing at this point that the CPU fan may be incorrectly installed or defective. My first thought is to either (a) add water cooling (which the case supports) and / or (b) replace the CPU fan with an after-market one. That said, I'm very open to suggestions. A note, while I certainly don't want to burn money here, I have a baby coming any day now and am still unpacking from a recent move so if I have a choice between an option that costs money and another that takes a while...I'll happily spend a bit extra. Side question: Should I be nervous to even have this on at this point? Let me know if there's something useful I could add to my report. Otherwise, I'm looking forward to your suggestions! Thanks. CPU Intel i7-2600 CPU w/ stock fan Other HW ASUS P8Z68-V Pro motherboard 64G SSD boot drive 4 older SATA HDs GIGABYTE ATI Radeon HD6950 1 GB DDR5 8G Kingston T1 Series RAM Corsair 650W Gold Certified power supply Antec P280 case

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  • Recommended drive encryption solution

    - by Chris Driver
    Hello, I will soon be purchasing a number of laptops running Windows 7 for our mobile staff. Due to the nature of our business I will need drive encryption. Windows BitLocker seems the obvious choice, but it looks like I need to purchase either Windows 7 Enterprise or Ultimate editions to get it. Can anyone offer suggestions on the best course of action: a) Use BitLocker, bite the bullet and pay to upgrade to Enterprise/Ultimate b) Pay for another 3rd party drive encryption product that is cheaper (suggestions appreciated) c) Use a free drive encryption product such as TrueCrypt Ideally I am also interested in 'real world' experience from people who are using drive encryption software and any pitfalls to look out for. Many thanks in advance... UPDATE Decided to go with TrueCrypt for the following reasons: a) The product has a good track record b) I am not managing a large quantity of laptops so integration with Active Directory, Management consoles etc is not a huge benefit c) Although eks did make a good point about Evil Maid (EM) attacks, our data is not that desirable to consider it a major factor d) The cost (free) is a big plus but not the primary motivator The next problem I face is imaging (Acronis/Ghost/..) encrypted drives will not work unless I perform sector-by-sector imaging. That means an 80Gb encrypted partition creates an 80Gb image file :(

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  • Toshiba A205-5804 freezes when plugged in

    - by heron
    Well I have a Toshiba A205-5804 and the problem is that the screen freezes anytime I plug the pc into the external power supply, not as most of the computers having the same issue, my computer DOES freeze in safe mode, and I really can't bear this problem for much longer... It's not an overheating problem, the computer is not getting hot or anything related, I've already tried changing the AC adapter, booting only with AC and no battery, and also all of these suggestions: Try changing the following setting in the bios setup, under the 'Advanced' tab Dynamic CPU Frequency: Mode = Always Low (NOT DYNAMIC) My laptop has been running on AC power without a problem for 24hours, including many restarts, and when I went back to the original bios setting, the problem returned almost straight away. EDIT Other suggestions I found on the web from here and here: Set the power plan to high performance Set the power plan to "Minimal Power Management" (1 and 2 do conflict) Start - Control Panel - Device Manager -- Processor - disable one of two processors - reboot normally 4.Do this: Only plug battery into laptop Turn on the laptop and start Windows normally Plug AC adapter into laptop, the screen will freeze Leave the laptop the way it is for 12-24 hours After 12-24 hours, turn it off the hard way Once it is turned off, turn it back on. The laptop is working now. I have no idea of what can it be...

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  • MS Word custom dictionary making spellcheck slow - ideas?

    - by ezuk
    I have a user who edits technical materials. She uses MS Word's Custom Dictionary all the time for spelling; it has grown very large, and is now making spell check very slow. All of the advice I've read online says to disable the custom dictionary. This is an easy solution, but is not workable for the user, because she actually needs this dictionary. So, is there any way to optimize the custom dictionary and/or Word itself, so that a large dictionary file doesn't slow things down quite so badly? Many thanks. Update after suggestions: I ran contig on the file, and it reports just 1 frag, so that's not the issue I think. The file is 9.95KB -- 1,117 lines, each consisting of just a single word. I viewed the file using Notepad and none of the lines seems corrupted, strange, or overly long (no line seems to be over 10 chars or so). Both of your suggestions were helpful so I will upvote both; any further tips would be most welcome.

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  • Password-less login into localhost

    - by Brad
    I am trying to setup password-less login into my localhost because it's required for a tutorial. I went through the normal steps of generating an rsa key and appending the public key to authorized_keys but I am still prompted for a password. I've also enabled RSAAuthentication and PubKeyAuthentication in /etc/ssh_config. Following other suggestions I've seen, I tried: chmod go-w ~/ chmod 700 ~/.ssh chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys But the problem persists. Here is the output from ssh -v localhost: (tutorial)bnels21-2:tutorial bnels21$ ssh -v localhost OpenSSH_5.9p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8r 8 Feb 2011 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: /etc/ssh_config line 20: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to localhost [::1] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /Users/bnels21/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: identity file /Users/bnels21/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/bnels21/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /Users/bnels21/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.9 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.9 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.9 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Server host key: RSA 1c:31:0e:56:93:45:dc:f0:77:6c:bd:90:27:3b:c6:43 debug1: Host 'localhost' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /Users/bnels21/.ssh/known_hosts:11 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /Users/bnels21/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: id_rsa3 debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Trying private key: /Users/bnels21/.ssh/id_dsa debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive Password: Any suggestions? I'm running OSX 10.8.

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  • How to recover deleted files on ext3 fs

    - by Mike
    I have a drive which was using the ext3 filesystem. I am told that about 10Gb of data was deleted off the drive (probably via rm). The drive is currently mounted as read-only to preserve all data. Does anyone know of a method to restore some or all of the data? Also if it helps, the OS was Fedora. I've also been told that the data is mostly ASCII fortan source code and Matlab files. Conclusion I have finally managed to get the data back, and with the simplest means ever! After weeks of trying and failing to bring back much of any data, I brought someone in today to take a look at it and offer suggestions, he simply cd'd to the directory and everything was there! It was never lost in the first place!!! Needless to say I feel really dumb right now, but I learned quite a lot with this whole fiasco. At any rate, while I was looking through data forensics solutions, I found that the Autopsy, or more specifically the SleuthKit was the most helpful. So I will accept that as the final answer. I would also like to note for anyone that comes across this later on that the most up-voted (currently) answer by sekenre was also helpful and I learned a lot, but ultimately it did not help with the type (very many, and some being very large) of files I was dealing with. So thank to all you that provided suggestions and wish you all the best!

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  • Windows 7 / TCP/IP network share guide - looking for to resolve failure to mount lacie network drive but works on XP,Linux,Mac.

    - by Rob
    Can anyone advise me of a really good, readable, Windows 7 TCP/IP network share guide, book, or reference. I want this because I cannot mount my Lacie 2big ethernet network drive in Windows 7 (32 bit home), but I can mount it in Windows XP Home 32bit, Ubuntu Linux 10.04 and Apple MacOS X. This drive is being mounted via the accompanying Lacie Ethernet Agent in XP (which I believe uses "Bonjour" protocol), on Mac and Linux it works without further need for software. Another Super User user has the same problem, but no answer: Trouble accessing network drives in Windows 7 I hope my take on the question shows a better willingness to investigate and do some digging - and therefore invite some suggestions to help with this. The drive is detected by Windows 7 (i.e. speech bubble "network drive found") but on trying to open an Explorer window, this remains blank with the Windows busy pointer. I'd prefer not to reinstall Windows 7 to see if that cures the problem, I'd rather understand what is happening/not happening, perhaps even compare differences with Windows XP. Suggestions, please for such guides or even the original problem itself. Update Edit Rewrote question more comprehensively here: Mhttp://superuser.com/questions/304209/looking-for-definitive-answer-to-accessing-a-network-share-via-windows-7-home-and

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  • USB Device Not Recognized (Mac)

    - by Nargis
    Fortunately, my Mac-pro also made one of my USB storage devices inoperable. My data loss in that USB device but such as another USB device and USB keyboard are unaffected. I have heard that my friend usually trigger this problem by having at least two devices plugged in - typically thumb drives/USB flash drives, and then once a second flash drive is plugged in that become unrecognized. I have only two USB ports and first I think port loose when I connect two USB devices. But later I found these hidden files (“.Spotlight-V100”, “.TemporaryItems”, “.Trashes”, and “._.Trashes”) are created by Mac OS. And before unrecognized that USB device I have deleted these files and my friend had also done the same action. Now I don’t want to test for next USB device to become unrecognized and I won’t deleted any hidden system file inside the flash drives. But I really want to know why these problems happened. Can I delete these hidden files when I only connect to virtual machine (Vista), because I used to delete all useless hidden files from USB flash drives? Any suggestions or thoughts to prevent this or alternative suggestions to fix the problem that take lossless would be much appreciated.

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  • New router, slower internet connection?

    - by qwerty
    So, we just bought a new router a few hours ago, and it does work. However, for some reason the speed is just ridiculously slow (compared to before, at least)! If i run a test on speedtest.net i get the following results: http://i.imgur.com/68JyH.png which are pretty good. But for some reason it's like the connection just "hangs" for a second when i navigate to a site through the browser (have tried different browsers). It's not on all sites, it kind of happens randomly. I think the browser cache might be speeding some sites up, because if i visit a site that i HAVEN'T visited before (since i cleared my cache), it takes like two seconds (if not more) to open the site. If i have visited it, it opens directly (it barely loads). Not sure what to do, really. Any suggestions on what might speed it up? Any settings i can play with in the router settings? The router is of the brand Belkin. I'm not sure about the model though, it says "Belkin, Play Max Wireless Router" on the box? Thanks in advance! EDIT: Alright, it takes a lot more than two seconds. At least 3-4 depending on the site. Any suggestions?

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  • No partition on USB Flash Drive?

    - by Skytunnel
    A friend gave me a corrupted USB memory stick to try recovery data from. But I've had some unusual results, so thought I'd share to see if anyone is familiar with this problem... First off I just tried opening from my own PC. Windows prompted to Format the drive, which I of course declined Downloaded TestDisk to anaylsis the drive. And right away I noticed something strange, on the listed drives it comes up as Disk /dev/sdc - 6144 B - USB Flash Drive That's right, the first USB flash drive smaller than a floppy disk!? Moving on anyway... first anaylsis comes up with: Partition sector doesn't have the endmark 0xAA55 TestDisk's Quick Search gave no results, moved on to Deeper Search: No partition found or selected for recovery This left me stumped. I tired a couple of other programs with no success I did manage to get a backup image, but it was just as small as TestDisk indicated, so nothing of use on it After a few hours trying various suggestions from other sources, I gave in and just tried formatting the drive. But returned the message: Windows was unable to complete the format. From googling that, the suggestion was to delete the partition. But there is no partition to delete in this case. most recently I've tried formatting from cmd, and got this result: Format D: /FS:FAT32 The type of the file system is RAW The new file system is FAT32 Verifying 0M 11 bad sectors were encountered during the format. These sectors cannot be guaranteed to have been cleaned The volume is too small for FAT32 Anyone got any suggestions? UPDATE: As per suggestion from @Karen, I tried running a CLEAN from DISKPART, results as follows DiskPart has encountered an error: The request could not be preformed because of an I/O device error.

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  • apache chokes after 300 connections

    - by john titus
    We have an apache webserver in front of Tomcat hosted on EC2, instance type is extra large with 34GB memory. Our application deals with lot of external webservices and we have a very lousy external webservice which takes almost 300 seconds to respond to requests during peak hours. During peak hours the server chokes at just about 300 httpd processes. ps -ef | grep httpd | wc -l =300 I have googled and found numerous suggestions but nothing seems to work.. following are some configuration i have done which are directly taken from online resources. I have increased the limits of max connection and max clients in both apache and tomcat. here are the configuration details: //apache <IfModule prefork.c> StartServers 100 MinSpareServers 10 MaxSpareServers 10 ServerLimit 50000 MaxClients 50000 MaxRequestsPerChild 2000 </IfModule> //tomcat <Connector port="8080" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol" connectionTimeout="600000" redirectPort="8443" enableLookups="false" maxThreads="1500" compressableMimeType="text/html,text/xml,text/plain,text/css,application/x-javascript,text/vnd.wap.wml,text/vnd.wap.wmlscript,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml-dtd,application/xslt+xml" compression="on"/> //Sysctl.conf net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=1 fs.file-max = 5049800 vm.min_free_kbytes = 204800 vm.page-cluster = 20 vm.swappiness = 90 net.ipv4.tcp_rfc1337=1 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 65536 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000 net.core.somaxconn = 1024 I have been trying numerous suggestions but in vain.. how to fix this? I'm sure m2xlarge server should serve more requests than 300, probably i might be going wrong with my configuration.. The server chokes only during peak hours and when there are 300 concurrent requests waiting for the [300 second delayed] webservice to respond. Please help..

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  • Ubuntu 10.10 - PC shutdown before boot shortly after BIOS loads

    - by clem
    Hi - Since installing Ubuntu 10.10 from Karmic I've started getting problems with starting up the PC. I've done a complete wipe (Boot and Nuke) of the hard drive and reinstalled Ubuntu 10.10 but the problem still occurs. There is no dual boot on the PC, just Ubuntu. Here is the problem: Each morning, when I turn the PC on from being off overnight, the PC starts up and loads the BIOS. I get the following message : "Verifying DMI Pool Data... K8 NPT Data Change...Update New Data to DMI!....... Then poof the computer shuts off. However, after switching the computer back on around 6 or 7 times after it's turned itself off, it will eventually boot up without any problem. Also, once up and running for a while, I can shutdown and restart the PC first time, without any issues. I have also noticed a problem with the USB mouse being recognised and once I finally get the computer booted up, I need to unplug and then plug the mouse back in to get it working. I've opened the PC up and checked the connections (cables, cards and memory) and it all seems fine. The main issue with troubleshooting this problem is I cannot test any suggestions or fixes until the next morning because once the computer is up and running it will remain so! I do not leave the computer on overnight to save energy. So.. is this a hardware / boot software issue? This is a very odd problem and I have googled to no avail. Any suggestions? Many thanks Clem

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  • FTP Scripting Capabilities

    - by lmg
    I am looking for an FTP client that will allow me to do the following Include a GUI for setting up a number of FTP connections Support FTPS Run unattended on Windows Server 2008 Retry failed transactions Support email Support custom scripts I need to pull files from a few different servers and there are certain calculations that need to be done depending on which server the files come from. I've looked at SmartFTP and it looks like pretty much what I need except I can't get it to run as a Windows Scheduled Task (I currently have some support threads open in their forum). I've also looked at a few other FTP clients (Filezilla, RoboFTP, and AutoFTP (you can find the Windows 7 BSOD in this one!)) that haven't had the capabilities I'm looking for. Right now, I'm looking at WS_FTP and its scripting capabilities. It appears I can create a script to run as a scheduled task, but I can't add the script to a file transfer task. Does anyone have suggestions on how I can do post-transfer processing on the files or better yet how to integrate scripting into the file transfer task? I'm also open to other suggestions for FTP clients as well if you have them! If I can't find a suitable FTP client, custom scripting will just have to do the trick.

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  • Computers on network crashing

    - by Phil Cross
    We have recently upgraded our network to Windows 7 clients with Windows server 2008 servers. The upgrade was completed by the end of September and until now has been fine (apart from the minor bugs). Recently (within the last 2 weeks) we've notice all computers on the network (around 1000) start to slow down to the point their unusable. It starts at about 08:45 and finishes at 09:15. Because of this, we think something may be broadcasting across the network. This happens every day, between these times. I cant use my computer at all at the slowdown peak, and looking at task managers performance graphs, Physical memory is hovering around 35% and CPU usage is at 0-10% (idle) yet still crashing. I've looked on DHCPs server log and cant see anything which stands out. The only change we made prior to the slowdown was installing adobe CS6 on some computers, however the slowdown affects computers without CS6. We have 2 physical machines, each with around 5-7 virtual machines running on them with ample memory. Does anyone have any suggestions as to what we can do to narrow down whats causing the crashes? Any help, suggestions or advice would be appreciated.

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  • OpenVPN Error : TLS Error: local/remote TLS keys are out of sync: [AF_INET]

    - by Lucidity
    Fist off thanks for reading this, I appreciate any and all suggestions. I am having some serious problems reconnecting to my OpenVPN client using Riseup.net's VPN. I have spent a few days banging my head against the wall in attempts to set this up on my iOS devices....but that is a whole other issue. I was however able to set it up on my Mac OS X specifically on my Windows Vista 32 bit BootCamp VM with relatively little trouble. To originally connect I only had to modify the recommended Config file very slightly (Config file included at the end of this post): - I had to enter the code directly into my config file - And change "dev tap" to "dev tun" So I was connected. (Note - I did test to ensure the VPN was actually working after I originally connected, it was. Also verified the .pem file (inserted as the coding in my config file) for authenticity). I left the VPN running. My computer went to sleep. Today I went to use the internet expecting (possibly incorrectly - I am now unsure if I was wrong to leave it running) to still be connected to the VPN. However I saw immediately I was not. I went to reconnect. And was (am) unable to. My logs after attempting to connect (and getting a connection failed dialog box) show everything working as it should (as far as I can tell) until the end where I get the following lines: Mon Sep 23 21:07:49 2013 us=276809 Initialization Sequence Completed Mon Sep 23 21:07:49 2013 us=276809 MANAGEMENT: >STATE:1379995669,CONNECTED,SUCCESS, OMITTED Mon Sep 23 21:22:50 2013 us=390350 Authenticate/Decrypt packet error: packet HMAC authentication failed Mon Sep 23 21:23:39 2013 us=862180 TLS Error: local/remote TLS keys are out of sync: [AF_INET] VPN IP OMITTED [2] Mon Sep 23 21:23:57 2013 us=395183 Authenticate/Decrypt packet error: packet HMAC authentication failed Mon Sep 23 22:07:41 2013 us=296898 TLS: soft reset sec=0 bytes=513834601/0 pkts=708032/0 Mon Sep 23 22:07:41 2013 us=671299 VERIFY OK: depth=1, C=US, O=Riseup Networks, L=Seattle, ST=WA, CN=Riseup Networks, [email protected] Mon Sep 23 22:07:41 2013 us=671299 VERIFY OK: depth=0, C=US, O=Riseup Networks, L=Seattle, ST=WA, CN=vpn.riseup.net Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'BF-CBC' initialized with 128 bit key Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Mon Sep 23 22:07:46 2013 us=772508 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 2048 bit RSA So I have searched for a solution online and I have included what I have attempted below, however I fear (know) I am not knowledgeable enough in this area to fix this myself. I apologize in advance for my ignorance. I do tech support for a living, but not this kind of tech support unfortunately. Other notes and troubleshooting done - - Windows Firewall is disabled completely, as well as other Anti-virus programs - Tor is disabled completely - No Proxies running - Time is correct in all locations - Router Firmware is up to date - Able to connect to the internet and as far as I can tell all necessary ports are open. - No settings have been altered since I was able to connect successfully. - Ethernet as well as wifi connections attempted, resulted in same error. Also tried adding the following lines to my config file (without success or change in error): persist-key persist-tun proto tcp (after reading that this error generally occurs on UDP connections, and is extremely rare on TCP) resolv-retry infinite (thinking the connection may have timed out since the issues occurred after leaving VPN connected during about 10 hrs of computer in sleep mode) All attempts resulted in exact same error code included at the top of this post. The original suggestions I found online stated - (regarding the TLS Error) - This error should resolve itself within 60 seconds, or if not quit wait 120 seconds and try again. (Which isnt the case here...) (regarding the Out of Sync" error) - If you continue to get "out of sync" errors and the link does not come up, then it means that something is probably wrong with your config file. You must use either ping and ping-restart on both sides of the connection, or keepalive on the server side of a client/server connection, in order to gracefully recover from "local/remote TLS keys are out of sync" errors. I wouldn't be surprised if my config file is lacking, or not correct. However I can confirm I followed the instructions to a tee. And was able to connect originally (and have not modified my settings or config file since I was able to connect to when the error began occurring). I have a very simple config file: client dev tun tun-mtu 1500 remote vpn.riseup.net auth-user-pass ca RiseupCA.pem redirect-gateway verb 4 <ca> -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- [OMITTED] -----END CERTIFICATE----- </ca> I would really appreciate any help or suggestions. I am at a total loss here, I know I'm asking a lot here. Though I am a new user on this site I help others on many forums including Microsoft's support community and especially Apple's support communities, so I will definitely pass on anything I learn here to help others. Thanks so so so much in advance for reading this.

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  • Should I go along with my choice of web hosting company or still search?

    - by Devner
    Hi all, I have been searching for a good website hosting company that can offer me all the services that I need for hosting my PHP & MySQL based website. Now this is a community based website and users will be able to upload pictures, etc. The hosting company that I have in mind, currently lets me do everything... let me use mail(), supports CRON jobs, etc. Of course they are charging about $6/month. Now the only problem with this company is that they have a limit of 50,000 files that can exist within the hosting account at any time. This kind of contradicts their frontpage ad of "UNLIMITED SPACE" on their website. Apart from this, I know of no other reason why I should not go with this hosting company. But my issue is that 50,000 file limit is what I cannot live with, once the users increase in significant number and the files they upload, exceed 50,000 in number. Now since this is a dynamic website and also includes sensitive issues like payments, etc. I am not sure if I should go ahead with this company as I am just starting out and then later switch over to a better hosting company which does not limit me with 50,000 files. If I need to switch over once I host with this company, I will need to take backups of all the files located in my account (jpg, zip, etc.), then upload them to the new host. I am not aware of any tools that can help me in this process. Can you please mention if you know any? I can go ahead with the other companies right now, but their cost is double/triple of the current price and they all sport less features than my current choice. If I pay more, then they are ready to accommodate my higher demands. Unfortunately, the company that I am willing to go with now, does NOT have any other higher/better plans that I can switch to. So that's the really really bad part. So my question(s): Since I am starting out with my website and since the scope of users initially is going to be less/small, should I go ahead with the current choice and then once the demand increases, switch over to a better provider? If yes, how can I transfer my database, especially the jpg files, etc. to the new provider? I don't even know the tools required to backup and restore to another host. (I don't like this idea but still..) Should I go ahead and pay more right now and go with better providers (without knowing if the website is going to do really that well) just for saving myself the trouble of having to take a backup of the 50,000 files and upload to a new host from an old host and just start paying double/triple the price without even knowing if I would receive back the returns as I expected? Backup and Restore in such a bulky numbers is something that I have never done before and hence I am stuck here trying to decide what to do. The price per month is also a considerable factor in my decision. All these web hosting companies say one common thing: It is customers responsibility to backup and restore data and they are not liable for any loss. So no matter what hosting company that I would like to go with, they ask me to take backup via FTP so that I can restore them whenever I want (& it seems to be safer to have the files locally with me). Some are providing tools for backup and some are not and I am not sure how much their backup tools can be trusted considering the disclaimers they have. I have never backed-up and restored 50,000 files from one web host to another, so please, all you experienced people out there, leave your comments and let me know your suggestions so that I can decide. I have spent 2 days fighting with myself trying to decide what to do and finally concluded that this is a double-edged sword and I can't arrive at a satisfactory final decision without involving others suggestions. I believe that someone must be out there who may have had such troublesome decision to make. So all your suggestions to help me make my decision are appreciated. Thank you all.

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  • Increasing speed of python code

    - by Curious2learn
    Hi, I have some python code that has many classes. I used cProfile to find that the total time to run the program is 68 seconds. I found that the following function in a class called Buyers takes about 60 seconds of those 68 seconds. I have to run the program about 100 times, so any increase in speed will help. Can you suggest ways to increase the speed by modifying the code? If you need more information that will help, please let me know. def qtyDemanded(self, timePd, priceVector): '''Returns quantity demanded in period timePd. In addition, also updates the list of customers and non-customers. Inputs: timePd and priceVector Output: count of people for whom priceVector[-1] < utility ''' ## Initialize count of customers to zero ## Set self.customers and self.nonCustomers to empty lists price = priceVector[-1] count = 0 self.customers = [] self.nonCustomers = [] for person in self.people: if person.utility >= price: person.customer = 1 self.customers.append(person) else: person.customer = 0 self.nonCustomers.append(person) return len(self.customers) self.people is a list of person objects. Each person has customer and utility as its attributes. EDIT - responsed added ------------------------------------- Thanks so much for the suggestions. Here is the response to some questions and suggestions people have kindly made. I have not tried them all, but will try others and write back later. (1) @amber - the function is accessed 80,000 times. (2) @gnibbler and others - self.people is a list of Person objects in memory. Not connected to a database. (3) @Hugh Bothwell cumtime taken by the original function - 60.8 s (accessed 80000 times) cumtime taken by the new function with local function aliases as suggested - 56.4 s (accessed 80000 times) (4) @rotoglup and @Martin Thomas I have not tried your solutions yet. I need to check the rest of the code to see the places where I use self.customers before I can make the change of not appending the customers to self.customers list. But I will try this and write back. (5) @TryPyPy - thanks for your kind offer to check the code. Let me first read a little on the suggestions you have made to see if those will be feasible to use. EDIT 2 Some suggested that since I am flagging the customers and noncustomers in the self.people, I should try without creating separate lists of self.customers and self.noncustomers using append. Instead, I should loop over the self.people to find the number of customers. I tried the following code and timed both functions below f_w_append and f_wo_append. I did find that the latter takes less time, but it is still 96% of the time taken by the former. That is, it is a very small increase in the speed. @TryPyPy - The following piece of code is complete enough to check the bottleneck function, in case your offer is still there to check it with other compilers. Thanks again to everyone who replied. import numpy class person(object): def __init__(self, util): self.utility = util self.customer = 0 class population(object): def __init__(self, numpeople): self.people = [] self.cus = [] self.noncus = [] numpy.random.seed(1) utils = numpy.random.uniform(0, 300, numpeople) for u in utils: per = person(u) self.people.append(per) popn = population(300) def f_w_append(): '''Function with append''' P = 75 cus = [] noncus = [] for per in popn.people: if per.utility >= P: per.customer = 1 cus.append(per) else: per.customer = 0 noncus.append(per) return len(cus) def f_wo_append(): '''Function without append''' P = 75 for per in popn.people: if per.utility >= P: per.customer = 1 else: per.customer = 0 numcustomers = 0 for per in popn.people: if per.customer == 1: numcustomers += 1 return numcustomers

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  • Agile Database Techniques: Effective Strategies for the Agile Software Developer – book review

    - by DigiMortal
       Agile development expects mind shift and developers are not the only ones who must be agile. Every chain is as strong as it’s weakest link and same goes also for development teams. Agile Database Techniques: Effective Strategies for the Agile Software Developer by Scott W. Ambler is book that calls also data professionals to be part of agile development. Often are DBA-s in situation where they are not part of application development and later they have to survive large set of applications that all use databases different way. Of course, only some of these applications are not problematic when looking what database server has to do to serve them. I have seen many applications that rape database servers because developers have no clue what is going on in database (~3K queries to database per web application request – have you seen something like this? I have…) Agile Database Techniques covers some object and database design technologies and gives suggestions to development teams about topics they need help or assistance by DBA-s. The book is also good reading for DBA-s who usually are not very strong in object technologies. You can take this book as bridge between these two worlds. I think teams that build object applications that use databases should buy this book and try at least one or two projects out with Ambler’s suggestions. Table of contents Foreword by Jon Kern. Foreword by Douglas K. Barry. Acknowledgments. Introduction. About the Author. Part One: Setting the Foundation. Chapter 1: The Agile Data Method. Chapter 2: From Use Cases to Databases — Real-World UML. Chapter 3: Data Modeling 101. Chapter 4: Data Normalization. Chapter 5: Class Normalization. Chapter 6: Relational Database Technology, Like It or Not. Chapter 7: The Object-Relational Impedance Mismatch. Chapter 8: Legacy Databases — Everything You Need to Know But Are Afraid to Deal With. Part Two: Evolutionary Database Development. Chapter 9: Vive L’ Évolution. Chapter 10: Agile Model-Driven Development (AMDD). Chapter 11: Test-Driven Development (TDD). Chapter 12: Database Refactoring. Chapter 13: Database Encapsulation Strategies. Chapter 14: Mapping Objects to Relational Databases. Chapter 15: Performance Tuning. Chapter 16: Tools for Evolutionary Database Development. Part Three: Practical Data-Oriented Development Techniques. Chapter 17: Implementing Concurrency Control. Chapter 18: Finding Objects in Relational Databases. Chapter 19: Implementing Referential Integrity and Shared Business Logic. Chapter 20: Implementing Security Access Control. Chapter 21: Implementing Reports. Chapter 22: Realistic XML. Part Four: Adopting Agile Database Techniques. Chapter 23: How You Can Become Agile. Chapter 24: Bringing Agility into Your Organization. Appendix: Database Refactoring Catalog. References and Suggested Reading. Index.

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  • SQL Server source control from Visual Studio

    - by David Atkinson
    Developers have long since had to context switch between two IDEs, Visual Studio for application code development and SQL Server Management Studio for database development. While this is accepted, especially given the richness of the database development feature set in SSMS, loading a separate tool can seem a little overkill. This is where SQL Connect comes in. This is an add-in to Visual Studio that provides a connected development experience for the SQL Server developer. Connected database development involves modifying a development sandbox database, as opposed to offline development, where SQL text files are modified independently of the database. One of the main complaints of Data Dude (VS DBPro) is that it enforces the offline approach. This gripe is what SQL Connect addresses. If you don't already use SQL Source Control, you can get up and running with SQL Connect by adding a new project to your Visual Studio solution as follows: Then choose your existing development database and you're ready to go. If you already use SQL Source Control, you will need to link SQL Connect to your existing database scripts folder repository, so SQL Connect and SQL Source Control can be used collaboratively (note that SQL Source Control v.3.0.9.18 or later is required). Locate the repository (this can be found in the Setup tab in SQL Source Control). .and create a working folder for it (here I'm using TortoiseSVN). Back in Visual Studio, locate the SQL Connect panel (in the View menu if it hasn't auto loaded) and select Import SQL Source Control project Locate your working folder and click Import. This creates a Red Gate database project under your solution: From here you can modify your development database, and manage your changes in source control. To associate your development database with the project, right click on the project node, select Properties, set the database and Save. Now you're ready to make some changes. Locate the object you'd like to modify in the Solution Explorer, and double click it to invoke a query window or table designer. You also have the option to edit the creation SQL directly using Edit SQL File in Project. Keeping the development database and Visual Studio project in sync is as easy as clicking on a button. One you've made your change, you can use whichever mechanism you choose to commit to source control. Here I'm using the free open-source AnkhSVN to integrate Subversion with Visual Studio. Maintaining your database in a Visual Studio solution means that you can commit database changes and application code changes in the same changeset. This is desirable if you have continuous integration set up as you want to ensure that all files related to a change are committed atomically, so you avoid an interim "broken build". More discussion on SQL Connect and its benefits can be found in the following article on Simple Talk: No More Disconnected SQL Development in Visual Studio The SQL Connect project team is currently assessing the backlog for the next development effort, and they'd appreciate your feature suggestions, as well as your votes on their suggestions site: http://redgate.uservoice.com/forums/140800-sql-connect-for-visual-studio- A 28-day free trial of SQL Connect is available from the Red Gate website. Technorati Tags: SQL Server

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  • Combine the Address & Search Bars in Firefox

    - by Asian Angel
    The Search Bar in Firefox is very useful for finding additional information or images while browsing but the UI space it takes up can be frustrating at times. Now you can reclaim that UI space and still have access to all that searching goodness with the Foobar extension. Note: This is about the Foobar Firefox extension and not to be confused with Foobar2000 the open source music player. Before If you have the “Search Bar” displayed there is no doubt that it is taking up valuable space in your browser’s UI. What you need is the ability to reclaim that UI space and still have the same access to your search capability as before…no more sacrificing one for a gain with the other. After As soon as you have installed the extension you can see that the top part of your browser will look much sleeker without the “Search Bar” to clutter it up. The “Search Engine Icon” will now be visible inside of your “Address Bar” as seen here. You will be able to access the same “Search Engine Menu” as before by clicking on the “Search Engine Icon”. There are two display modes for search results (setting available in the “Options”). The first one shown here is “Simple Mode” where all results are in a condensed format. Notice that not only are there search suggestions but also “Bookmarks & History” listings as well. You can literally get the best of both when conducting a search. Note: The number of entries for search suggestions and bookmark/history listings can be adjusted higher or lower in the “Options”. The second one is “Rich Mode” where the results are shown with more details. Choose the “mode” that best suits your personal style. For our first example you can see the results when we conducted a quick search on “Windows 7” (using the first of the three offerings shown from Bing). Our second example was a search for “Flowers” using our Photobucket search engine. Once again nice results opened in a new tab for us. Options The options are easy to go through. It is really nice to be able to choose the number of results that you want displayed and the format that you want them shown in. Note: Changing the “Suggestion popup style” will require a browser restart to take effect. Conclusion If you love using the “Search Bar” in Firefox but want to reclaim the UI space then you will definitely want to add this extension to your browser. The ability to customize the number of results and choose the formatting make this extension even better. Links Download the Foobar extension (Mozilla Add-ons) Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Combine the Address Bar and Progress Bar Together in FirefoxHide Some or All of the GUI Bars in FirefoxEnable Partial Match AutoComplete in the Firefox Address BarQuick Firefox UI TweaksAdd Search Forms to the Firefox Search Bar TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips Revo Uninstaller Pro Registry Mechanic 9 for Windows PC Tools Internet Security Suite 2010 PCmover Professional Scan your PC for nasties with Panda ActiveScan CleanMem – Memory Cleaner AceStock – The Personal Stock Monitor Add Multiple Tabs to Office Programs The Wearing of the Green – St. Patrick’s Day Theme (Firefox) Perform a Background Check on Yourself

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  • Bose USB audio: crackling popping sound, eventually die

    - by Richard Barrett
    I've been trying to troubleshoot this issue for a while now. Any help would be much appreciated. I'm having trouble getting my Bose "Companion 5 multimedia speakers" working with my installation of Ubuntu 12.04 (link to Bose product here: http://www.bose.com/controller?url=/shop_online/digital_music_systems/computer_speakers/companion_5/index.jsp ). The issue seems to be low level (not just Ubuntu). What happens: When I boot into Ubuntu, I can get Rhythm box to play ok. However, if I try anything else (an .avi file, a webpage, or Clementine player with mp3 files) I get crackling, popping, or choppy sounds. If I move the mouse around, especially if it seems graphic intensive, the problem gets worse (more crackling noises). The more taxing it appears to be, the more likely it is that the sound will just die altogether until I reboot. For some reason the videos at www.bloomberg.com seem especially bad for it (my sound normally goes dead in under 45 seconds and won't work until reboot). Both my desktop running Ubuntu 12.04 and my laptop (running the same) have the same crackling problem. Troubleshooting so far: A friend of mine who knows linux well tried to solve it for me without any luck. He took pulseaudio out of the equation, but still had the problem just using AlSA. Among the many things he tried was adjusting the latency, but that didn't help either. I've also tried things like adjusting the USB device settings in the config file from -2 to -1 so that it will use my USB sound and I also commented out the lines that would stop that. These don't do anything. (That really seems like it's for someone who is getting no sound at all, so it's not surprising this won't work.) My friend's laptop running his Archlinux could play my Bose USB speakers without any problems. I also tried setting my daemon.conf file to use 6 channels (based on this http://lotphelp.com/lotp/configure-ubuntu-51-surround-sound ) but that didn't work either. I recently used a DVD to boot into Ubuntu Studio 12.04 (because it uses a live audio kernel) and this happened: I got perfect sound for a minute or two When I started moving windows around while sound was playing, the sound died again. Perhaps more interesting: There is a headphone out jack on the Bose system. When I use it, the audio is perfect for all applications (even the deadly bloomberg.com videos with .avi playing at the same time and moving around windows). Also, there is an audio-in jack on the Bose system. I can use a male-to-male mini jack to go from my soundcard's output to the Bose input and then all sound works perfectly. -However, it still requires the Bose to be plugged in to USB, otherwise I lose all sound. Any thoughts? Any suggestions for trouble shooting? (Or any suggestions for somewhere else to post to solve this?) Any logs or other files I can provide to help someone help me work this out? Your help is much appreciated! Rick BTW: I sometimes get people posting responses like "My Bose USB system works great with Ubuntu 12.04," without any more details. Is there anything I should ask such people to narrow down my problem? (It's kind of annoying to hear such a response because it doesn't help solve my problem.)

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  • Ubuntu + Wacom Intuos 4 + MyPaint HELP!

    - by Sativa
    Please keep in mind I'm not that computer savvy, but I will try any suggestion so please help me out! My tablet will stop working if the USB connection is ever broken, or the Ubuntu software is being updated. Sometimes it will stop working for no reason that I can see. The lights will still be on, but it won't be responsive. It doesn't work again until I restart the laptop with the tablet plugged in, which is grating if you have to do it every 25 min. or so... I'm not sure if the issue is with the port, the tablet/cable or the driver but any suggestions would be very welcome! Also, MyPaint is frequently having hiccups. It seems to save fine but at times it will randomly close down and when I open files they're often empty. They turn into 0Kb files and only contain a single empty layer. Also very grating, considering I lose days of work for no clear reason and without any heads up. Again, I'm not sure if the issue is with the port, the tablet/cable or the driver but any suggestions would be very welcome! The error message reads; Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/share/mypaint/gui/application.py", line 177, at_application_start(*junk=()) else: self.filehandler.open_file(fn) variables: {'fn': ('local', u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora'), 'self.filehandler.open_file': ('local', <bound method FileHandler.wrapper of <gui.filehandling.FileHandler object at 0x7fdb89063a10>>)} File "/usr/share/mypaint/gui/drawwindow.py", line 60, wrapper(self=<gui.filehandling.FileHandler object>, *args=(u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora',), **kwargs={}) try: func(self, *args, **kwargs) # gtk main loop may be called in here... variables: {'self': ('local', <gui.filehandling.FileHandler object at 0x7fdb89063a10>), 'args': ('local', (u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora',)), 'func': ('local', <function open_file at 0x7fdb8b397b90>), 'kwargs': ('local', {})} File "/usr/share/mypaint/gui/filehandling.py", line 231, open_file(self=<gui.filehandling.FileHandler object>, filename=u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora') try: self.doc.model.load(filename, feedback_cb=self.gtk_main_tick) except document.SaveLoadError, e: variables: {'self.doc.model.load': ('local', <bound method Document.load of <lib.document.Document instance at 0x7fdb8ab4f8c0>>), 'feedback_cb': (None, []), 'self.gtk_main_tick': ('local', <function gtk_main_tick at 0x7fdb8b397b18>), 'filename': ('local', u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora')} File "/usr/share/mypaint/lib/document.py", line 544, load(self=<lib.document.Document instance>, filename=u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora', **kwargs={'feedback_cb': <function gtk_main_tick>}) try: load(filename, **kwargs) except gobject.GError, e: variables: {'load': ('local', <bound method Document.load_ora of <lib.document.Document instance at 0x7fdb8ab4f8c0>>), 'kwargs': ('local', {'feedback_cb': <function gtk_main_tick at 0x7fdb8b397b18>}), 'filename': ('local', u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora')} File "/usr/share/mypaint/lib/document.py", line 772, load_ora(self=<lib.document.Document instance>, filename=u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora', feedback_cb=<function gtk_main_tick>) tempdir = tempdir.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding()) z = zipfile.ZipFile(filename) print 'mimetype:', z.read('mimetype').strip() variables: {'zipfile.ZipFile': ('global', <class 'zipfile.ZipFile'>), 'z': (None, []), 'filename': ('local', u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora')} File "/usr/lib/python2.7/zipfile.py", line 770, __init__(self=<zipfile.ZipFile object>, file=u'/home/maria/Desktop/Drawings/WIPs/Sativa Chibi.ora', mode='r', compression=0, allowZip64=False) if key == 'r': self._RealGetContents() elif key == 'w': variables: {'self._RealGetContents': ('local', <bound method ZipFile._RealGetContents of <zipfile.ZipFile object at 0x7fdb9b952790>>)} File "/usr/lib/python2.7/zipfile.py", line 811, _RealGetContents(self=<zipfile.ZipFile object>) if not endrec: raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file" if self.debug > 1: variables: {'BadZipfile': ('global', <class 'zipfile.BadZipfile'>)} BadZipfile: File is not a zip file

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  • Feynman's inbox

    - by user12607414
    Here is Richard Feynman writing on the ease of criticizing theories, and the difficulty of forming them: The problem is not just to say something might be wrong, but to replace it by something — and that is not so easy. As soon as any really definite idea is substituted it becomes almost immediately apparent that it does not work. The second difficulty is that there is an infinite number of possibilities of these simple types. It is something like this. You are sitting working very hard, you have worked for a long time trying to open a safe. Then some Joe comes along who knows nothing about what you are doing, except that you are trying to open the safe. He says ‘Why don’t you try the combination 10:20:30?’ Because you are busy, you have tried a lot of things, maybe you have already tried 10:20:30. Maybe you know already that the middle number is 32 not 20. Maybe you know as a matter of fact that it is a five digit combination… So please do not send me any letters trying to tell me how the thing is going to work. I read them — I always read them to make sure that I have not already thought of what is suggested — but it takes too long to answer them, because they are usually in the class ‘try 10:20:30’. (“Seeking New Laws”, page 161 in The Character of Physical Law.) As a sometime designer (and longtime critic) of widely used computer systems, I have seen similar difficulties appear when anyone undertakes to publicly design a piece of software that may be used by many thousands of customers. (I have been on both sides of the fence, of course.) The design possibilities are endless, but the deep design problems are usually hidden beneath a mass of superfluous detail. The sheer numbers can be daunting. Even if only one customer out of a thousand feels a need to express a passionately held idea, it can take a long time to read all the mail. And it is a fact of life that many of those strong suggestions are only weakly supported by reason or evidence. Opinions are plentiful, but substantive research is time-consuming, and hence rare. A related phenomenon commonly seen with software is bike-shedding, where interlocutors focus on surface details like naming and syntax… or (come to think of it) like lock combinations. On the other hand, software is easier than quantum physics, and the population of people able to make substantial suggestions about software systems is several orders of magnitude bigger than Feynman’s circle of colleagues. My own work would be poorer without contributions — sometimes unsolicited, sometimes passionately urged on me — from the open source community. If a Nobel prize winner thought it was worthwhile to read his mail on the faint chance of learning a good idea, I am certainly not going to throw mine away. (In case anyone is still reading this, and is wondering what provoked a meditation on the quality of one’s inbox contents, I’ll simply point out that the volume has been very high, for many months, on the Lambda-Dev mailing list, where the next version of the Java language is being discussed. Bravo to those of my colleagues who are surfing that wave.) I started this note thinking there was an odd parallel between the life of the physicist and that of a software designer. On second thought, I’ll bet that is the story for anybody who works in public on something requiring special training. (And that would be pretty much anything worth doing.) In any case, Feynman saw it clearly and said it well.

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