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How to display table in ASP.NET website?

- by salvationishere

I am developing a C# VS 2008 / SQL Server 2008 website, but now I cannot display the Gridview containing my table. I included the Default.aspx and aspx.cs files below. What do I need to do to fix this? I am not getting any errors now; just that this grid does not show up. Thanks! ASPX file: <%@ Page Language="C#" MasterPageFile="~/Site.master" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default" Title="Untitled Page" %> <asp:Content ID="Content1" ContentPlaceHolderID="MainContent" Runat="Server"> <asp:Panel runat="server" ID="AuthenticatedMessagePanel"> <asp:Label runat="server" ID="WelcomeBackMessage"></asp:Label> <table> <tr > <td> <asp:Label ID="tableLabel" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Text="Select target table:"></asp:Label> </td> <td> <asp:Label ID="inputLabel" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Text="Select input file:"></asp:Label> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top"> <asp:Label ID="feedbackLabel" runat="server"></asp:Label> <asp:SqlDataSource ID="SelectTables" runat="server" ConnectionString="<%$ ConnectionStrings:AdventureWorks3_SelectTables %>" SelectCommand="SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM information_schema.Tables WHERE TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE' AND TABLE_SCHEMA = @SchemaName"> <SelectParameters> <asp:Parameter Name="SchemaName" Type="String" DefaultValue="" /> </SelectParameters> <InsertParameters> <asp:Parameter Name="TABLE_NAME" Direction="Output" Type="String" DefaultValue="" /> </InsertParameters> </asp:SqlDataSource> <asp:GridView ID="GridView1" DatasourceID="SelectTables" runat="server" style="WIDTH: 400px;" CellPadding="4" ForeColor="#333333" GridLines="None" onselectedindexchanged="GridView1_SelectedIndexChanged" AutoGenerateSelectButton="True" DataKeyNames="TABLE_NAME"> <RowStyle BackColor="#F7F6F3" ForeColor="#333333" /> <Columns> <asp:BoundField HeaderText="TABLE_NAME" DataField="TABLE_NAME" /> </Columns> <FooterStyle BackColor="#5D7B9D" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="White" /> <PagerStyle BackColor="#284775" ForeColor="White" HorizontalAlign="Center" /> <SelectedRowStyle BackColor="#E2DED6" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="#333333" /> <HeaderStyle BackColor="#5D7B9D" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="White" /> <EditRowStyle BackColor="#999999" /> <AlternatingRowStyle BackColor="White" ForeColor="#284775" /> </asp:GridView> </td> <td valign="top"> <input id="uploadFile" type="file" size="26" runat="server" name="uploadFile" title="UploadFile" class="greybar" enableviewstate="True" /> </td></tr> </table> </asp:Panel> <asp:Panel runat="Server" ID="AnonymousMessagePanel"> <asp:HyperLink runat="server" ID="lnkLogin" Text="Log In" NavigateUrl="~/Login.aspx"> </asp:HyperLink> </asp:Panel> </asp:Content> ASPX.CS file: using System; using System.Collections; using System.Configuration; using System.Data; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Security; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts; using System.Xml.Linq; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Drawing; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data.SqlClient; using ADONET_namespace; using System.Security.Principal; //using System.Windows; public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page //namespace AddFileToSQL { //protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputFile uploadFile; protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton btnOWrite; protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton btnAppend; protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label Label1; protected static string inputfile = ""; public static string targettable; public static string selection; // Number of controls added to view state protected int default_NumberOfControls { get { if (ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"] != null) { return (int)ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"]; } else { return 0; } } set { ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"] = value; } } protected void uploadFile_onclick(object sender, EventArgs e) { } protected void Load_GridData() { //GridView1.DataSource = ADONET_methods.DisplaySchemaTables(); //GridView1.DataBind(); } protected void btnOWrite_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (uploadFile.PostedFile.ContentLength > 0) { feedbackLabel.Text = "You do not have sufficient access to overwrite table records."; } else { feedbackLabel.Text = "This file does not contain any data."; } } protected void btnAppend_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { string fullpath = Page.Request.PhysicalApplicationPath; string path = uploadFile.PostedFile.FileName; if (File.Exists(path)) { // Create a file to write to. try { StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(path); string s = ""; while (sr.Peek() > 0) s = sr.ReadLine(); sr.Close(); } catch (IOException exc) { Console.WriteLine(exc.Message + "Cannot open file."); return; } } if (uploadFile.PostedFile.ContentLength > 0) { inputfile = System.IO.File.ReadAllText(path); Session["Message"] = inputfile; Response.Redirect("DataMatch.aspx"); } else { feedbackLabel.Text = "This file does not contain any data."; } } protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (Request.IsAuthenticated) { WelcomeBackMessage.Text = "Welcome back, " + User.Identity.Name + "!"; // Reference the CustomPrincipal / CustomIdentity CustomIdentity ident = User.Identity as CustomIdentity; if (ident != null) WelcomeBackMessage.Text += string.Format(" You are the {0} of {1}.", ident.Title, ident.CompanyName); AuthenticatedMessagePanel.Visible = true; AnonymousMessagePanel.Visible = false; if (!Page.IsPostBack) { Load_GridData(); } } else { AuthenticatedMessagePanel.Visible = false; AnonymousMessagePanel.Visible = true; } } protected void GridView1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { GridViewRow row = GridView1.SelectedRow; targettable = row.Cells[2].Text; } }

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Null-free "maps": Is a callback solution slower than tryGet()?

- by David Moles

In comments to "How to implement List, Set, and Map in null free design?", Steven Sudit and I got into a discussion about using a callback, with handlers for "found" and "not found" situations, vs. a tryGet() method, taking an out parameter and returning a boolean indicating whether the out parameter had been populated. Steven maintained that the callback approach was more complex and almost certain to be slower; I maintained that the complexity was no greater and the performance at worst the same. But code speaks louder than words, so I thought I'd implement both and see what I got. The original question was fairly theoretical with regard to language ("And for argument sake, let's say this language don't even have null") -- I've used Java here because that's what I've got handy. Java doesn't have out parameters, but it doesn't have first-class functions either, so style-wise, it should suck equally for both approaches. (Digression: As far as complexity goes: I like the callback design because it inherently forces the user of the API to handle both cases, whereas the tryGet() design requires callers to perform their own boilerplate conditional check, which they could forget or get wrong. But having now implemented both, I can see why the tryGet() design looks simpler, at least in the short term.) First, the callback example: class CallbackMap<K, V> { private final Map<K, V> backingMap; public CallbackMap(Map<K, V> backingMap) { this.backingMap = backingMap; } void lookup(K key, Callback<K, V> handler) { V val = backingMap.get(key); if (val == null) { handler.handleMissing(key); } else { handler.handleFound(key, val); } } } interface Callback<K, V> { void handleFound(K key, V value); void handleMissing(K key); } class CallbackExample { private final Map<String, String> map; private final List<String> found; private final List<String> missing; private Callback<String, String> handler; public CallbackExample(Map<String, String> map) { this.map = map; found = new ArrayList<String>(map.size()); missing = new ArrayList<String>(map.size()); handler = new Callback<String, String>() { public void handleFound(String key, String value) { found.add(key + ": " + value); } public void handleMissing(String key) { missing.add(key); } }; } void test() { CallbackMap<String, String> cbMap = new CallbackMap<String, String>(map); for (int i = 0, count = map.size(); i < count; i++) { String key = "key" + i; cbMap.lookup(key, handler); } System.out.println(found.size() + " found"); System.out.println(missing.size() + " missing"); } } Now, the tryGet() example -- as best I understand the pattern (and I might well be wrong): class TryGetMap<K, V> { private final Map<K, V> backingMap; public TryGetMap(Map<K, V> backingMap) { this.backingMap = backingMap; } boolean tryGet(K key, OutParameter<V> valueParam) { V val = backingMap.get(key); if (val == null) { return false; } valueParam.value = val; return true; } } class OutParameter<V> { V value; } class TryGetExample { private final Map<String, String> map; private final List<String> found; private final List<String> missing; public TryGetExample(Map<String, String> map) { this.map = map; found = new ArrayList<String>(map.size()); missing = new ArrayList<String>(map.size()); } void test() { TryGetMap<String, String> tgMap = new TryGetMap<String, String>(map); for (int i = 0, count = map.size(); i < count; i++) { String key = "key" + i; OutParameter<String> out = new OutParameter<String>(); if (tgMap.tryGet(key, out)) { found.add(key + ": " + out.value); } else { missing.add(key); } } System.out.println(found.size() + " found"); System.out.println(missing.size() + " missing"); } } And finally, the performance test code: public static void main(String[] args) { int size = 200000; Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>(); for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { String val = (i % 5 == 0) ? null : "value" + i; map.put("key" + i, val); } long totalCallback = 0; long totalTryGet = 0; int iterations = 20; for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) { { TryGetExample tryGet = new TryGetExample(map); long tryGetStart = System.currentTimeMillis(); tryGet.test(); totalTryGet += (System.currentTimeMillis() - tryGetStart); } System.gc(); { CallbackExample callback = new CallbackExample(map); long callbackStart = System.currentTimeMillis(); callback.test(); totalCallback += (System.currentTimeMillis() - callbackStart); } System.gc(); } System.out.println("Avg. callback: " + (totalCallback / iterations)); System.out.println("Avg. tryGet(): " + (totalTryGet / iterations)); } On my first attempt, I got 50% worse performance for callback than for tryGet(), which really surprised me. But, on a hunch, I added some garbage collection, and the performance penalty vanished. This fits with my instinct, which is that we're basically talking about taking the same number of method calls, conditional checks, etc. and rearranging them. But then, I wrote the code, so I might well have written a suboptimal or subconsicously penalized tryGet() implementation. Thoughts?

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Gridview Datasource Server error

- by salvationishere

I am developing a C# VS 2008 and SQL Server 2008 website. However, I get the below error now when I first run this: The DataSourceID of 'GridView1' must be the ID of a control of type IDataSource. A control with ID 'AdventureWorks3.mdf' could not be found What is causing this error? Here is my default.aspx file. I have configured GridView1 to use my AdventureWorks3.mdf file, stored in my App_Data folder. Do I need to add this folder name to this ASPX file? <%@ Page Language="C#" MasterPageFile="~/Site.master" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default" Title="Untitled Page" %> <asp:Content ID="Content1" ContentPlaceHolderID="MainContent" Runat="Server"> <asp:Panel runat="server" ID="AuthenticatedMessagePanel"> <asp:Label runat="server" ID="WelcomeBackMessage"></asp:Label> <table> <tr > <td> <asp:Label ID="tableLabel" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Text="Select target table:"></asp:Label> </td> <td> <asp:Label ID="inputLabel" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Text="Select input file:"></asp:Label> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top"> <asp:Label ID="feedbackLabel" runat="server"></asp:Label> <asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" style="WIDTH: 400px;" CellPadding="4" ForeColor="#333333" GridLines="None" onselectedindexchanged="GridView1_SelectedIndexChanged" AutoGenerateSelectButton="True" DataSourceID="AdventureWorks3.mdf" > <RowStyle BackColor="#F7F6F3" ForeColor="#333333" /> <FooterStyle BackColor="#5D7B9D" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="White" /> <PagerStyle BackColor="#284775" ForeColor="White" HorizontalAlign="Center" /> <SelectedRowStyle BackColor="#E2DED6" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="#333333" /> <HeaderStyle BackColor="#5D7B9D" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="White" /> <EditRowStyle BackColor="#999999" /> <AlternatingRowStyle BackColor="White" ForeColor="#284775" /> </asp:GridView> </td> <td valign="top"> <input id="uploadFile" type="file" size="26" runat="server" name="uploadFile" title="UploadFile" class="greybar" enableviewstate="True" /> </td></tr> </table> </asp:Panel> <asp:Panel runat="Server" ID="AnonymousMessagePanel"> <asp:HyperLink runat="server" ID="lnkLogin" Text="Log In" NavigateUrl="~/Login.aspx"> </asp:HyperLink> </asp:Panel> </asp:Content> Or what about my ASPX.CS file? Is this the problem? using System; using System.Collections; using System.Configuration; using System.Data; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Security; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts; using System.Xml.Linq; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Drawing; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data.SqlClient; using ADONET_namespace; using System.Security.Principal; //using System.Windows; public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page //namespace AddFileToSQL { //protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputFile uploadFile; protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton btnOWrite; protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton btnAppend; protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label Label1; protected static string inputfile = ""; public static string targettable; public static string selection; // Number of controls added to view state protected int default_NumberOfControls { get { if (ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"] != null) { return (int)ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"]; } else { return 0; } } set { ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"] = value; } } protected void uploadFile_onclick(object sender, EventArgs e) { } protected void Load_GridData() { GridView1.DataSource = ADONET_methods.DisplaySchemaTables(); GridView1.DataBind(); } protected void btnOWrite_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (uploadFile.PostedFile.ContentLength > 0) { feedbackLabel.Text = "You do not have sufficient access to overwrite table records."; } else { feedbackLabel.Text = "This file does not contain any data."; } } protected void btnAppend_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { string fullpath = Page.Request.PhysicalApplicationPath; string path = uploadFile.PostedFile.FileName; if (File.Exists(path)) { // Create a file to write to. try { StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(path); string s = ""; while (sr.Peek() > 0) s = sr.ReadLine(); sr.Close(); } catch (IOException exc) { Console.WriteLine(exc.Message + "Cannot open file."); return; } } if (uploadFile.PostedFile.ContentLength > 0) { inputfile = System.IO.File.ReadAllText(path); Session["Message"] = inputfile; Response.Redirect("DataMatch.aspx"); } else { feedbackLabel.Text = "This file does not contain any data."; } } protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (Request.IsAuthenticated) { WelcomeBackMessage.Text = "Welcome back, " + User.Identity.Name + "!"; // Reference the CustomPrincipal / CustomIdentity CustomIdentity ident = User.Identity as CustomIdentity; if (ident != null) WelcomeBackMessage.Text += string.Format(" You are the {0} of {1}.", ident.Title, ident.CompanyName); AuthenticatedMessagePanel.Visible = true; AnonymousMessagePanel.Visible = false; //if (!Page.IsPostBack) //{ // Load_GridData(); //} } else { AuthenticatedMessagePanel.Visible = false; AnonymousMessagePanel.Visible = true; } } protected void GridView1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { GridViewRow row = GridView1.SelectedRow; targettable = row.Cells[2].Text; } }

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Building applications with WPF, MVVM and Prism(aka CAG)

- by skjagini

In this article I am going to walk through an application using WPF and Prism (aka composite application guidance, CAG) which simulates engaging a taxi (cab). The rules are simple, the app would have3 screens A login screen to authenticate the user An information screen. A screen to engage the cab and roam around and calculating the total fare Metered Rate of Fare The meter is required to be engaged when a cab is occupied by anyone $3.00 upon entry $0.35 for each additional unit The unit fare is: one-fifth of a mile, when the cab is traveling at 6 miles an hour or more; or 60 seconds when not in motion or traveling at less than 12 miles per hour. Night surcharge of $.50 after 8:00 PM & before 6:00 AM Peak hour Weekday Surcharge of $1.00 Monday - Friday after 4:00 PM & before 8:00 PM New York State Tax Surcharge of $.50 per ride. Example: Friday (2010-10-08) 5:30pm Start at Lexington Ave & E 57th St End at Irving Pl & E 15th St Start = $3.00 Travels 2 miles at less than 6 mph for 15 minutes = $3.50 Travels at more than 12 mph for 5 minutes = $1.75 Peak hour Weekday Surcharge = $1.00 (ride started at 5:30 pm) New York State Tax Surcharge = $0.50 Before we dive into the app, I would like to give brief description about the framework. If you want to jump on to the source code, scroll all the way to the end of the post. MVVM MVVM pattern is in no way related to the usage of PRISM in your application and should be considered if you are using WPF irrespective of PRISM or not. Lets say you are not familiar with MVVM, your typical UI would involve adding some UI controls like text boxes, a button, double clicking on the button, generating event handler, calling a method from business layer and updating the user interface, it works most of the time for developing small scale applications. The problem with this approach is that there is some amount of code specific to business logic wrapped in UI specific code which is hard to unit test it, mock it and MVVM helps to solve the exact problem. MVVM stands for Model(M) – View(V) – ViewModel(VM), based on the interactions with in the three parties it should be called VVMM, MVVM sounds more like MVC (Model-View-Controller) so the name. Why it should be called VVMM: View – View Model - Model WPF allows to create user interfaces using XAML and MVVM takes it to the next level by allowing complete separation of user interface and business logic. In WPF each view will have a property, DataContext when set to an instance of a class (which happens to be your view model) provides the data the view is interested in, i.e., view interacts with view model and at the same time view model interacts with view through DataContext. Sujith, if view and view model are interacting directly with each other how does MVVM is helping me separation of concerns? Well, the catch is DataContext is of type Object, since it is of type object view doesn’t know exact type of view model allowing views and views models to be loosely coupled. View models aggregate data from models (data access layer, services, etc) and make it available for views through properties, methods etc, i.e., View Models interact with Models. PRISM Prism is provided by Microsoft Patterns and Practices team and it can be downloaded from codeplex for source code, samples and documentation on msdn. The name composite implies, to compose user interface from different modules (views) without direct dependencies on each other, again allowing loosely coupled development. Well Sujith, I can already do that with user controls, why shall I learn another framework? That’s correct, you can decouple using user controls, but you still have to manage some amount of coupling, like how to do you communicate between the controls, how do you subscribe/unsubscribe, loading/unloading views dynamically. Prism is not a replacement for user controls, provides the following features which greatly help in designing the composite applications. Dependency Injection (DI)/ Inversion of Control (IoC) Modules Regions Event Aggregator Commands Simply put, MVVM helps building a single view and Prism helps building an application using the views There are other open source alternatives to Prism, like MVVMLight, Cinch, take a look at them as well. Lets dig into the source code. 1. Solution The solution is made of the following projects Framework: Holds the common functionality in building applications using WPF and Prism TaxiClient: Start up project, boot strapping and app styling TaxiCommon: Helps with the business logic TaxiModules: Holds the meat of the application with views and view models TaxiTests: To test the application 2. DI / IoC Dependency Injection (DI) as the name implies refers to injecting dependencies and Inversion of Control (IoC) means the calling code has no direct control on the dependencies, opposite of normal way of programming where dependencies are passed by caller, i.e inversion; aside from some differences in terminology the concept is same in both the cases. The idea behind DI/IoC pattern is to reduce the amount of direct coupling between different components of the application, the higher the dependency the more tightly coupled the application resulting in code which is hard to modify, unit test and mock. Initializing Dependency Injection through BootStrapper TaxiClient is the starting project of the solution and App (App.xaml) is the starting class that gets called when you run the application. From the App’s OnStartup method we will invoke BootStrapper. namespace TaxiClient { /// <summary> /// Interaction logic for App.xaml /// </summary> public partial class App : Application { protected override void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e) { base.OnStartup(e); (new BootStrapper()).Run(); } } } BootStrapper is your contact point for initializing the application including dependency injection, creating Shell and other frameworks. We are going to use Unity for DI and there are lot of open source DI frameworks like Spring.Net, StructureMap etc with different feature set and you can choose a framework based on your preferences. Note that Prism comes with in built support for Unity, for example we are deriving from UnityBootStrapper in our case and for any other DI framework you have to extend the Prism appropriately namespace TaxiClient { public class BootStrapper: UnityBootstrapper { protected override IModuleCatalog CreateModuleCatalog() { return new ConfigurationModuleCatalog(); } protected override DependencyObject CreateShell() { Framework.FrameworkBootStrapper.Run(Container, Application.Current.Dispatcher); Shell shell = new Shell(); shell.ResizeMode = ResizeMode.NoResize; shell.Show(); return shell; } } } Lets take a look into FrameworkBootStrapper to check out how to register with unity container. namespace Framework { public class FrameworkBootStrapper { public static void Run(IUnityContainer container, Dispatcher dispatcher) { UIDispatcher uiDispatcher = new UIDispatcher(dispatcher); container.RegisterInstance<IDispatcherService>(uiDispatcher); container.RegisterType<IInjectSingleViewService, InjectSingleViewService>( new ContainerControlledLifetimeManager()); . . . } } } In the above code we are registering two components with unity container. You shall observe that we are following two different approaches, RegisterInstance and RegisterType. With RegisterInstance we are registering an existing instance and the same instance will be returned for every request made for IDispatcherService and with RegisterType we are requesting unity container to create an instance for us when required, i.e., when I request for an instance for IInjectSingleViewService, unity will create/return an instance of InjectSingleViewService class and with RegisterType we can configure the life time of the instance being created. With ContaienrControllerLifetimeManager, the unity container caches the instance and reuses for any subsequent requests, without recreating a new instance. Lets take a look into FareViewModel.cs and it’s constructor. The constructor takes one parameter IEventAggregator and if you try to find all references in your solution for IEventAggregator, you will not find a single location where an instance of EventAggregator is passed directly to the constructor. The compiler still finds an instance and works fine because Prism is already configured when used with Unity container to return an instance of EventAggregator when requested for IEventAggregator and in this particular case it is called constructor injection. public class FareViewModel:ObservableBase, IDataErrorInfo { ... private IEventAggregator _eventAggregator; public FareViewModel(IEventAggregator eventAggregator) { _eventAggregator = eventAggregator; InitializePropertyNames(); InitializeModel(); PropertyChanged += OnPropertyChanged; } ... 3. Shell Shells are very similar in operation to Master Pages in asp.net or MDI in Windows Forms. And shells contain regions which display the views, you can have as many regions as you wish in a given view. You can also nest regions. i.e, one region can load a view which in itself may contain other regions. We have to create a shell at the start of the application and are doing it by overriding CreateShell method from BootStrapper From the following Shell.xaml you shall notice that we have two content controls with Region names as ‘MenuRegion’ and ‘MainRegion’. The idea here is that you can inject any user controls into the regions dynamically, i.e., a Menu User Control for MenuRegion and based on the user action you can load appropriate view into MainRegion. <Window x:Class="TaxiClient.Shell" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:Regions="clr-namespace:Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Regions;assembly=Microsoft.Practices.Prism" Title="Taxi" Height="370" Width="800"> <Grid Margin="2"> <ContentControl Regions:RegionManager.RegionName="MenuRegion" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" HorizontalContentAlignment="Stretch" VerticalContentAlignment="Stretch" /> <ContentControl Grid.Row="1" Regions:RegionManager.RegionName="MainRegion" HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" VerticalAlignment="Stretch" HorizontalContentAlignment="Stretch" VerticalContentAlignment="Stretch" />  </Grid> </Window> 4. Modules Prism provides the ability to build composite applications and modules play an important role in it. For example if you are building a Mortgage Loan Processor application with 3 components, i.e. customer’s credit history, existing mortgages, new home/loan information; and consider that the customer’s credit history component involves gathering data about his/her address, background information, job details etc. The idea here using Prism modules is to separate the implementation of these 3 components into their own visual studio projects allowing to build components with no dependency on each other and independently. If we need to add another component to the application, the component can be developed by in house team or some other team in the organization by starting with a new Visual Studio project and adding to the solution at the run time with very little knowledge about the application. Prism modules are defined by implementing the IModule interface and each visual studio project to be considered as a module should implement the IModule interface. From the BootStrapper.cs you shall observe that we are overriding the method by returning a ConfiguratingModuleCatalog which returns the modules that are registered for the application using the app.config file and you can also add module using code. Lets take a look into configuration file. <?xml version="1.0"?> <configuration> <configSections> <section name="modules" type="Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Modularity.ModulesConfigurationSection, Microsoft.Practices.Prism"/> </configSections> <modules> <module assemblyFile="TaxiModules.dll" moduleType="TaxiModules.ModuleInitializer, TaxiModules" moduleName="TaxiModules"/> </modules> </configuration> Here we are adding TaxiModules project to our solution and TaxiModules.ModuleInitializer implements IModule interface 5. Module Mapper With Prism modules you can dynamically add or remove modules from the regions, apart from that Prism also provides API to control adding/removing the views from a region within the same module. Taxi Information Screen: Engage the Taxi Screen: The sample application has two screens, ‘Taxi Information’ and ‘Engage the Taxi’ and they both reside in same module, TaxiModules. ‘Engage the Taxi’ is again made of two user controls, FareView on the left and TotalView on the right. We have created a Shell with two regions, MenuRegion and MainRegion with menu loaded into MenuRegion. We can create a wrapper user control called EngageTheTaxi made of FareView and TotalView and load either TaxiInfo or EngageTheTaxi into MainRegion based on the user action. Though it will work it tightly binds the user controls and for every combination of user controls, we need to create a dummy wrapper control to contain them. Instead we can apply the principles we learned so far from Shell/regions and introduce another template (LeftAndRightRegionView.xaml) made of two regions Region1 (left) and Region2 (right) and load FareView and TotalView dynamically. To help with loading of the views dynamically I have introduce an helper an interface, IInjectSingleViewService, idea suggested by Mike Taulty, a must read blog for .Net developers. using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; namespace Framework.PresentationUtility.Navigation { public interface IInjectSingleViewService : INotifyPropertyChanged { IEnumerable<CommandViewDefinition> Commands { get; } IEnumerable<ModuleViewDefinition> Modules { get; } void RegisterViewForRegion(string commandName, string viewName, string regionName, Type viewType); void ClearViewFromRegion(string viewName, string regionName); void RegisterModule(string moduleName, IList<ModuleMapper> moduleMappers); } } The Interface declares three methods to work with views: RegisterViewForRegion: Registers a view with a particular region. You can register multiple views and their regions under one command. When this particular command is invoked all the views registered under it will be loaded into their regions. ClearViewFromRegion: To unload a specific view from a region. RegisterModule: The idea is when a command is invoked you can load the UI with set of controls in their default position and based on the user interaction, you can load different contols in to different regions on the fly. And it is supported ModuleViewDefinition and ModuleMappers as shown below. namespace Framework.PresentationUtility.Navigation { public class ModuleViewDefinition { public string ModuleName { get; set; } public IList<ModuleMapper> ModuleMappers; public ICommand Command { get; set; } } public class ModuleMapper { public string ViewName { get; set; } public string RegionName { get; set; } public Type ViewType { get; set; } } } 6. Event Aggregator Prism event aggregator enables messaging between components as in Observable pattern, Notifier notifies the Observer which receives notification it is interested in. When it comes to Observable pattern, Observer has to unsubscribes for notifications when it no longer interested in notifications, which allows the Notifier to remove the Observer’s reference from it’s local cache. Though .Net has managed garbage collection it cannot remove inactive the instances referenced by an active instance resulting in memory leak, keeping the Observers in memory as long as Notifier stays in memory. Developers have to be very careful to unsubscribe when necessary and it often gets overlooked, to overcome these problems Prism Event Aggregator uses weak references to cache the reference (Observer in this case) and releases the reference (memory) once the instance goes out of scope. Using event aggregator is very simple, declare a generic type of CompositePresenationEvent by inheriting from it. using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Events; using TaxiCommon.BAO; namespace TaxiCommon.CompositeEvents { public class TaxiOnMoveEvent:CompositePresentationEvent<TaxiOnMove> { } } TaxiOnMove.cs includes the properties which we want to exchange between the parties, FareView and TotalView. using System; namespace TaxiCommon.BAO { public class TaxiOnMove { public TimeSpan MinutesAtTweleveMPH { get; set; } public double MilesAtSixMPH { get; set; } } } Lets take a look into FareViewodel (Notifier) and how it raises the event. Here we are raising the event by getting the event through GetEvent<..>() and publishing it with the payload private void OnAddMinutes(object obj) { TaxiOnMove payload = new TaxiOnMove(); if(MilesAtSixMPH != null) payload.MilesAtSixMPH = MilesAtSixMPH.Value; if(MinutesAtTweleveMPH != null) payload.MinutesAtTweleveMPH = new TimeSpan(0,0,MinutesAtTweleveMPH.Value,0); _eventAggregator.GetEvent<TaxiOnMoveEvent>().Publish(payload); ResetMinutesAndMiles(); } And TotalViewModel(Observer) subscribes to notifications by getting the event through GetEvent<..>() namespace TaxiModules.ViewModels { public class TotalViewModel:ObservableBase { .... private IEventAggregator _eventAggregator; public TotalViewModel(IEventAggregator eventAggregator) { _eventAggregator = eventAggregator; ... } private void SubscribeToEvents() { _eventAggregator.GetEvent<TaxiStartedEvent>() .Subscribe(OnTaxiStarted, ThreadOption.UIThread,false,(filter) => true); _eventAggregator.GetEvent<TaxiOnMoveEvent>() .Subscribe(OnTaxiMove, ThreadOption.UIThread, false, (filter) => true); _eventAggregator.GetEvent<TaxiResetEvent>() .Subscribe(OnTaxiReset, ThreadOption.UIThread, false, (filter) => true); } ... private void OnTaxiMove(TaxiOnMove taxiOnMove) { OnMoveFare fare = new OnMoveFare(taxiOnMove); Fares.Add(fare); SetTotalFare(new []{fare}); } .... 7. MVVM through example In this section we are going to look into MVVM implementation through example. I have all the modules declared in a single project, TaxiModules, again it is not necessary to have them into one project. Once the user logs into the application, will be greeted with the ‘Engage the Taxi’ screen which is made of two user controls, FareView.xaml and TotalView.Xaml. As you can see from the solution explorer, each of them have their own code behind files and ViewModel classes, FareViewMode.cs, TotalViewModel.cs Lets take a look in to the FareView and how it interacts with FareViewModel using MVVM implementation. FareView.xaml acts as a view and FareViewMode.cs is it’s view model. The FareView code behind class namespace TaxiModules.Views { /// <summary> /// Interaction logic for FareView.xaml /// </summary> public partial class FareView : UserControl { public FareView(FareViewModel viewModel) { InitializeComponent(); this.Loaded += (s, e) => { this.DataContext = viewModel; }; } } } The FareView is bound to FareViewModel through the data context and you shall observe that DataContext is of type Object, i.e. the FareView doesn’t really know the type of ViewModel (FareViewModel). This helps separation of View and ViewModel as View and ViewModel are independent of each other, you can bind FareView to FareViewModel2 as well and the application compiles just fine. Lets take a look into FareView xaml file <UserControl x:Class="TaxiModules.Views.FareView" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:Toolkit="clr-namespace:Microsoft.Windows.Controls;assembly=WPFToolkit" xmlns:Commands="clr-namespace:Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Commands;assembly=Microsoft.Practices.Prism"> <Grid Margin="10" > .... <Border Style="{DynamicResource innerBorder}" Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="0" Grid.RowSpan="11" Grid.ColumnSpan="2" Panel.ZIndex="1"/> <Label Grid.Row="0" Content="Engage the Taxi" Style="{DynamicResource innerHeader}"/> <Label Grid.Row="1" Content="Select the State"/> <ComboBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" ItemsSource="{Binding States}" Height="auto"> <ComboBox.ItemTemplate> <DataTemplate> <TextBlock Text="{Binding Name}"/> </DataTemplate> </ComboBox.ItemTemplate> <ComboBox.SelectedItem> <Binding Path="SelectedState" Mode="TwoWay"/> </ComboBox.SelectedItem> </ComboBox> <Label Grid.Row="2" Content="Select the Date of Entry"/> <Toolkit:DatePicker Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="1" SelectedDate="{Binding DateOfEntry, ValidatesOnDataErrors=true}" /> <Label Grid.Row="3" Content="Enter time 24hr format"/> <TextBox Grid.Row="3" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding TimeOfEntry, TargetNullValue=''}"/> <Button Grid.Row="4" Grid.Column="1" Content="Start the Meter" Commands:Click.Command="{Binding StartMeterCommand}" /> <Label Grid.Row="5" Content="Run the Taxi" Style="{DynamicResource innerHeader}"/> <Label Grid.Row="6" Content="Number of Miles <@6mph"/> <TextBox Grid.Row="6" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding MilesAtSixMPH, TargetNullValue='', ValidatesOnDataErrors=true}"/> <Label Grid.Row="7" Content="Number of Minutes @12mph"/> <TextBox Grid.Row="7" Grid.Column="1" Text="{Binding MinutesAtTweleveMPH, TargetNullValue=''}"/> <Button Grid.Row="8" Grid.Column="1" Content="Add Minutes and Miles " Commands:Click.Command="{Binding AddMinutesCommand}"/> <Label Grid.Row="9" Content="Other Operations" Style="{DynamicResource innerHeader}"/> <Button Grid.Row="10" Grid.Column="1" Content="Reset the Meter" Commands:Click.Command="{Binding ResetCommand}"/> </Grid> </UserControl> The highlighted code from the above code shows data binding, for example ComboBox which displays list of states has it’s ItemsSource bound to States property, with DataTemplate bound to Name and SelectedItem to SelectedState. You might be wondering what are all these properties and how it is able to bind to them. The answer lies in data context, i.e., when you bound a control, WPF looks for data context on the root object (Grid in this case) and if it can’t find data context it will look into root’s root, i.e. FareView UserControl and it is bound to FareViewModel. Each of those properties have be declared on the ViewModel for the View to bind correctly. To put simply, View is bound to ViewModel through data context of type object and every control that is bound on the View actually binds to the public property on the ViewModel. Lets look into the ViewModel code (the following code is not an exact copy of FareViewMode.cs, pasted relevant code for this section) namespace TaxiModules.ViewModels { public class FareViewModel:ObservableBase, IDataErrorInfo { public List<USState> States { get { return USStates.StateList; } } public USState SelectedState { get { return _selectedState; } set { _selectedState = value; RaisePropertyChanged(_selectedStatePropertyName); } } public DateTime? DateOfEntry { get { return _dateOfEntry; } set { _dateOfEntry = value; RaisePropertyChanged(_dateOfEntryPropertyName); } } public TimeSpan? TimeOfEntry { get { return _timeOfEntry; } set { _timeOfEntry = value; RaisePropertyChanged(_timeOfEntryPropertyName); } } public double? MilesAtSixMPH { get { return _milesAtSixMPH; } set { _milesAtSixMPH = value; RaisePropertyChanged(_distanceAtSixMPHPropertyName); } } public int? MinutesAtTweleveMPH { get { return _minutesAtTweleveMPH; } set { _minutesAtTweleveMPH = value; RaisePropertyChanged(_minutesAtTweleveMPHPropertyName); } } public ICommand StartMeterCommand { get { if(_startMeterCommand == null) { _startMeterCommand = new DelegateCommand<object>(OnStartMeter, CanStartMeter); } return _startMeterCommand; } } public ICommand AddMinutesCommand { get { if(_addMinutesCommand == null) { _addMinutesCommand = new DelegateCommand<object>(OnAddMinutes, CanAddMinutes); } return _addMinutesCommand; } } public ICommand ResetCommand { get { if(_resetCommand == null) { _resetCommand = new DelegateCommand<object>(OnResetCommand); } return _resetCommand; } } } private void OnStartMeter(object obj) { _eventAggregator.GetEvent<TaxiStartedEvent>().Publish( new TaxiStarted() { EngagedOn = DateOfEntry.Value.Date + TimeOfEntry.Value, EngagedState = SelectedState.Value }); _isMeterStarted = true; OnPropertyChanged(this,null); } And views communicate user actions like button clicks, tree view item selections, etc using commands. When user clicks on ‘Start the Meter’ button it invokes the method StartMeterCommand, which calls the method OnStartMeter which publishes the event to TotalViewModel using event aggregator and TaxiStartedEvent. namespace TaxiModules.ViewModels { public class TotalViewModel:ObservableBase { ... private IEventAggregator _eventAggregator; public TotalViewModel(IEventAggregator eventAggregator) { _eventAggregator = eventAggregator; InitializePropertyNames(); InitializeModel(); SubscribeToEvents(); } public decimal? TotalFare { get { return _totalFare; } set { _totalFare = value; RaisePropertyChanged(_totalFarePropertyName); } } .... private void SubscribeToEvents() { _eventAggregator.GetEvent<TaxiStartedEvent>().Subscribe(OnTaxiStarted, ThreadOption.UIThread,false,(filter) => true); _eventAggregator.GetEvent<TaxiOnMoveEvent>().Subscribe(OnTaxiMove, ThreadOption.UIThread, false, (filter) => true); _eventAggregator.GetEvent<TaxiResetEvent>().Subscribe(OnTaxiReset, ThreadOption.UIThread, false, (filter) => true); } private void OnTaxiStarted(TaxiStarted taxiStarted) { Fares.Add(new EntryFare()); Fares.Add(new StateTaxFare(taxiStarted)); Fares.Add(new NightSurchargeFare(taxiStarted)); Fares.Add(new PeakHourWeekdayFare(taxiStarted)); SetTotalFare(Fares); } private void SetTotalFare(IEnumerable<IFare> fares) { TotalFare = (_totalFare ?? 0) + TaxiFareHelper.GetTotalFare(fares); } .... } } TotalViewModel subscribes to events, TaxiStartedEvent and rest. When TaxiStartedEvent gets invoked it calls the OnTaxiStarted method which sets the total fare which includes entry fee, state tax, nightly surcharge, peak hour weekday fare. Note that TotalViewModel derives from ObservableBase which implements the method RaisePropertyChanged which we are invoking in Set of TotalFare property, i.e, once we update the TotalFare property it raises an the event that allows the TotalFare text box to fetch the new value through the data context. ViewModel is communicating with View through data context and it has no knowledge about View, helping in loose coupling of ViewModel and View. I have attached the source code (.Net 4.0, Prism 4.0, VS 2010) , download and play with it and don’t forget to leave your comments.

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New features of C# 4.0

This article covers New features of C# 4.0. Article has been divided into below sections. Introduction. Dynamic Lookup. Named and Optional Arguments. Features for COM interop. Variance. Relationship with Visual Basic. Resources. Other interested readings… 22 New Features of Visual Studio 2008 for .NET Professionals 50 New Features of SQL Server 2008 IIS 7.0 New features Introduction It is now close to a year since Microsoft Visual C# 3.0 shipped as part of Visual Studio 2008. In the VS Managed Languages team we are hard at work on creating the next version of the language (with the unsurprising working title of C# 4.0), and this document is a first public description of the planned language features as we currently see them. Please be advised that all this is in early stages of production and is subject to change. Part of the reason for sharing our plans in public so early is precisely to get the kind of feedback that will cause us to improve the final product before it rolls out. Simultaneously with the publication of this whitepaper, a first public CTP (community technology preview) of Visual Studio 2010 is going out as a Virtual PC image for everyone to try. Please use it to play and experiment with the features, and let us know of any thoughts you have. We ask for your understanding and patience working with very early bits, where especially new or newly implemented features do not have the quality or stability of a final product. The aim of the CTP is not to give you a productive work environment but to give you the best possible impression of what we are working on for the next release. The CTP contains a number of walkthroughs, some of which highlight the new language features of C# 4.0. Those are excellent for getting a hands-on guided tour through the details of some common scenarios for the features. You may consider this whitepaper a companion document to these walkthroughs, complementing them with a focus on the overall language features and how they work, as opposed to the specifics of the concrete scenarios. C# 4.0 The major theme for C# 4.0 is dynamic programming. Increasingly, objects are “dynamic” in the sense that their structure and behavior is not captured by a static type, or at least not one that the compiler knows about when compiling your program. Some examples include a. objects from dynamic programming languages, such as Python or Ruby b. COM objects accessed through IDispatch c. ordinary .NET types accessed through reflection d. objects with changing structure, such as HTML DOM objects While C# remains a statically typed language, we aim to vastly improve the interaction with such objects. A secondary theme is co-evolution with Visual Basic. Going forward we will aim to maintain the individual character of each language, but at the same time important new features should be introduced in both languages at the same time. They should be differentiated more by style and feel than by feature set. The new features in C# 4.0 fall into four groups: Dynamic lookup Dynamic lookup allows you to write method, operator and indexer calls, property and field accesses, and even object invocations which bypass the C# static type checking and instead gets resolved at runtime. Named and optional parameters Parameters in C# can now be specified as optional by providing a default value for them in a member declaration. When the member is invoked, optional arguments can be omitted. Furthermore, any argument can be passed by parameter name instead of position. COM specific interop features Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters both help making programming against COM less painful than today. On top of that, however, we are adding a number of other small features that further improve the interop experience. Variance It used to be that an IEnumerable<string> wasn’t an IEnumerable<object>. Now it is – C# embraces type safe “co-and contravariance” and common BCL types are updated to take advantage of that. Dynamic Lookup Dynamic lookup allows you a unified approach to invoking things dynamically. With dynamic lookup, when you have an object in your hand you do not need to worry about whether it comes from COM, IronPython, the HTML DOM or reflection; you just apply operations to it and leave it to the runtime to figure out what exactly those operations mean for that particular object. This affords you enormous flexibility, and can greatly simplify your code, but it does come with a significant drawback: Static typing is not maintained for these operations. A dynamic object is assumed at compile time to support any operation, and only at runtime will you get an error if it wasn’t so. Oftentimes this will be no loss, because the object wouldn’t have a static type anyway, in other cases it is a tradeoff between brevity and safety. In order to facilitate this tradeoff, it is a design goal of C# to allow you to opt in or opt out of dynamic behavior on every single call. The dynamic type C# 4.0 introduces a new static type called dynamic. When you have an object of type dynamic you can “do things to it” that are resolved only at runtime: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); The C# compiler allows you to call a method with any name and any arguments on d because it is of type dynamic. At runtime the actual object that d refers to will be examined to determine what it means to “call M with an int” on it. The type dynamic can be thought of as a special version of the type object, which signals that the object can be used dynamically. It is easy to opt in or out of dynamic behavior: any object can be implicitly converted to dynamic, “suspending belief” until runtime. Conversely, there is an “assignment conversion” from dynamic to any other type, which allows implicit conversion in assignment-like constructs: dynamic d = 7; // implicit conversion int i = d; // assignment conversion Dynamic operations Not only method calls, but also field and property accesses, indexer and operator calls and even delegate invocations can be dispatched dynamically: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); // calling methods d.f = d.P; // getting and settings fields and properties d[“one”] = d[“two”]; // getting and setting thorugh indexers int i = d + 3; // calling operators string s = d(5,7); // invoking as a delegate The role of the C# compiler here is simply to package up the necessary information about “what is being done to d”, so that the runtime can pick it up and determine what the exact meaning of it is given an actual object d. Think of it as deferring part of the compiler’s job to runtime. The result of any dynamic operation is itself of type dynamic. Runtime lookup At runtime a dynamic operation is dispatched according to the nature of its target object d: COM objects If d is a COM object, the operation is dispatched dynamically through COM IDispatch. This allows calling to COM types that don’t have a Primary Interop Assembly (PIA), and relying on COM features that don’t have a counterpart in C#, such as indexed properties and default properties. Dynamic objects If d implements the interface IDynamicObject d itself is asked to perform the operation. Thus by implementing IDynamicObject a type can completely redefine the meaning of dynamic operations. This is used intensively by dynamic languages such as IronPython and IronRuby to implement their own dynamic object models. It will also be used by APIs, e.g. by the HTML DOM to allow direct access to the object’s properties using property syntax. Plain objects Otherwise d is a standard .NET object, and the operation will be dispatched using reflection on its type and a C# “runtime binder” which implements C#’s lookup and overload resolution semantics at runtime. This is essentially a part of the C# compiler running as a runtime component to “finish the work” on dynamic operations that was deferred by the static compiler. Example Assume the following code: dynamic d1 = new Foo(); dynamic d2 = new Bar(); string s; d1.M(s, d2, 3, null); Because the receiver of the call to M is dynamic, the C# compiler does not try to resolve the meaning of the call. Instead it stashes away information for the runtime about the call. This information (often referred to as the “payload”) is essentially equivalent to: “Perform an instance method call of M with the following arguments: 1. a string 2. a dynamic 3. a literal int 3 4. a literal object null” At runtime, assume that the actual type Foo of d1 is not a COM type and does not implement IDynamicObject. In this case the C# runtime binder picks up to finish the overload resolution job based on runtime type information, proceeding as follows: 1. Reflection is used to obtain the actual runtime types of the two objects, d1 and d2, that did not have a static type (or rather had the static type dynamic). The result is Foo for d1 and Bar for d2. 2. Method lookup and overload resolution is performed on the type Foo with the call M(string,Bar,3,null) using ordinary C# semantics. 3. If the method is found it is invoked; otherwise a runtime exception is thrown. Overload resolution with dynamic arguments Even if the receiver of a method call is of a static type, overload resolution can still happen at runtime. This can happen if one or more of the arguments have the type dynamic: Foo foo = new Foo(); dynamic d = new Bar(); var result = foo.M(d); The C# runtime binder will choose between the statically known overloads of M on Foo, based on the runtime type of d, namely Bar. The result is again of type dynamic. The Dynamic Language Runtime An important component in the underlying implementation of dynamic lookup is the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), which is a new API in .NET 4.0. The DLR provides most of the infrastructure behind not only C# dynamic lookup but also the implementation of several dynamic programming languages on .NET, such as IronPython and IronRuby. Through this common infrastructure a high degree of interoperability is ensured, but just as importantly the DLR provides excellent caching mechanisms which serve to greatly enhance the efficiency of runtime dispatch. To the user of dynamic lookup in C#, the DLR is invisible except for the improved efficiency. However, if you want to implement your own dynamically dispatched objects, the IDynamicObject interface allows you to interoperate with the DLR and plug in your own behavior. This is a rather advanced task, which requires you to understand a good deal more about the inner workings of the DLR. For API writers, however, it can definitely be worth the trouble in order to vastly improve the usability of e.g. a library representing an inherently dynamic domain. Open issues There are a few limitations and things that might work differently than you would expect. · The DLR allows objects to be created from objects that represent classes. However, the current implementation of C# doesn’t have syntax to support this. · Dynamic lookup will not be able to find extension methods. Whether extension methods apply or not depends on the static context of the call (i.e. which using clauses occur), and this context information is not currently kept as part of the payload. · Anonymous functions (i.e. lambda expressions) cannot appear as arguments to a dynamic method call. The compiler cannot bind (i.e. “understand”) an anonymous function without knowing what type it is converted to. One consequence of these limitations is that you cannot easily use LINQ queries over dynamic objects: dynamic collection = …; var result = collection.Select(e => e + 5); If the Select method is an extension method, dynamic lookup will not find it. Even if it is an instance method, the above does not compile, because a lambda expression cannot be passed as an argument to a dynamic operation. There are no plans to address these limitations in C# 4.0. Named and Optional Arguments Named and optional parameters are really two distinct features, but are often useful together. Optional parameters allow you to omit arguments to member invocations, whereas named arguments is a way to provide an argument using the name of the corresponding parameter instead of relying on its position in the parameter list. Some APIs, most notably COM interfaces such as the Office automation APIs, are written specifically with named and optional parameters in mind. Up until now it has been very painful to call into these APIs from C#, with sometimes as many as thirty arguments having to be explicitly passed, most of which have reasonable default values and could be omitted. Even in APIs for .NET however you sometimes find yourself compelled to write many overloads of a method with different combinations of parameters, in order to provide maximum usability to the callers. Optional parameters are a useful alternative for these situations. Optional parameters A parameter is declared optional simply by providing a default value for it: public void M(int x, int y = 5, int z = 7); Here y and z are optional parameters and can be omitted in calls: M(1, 2, 3); // ordinary call of M M(1, 2); // omitting z – equivalent to M(1, 2, 7) M(1); // omitting both y and z – equivalent to M(1, 5, 7) Named and optional arguments C# 4.0 does not permit you to omit arguments between commas as in M(1,,3). This could lead to highly unreadable comma-counting code. Instead any argument can be passed by name. Thus if you want to omit only y from a call of M you can write: M(1, z: 3); // passing z by name or M(x: 1, z: 3); // passing both x and z by name or even M(z: 3, x: 1); // reversing the order of arguments All forms are equivalent, except that arguments are always evaluated in the order they appear, so in the last example the 3 is evaluated before the 1. Optional and named arguments can be used not only with methods but also with indexers and constructors. Overload resolution Named and optional arguments affect overload resolution, but the changes are relatively simple: A signature is applicable if all its parameters are either optional or have exactly one corresponding argument (by name or position) in the call which is convertible to the parameter type. Betterness rules on conversions are only applied for arguments that are explicitly given – omitted optional arguments are ignored for betterness purposes. If two signatures are equally good, one that does not omit optional parameters is preferred. M(string s, int i = 1); M(object o); M(int i, string s = “Hello”); M(int i); M(5); Given these overloads, we can see the working of the rules above. M(string,int) is not applicable because 5 doesn’t convert to string. M(int,string) is applicable because its second parameter is optional, and so, obviously are M(object) and M(int). M(int,string) and M(int) are both better than M(object) because the conversion from 5 to int is better than the conversion from 5 to object. Finally M(int) is better than M(int,string) because no optional arguments are omitted. Thus the method that gets called is M(int). Features for COM interop Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters greatly improve the experience of interoperating with COM APIs such as the Office Automation APIs. In order to remove even more of the speed bumps, a couple of small COM-specific features are also added to C# 4.0. Dynamic import Many COM methods accept and return variant types, which are represented in the PIAs as object. In the vast majority of cases, a programmer calling these methods already knows the static type of a returned object from context, but explicitly has to perform a cast on the returned value to make use of that knowledge. These casts are so common that they constitute a major nuisance. In order to facilitate a smoother experience, you can now choose to import these COM APIs in such a way that variants are instead represented using the type dynamic. In other words, from your point of view, COM signatures now have occurrences of dynamic instead of object in them. This means that you can easily access members directly off a returned object, or you can assign it to a strongly typed local variable without having to cast. To illustrate, you can now say excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Hello"; instead of ((Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]).Value2 = "Hello"; and Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; instead of Excel.Range range = (Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]; Compiling without PIAs Primary Interop Assemblies are large .NET assemblies generated from COM interfaces to facilitate strongly typed interoperability. They provide great support at design time, where your experience of the interop is as good as if the types where really defined in .NET. However, at runtime these large assemblies can easily bloat your program, and also cause versioning issues because they are distributed independently of your application. The no-PIA feature allows you to continue to use PIAs at design time without having them around at runtime. Instead, the C# compiler will bake the small part of the PIA that a program actually uses directly into its assembly. At runtime the PIA does not have to be loaded. Omitting ref Because of a different programming model, many COM APIs contain a lot of reference parameters. Contrary to refs in C#, these are typically not meant to mutate a passed-in argument for the subsequent benefit of the caller, but are simply another way of passing value parameters. It therefore seems unreasonable that a C# programmer should have to create temporary variables for all such ref parameters and pass these by reference. Instead, specifically for COM methods, the C# compiler will allow you to pass arguments by value to such a method, and will automatically generate temporary variables to hold the passed-in values, subsequently discarding these when the call returns. In this way the caller sees value semantics, and will not experience any side effects, but the called method still gets a reference. Open issues A few COM interface features still are not surfaced in C#. Most notably these include indexed properties and default properties. As mentioned above these will be respected if you access COM dynamically, but statically typed C# code will still not recognize them. There are currently no plans to address these remaining speed bumps in C# 4.0. Variance An aspect of generics that often comes across as surprising is that the following is illegal: IList<string> strings = new List<string>(); IList<object> objects = strings; The second assignment is disallowed because strings does not have the same element type as objects. There is a perfectly good reason for this. If it were allowed you could write: objects[0] = 5; string s = strings[0]; Allowing an int to be inserted into a list of strings and subsequently extracted as a string. This would be a breach of type safety. However, there are certain interfaces where the above cannot occur, notably where there is no way to insert an object into the collection. Such an interface is IEnumerable<T>. If instead you say: IEnumerable<object> objects = strings; There is no way we can put the wrong kind of thing into strings through objects, because objects doesn’t have a method that takes an element in. Variance is about allowing assignments such as this in cases where it is safe. The result is that a lot of situations that were previously surprising now just work. Covariance In .NET 4.0 the IEnumerable<T> interface will be declared in the following way: public interface IEnumerable<out T> : IEnumerable { IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator<out T> : IEnumerator { bool MoveNext(); T Current { get; } } The “out” in these declarations signifies that the T can only occur in output position in the interface – the compiler will complain otherwise. In return for this restriction, the interface becomes “covariant” in T, which means that an IEnumerable<A> is considered an IEnumerable<B> if A has a reference conversion to B. As a result, any sequence of strings is also e.g. a sequence of objects. This is useful e.g. in many LINQ methods. Using the declarations above: var result = strings.Union(objects); // succeeds with an IEnumerable<object> This would previously have been disallowed, and you would have had to to some cumbersome wrapping to get the two sequences to have the same element type. Contravariance Type parameters can also have an “in” modifier, restricting them to occur only in input positions. An example is IComparer<T>: public interface IComparer<in T> { public int Compare(T left, T right); } The somewhat baffling result is that an IComparer<object> can in fact be considered an IComparer<string>! It makes sense when you think about it: If a comparer can compare any two objects, it can certainly also compare two strings. This property is referred to as contravariance. A generic type can have both in and out modifiers on its type parameters, as is the case with the Func<…> delegate types: public delegate TResult Func<in TArg, out TResult>(TArg arg); Obviously the argument only ever comes in, and the result only ever comes out. Therefore a Func<object,string> can in fact be used as a Func<string,object>. Limitations Variant type parameters can only be declared on interfaces and delegate types, due to a restriction in the CLR. Variance only applies when there is a reference conversion between the type arguments. For instance, an IEnumerable<int> is not an IEnumerable<object> because the conversion from int to object is a boxing conversion, not a reference conversion. Also please note that the CTP does not contain the new versions of the .NET types mentioned above. In order to experiment with variance you have to declare your own variant interfaces and delegate types. COM Example Here is a larger Office automation example that shows many of the new C# features in action. using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Linq; using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel; using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word; class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var excel = new Excel.Application(); excel.Visible = true; excel.Workbooks.Add(); // optional arguments omitted excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Process Name"; // no casts; Value dynamically excel.Cells[1, 2].Value = "Memory Usage"; // accessed var processes = Process.GetProcesses() .OrderByDescending(p => p.WorkingSet) .Take(10); int i = 2; foreach (var p in processes) { excel.Cells[i, 1].Value = p.ProcessName; // no casts excel.Cells[i, 2].Value = p.WorkingSet; // no casts i++; } Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; // no casts Excel.Chart chart = excel.ActiveWorkbook.Charts. Add(After: excel.ActiveSheet); // named and optional arguments chart.ChartWizard( Source: range.CurrentRegion, Title: "Memory Usage in " + Environment.MachineName); //named+optional chart.ChartStyle = 45; chart.CopyPicture(Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen, Excel.XlCopyPictureFormat.xlBitmap, Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen); var word = new Word.Application(); word.Visible = true; word.Documents.Add(); // optional arguments word.Selection.Paste(); } } The code is much more terse and readable than the C# 3.0 counterpart. Note especially how the Value property is accessed dynamically. This is actually an indexed property, i.e. a property that takes an argument; something which C# does not understand. However the argument is optional. Since the access is dynamic, it goes through the runtime COM binder which knows to substitute the default value and call the indexed property. Thus, dynamic COM allows you to avoid accesses to the puzzling Value2 property of Excel ranges. Relationship with Visual Basic A number of the features introduced to C# 4.0 already exist or will be introduced in some form or other in Visual Basic: · Late binding in VB is similar in many ways to dynamic lookup in C#, and can be expected to make more use of the DLR in the future, leading to further parity with C#. · Named and optional arguments have been part of Visual Basic for a long time, and the C# version of the feature is explicitly engineered with maximal VB interoperability in mind. · NoPIA and variance are both being introduced to VB and C# at the same time. VB in turn is adding a number of features that have hitherto been a mainstay of C#. As a result future versions of C# and VB will have much better feature parity, for the benefit of everyone. Resources All available resources concerning C# 4.0 can be accessed through the C# Dev Center. Specifically, this white paper and other resources can be found at the Code Gallery site. Enjoy! span.fullpost {display:none;}

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Custom ASP.NET Routing to an HttpHandler

- by Rick Strahl

As of version 4.0 ASP.NET natively supports routing via the now built-in System.Web.Routing namespace. Routing features are automatically integrated into the HtttpRuntime via a few custom interfaces. New Web Forms Routing Support In ASP.NET 4.0 there are a host of improvements including routing support baked into Web Forms via a RouteData property available on the Page class and RouteCollection.MapPageRoute() route handler that makes it easy to route to Web forms. To map ASP.NET Page routes is as simple as setting up the routes with MapPageRoute:protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes); } void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes) { routes.MapPageRoute("StockQuote", "StockQuote/{symbol}", "StockQuote.aspx"); routes.MapPageRoute("StockQuotes", "StockQuotes/{symbolList}", "StockQuotes.aspx"); } and then accessing the route data in the page you can then use the new Page class RouteData property to retrieve the dynamic route data information:public partial class StockQuote1 : System.Web.UI.Page { protected StockQuote Quote = null; protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { string symbol = RouteData.Values["symbol"] as string; StockServer server = new StockServer(); Quote = server.GetStockQuote(symbol); // display stock data in Page View } } Simple, quick and doesn’t require much explanation. If you’re using WebForms most of your routing needs should be served just fine by this simple mechanism. Kudos to the ASP.NET team for putting this in the box and making it easy! How Routing Works To handle Routing in ASP.NET involves these steps: Registering Routes Creating a custom RouteHandler to retrieve an HttpHandler Attaching RouteData to your HttpHandler Picking up Route Information in your Request code Registering routes makes ASP.NET aware of the Routes you want to handle via the static RouteTable.Routes collection. You basically add routes to this collection to let ASP.NET know which URL patterns it should watch for. You typically hook up routes off a RegisterRoutes method that fires in Application_Start as I did in the example above to ensure routes are added only once when the application first starts up. When you create a route, you pass in a RouteHandler instance which ASP.NET caches and reuses as routes are matched. Once registered ASP.NET monitors the routes and if a match is found just prior to the HttpHandler instantiation, ASP.NET uses the RouteHandler registered for the route and calls GetHandler() on it to retrieve an HttpHandler instance. The RouteHandler.GetHandler() method is responsible for creating an instance of an HttpHandler that is to handle the request and – if necessary – to assign any additional custom data to the handler. At minimum you probably want to pass the RouteData to the handler so the handler can identify the request based on the route data available. To do this you typically add a RouteData property to your handler and then assign the property from the RouteHandlers request context. This is essentially how Page.RouteData comes into being and this approach should work well for any custom handler implementation that requires RouteData. It’s a shame that ASP.NET doesn’t have a top level intrinsic object that’s accessible off the HttpContext object to provide route data more generically, but since RouteData is directly tied to HttpHandlers and not all handlers support it it might cause some confusion of when it’s actually available. Bottom line is that if you want to hold on to RouteData you have to assign it to a custom property of the handler or else pass it to the handler via Context.Items[] object that can be retrieved on an as needed basis. It’s important to understand that routing is hooked up via RouteHandlers that are responsible for loading HttpHandler instances. RouteHandlers are invoked for every request that matches a route and through this RouteHandler instance the Handler gains access to the current RouteData. Because of this logic it’s important to understand that Routing is really tied to HttpHandlers and not available prior to handler instantiation, which is pretty late in the HttpRuntime’s request pipeline. IOW, Routing works with Handlers but not with earlier in the pipeline within Modules. Specifically ASP.NET calls RouteHandler.GetHandler() from the PostResolveRequestCache HttpRuntime pipeline event. Here’s the call stack at the beginning of the GetHandler() call: which fires just before handler resolution. Non-Page Routing – You need to build custom RouteHandlers If you need to route to a custom Http Handler or other non-Page (and non-MVC) endpoint in the HttpRuntime, there is no generic mapping support available. You need to create a custom RouteHandler that can manage creating an instance of an HttpHandler that is fired in response to a routed request. Depending on what you are doing this process can be simple or fairly involved as your code is responsible based on the route data provided which handler to instantiate, and more importantly how to pass the route data on to the Handler. Luckily creating a RouteHandler is easy by implementing the IRouteHandler interface which has only a single GetHttpHandler(RequestContext context) method. In this method you can pick up the requestContext.RouteData, instantiate the HttpHandler of choice, and assign the RouteData to it. Then pass back the handler and you’re done.Here’s a simple example of GetHttpHandler() method that dynamically creates a handler based on a passed in Handler type./// <summary> /// Retrieves an Http Handler based on the type specified in the constructor /// </summary> /// <param name="requestContext"></param> /// <returns></returns> IHttpHandler IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext) { IHttpHandler handler = Activator.CreateInstance(CallbackHandlerType) as IHttpHandler; // If we're dealing with a Callback Handler // pass the RouteData for this route to the Handler if (handler is CallbackHandler) ((CallbackHandler)handler).RouteData = requestContext.RouteData; return handler; } Note that this code checks for a specific type of handler and if it matches assigns the RouteData to this handler. This is optional but quite a common scenario if you want to work with RouteData. If the handler you need to instantiate isn’t under your control but you still need to pass RouteData to Handler code, an alternative is to pass the RouteData via the HttpContext.Items collection:IHttpHandler IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext) { IHttpHandler handler = Activator.CreateInstance(CallbackHandlerType) as IHttpHandler; requestContext.HttpContext.Items["RouteData"] = requestContext.RouteData; return handler; } The code in the handler implementation can then pick up the RouteData from the context collection as needed:RouteData routeData = HttpContext.Current.Items["RouteData"] as RouteData This isn’t as clean as having an explicit RouteData property, but it does have the advantage that the route data is visible anywhere in the Handler’s code chain. It’s definitely preferable to create a custom property on your handler, but the Context work-around works in a pinch when you don’t’ own the handler code and have dynamic code executing as part of the handler execution. An Example of a Custom RouteHandler: Attribute Based Route Implementation In this post I’m going to discuss a custom routine implementation I built for my CallbackHandler class in the West Wind Web & Ajax Toolkit. CallbackHandler can be very easily used for creating AJAX, REST and POX requests following RPC style method mapping. You can pass parameters via URL query string, POST data or raw data structures, and you can retrieve results as JSON, XML or raw string/binary data. It’s a quick and easy way to build service interfaces with no fuss. As a quick review here’s how CallbackHandler works: You create an Http Handler that derives from CallbackHandler You implement methods that have a [CallbackMethod] Attribute and that’s it. Here’s an example of an CallbackHandler implementation in an ashx.cs based handler:// RestService.ashx.cs public class RestService : CallbackHandler { [CallbackMethod] public StockQuote GetStockQuote(string symbol) { StockServer server = new StockServer(); return server.GetStockQuote(symbol); } [CallbackMethod] public StockQuote[] GetStockQuotes(string symbolList) { StockServer server = new StockServer(); string[] symbols = symbolList.Split(new char[2] { ',',';' },StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); return server.GetStockQuotes(symbols); } } CallbackHandler makes it super easy to create a method on the server, pass data to it via POST, QueryString or raw JSON/XML data, and then retrieve the results easily back in various formats. This works wonderful and I’ve used these tools in many projects for myself and with clients. But one thing missing has been the ability to create clean URLs. Typical URLs looked like this: http://www.west-wind.com/WestwindWebToolkit/samples/Rest/StockService.ashx?Method=GetStockQuote&symbol=msfthttp://www.west-wind.com/WestwindWebToolkit/samples/Rest/StockService.ashx?Method=GetStockQuotes&symbolList=msft,intc,gld,slw,mwe&format=xml which works and is clear enough, but also clearly very ugly. It would be much nicer if URLs could look like this: http://www.west-wind.com//WestwindWebtoolkit/Samples/StockQuote/msfthttp://www.west-wind.com/WestwindWebtoolkit/Samples/StockQuotes/msft,intc,gld,slw?format=xml (the Virtual Root in this sample is WestWindWebToolkit/Samples and StockQuote/{symbol} is the route)(If you use FireFox try using the JSONView plug-in make it easier to view JSON content) So, taking a clue from the WCF REST tools that use RouteUrls I set out to create a way to specify RouteUrls for each of the endpoints. The change made basically allows changing the above to: [CallbackMethod(RouteUrl="RestService/StockQuote/{symbol}")] public StockQuote GetStockQuote(string symbol) { StockServer server = new StockServer(); return server.GetStockQuote(symbol); } [CallbackMethod(RouteUrl = "RestService/StockQuotes/{symbolList}")] public StockQuote[] GetStockQuotes(string symbolList) { StockServer server = new StockServer(); string[] symbols = symbolList.Split(new char[2] { ',',';' },StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); return server.GetStockQuotes(symbols); } where a RouteUrl is specified as part of the Callback attribute. And with the changes made with RouteUrls I can now get URLs like the second set shown earlier. So how does that work? Let’s find out… How to Create Custom Routes As mentioned earlier Routing is made up of several steps: Creating a custom RouteHandler to create HttpHandler instances Mapping the actual Routes to the RouteHandler Retrieving the RouteData and actually doing something useful with it in the HttpHandler In the CallbackHandler routing example above this works out to something like this: Create a custom RouteHandler that includes a property to track the method to call Set up the routes using Reflection against the class Looking for any RouteUrls in the CallbackMethod attribute Add a RouteData property to the CallbackHandler so we can access the RouteData in the code of the handler Creating a Custom Route Handler To make the above work I created a custom RouteHandler class that includes the actual IRouteHandler implementation as well as a generic and static method to automatically register all routes marked with the [CallbackMethod(RouteUrl="…")] attribute. Here’s the code:/// <summary> /// Route handler that can create instances of CallbackHandler derived /// callback classes. The route handler tracks the method name and /// creates an instance of the service in a predictable manner /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="TCallbackHandler">CallbackHandler type</typeparam> public class CallbackHandlerRouteHandler : IRouteHandler { /// <summary> /// Method name that is to be called on this route. /// Set by the automatically generated RegisterRoutes /// invokation. /// </summary> public string MethodName { get; set; } /// <summary> /// The type of the handler we're going to instantiate. /// Needed so we can semi-generically instantiate the /// handler and call the method on it. /// </summary> public Type CallbackHandlerType { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Constructor to pass in the two required components we /// need to create an instance of our handler. /// </summary> /// <param name="methodName"></param> /// <param name="callbackHandlerType"></param> public CallbackHandlerRouteHandler(string methodName, Type callbackHandlerType) { MethodName = methodName; CallbackHandlerType = callbackHandlerType; } /// <summary> /// Retrieves an Http Handler based on the type specified in the constructor /// </summary> /// <param name="requestContext"></param> /// <returns></returns> IHttpHandler IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext) { IHttpHandler handler = Activator.CreateInstance(CallbackHandlerType) as IHttpHandler; // If we're dealing with a Callback Handler // pass the RouteData for this route to the Handler if (handler is CallbackHandler) ((CallbackHandler)handler).RouteData = requestContext.RouteData; return handler; } /// <summary> /// Generic method to register all routes from a CallbackHandler /// that have RouteUrls defined on the [CallbackMethod] attribute /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="TCallbackHandler">CallbackHandler Type</typeparam> /// <param name="routes"></param> public static void RegisterRoutes<TCallbackHandler>(RouteCollection routes) { // find all methods var methods = typeof(TCallbackHandler).GetMethods(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public); foreach (var method in methods) { var attrs = method.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(CallbackMethodAttribute), false); if (attrs.Length < 1) continue; CallbackMethodAttribute attr = attrs[0] as CallbackMethodAttribute; if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(attr.RouteUrl)) continue; // Add the route routes.Add(method.Name, new Route(attr.RouteUrl, new CallbackHandlerRouteHandler(method.Name, typeof(TCallbackHandler)))); } } } The RouteHandler implements IRouteHandler, and its responsibility via the GetHandler method is to create an HttpHandler based on the route data. When ASP.NET calls GetHandler it passes a requestContext parameter which includes a requestContext.RouteData property. This parameter holds the current request’s route data as well as an instance of the current RouteHandler. If you look at GetHttpHandler() you can see that the code creates an instance of the handler we are interested in and then sets the RouteData property on the handler. This is how you can pass the current request’s RouteData to the handler. The RouteData object also has a RouteData.RouteHandler property that is also available to the Handler later, which is useful in order to get additional information about the current route. In our case here the RouteHandler includes a MethodName property that identifies the method to execute in the handler since that value no longer comes from the URL so we need to figure out the method name some other way. The method name is mapped explicitly when the RouteHandler is created and here the static method that auto-registers all CallbackMethods with RouteUrls sets the method name when it creates the routes while reflecting over the methods (more on this in a minute). The important point here is that you can attach additional properties to the RouteHandler and you can then later access the RouteHandler and its properties later in the Handler to pick up these custom values. This is a crucial feature in that the RouteHandler serves in passing additional context to the handler so it knows what actions to perform. The automatic route registration is handled by the static RegisterRoutes<TCallbackHandler> method. This method is generic and totally reusable for any CallbackHandler type handler. To register a CallbackHandler and any RouteUrls it has defined you simple use code like this in Application_Start (or other application startup code):protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { // Register Routes for RestService CallbackHandlerRouteHandler.RegisterRoutes<RestService>(RouteTable.Routes); } If you have multiple CallbackHandler style services you can make multiple calls to RegisterRoutes for each of the service types. RegisterRoutes internally uses reflection to run through all the methods of the Handler, looking for CallbackMethod attributes and whether a RouteUrl is specified. If it is a new instance of a CallbackHandlerRouteHandler is created and the name of the method and the type are set. routes.Add(method.Name, new Route(attr.RouteUrl, new CallbackHandlerRouteHandler(method.Name, typeof(TCallbackHandler) )) ); While the routing with CallbackHandlerRouteHandler is set up automatically for all methods that use the RouteUrl attribute, you can also use code to hook up those routes manually and skip using the attribute. The code for this is straightforward and just requires that you manually map each individual route to each method you want a routed: protected void Application_Start(objectsender, EventArgs e){ RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);}void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes) { routes.Add("StockQuote Route",new Route("StockQuote/{symbol}", new CallbackHandlerRouteHandler("GetStockQuote",typeof(RestService) ) ) ); routes.Add("StockQuotes Route",new Route("StockQuotes/{symbolList}", new CallbackHandlerRouteHandler("GetStockQuotes",typeof(RestService) ) ) );}I think it’s clearly easier to have CallbackHandlerRouteHandler.RegisterRoutes() do this automatically for you based on RouteUrl attributes, but some people have a real aversion to attaching logic via attributes. Just realize that the option to manually create your routes is available as well. Using the RouteData in the Handler A RouteHandler’s responsibility is to create an HttpHandler and as mentioned earlier, natively IHttpHandler doesn’t have any support for RouteData. In order to utilize RouteData in your handler code you have to pass the RouteData to the handler. In my CallbackHandlerRouteHandler when it creates the HttpHandler instance it creates the instance and then assigns the custom RouteData property on the handler:IHttpHandler handler = Activator.CreateInstance(CallbackHandlerType) as IHttpHandler; if (handler is CallbackHandler) ((CallbackHandler)handler).RouteData = requestContext.RouteData; return handler; Again this only works if you actually add a RouteData property to your handler explicitly as I did in my CallbackHandler implementation:/// <summary> /// Optionally store RouteData on this handler /// so we can access it internally /// </summary> public RouteData RouteData {get; set; } and the RouteHandler needs to set it when it creates the handler instance. Once you have the route data in your handler you can access Route Keys and Values and also the RouteHandler. Since my RouteHandler has a custom property for the MethodName to retrieve it from within the handler I can do something like this now to retrieve the MethodName (this example is actually not in the handler but target is an instance pass to the processor): // check for Route Data method name if (target is CallbackHandler) { var routeData = ((CallbackHandler)target).RouteData; if (routeData != null) methodToCall = ((CallbackHandlerRouteHandler)routeData.RouteHandler).MethodName; } When I need to access the dynamic values in the route ( symbol in StockQuote/{symbol}) I can retrieve it easily with the Values collection (RouteData.Values["symbol"]). In my CallbackHandler processing logic I’m basically looking for matching parameter names to Route parameters: // look for parameters in the routeif(routeData != null){ string parmString = routeData.Values[parameter.Name] as string; adjustedParms[parmCounter] = ReflectionUtils.StringToTypedValue(parmString, parameter.ParameterType);} And with that we’ve come full circle. We’ve created a custom RouteHandler() that passes the RouteData to the handler it creates. We’ve registered our routes to use the RouteHandler, and we’ve utilized the route data in our handler. For completeness sake here’s the routine that executes a method call based on the parameters passed in and one of the options is to retrieve the inbound parameters off RouteData (as well as from POST data or QueryString parameters):internal object ExecuteMethod(string method, object target, string[] parameters, CallbackMethodParameterType paramType, ref CallbackMethodAttribute callbackMethodAttribute) { HttpRequest Request = HttpContext.Current.Request; object Result = null; // Stores parsed parameters (from string JSON or QUeryString Values) object[] adjustedParms = null; Type PageType = target.GetType(); MethodInfo MI = PageType.GetMethod(method, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic); if (MI == null) throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid Server Method."); object[] methods = MI.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(CallbackMethodAttribute), false); if (methods.Length < 1) throw new InvalidOperationException("Server method is not accessible due to missing CallbackMethod attribute"); if (callbackMethodAttribute != null) callbackMethodAttribute = methods[0] as CallbackMethodAttribute; ParameterInfo[] parms = MI.GetParameters(); JSONSerializer serializer = new JSONSerializer(); RouteData routeData = null; if (target is CallbackHandler) routeData = ((CallbackHandler)target).RouteData; int parmCounter = 0; adjustedParms = new object[parms.Length]; foreach (ParameterInfo parameter in parms) { // Retrieve parameters out of QueryString or POST buffer if (parameters == null) { // look for parameters in the route if (routeData != null) { string parmString = routeData.Values[parameter.Name] as string; adjustedParms[parmCounter] = ReflectionUtils.StringToTypedValue(parmString, parameter.ParameterType); } // GET parameter are parsed as plain string values - no JSON encoding else if (HttpContext.Current.Request.HttpMethod == "GET") { // Look up the parameter by name string parmString = Request.QueryString[parameter.Name]; adjustedParms[parmCounter] = ReflectionUtils.StringToTypedValue(parmString, parameter.ParameterType); } // POST parameters are treated as methodParameters that are JSON encoded else if (paramType == CallbackMethodParameterType.Json) //string newVariable = methodParameters.GetValue(parmCounter) as string; adjustedParms[parmCounter] = serializer.Deserialize(Request.Params["parm" + (parmCounter + 1).ToString()], parameter.ParameterType); else adjustedParms[parmCounter] = SerializationUtils.DeSerializeObject( Request.Params["parm" + (parmCounter + 1).ToString()], parameter.ParameterType); } else if (paramType == CallbackMethodParameterType.Json) adjustedParms[parmCounter] = serializer.Deserialize(parameters[parmCounter], parameter.ParameterType); else adjustedParms[parmCounter] = SerializationUtils.DeSerializeObject(parameters[parmCounter], parameter.ParameterType); parmCounter++; } Result = MI.Invoke(target, adjustedParms); return Result; } The code basically uses Reflection to loop through all the parameters available on the method and tries to assign the parameters from RouteData, QueryString or POST variables. The parameters are converted into their appropriate types and then used to eventually make a Reflection based method call. What’s sweet is that the RouteData retrieval is just another option for dealing with the inbound data in this scenario and it adds exactly two lines of code plus the code to retrieve the MethodName I showed previously – a seriously low impact addition that adds a lot of extra value to this endpoint callback processing implementation. Debugging your Routes If you create a lot of routes it’s easy to run into Route conflicts where multiple routes have the same path and overlap with each other. This can be difficult to debug especially if you are using automatically generated routes like the routes created by CallbackHandlerRouteHandler.RegisterRoutes. Luckily there’s a tool that can help you out with this nicely. Phill Haack created a RouteDebugging tool you can download and add to your project. The easiest way to do this is to grab and add this to your project is to use NuGet (Add Library Package from your Project’s Reference Nodes): which adds a RouteDebug assembly to your project. Once installed you can easily debug your routes with this simple line of code which needs to be installed at application startup:protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { CallbackHandlerRouteHandler.RegisterRoutes<StockService>(RouteTable.Routes); // Debug your routes RouteDebug.RouteDebugger.RewriteRoutesForTesting(RouteTable.Routes); } Any routed URL then displays something like this: The screen shows you your current route data and all the routes that are mapped along with a flag that displays which route was actually matched. This is useful – if you have any overlap of routes you will be able to see which routes are triggered – the first one in the sequence wins. This tool has saved my ass on a few occasions – and with NuGet now it’s easy to add it to your project in a few seconds and then remove it when you’re done. Routing Around Custom routing seems slightly complicated on first blush due to its disconnected components of RouteHandler, route registration and mapping of custom handlers. But once you understand the relationship between a RouteHandler, the RouteData and how to pass it to a handler, utilizing of Routing becomes a lot easier as you can easily pass context from the registration to the RouteHandler and through to the HttpHandler. The most important thing to understand when building custom routing solutions is to figure out how to map URLs in such a way that the handler can figure out all the pieces it needs to process the request. This can be via URL routing parameters and as I did in my example by passing additional context information as part of the RouteHandler instance that provides the proper execution context. In my case this ‘context’ was the method name, but it could be an actual static value like an enum identifying an operation or category in an application. Basically user supplied data comes in through the url and static application internal data can be passed via RouteHandler property values. Routing can make your application URLs easier to read by non-techie types regardless of whether you’re building Service type or REST applications, or full on Web interfaces. Routing in ASP.NET 4.0 makes it possible to create just about any extensionless URLs you can dream up and custom RouteHanmdler References Sample ProjectIncludes the sample CallbackHandler service discussed here along with compiled versionsof the Westwind.Web and Westwind.Utilities assemblies. (requires .NET 4.0/VS 2010) West Wind Web Toolkit includes full implementation of CallbackHandler and the Routing Handler West Wind Web Toolkit Source CodeContains the full source code to the Westwind.Web and Westwind.Utilities assemblies usedin these samples. Includes the source described in the post.(Latest build in the Subversion Repository) CallbackHandler Source(Relevant code to this article tree in Westwind.Web assembly) JSONView FireFoxPluginA simple FireFox Plugin to easily view JSON data natively in FireFox.For IE you can use a registry hack to display JSON as raw text.© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2011Posted in ASP.NET AJAX HTTP

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You Might Be a DBA

- by BuckWoody

With all apologies to Jeff Foxworthy, I was up late Friday night on a holiday weekend (which translated into T-SQL becomes “Maintenance Window”) and I got bored in between the two or three minutes I had between clicks. So I started a “Twitter” meme – and it just took off. I haven’t cleaned these up much, but here, in author order as of Saturday the 29th of May is the list “You might be a DBA” from around the Twitterverse: buckwoody Your two main enemies are developers and SAN admins #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody People can use Access as a cross or garlic on you #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You always plan an exit strategy, even when entering a McDonald's #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You can't explain to your family what you really do for a living #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have at least one set of scripts you won't share #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have an opinion on the best code-beautifier #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have children older than the rest of your team #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You and the Oracle DBA would kill each other, but you'll happily fight off a developer together first #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've threatened to quit if they give anyone the sa password on production #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've sent a vendor suggestions on improving their database design or code (and been ignored) #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've sent a vendor suggestions on improving their database design or code (and been ignored) #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have an opinion on the best code-beautifier #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have at least one set of scripts you won't share #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You refer to co-workers as "carbon-units" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Being paranoid is on your resume at the top #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Everyone comes to your cube to find the MSDN DVD's #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You always plan an exit strategy, even when entering a McDonald's #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've worn down developers to get your way by explaining normalization levels #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You refer to clothes as "Data Abstractions" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Users pester you to be able to put data in a database, then they pester you to take it out and put it in Excel #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Others try to de-duplicate data, you try to copy it to more than three locations #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have at least one DLT tape in the trunk of your car #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You use twitter and facebook to talk with colleagues because there's no one else in your company that does what you do #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Your spouse knows what "ETL" means #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've referred to yourself as the "Data Janitor" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You don't have positive connotations of the word "upgrade" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You get your coffee before you check your servers, because you know you won't get any if you don't #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You always come to work through the back door so no one hijacks you on the way to your cube #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You check your server logs before you check your e-mail in the morning so you can reply "Yeah, I already fixed that." #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have more conference badges than clean socks #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Your coffee mug says "It depends" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You can convince a boss that you need 16GB of RAM in your laptop #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've used ebay to find production equipment #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You pad all project timelines by 2X, and you still miss them #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You know when your company is acquiring another even before the CFO #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You pad all project timelines by 2X, and you still miss them #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You call aspirin "work vitamins" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You get the same amount of sleep even after you have a child #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You obsess about performance metrics from over one year ago #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody The first thing you buy after the database software is aftermarket tools to manage the database software #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've tried to convince someone else to become a DBA #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You use twitter and facebook to talk with colleagues because there's no one else in your company that does what you do #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You only know other DBA's by their Tweet Handle #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've explained the difference between 32 and 64-bit to more than one manager in terms they can understand, using puppets #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Your two main enemies are developers and SAN admins #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've driven to the Datacenter to install SQL Server because "you don't trust those NOC admins" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You pay more for faster Internet connections than cable at home so you don't have to drive in #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You call texting a "queuing system" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You know that if someone can read Perl, they manage an Oracle system #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have an e-mail rule for backup notifications #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Your food pyramid includes coffee, salt and fat #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You wish everything had a graphical query plan #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You refactor your e-mails #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've gotten more help from twitter and facebook than all your years in college #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You would pay money for a license plate that has the letters S-Q-L together #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have actually considered making a RAID array from thumb drives #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Everything on your laptop is installed from your MSDN subscription #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've written blog posts on technology you've never actually implemented in production #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Everything on your laptop is installed from your MSDN subscription #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody @MidnightDBA Click the #youmightbeaDBA tag. I've had WAY too much coffee today. buckwoody There is no other position that is 1-deep except you and the CEO #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody When you watch "The Office" you call it "OJT" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You would pay money for a license plate that has the letters S-Q-L together #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Your blog would make a "best practices" or "worst practices" book #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You have actually considered making a RAID array from thumb drives #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody The first thing you install on your netbook is SSMS #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Everything on your laptop is installed from your MSDN subscription #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Your watch is set to UTC because it's just easier #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You make plenty of money, but you're excited to get a $2.00 squeeze-ball from Quest and Redgate #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You make plenty of money, but you're excited to get a $2.00 squeeze-ball from Quest and Redgate #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You think data can be represented as something OTHER than XML #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You tell people that you made a database query go faster, and expect them to be happy for you #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You take the word "NoSQL" as a personal attack #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody People can use Access as a cross or garlic on you #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody * == bad #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody * == bad #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody There are just as many females in your technical field as males #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody People can use Access as a cross or garlic on you #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've gotten more help from twitter and facebook than all your years in college #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You think that something OTHER than the database might be the performance bottleneck #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You refer to time as a "Clustered Index" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You know why "user" refers to both business people and crack addicts #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You make plenty of money, but you're excited to get a $2.00 squeeze-ball from Quest and Redgate #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You can't explain to your family what you really do for a living #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You tell people that you made a database query go faster, and expect them to be happy for you #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You think a millisecond is a really long time #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You're sitting and typing #youmightbeaDBA when you could be outside #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You can't wait for a technical conference so you can wear a kilt - and you're not Scottish #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You know that "DBA" stands for "Default Blame Acceptor" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody People can use Access as a cross or garlic on you #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You know what "the truth, thole truth and nothing but the truth, so help me Codd" means #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've gotten more help from twitter and facebook than all your years in college #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You can't talk fast enough to get a concept out of your head so you tweet it instead #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You cry when someone doesn't use a WHERE clause #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You think data can be represented as something OTHER than XML #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You think "Set theory" is not an verb but a noun #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You try to convince random strangers to vote on your Connect item #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You think 3 hours of contiguous sleep is a good thing #youmightbeaDBA or #youmightbeamother buckwoody You don't like Oracle, and not just because of what she did to Neo #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You know when to say "sequel" and "s-q-l" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You know where the data is #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You refer to your children as "Fully Redundant Mirrors" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Holiday == "Maintenance Window" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Your laptop is more powerful than the servers in most companies - including your own #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You capitalize SELECTed words #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You take the word "NoSQL" as a personal attack #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You know why "user" refers to both business people and crack addicts #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You cringe in public when the word "upgrade" is used in a sentence #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Holiday == "Maintenance Window" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody All Data Is MetaData means something to you #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You've never seen the driveway to your house in the daylight #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You think that something OTHER than the database might be the performance bottleneck #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Most of your bloodstream is composed of caffeine #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody Your task list is labeled "CRUD Matrix" #youmightbeaDBA buckwoody You call your wife/husband a "Linked Server" #youmightbeaDBA anonythemouse When someone tells you they are going to take a dump and you wonder of which database then #youmightbeaDBA anonythemouse When it's 11pm on a holiday weekend and you are working #youmightbeaDBA anonythemouse When you sit down at a table and look for it's primary key #youmightbeaDBA anonythemouse When getting milk from the fridge you check the expiry date is > getdate() #youmightbeaDBA blakmk when you wake up dreaming about sql #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver You think a @buckwoody bobblehead would be a cool thing to have on the dashboard of your car #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver Your friends don't understand why you think there's a difference between single and double quotes #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver Even the newest employees know your name from all the downtime notices you've sent out #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver You sometimes feel anxious and think "I should test restoring those backups" and then the feeling passes #youmightbeadba CharlesGarver You know what a co-worker means when they ask "how is your squirrel server?" #youmightbeadba CharlesGarver You can't sleep at night and you ponder the logisitcs of collecting every copy of Access for the world's biggest bonfire #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver You can't sleep at night and you ponder the logisitcs of collecting every copy of Access for the world's biggest bonfire #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver You're willing to move someone's job up in priority for a box of #voodoodonuts #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver Each person in your company seems to think you work for THEM #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver You have a Love/Hate relationship going on with #Microsoft #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver People ask you to troubleshoot their Access program #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver The first words you hear in the morning are 'your voicemail box is full' #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver The thought of disrupting 500 people's work so you can do something doesn't phase you #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver You can't sleep at night and you ponder the logisitcs of collecting every copy of Access for the world's biggest bonfire #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver Your home computer is backed up in 3 different places #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver Your wardrobe for work includes pajamas #youmightbeaDBA CharlesGarver Someone tells you to look in the INDEX and you look puzzled before finally going to the back of the book. #youmightbeaDBA chuckboycejr If you have ever set up a SQLAgent job to email your mobile phone to serve as an alarm clock #youmightbeaDBA chuckboycejr If you'd rather meet Itzik than Jay Z #youmightbeaDBA chuckboycejr If you'd rather meet Itzik than Jay Z #youmightbeaDBA chuckboycejr If you'd wrestle a SysAdmin to the ground to implement #DPA best practices as per @aspiringgeek #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy I need to be up in 7 hours, so I'm off to bed! I'll have to read the rest of @buckwoody's #youmightbeaDBA posts in the AM. (g'night Buck!) databaseguy When people ask you about your house, the first thing you describe is the network. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy The last thing you say at the office each day is, "is anybody else here? I'm shutting off the lights!" #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy Your blood pressure rises when you read application specs drafted by marketing. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy A good day at work is one when nobody pays you no mind. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You care about latches and wait states. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You have worked over 200 hours on a performance tuning project that required no application changes at all. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy The late-night security guard knows the names of your spouse and kids. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You have had vigorous debates about whether it should be pronounced "sequel" or "ess-queue-ell". #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You have VPN and RDP software installed on your phone ... just in case. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You have edited a data file by hand, just to see what would happen. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You decorate your office walls with database catalog posters. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You've built programs that access data just to keep other developers from asking you to run queries all the time. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy When you watch movies like The Matrix, you find yourself calculating the fasibility of storing all that data. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You have tried to convince someone to spend money on an SSD storage array. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy When CPU is spiked on a server, you want to gather forensic evidence. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You have to remind developers not to push code to production without checking if the database is ready. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy Nobody cares what you wear to work, as long as the thing keeps running. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy Telepathy is a job requirement when working with app dev teams. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You read database statistics for the educational value. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy And your boss freely admits this to anyone within earshot. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy Your boss cannot explain or understand what you do. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You envision ERDs when you see a GUI. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You say things like "applications come and go, but data lasts forever." #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You have memorized the names of several of the AdventureWorks employees. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You know what MAXDOP setting you can get away with for a big query based on current server load. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy And you immediately recognize the recursion in my last tweet. #youmightbeaDBA databaseguy You find 50 simultaneous tweets from @buckwoody about #youmightbeaDBA :O) DBAishness You have "funny stories" about the times your developers accidentally deleted the T-log in their test environment. #youmightbeaDBA DBAishness Planning to slice and dice your MDW data with PowerPivot makes you giggle like a schoolgirl. #youmightbeaDBA donalddotfarmer You think @buckwoody lives in the "real world." #youmightbeaDBA jamach09 @buckwoody #youmightbeaDBA Why go outside when you can sit in the nice cool server room? jamach09 If you refer to procreation as "Replication", #youmightbeaDBA. jamach09 If you think ORM is a four-letter word, #youmightbeaDBA JamesMarsh If you have ever preached the value of Source Code Control, #YouMightBeADBA jethrocarr @venzann You store your shopping list in a ACID compliant DB #youmightbeaDBA joe_positive @buckwoody thought it stood for "Don't Bother Asking" #youmightbeaDBA joe_positive when you check your IT Events Calendar before making weekend plans #youmightbeaDBA LadyRuna You cringe whenever someone calls Excel a database #youmightbeaDBA LadyRuna When the waiter says he'll be your server today, you ask how many terabytes he is #youmightbeaDBA LadyRuna you always call the asterisk a "Star" #youmightbeaDBA LadyRuna You walk into a server room, say "Nice RACK!" and everyone there knows you're talking about server rack... #youmightbeaDBA LadyRuna You receive more messages from servers than from friends #youmightbeaDBA LadyRuna hmmm... #youmightbeaDBA if your recipe for gumbo is "SELECT * FROM Refrigerator" markjholmes @SQLSoldier Heh. #youmightbeaDBA if you correct other DBAs' spelling of @PaulRandal markjholmes #youmightbeaDBA if you actually test RAID5 vs RAID10 on your SAN because when it comes to configuration, "it depends." markjholmes #youmightbeaDBA if you have at least 3 definitions of the word "cluster" MarlonRibunal 3 Words: @BrentO, snicker, & Access #youmightbeaDBA MarlonRibunal @onpnt @mikeSQL my appeal was a couple of mins late. Enjoying #youmightbeaDBA MarlonRibunal @mikeSQL @onpnt pls, don't mention bacon #youmightbeaDBA merv @buckwoody You HATE 3-way joins #youmightbeaDBA MidnightDBA If you're up at midnight Tweeting about SQL #youmightbeaDBA MidnightDBA @buckwoody I'd noticed that. :) #youmightbeaDBA mikeSQL when people talk about "their type" you're thinking varchar, bigint, binary, etc #youmightbeadba mikeSQL people ask you to go to lunch , but you can't go because you're attending #SQLlunch #youmightbeadba mikeSQL you laugh for hours at all of the #sqlmoviequotes ....things in which a normal individual would scratch their head at. #youmightbeadba mikeSQL you laugh for hours at all of the #sqlmoviequotes ....things in which a normal individual would scratch their head at. #youmightbeadba mrdenny If you think that @buckwoody's demo using PowerPivot to analyze index usage data from DMVs is awesome then #youmightbeaDBA mrdenny You wish @PaulRandal still worked at Microsoft so that they would make a bobble head of him #youmightbeadba mrdenny When it's 11pm on a holiday weekend, and your posting stupid jokes on Twitter then #youmightbeadba mrdenny If you go out with friends and wonder why no one's wearing a kilt then #YouMightBeADBA mrdenny You can't do basic math, but you know off the top of your head how many CALs $14,412 can buy you. #YoumightbeaDBA mrdenny If you've ever setup a SQL Job to email you to get you out of a regularly scheduled meeting #YouMightBeADBA. mrdenny You throw up in your mouth a little when ever you here the word "Access". Even if it doesn't relate to a MS product. #YouMightBeADBA msdtjones You spend more time listening to @buckwoody than your wife #youmightbeaDBA NFDotCom You perform "hail deltas" on a regular basis. #YouMightBeADBA NoelMcKinney If you tell your wife you want to go to Columbus Ohio for your wedding anniversary so you can attend #sqlsat42 then #youmightbeaDBA NoelMcKinney You read a union is on strike and wonder if it's a UNION ALL #youmightbeaDBA NoelMcKinney You read a union is on strike and wonder if it's a UNION ALL #youmightbeaDBA NoelMcKinney Someone asks you to throw another log on the fire and you tell them not to worry about it because Autogrowth is turned on #youmightbeaDBA Nuurdygirl Even if you have a girlfriend...its possible #youmightbeadba. Yeah-i said its possible! Nuurdygirl When your girlfriend has to lean around the laptop to kiss you goodnight #youmightbeadba Old_Man_Fish If you worry about how big your package is and how long it takes to finish #youmightbeaDBA Old_Man_Fish If you no longer wonder if someone is in trouble or died if you are getting calls at 2AM #youmightbeaDBA Old_Man_Fish If, when you hear the word ACCESS with no connotation you blood pressure jumps 50 points, #youmightbeaDBA onpnt When you hear the word inject you immediately get concerned if your databases are OK #youmightbeaDBA onpnt Your servers haven't been rebooted in a year #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You know why it's funny when @PaulRandal has the word, "Sheep" in a tweet #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You have read BOL without actually having a problem to figure out #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You can type "SELECT columns FROM tables" without typos but tipen ni Banglish ares a messis #youmightbeaDBA onpnt DR strategies doesn't include the word, RAID in them #youmightbeaDBA onpnt you can move a SQL Server instance to a new server without the users ever knowing #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You have made an SSIS package that is more than one step #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You have the balls to say no to your boss when they ask for the sa password #youmightbeaDBA onpnt you google to trouble shoot a problem and end up at your own blog (and it fixes it) #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You talk your wife into moving the family vacation a week earlier so you can attend the areas local SSUG meeting #youmightbeaDBA onpnt you can explain to a nontechnical person what a deadlock is #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You hope a girl asks you what your collation is #youmightbeaDBA onpnt you make jokes that include the words shrink, truncate and 1205. And you are the only one that laughs at them #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You rate your ability to stay awake to work longer on blogs, twitter, forums and your day to day job with the 5 9's goal #youmightbeaDBA onpnt you have major surgery and beg the doctor to release you back to work 5 days later because you miss your servers #youmightbeaDBA #TrueStory onpnt You do have backups and you know how to use them #youmightbeaDBA onpnt It's the network #youmightbeaDBA onpnt When the developers get to work your mood changes rapidly #youmightbeaDBA onpnt When someone says, "PASS", you first think of karaoke #youmightbeaDBA onpnt Recruiters try to get you to call them *just* because they think you'll give them @BrentO contact info #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You chuckle every time you go to grab the "CLR" Calcium, Lime and Rust Remover to clean something #youmightbeaDBA onpnt @MarlonRibunal @mikeSQL Sorry man, it was already in motion ;-) #youmightbeaDBA onpnt When you have an "I love bacon" sticker on your laptop. #youmightbeaDBA http://twitpic.com/1ry671 onpnt You sing SELECT statements in the shower #youmightbeaDBA onpnt When you see a chicken it doesn't remind you of food. It reminds you of a guy named Jorge #youmightbeaDBA onpnt At time, SQL is your mistress #youmightbeaDBA onpnt Your wife wonders if SQL is the code name of your mistress at times #youmightbeaDBA onpnt it's Friday and you are on twitter thinking really hard about what would be funny for hash tag #youmightbeaDBA onpnt You organize your wife's "decorative"pillows on the bed in a B-Tree structure #youmightbeaDBA PaulWhiteNZ If you: SELECT TOP (1) milk FROM fridge WHERE use_by_date >= GET_DATE() ORDER BY use_by_date ASC #YouMightBeaDBA RonDBA #youmightbeaDBA if you read @buckwoody's and @BrentO's blogs. ryaneastabrook @buckwoody omg, you have to stand up a website with these on them, they are awesome #youmightbeaDBA soulvy @StrateSQL @LadyRuna Or a "Splat" #youmightbeaDBA speedracer You can still fall asleep after three cups of coffee #youmightbeaDBA speedracer You retweet @buckwoody on a Friday night #youmightbeaDBA speedracer You can still fall asleep after three cups of coffee #youmightbeaDBA speedracer Developers make you twitch #youmightbeaDBA sqlagentman You know what X/1024*8 is. #YouMightBeADBA SqlAsylum Your still in the office at 5:00 on memorial day weekend. #youmightbeadba :) SQLBob Whenever someone you know gets pregnant you bring up INNER JOINs or SQL Injection attacks... #youmightbeaDBA SQLChicken You know one or more SQL folks in the community with an animal in their username #youmightbeaDBA SQLChicken You've used one or more car analogies to explain how a database works #youmightbeaDBA SQLChicken “@sqljoe: #youmightbeaDBA if you applied to attend #sqlu and requested @SQLChicken to pull strings for you” lmao nice! SQLChicken When talking about SSIS your discussions break down into various jokes about packages #youmightbeaDBA SQLChicken Just SEEING the code for cursors makes you break out in hives #youmightbeaDBA SQLChicken Just SEEING the code for cursors makes you break out in hives #youmightbeaDBA SQLCraftsman You coined the phrase "Magic SAN Dust" because calling a vendor's marketing claims BS is not acceptable in a meeting. #YouMightBeADBA SQLCraftsman If you hear about a new feature with the acronym "DAC" and wonder what disaster of a feature it is attached to this time. #YouMightBeADBA SQLCraftsman You really own a "Stick of Much Developer Whacking" #YouMightBeADBA SQLCraftsman You coined the phrase "Magic SAN Dust" because calling a vendor's marketing claims BS is not acceptable in a meeting. #YouMightBeADBA SQLCraftsman Default Blame Acceptor #YouMightBeADBA SQLCraftsman If you hear about a new feature with the acronym "DAC" and wonder what disaster of a feature it is attached to this time. #YouMightBeADBA SQLCraftsman Default Blame Acceptor #YouMightBeADBA SQLCraftsman If you hear about a new feature with the acronym "DAC" and wonder what disaster of a feature it is attached to this time. #YouMightBeADBA sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if you wished your wife knew T-sql. USE ShoppingList SELECT NecessaryItems from Supermarket WHERE Category<> ("junk food") sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if the first thing you kiss when you wake up is your mobile for not waking you up in the middle of the night sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if your wife has a "Do Not Fly" family vacation list of her own including your laptop and mobile sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if you have researched for DBA Anonymous groups and attended a #SSUG willing to drop your database (vice) sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if your only maintenance windows are staff meetings sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if you think of yourself as "The One" in The Matrix "balancing the equation" from The Architect's (developers) poor coding sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if you think @PaulRandal should have played the Oracle in The Matrix sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if home CD & Movie collection is stored in secured containers,in logical order & naming convention,and with a backup copy sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if you applied to attend #sqlu and requested @SQLChicken to pull strings for you sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if you have tried to TiVo @MidnightDBA broadcasts sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if your #sql user group feels like #AA meetings sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if you thought of bringing your #sql books to #sqlsaturday and #sqlpass for autographs sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if #sqlpass feels like the #oscars sqljoe #youmightbeaDBA if you are proud of your small package SQLLawman #youmightbeaDBA when you hear MDX and Acura is not first thought that comes to mind. sqlrunner If your wife double checks that there isn't a SQLSat within 200 miles of your vacation destination #youmightbeaDBA sqlrunner When you're on a conference call and your wife thinks your speaking in a foreign language #youmightbeaDBA sqlrunner When you're on a conference call and your wife thinks your speaking in a foreign language #youmightbeaDBA sqlrunner You treat the word 'access' as a verb, not a noun #youmightbeaDBA sqlrunner If you are happy with sub-second performance #youmightbeaDBA sqlrunner When you know the names of the NOC people AND their families #youmightbeadba sqlrunner When you know the names of the NOC people AND their families #youmightbeadba sqlrunner Your company set's up international phone coverage for your cruise #youmightbeaDBA sqlsamson @buckwoody if your manager asks you for data and you respond with "there's a script for that" #youmightbeadba sqlsamson @buckwoody If you receive more messages from your server then your spouse #youmightbeadba SQLSoldier You've spent all night Valentines Day upgrading the SQL Servers and forgot to tell your wife you'd be working late. #youmightbeadba SQLSoldier You're flattered when someone calls you a geek. #youmightbeadba SQLSoldier @llangit @mrdenny it's 11pm on a holiday weekend, & your reading stupid jokes on Twitter then #youmightbeadba SQLSoldier Your manager borrows lunch money from you because your salary is 30% higher than his. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You think "intellisense" is a double negative because it's not intelligent nor makes sense. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier 75% of the emails you receive at home have the phrase "now following you on Twitter!" in the subject line. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You petition Ken Burns to remake Office Space because it should have been 18 hours long. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You select a candidate for a Jr DBA position because his resume said he's willing to get your coffee. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Somebody misquotes @PaulRandall and you call him on your cell to verify. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You wish the elevator in your building was slower because it's the last time you'll be left alone all day. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier The developers sacrifice small animals before giving you their code for review. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Developers bring you coffee and a BLT when you review their code. #youmightbeaDBA #IWish SQLSoldier You can get out of any family get-together by saying you have to work and nobody questions it. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You've requested a HP Superdome for you "test" box. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your leave work early because your internet connection to the data center is better at home #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier The new CEO asks you to justify your salary, so you go on vacation for 2 weeks. And he never questions you again. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You cheer when Milton burns down the company in Office Space #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier A dev. asks if you've heard about some great new feature in SQL and you show the 16 blog posts you wrote on it ... last year #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your dev team is still testing SQL 2008 and you're already planning for SQL 11. #youmightbeaDBA #TrueStory SQLSoldier The new CEO asks you to justify your salary, so you go on vacation for 2 weeks. And he never questions you again. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your dev team is still testing SQL 2008 and you're already planning for SQL 11. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You use a cell phone service coverage map to plan your next vacation. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You come in to work at 7 AM because it gives you at least 3 hours without any developers around. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You figure out a way to make take your wife on a cruise and deduct it as a business expense. #youmightbeaDBA #sqlcruise SQLSoldier You name your cat SQLDog because the name @SQLCat was already taken. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You rate your blog posts based on the number of retweets you get. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You disable random logins just to mess with people. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You fall for the pickup line, "Hey baby, what's your collation?" #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You can blame an outage on anyone in the company because you're the only one that knows how to find out what really happened #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You can blame an outage on anyone in the company because you're the only one that knows how to find out what really happened #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You cheer when Milton burns down the company in Office Space #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your leave work early because your internet connection to the data center is better at home #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You cheer when Milton burns down the company in Office Space #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your think the 4 food groups are coffee, bacon, fast food, and Mountain Dew. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You tell someone your job title and they ask "What?" You describe it and they ask "What?". So you say "computer geek". #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier The #1 referrer to your blog is Twitter.com. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your idea of a good time on a Saturday involves free training. #youmightbeaDBA #sqlsat43 SQLSoldier You write a book that all of your co-workers have and none have read it. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You write a book that sells a couple thousand copies and is heralded a best seller. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier No matter how sick you are, you go to work if it's time to pass the pager on to the next guy. #youmightbeaDBA #TrueStory SQLSoldier You go out on the town, and strangers walk up to you and say, "Hey you're that SQL guy" #youmightbeaDBA #TrueStory SQLSoldier Your wife asks you to fix something, and you request a downtime window. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your wife asks when you'll be home, and you tell her that you wish you knew. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your best pickup line, "Hey baby, what's your collation?" #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your wife asks when you'll be home, and you tell her that you wish you knew. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You know that @BuckWoody is not someone's porno name. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You list TSQL as your native language on the 2010 census. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Starbucks' stock price drops every time you go on vacation. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You're happy when the web master says that the website is down. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You know that @BuckWoody is not someone's porno name. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You get mad when someone calls your car a "heap" because you've always considered it to be a "clustered index". #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier Your blog has more hits than your company's website. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You systematically remove the asterisk key from all keyboards in the company except yours. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier When asked if you recycle, you reply that you run sp_cycle_errorlog every night at midnight #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You wouldn't allow someone named @AdamMachanic to work on your car. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You switch offices every 3 days to avoid developers #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier PSS has your number on speed dial. #youmightbeaDBA SQLSoldier You frown when you they tell Neo that he's going to the Oracle #youmightbeaDBA swhaley you regretted saying "This shouldn't effect production" #youmightbeaDBA swhaley you regretted saying "This shouldn't effect production" #youmightbeaDBA Tarwn A pleasurable saturday means spending the day learning more about what you already do the rest of the week #youmightbeaDBA ...oh, wait... thelostforum For great justice; all our base are belong to YOU !! #youmightbeadba thelostforum @SQLSoldier: You need a witness to use a mirror #youmightbeaDBA ;) TimCost you capitalize key words. always. everywhere. you can't help it, usually don't even notice. #youmightbeaDBA Toshana Your the only one in your company not impressed with the developers new application. #youmightbeaDBA venzann Coming soon from a (respected) book publisher - @buckwoody's #youmightbeaDBA venzann He's on a role tonight. @buckwoody is summing up my life with his #youmightbeaDBA tweets... venzann I love the #youmightbeaDBA tag. Found at least 6 new DBAs to follow.. venzann He's on a role tonight. @buckwoody is summing up my life with his #youmightbeaDBA tweets... venzann You use #sqlhelp as a primary resource during troubleshooting #youmightbeaDBA venzann You insist on stricter password security for your sql servers than you implement on your own laptop #youmightbeaDBA WesBrownSQL @buckwoody you are up so late the only tweets you see are from @buckwoody #youmightbeaDBA WesBrownSQL @SQLSoldier you are upgrading all your 2005 prod servers to 2008 R2 on a three day weekend... #youmightbeaDBA zippy1981 #youmightbeaDBA if everytime you do something with #mongodb you think of the Vulcan proverb "only Nixon could go to China." Share this post: email it! | bookmark it! | digg it! | reddit! | kick it! | live it!

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CodePlex Daily Summary for Sunday, August 10, 2014

CodePlex Daily Summary for Sunday, August 10, 2014Popular ReleasesWinForms MVP: WinForms MVP v1.0.1008.2014: Issues Fixed Issue 1 New Added MessageBus and AppState features. Added tests in support of the MessageBus and AppState features Added dependency injection support for Ninject. Added tests in support of the NinjectPresenterFactory.WP8 Native Access Webserver: Version alpha 0.5.3: Figured I should post a newer version. This build includes pretty broad registry browsing (especially if you can use the AllCapabilities version) and (in the AC version) also fairly broad file system access. It also includes the ability to download .REG files. There have been tons of bugfixes and performance improvements as well, plus a slightly better UI in both the app and the web interface. For more info, please read the forum post here: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=23...ClosedXML - The easy way to OpenXML: ClosedXML 0.74.0: Many updates. See history.SEToolbox: SEToolbox 01.042.019 Release 1: Added RadioAntenna broadcast name to ship name detail. Added two additional columns for Asteroid material generation for Asteroid Fields. Added Mass and Block number columns to main display. Added Ellipsis to some columns on main display to reduce name confusion. Added correct SE version number in file when saving. Re-added in reattaching Motor when drag/dropping or importing ships (KeenSH have added RotorEntityId back in after removing it months ago). Added option to export and r...Instant Beautiful Browsing: IBB 14.3 Alpha: An alpha release of IBB. After 3 years of the last release this version is made from scratch, with tons of new features like: Make your own IBB aps. HTML 5. Better UI. Extreme Windows 8 resemblance. Photos. Store. Movement TONS of times smother compared to previous versions. Remember that this is AN ALPHA release, I hope I will have "IBB 14" finished by December. The documentation on how to create a new application for IBB will come next monthjQuery List DragSort: jQuery List DragSort 0.5.2: Fixed scrollContainer removing deprecated use of $.browser so should now work with latest version of jQuery. Added the ability to return false in dragEnd to revert sort order Project changes Added nuget package for dragsort https://www.nuget.org/packages/dragsort Converted repository from SVN to MercurialCRM 2013 One Click Navigation: CRM2013OneClickNavigation_1_0_0_4_managed.zip: Fixed some minor issues and added support for the following languages Spanish German French Italian Portuguese Russian Arabic Chinese Japanese Hindi Hebrew Korean Polish ThaiBraintree Client Library: Braintree 2.32.0: Allow credit card verification options to be passed outside of the nonce for PaymentMethod.create Allow billingaddress parameters and billingaddress_id to be passed outside of the nonce for PaymentMethod.create Add Subscriptions to paypal accounts Add PaymentMethod.update Add failonduplicatepaymentmethod option to PaymentMethod.create Add support for dispute webhooksThe Mario Kart 8 App: V1.0.2.1: First Codeplex release. WINDOWS INSTALLER ONLYAspose Java for Docx4j: Aspose.Words vs Docx4j - v 1.0: Release contain the Code Comparison for Features in Docx4j SDK and Aspose.Words What's New ?Following Examples: Accessing Document Properties Add Bookmarks Convert to Formats Delete Bookmarks Working with Comments Feedback and Suggestions Many more examples are available at Aspose Docs. Raise your queries and suggest more examples via Aspose Forums or via this social coding site.File System Security PowerShell Module: NTFSSecurity 2.4.1: Add-Access and Remove-Access now take multiple accoutsYourSqlDba: YourSqlDba 5.2.1.: This version improves alert message that comes a while after you install the script. First it says to get it from YourSqlDba.CodePlex.com If you don't want to update now, just-rerun the script from your installed version. To get actual version running just execute install.PrintVersionInfo. . You can go to source code / history and click on change set 72957 to see changes in the script.Manipulator: Manipulator: manipulatorXNB filetype plugin for Paint.NET: Paint.NET XNB plugin v0.4.0.0: CHANGELOG Reverted old incomplete changes. Updated library for compatibility with Paint .NET 4. Updated project to NET 4.5. Updated version to 0.4.0.0. INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS Extract the ZIP file to your Paint.NET\FileTypes folder.EdiFabric: Release 4.1: Changed MessageContextWix# (WixSharp) - managed interface for WiX: Release 1.0.0.0: Release 1.0.0.0 Custom UI Custom MSI Dialog Custom CLR Dialog External UIMath.NET Numerics: Math.NET Numerics v3.2.0: Linear Algebra: Vector.Map2 (map2 in F#), storage-optimized Linear Algebra: fix RemoveColumn/Row early index bound check (was not strict enough) Statistics: Entropy ~Jeff Mastry Interpolation: use Array.BinarySearch instead of local implementation ~Candy Chiu Resources: fix a corrupted exception message string Portable Build: support .Net 4.0 as well by using profile 328 instead of 344. .Net 3.5: F# extensions now support .Net 3.5 as well .Net 3.5: NuGet package now contains pro...Virto Commerce Enterprise Open Source eCommerce Platform (asp.net mvc): Virto Commerce 1.11: Virto Commerce Community Edition version 1.11. To install the SDK package, please refer to SDK getting started documentation To configure source code package, please refer to Source code getting started documentation This release includes many bug fixes and minor improvements. More details about this release can be found on our blog at http://blog.virtocommerce.com.BoxStarter: Boxstarter 2.4.80: Running the Setup.bat file will install Chocolatey if not present and then install the Boxstarter modules.ProjkyAddin ssms addin script shortcut ssmsaddin: projkyaddin source code and msi files.: projkyaddin source code and msi files.New ProjectsBolos: BolosBWQS - The BitWise Query Service: Generic object queries with a bitwise syntax.DocX Razor: A DocX scaffolding engine with Razor syntaxJQuery Simple Logger: Its a very simple jQuery extension for logging client side events. There are four levels of logging: Error, Warning, Info, Debug ???????: ???????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　?????????????????????，??1998?7??????，??????????，?????????，?????????????，????????????????????????. ????????????????????，????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。???????，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，?????????: ???????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????????????，????????????，??????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，????????????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????，???????????????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????、???????: ???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??1998?7??????，??????????，?????????，?????????????，??????????????????????. ????????????????????，????????????????: ????????????: ???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。??，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，??????，???????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。?????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????，????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　????????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。???????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????????: ???????????: ??????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??1998?7??????，??????????，?????????，?????????????，??????????????????????. ????????????????????，????????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　 ????????????????????，??1998?7??????，??????????，??????? ????????，?????????????， ???????????????????????. ???????????????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，??????????，??????: ????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　?????2004?，??????????????，??????????????????。?????? ?????，????????????????，????????????。????，????????????，????，??“??????”????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????????????，????????????!??????????????????????????????????????????、???????、????、??????、??????????。???????????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????，???????????????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????、???????: ???????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????，????,?????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。　　??????98???????????，???????????????????，????????????，????，??????????，?????????，?????????,????????????????，???????????，??????????: ??????????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　?????2004?，??????????????，??????????????????。?????? ?????，????????????????，????????????。????，???????????，????，??“???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，??????????，?????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????????，????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????、???????、????、??????、???????????????: ????????????: ???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??1998?7??????，??????????，?????????，?????????????，??????????????????????. ????????????????????，???????????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????，????,?????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。　　??????98???????????，???????????????????，????????????，????，??????????，?????????，?????????,????????????????，???????????，??????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????????????!????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????、????????、????????????。??????????，???????????，???????: ??????????????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　????? ????????、??、??、??????????????????，???????，???????，?????????????，??????????????，?????、??????????、??、???，???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;????;??????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????????，????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????、???????、????、??????、??????????????: ???????????: ????????????: ????????????: ????????????: ????????????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　???????????1998?????????。????????????，???????????????，?????????????，???????????，?2003?????????????，????????????????????????: ?????????????: ???????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????!????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????、????????、????????????。??????????，??????????????: ??????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????1998?????????。????????????，???????????????，?????????????，???????????，?2003?????????????，????????????????????????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????????????，????????????，??????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，????????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????，????,?????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????，???????????????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????、??????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，??????????，?????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??1998?7??????，??????????，?????????，?????????????，??????????????????????. ????????????????????，???????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　????????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。???????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????1998?????????。????????????，???????????????，?????????????，???????????，?2003?????????????，?????????????????????????????????: ???????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，??????????，??????: ???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????1998?????????。????????????，???????????????，?????????????，???????????，?2003?????????????，????????????????????????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。??，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，??????，??????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;????;??????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????????????，????????????，??????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，?????????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　????? ????????、??、??、??????????????????，???????，???????，?????????????，??????????????，?????、??????????、??、???，???????? ????????????: ?????????????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　???????????????????，????????????，???????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，???????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;????;??????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　?????2004?，??????????????，??????????????????。?????? ?????，????????????????，????????????。????，???????????，????，??“??????”?????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。???????，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。??，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，??????，???????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????????????????????，????????????，???????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，?????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。??，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，??????，??????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????，???????????????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????、??????: ??????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????，????,??????: ???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。??，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，??????，??????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　???????????????????，????????????，??????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，???????????，????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????????，????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????、???????、????、??????、??????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? 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QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????? ?????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，???????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。????????，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，??????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　???????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;???????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????????????!????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????、????????、????????????。??????????，???????????，??????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　???????????????????，????????????，???????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，???????????，??????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。??，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，??????，???????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。????????，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，????????: ????????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　????????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。???????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????????: ????????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　?????2004?，??????????????，??????????????????。?????? ?????，????????????????，????????????。????，??????????????，????，??“???????????: ???????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，??????????，??????: ????????????: ??????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????????，??1998?7??????，??????????，?????????，?????????????，???????????????????????. ????????????????????，?????????????: ???????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　??????????1998?????????。????????????，???????????????，?????????????，???????????，?2003?????????????，???????????????????????????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;????;???????: ????????????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　????? ????????、??、??、??????????????????，???????，???????，?????????????，??????????????，?????、??????????、??、???，??????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。?????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????，????????: ????????????: ????????????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　?????2004?，??????????????，??????????????????。?????? ?????，????????????????，????????????。????，????????????，????，??“????????: ???????????: ?????????????: ???????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????，?????????????????????，?????????????????????????!???????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，??????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，??????????，??????: ???????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。???????，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，?????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????????????，????????????!??????????????????????????????????????????、???????、????、??????、??????????。????????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。????????，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，??????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????????????????????，????????????，???????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，??????????????: ????????????: ???????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;????;???????: ????????????: ????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　???????????????????，????????????，???????98???????????，????，??????????，?????????. 　　?????????,????????????????，???????????，???????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，???????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????，?????????????????????，????????????????????????!??????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、?????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????????，????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????、???????、????、??????、??????????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，?????????????????????????，????????????!?????????????????????????????????????????、???????、????、??????、???????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。???????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　????????????????????，????????。????????????????、???????。??????????????。???????????????????,??????,??????,??????,??????????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。　　?????????????、??、??、??????????????????，???????，???????，?????????????，??????????????，?????、??????????、??、???，?????????????，???????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????????!????????????????????????????????????????????、?????????、??????、????????、????????????。??????????，????????????????: ???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。　　??????98???????????，???????????????????，????????????，????，??????????，?????????，?????????,????????????????，???????????，??????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????1998?????????。????????????，???????????????，?????????????，???????????，?2003?????????????，?????????????????????????????????: ????????????: ????????????: ??????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????。????????????????????，??????????????，????，?????????????????????，??????。??，??????????????????????。????????，????????????，????????????: ????????????: ???????????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。?????????，??????????????????。?????? ?????，????????????????，????????????。????，???????????，????，??“??????”???? ?????，???????????????: ?????QQ:2281595668，?????，????，????　　??????????????????????????,??????????,???????????????????????,???????:????,????;?????????????;??;??;????;????????;????;????;?????: ?????QQ：2281595668，?????，????，????。??????????????，??????、????、?????????????????????????，???????????? ??。???????????，??????????，???????????，????2000?，??????????，??????: ??????

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Using R to Analyze G1GC Log Files

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Using R to Analyze G1GC Log Files Using R to Analyze G1GC Log Files Introduction Working in Oracle Platform Integration gives an engineer opportunities to work on a wide array of technologies. My team’s goal is to make Oracle applications run best on the Solaris/SPARC platform. When looking for bottlenecks in a modern applications, one needs to be aware of not only how the CPUs and operating system are executing, but also network, storage, and in some cases, the Java Virtual Machine. I was recently presented with about 1.5 GB of Java Garbage First Garbage Collector log file data. If you’re not familiar with the subject, you might want to review Garbage First Garbage Collector Tuning by Monica Beckwith. The customer had been running Java HotSpot 1.6.0_31 to host a web application server. I was told that the Solaris/SPARC server was running a Java process launched using a commmand line that included the following flags: -d64 -Xms9g -Xmx9g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200 -XX:InitiatingHeapOccupancyPercent=80 -XX:PermSize=256m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m -XX:+PrintGC -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps -XX:+PrintHeapAtGC -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -XX:+PrintFlagsFinal -XX:+DisableExplicitGC -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:ParallelGCThreads=8 Several sources on the internet indicate that if I were to print out the 1.5 GB of log files, it would require enough paper to fill the bed of a pick up truck. Of course, it would be fruitless to try to scan the log files by hand. Tools will be required to summarize the contents of the log files. Others have encountered large Java garbage collection log files. There are existing tools to analyze the log files: IBM’s GC toolkit The chewiebug GCViewer gchisto HPjmeter Instead of using one of the other tools listed, I decide to parse the log files with standard Unix tools, and analyze the data with R. Data Cleansing The log files arrived in two different formats. I guess that the difference is that one set of log files was generated using a more verbose option, maybe -XX:+PrintHeapAtGC, and the other set of log files was generated without that option. Format 1 In some of the log files, the log files with the less verbose format, a single trace, i.e. the report of a singe garbage collection event, looks like this: {Heap before GC invocations=12280 (full 61): garbage-first heap total 9437184K, used 7499918K [0xfffffffd00000000, 0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff40000000) region size 4096K, 1 young (4096K), 0 survivors (0K) compacting perm gen total 262144K, used 144077K [0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff50000000, 0xffffffff50000000) the space 262144K, 54% used [0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff48cb3758, 0xffffffff48cb3800, 0xffffffff50000000) No shared spaces configured. 2014-05-14T07:24:00.988-0700: 60586.353: [GC pause (young) 7324M->7320M(9216M), 0.1567265 secs] Heap after GC invocations=12281 (full 61): garbage-first heap total 9437184K, used 7496533K [0xfffffffd00000000, 0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff40000000) region size 4096K, 0 young (0K), 0 survivors (0K) compacting perm gen total 262144K, used 144077K [0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff50000000, 0xffffffff50000000) the space 262144K, 54% used [0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff48cb3758, 0xffffffff48cb3800, 0xffffffff50000000) No shared spaces configured. } A simple grep can be used to extract a summary: $ grep "\[ GC pause (young" g1gc.log 2014-05-13T13:24:35.091-0700: 3.109: [GC pause (young) 20M->5029K(9216M), 0.0146328 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:35.440-0700: 3.459: [GC pause (young) 9125K->6077K(9216M), 0.0086723 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:37.581-0700: 5.599: [GC pause (young) 25M->8470K(9216M), 0.0203820 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:42.686-0700: 10.704: [GC pause (young) 44M->15M(9216M), 0.0288848 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:48.941-0700: 16.958: [GC pause (young) 51M->20M(9216M), 0.0491244 secs] 2014-05-13T13:24:56.049-0700: 24.066: [GC pause (young) 92M->26M(9216M), 0.0525368 secs] 2014-05-13T13:25:34.368-0700: 62.383: [GC pause (young) 602M->68M(9216M), 0.1721173 secs] But that format wasn't easily read into R, so I needed to be a bit more tricky. I used the following Unix command to create a summary file that was easy for R to read. $ echo "SecondsSinceLaunch BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize RealTime" $ grep "\[GC pause (young" g1gc.log | grep -v mark | sed -e 's/[A-SU-z,]/ /g' -e 's/->/ /' -e 's/: / /g' | more SecondsSinceLaunch BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize RealTime 2014-05-13T13:24:35.091-0700 3.109 20 5029 9216 0.0146328 2014-05-13T13:24:35.440-0700 3.459 9125 6077 9216 0.0086723 2014-05-13T13:24:37.581-0700 5.599 25 8470 9216 0.0203820 2014-05-13T13:24:42.686-0700 10.704 44 15 9216 0.0288848 2014-05-13T13:24:48.941-0700 16.958 51 20 9216 0.0491244 2014-05-13T13:24:56.049-0700 24.066 92 26 9216 0.0525368 2014-05-13T13:25:34.368-0700 62.383 602 68 9216 0.1721173 Format 2 In some of the log files, the log files with the more verbose format, a single trace, i.e. the report of a singe garbage collection event, was more complicated than Format 1. Here is a text file with an example of a single G1GC trace in the second format. As you can see, it is quite complicated. It is nice that there is so much information available, but the level of detail can be overwhelming. I wrote this awk script (download) to summarize each trace on a single line. #!/usr/bin/env awk -f BEGIN { printf("SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount FullCount UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize\n") } ###################### # Save count data from lines that are at the start of each G1GC trace. # Each trace starts out like this: # {Heap before GC invocations=14 (full 0): # garbage-first heap total 9437184K, used 325496K [0xfffffffd00000000, 0xffffffff40000000, 0xffffffff40000000) ###################### /{Heap.*full/{ gsub ( "\\)" , "" ); nf=split($0,a,"="); split(a[2],b," "); getline; if ( match($0, "first") ) { G1GC=1; IncrementalCount=b[1]; FullCount=substr( b[3], 1, length(b[3])-1 ); } else { G1GC=0; } } ###################### # Pull out time stamps that are in lines with this format: # 2014-05-12T14:02:06.025-0700: 94.312: [GC pause (young), 0.08870154 secs] ###################### /GC pause/ { DateTime=$1; SecondsSinceLaunch=substr($2, 1, length($2)-1); } ###################### # Heap sizes are in lines that look like this: # [ 4842M->4838M(9216M)] ###################### /\[ .*]$/ { gsub ( "\\[" , "" ); gsub ( "\ \]" , "" ); gsub ( "->" , " " ); gsub ( "\$ " , " " ); gsub ( "\ $" , " " ); split($0,a," "); if ( split(a[1],b,"M") > 1 ) {BeforeSize=b[1]*1024;} if ( split(a[1],b,"K") > 1 ) {BeforeSize=b[1];} if ( split(a[2],b,"M") > 1 ) {AfterSize=b[1]*1024;} if ( split(a[2],b,"K") > 1 ) {AfterSize=b[1];} if ( split(a[3],b,"M") > 1 ) {TotalSize=b[1]*1024;} if ( split(a[3],b,"K") > 1 ) {TotalSize=b[1];} } ###################### # Emit an output line when you find input that looks like this: # [Times: user=1.41 sys=0.08, real=0.24 secs] ###################### /\[Times/ { if (G1GC==1) { gsub ( "," , "" ); split($2,a,"="); UserTime=a[2]; split($3,a,"="); SysTime=a[2]; split($4,a,"="); RealTime=a[2]; print DateTime,SecondsSinceLaunch,IncrementalCount,FullCount,UserTime,SysTime,RealTime,BeforeSize,AfterSize,TotalSize; G1GC=0; } } The resulting summary is about 25X smaller that the original file, but still difficult for a human to digest. SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount FullCount UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize ... 2014-05-12T18:36:34.669-0700: 3985.744 561 0 0.57 0.06 0.16 1724416 1720320 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:34.839-0700: 3985.914 562 0 0.51 0.06 0.19 1724416 1720320 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.069-0700: 3986.144 563 0 0.60 0.04 0.27 1724416 1721344 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.354-0700: 3986.429 564 0 0.33 0.04 0.09 1725440 1722368 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.545-0700: 3986.620 565 0 0.58 0.04 0.17 1726464 1722368 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.726-0700: 3986.801 566 0 0.43 0.05 0.12 1726464 1722368 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.856-0700: 3986.930 567 0 0.30 0.04 0.07 1726464 1723392 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:35.947-0700: 3987.023 568 0 0.61 0.04 0.26 1727488 1723392 9437184 2014-05-12T18:36:36.228-0700: 3987.302 569 0 0.46 0.04 0.16 1731584 1724416 9437184 Reading the Data into R Once the GC log data had been cleansed, either by processing the first format with the shell script, or by processing the second format with the awk script, it was easy to read the data into R. g1gc.df = read.csv("summary.txt", row.names = NULL, stringsAsFactors=FALSE,sep="") str(g1gc.df) ## 'data.frame': 8307 obs. of 10 variables: ## $ row.names : chr "2014-05-12T14:00:32.868-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:33.179-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:33.677-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:35.538-0700:" ... ## $ SecondsSinceLaunch: num 1.16 1.47 1.97 3.83 6.1 ... ## $ IncrementalCount : int 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... ## $ FullCount : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... ## $ UserTime : num 0.11 0.05 0.04 0.21 0.08 0.26 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.56 ... ## $ SysTime : num 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.09 ... ## $ RealTime : num 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 ... ## $ BeforeSize : int 8192 5496 5768 22528 24576 43008 34816 53248 55296 93184 ... ## $ AfterSize : int 1400 1672 2557 4907 7072 14336 16384 18432 19456 21504 ... ## $ TotalSize : int 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 9437184 ... head(g1gc.df) ## row.names SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount ## 1 2014-05-12T14:00:32.868-0700: 1.161 0 ## 2 2014-05-12T14:00:33.179-0700: 1.472 1 ## 3 2014-05-12T14:00:33.677-0700: 1.969 2 ## 4 2014-05-12T14:00:35.538-0700: 3.830 3 ## 5 2014-05-12T14:00:37.811-0700: 6.103 4 ## 6 2014-05-12T14:00:41.428-0700: 9.720 5 ## FullCount UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize ## 1 0 0.11 0.04 0.02 8192 1400 9437184 ## 2 0 0.05 0.01 0.02 5496 1672 9437184 ## 3 0 0.04 0.01 0.01 5768 2557 9437184 ## 4 0 0.21 0.05 0.04 22528 4907 9437184 ## 5 0 0.08 0.01 0.02 24576 7072 9437184 ## 6 0 0.26 0.06 0.04 43008 14336 9437184 Basic Statistics Once the data has been read into R, simple statistics are very easy to generate. All of the numbers from high school statistics are available via simple commands. For example, generate a summary of every column: summary(g1gc.df) ## row.names SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount FullCount ## Length:8307 Min. : 1 Min. : 0 Min. : 0.0 ## Class :character 1st Qu.: 9977 1st Qu.:2048 1st Qu.: 0.0 ## Mode :character Median :12855 Median :4136 Median : 12.0 ## Mean :12527 Mean :4156 Mean : 31.6 ## 3rd Qu.:15758 3rd Qu.:6262 3rd Qu.: 61.0 ## Max. :55484 Max. :8391 Max. :113.0 ## UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize ## Min. :0.040 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 0.0 Min. : 5476 ## 1st Qu.:0.470 1st Qu.:0.0300 1st Qu.: 0.1 1st Qu.:5137920 ## Median :0.620 Median :0.0300 Median : 0.1 Median :6574080 ## Mean :0.751 Mean :0.0355 Mean : 0.3 Mean :5841855 ## 3rd Qu.:0.920 3rd Qu.:0.0400 3rd Qu.: 0.2 3rd Qu.:7084032 ## Max. :3.370 Max. :1.5600 Max. :488.1 Max. :8696832 ## AfterSize TotalSize ## Min. : 1380 Min. :9437184 ## 1st Qu.:5002752 1st Qu.:9437184 ## Median :6559744 Median :9437184 ## Mean :5785454 Mean :9437184 ## 3rd Qu.:7054336 3rd Qu.:9437184 ## Max. :8482816 Max. :9437184 Q: What is the total amount of User CPU time spent in garbage collection? sum(g1gc.df$UserTime) ## [1] 6236 As you can see, less than two hours of CPU time was spent in garbage collection. Is that too much? To find the percentage of time spent in garbage collection, divide the number above by total_elapsed_time*CPU_count. In this case, there are a lot of CPU’s and it turns out the the overall amount of CPU time spent in garbage collection isn’t a problem when viewed in isolation. When calculating rates, i.e. events per unit time, you need to ask yourself if the rate is homogenous across the time period in the log file. Does the log file include spikes of high activity that should be separately analyzed? Averaging in data from nights and weekends with data from business hours may alias problems. If you have a reason to suspect that the garbage collection rates include peaks and valleys that need independent analysis, see the “Time Series” section, below. Q: How much garbage is collected on each pass? The amount of heap space that is recovered per GC pass is surprisingly low: At least one collection didn’t recover any data. (“Min.=0”) 25% of the passes recovered 3MB or less. (“1st Qu.=3072”) Half of the GC passes recovered 4MB or less. (“Median=4096”) The average amount recovered was 56MB. (“Mean=56390”) 75% of the passes recovered 36MB or less. (“3rd Qu.=36860”) At least one pass recovered 2GB. (“Max.=2121000”) g1gc.df$Delta = g1gc.df$BeforeSize - g1gc.df$AfterSize summary(g1gc.df$Delta) ## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. ## 0 3070 4100 56400 36900 2120000 Q: What is the maximum User CPU time for a single collection? The worst garbage collection (“Max.”) is many standard deviations away from the mean. The data appears to be right skewed. summary(g1gc.df$UserTime) ## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. ## 0.040 0.470 0.620 0.751 0.920 3.370 sd(g1gc.df$UserTime) ## [1] 0.3966 Basic Graphics Once the data is in R, it is trivial to plot the data with formats including dot plots, line charts, bar charts (simple, stacked, grouped), pie charts, boxplots, scatter plots histograms, and kernel density plots. Histogram of User CPU Time per Collection I don't think that this graph requires any explanation. hist(g1gc.df$UserTime, main="User CPU Time per Collection", xlab="Seconds", ylab="Frequency") Box plot to identify outliers When the initial data is viewed with a box plot, you can see the one crazy outlier in the real time per GC. Save this data point for future analysis and drop the outlier so that it’s not throwing off our statistics. Now the box plot shows many outliers, which will be examined later, using times series analysis. Notice that the scale of the x-axis changes drastically once the crazy outlier is removed. par(mfrow=c(2,1)) boxplot(g1gc.df$UserTime,g1gc.df$SysTime,g1gc.df$RealTime, main="Box Plot of Time per GC\n(dominated by a crazy outlier)", names=c("usr","sys","elapsed"), xlab="Seconds per GC", ylab="Time (Seconds)", horizontal = TRUE, outcol="red") crazy.outlier.df=g1gc.df[g1gc.df$RealTime > 400,] g1gc.df=g1gc.df[g1gc.df$RealTime < 400,] boxplot(g1gc.df$UserTime,g1gc.df$SysTime,g1gc.df$RealTime, main="Box Plot of Time per GC\n(crazy outlier excluded)", names=c("usr","sys","elapsed"), xlab="Seconds per GC", ylab="Time (Seconds)", horizontal = TRUE, outcol="red") box(which = "outer", lty = "solid") Here is the crazy outlier for future analysis: crazy.outlier.df ## row.names SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount ## 8233 2014-05-12T23:15:43.903-0700: 20741 8316 ## FullCount UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize TotalSize ## 8233 112 0.55 0.42 488.1 8381440 8235008 9437184 ## Delta ## 8233 146432 R Time Series Data To analyze the garbage collection as a time series, I’ll use Z’s Ordered Observations (zoo). “zoo is the creator for an S3 class of indexed totally ordered observations which includes irregular time series.” require(zoo) ## Loading required package: zoo ## ## Attaching package: 'zoo' ## ## The following objects are masked from 'package:base': ## ## as.Date, as.Date.numeric head(g1gc.df[,1]) ## [1] "2014-05-12T14:00:32.868-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:33.179-0700:" ## [3] "2014-05-12T14:00:33.677-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:35.538-0700:" ## [5] "2014-05-12T14:00:37.811-0700:" "2014-05-12T14:00:41.428-0700:" options("digits.secs"=3) times=as.POSIXct( g1gc.df[,1], format="%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%OS%z:") g1gc.z = zoo(g1gc.df[,-c(1)], order.by=times) head(g1gc.z) ## SecondsSinceLaunch IncrementalCount FullCount ## 2014-05-12 17:00:32.868 1.161 0 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.178 1.472 1 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.677 1.969 2 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:35.538 3.830 3 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:37.811 6.103 4 0 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:41.427 9.720 5 0 ## UserTime SysTime RealTime BeforeSize AfterSize ## 2014-05-12 17:00:32.868 0.11 0.04 0.02 8192 1400 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.178 0.05 0.01 0.02 5496 1672 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.677 0.04 0.01 0.01 5768 2557 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:35.538 0.21 0.05 0.04 22528 4907 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:37.811 0.08 0.01 0.02 24576 7072 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:41.427 0.26 0.06 0.04 43008 14336 ## TotalSize Delta ## 2014-05-12 17:00:32.868 9437184 6792 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.178 9437184 3824 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:33.677 9437184 3211 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:35.538 9437184 17621 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:37.811 9437184 17504 ## 2014-05-12 17:00:41.427 9437184 28672 Example of Two Benchmark Runs in One Log File The data in the following graph is from a different log file, not the one of primary interest to this article. I’m including this image because it is an example of idle periods followed by busy periods. It would be uninteresting to average the rate of garbage collection over the entire log file period. More interesting would be the rate of garbage collect in the two busy periods. Are they the same or different? Your production data may be similar, for example, bursts when employees return from lunch and idle times on weekend evenings, etc. Once the data is in an R Time Series, you can analyze isolated time windows. Clipping the Time Series data Flashing back to our test case… Viewing the data as a time series is interesting. You can see that the work intensive time period is between 9:00 PM and 3:00 AM. Lets clip the data to the interesting period: par(mfrow=c(2,1)) plot(g1gc.z$UserTime, type="h", main="User Time per GC\nTime: Complete Log File", xlab="Time of Day", ylab="CPU Seconds per GC", col="#1b9e77") clipped.g1gc.z=window(g1gc.z, start=as.POSIXct("2014-05-12 21:00:00"), end=as.POSIXct("2014-05-13 03:00:00")) plot(clipped.g1gc.z$UserTime, type="h", main="User Time per GC\nTime: Limited to Benchmark Execution", xlab="Time of Day", ylab="CPU Seconds per GC", col="#1b9e77") box(which = "outer", lty = "solid") Cumulative Incremental and Full GC count Here is the cumulative incremental and full GC count. When the line is very steep, it indicates that the GCs are repeating very quickly. Notice that the scale on the Y axis is different for full vs. incremental. plot(clipped.g1gc.z[,c(2:3)], main="Cumulative Incremental and Full GC count", xlab="Time of Day", col="#1b9e77") GC Analysis of Benchmark Execution using Time Series data In the following series of 3 graphs: The “After Size” show the amount of heap space in use after each garbage collection. Many Java objects are still referenced, i.e. alive, during each garbage collection. This may indicate that the application has a memory leak, or may indicate that the application has a very large memory footprint. Typically, an application's memory footprint plateau's in the early stage of execution. One would expect this graph to have a flat top. The steep decline in the heap space may indicate that the application crashed after 2:00. The second graph shows that the outliers in real execution time, discussed above, occur near 2:00. when the Java heap seems to be quite full. The third graph shows that Full GCs are infrequent during the first few hours of execution. The rate of Full GC's, (the slope of the cummulative Full GC line), changes near midnight. plot(clipped.g1gc.z[,c("AfterSize","RealTime","FullCount")], xlab="Time of Day", col=c("#1b9e77","red","#1b9e77")) GC Analysis of heap recovered Each GC trace includes the amount of heap space in use before and after the individual GC event. During garbage coolection, unreferenced objects are identified, the space holding the unreferenced objects is freed, and thus, the difference in before and after usage indicates how much space has been freed. The following box plot and bar chart both demonstrate the same point - the amount of heap space freed per garbage colloection is surprisingly low. par(mfrow=c(2,1)) boxplot(as.vector(clipped.g1gc.z$Delta), main="Amount of Heap Recovered per GC Pass", xlab="Size in KB", horizontal = TRUE, col="red") hist(as.vector(clipped.g1gc.z$Delta), main="Amount of Heap Recovered per GC Pass", xlab="Size in KB", breaks=100, col="red") box(which = "outer", lty = "solid") This graph is the most interesting. The dark blue area shows how much heap is occupied by referenced Java objects. This represents memory that holds live data. The red fringe at the top shows how much data was recovered after each garbage collection. barplot(clipped.g1gc.z[,c("AfterSize","Delta")], col=c("#7570b3","#e7298a"), xlab="Time of Day", border=NA) legend("topleft", c("Live Objects","Heap Recovered on GC"), fill=c("#7570b3","#e7298a")) box(which = "outer", lty = "solid") When I discuss the data in the log files with the customer, I will ask for an explaination for the large amount of referenced data resident in the Java heap. There are two are posibilities: There is a memory leak and the amount of space required to hold referenced objects will continue to grow, limited only by the maximum heap size. After the maximum heap size is reached, the JVM will throw an “Out of Memory” exception every time that the application tries to allocate a new object. If this is the case, the aplication needs to be debugged to identify why old objects are referenced when they are no longer needed. The application has a legitimate requirement to keep a large amount of data in memory. The customer may want to further increase the maximum heap size. Another possible solution would be to partition the application across multiple cluster nodes, where each node has responsibility for managing a unique subset of the data. Conclusion In conclusion, R is a very powerful tool for the analysis of Java garbage collection log files. The primary difficulty is data cleansing so that information can be read into an R data frame. Once the data has been read into R, a rich set of tools may be used for thorough evaluation.

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Server.transfer causing HttpException

- by salvationishere

I am developing a C#/SQL ASP.NET web application in VS 2008. Currently I am using the Server.Transfer method to transfer control from one ASPX.CS file to another ASPX file. The first time through, this works. But after control is transferred to this new file it encounters a condition: if (restart == false) { where "restart" is a boolean variable. After this statement it immediately transfers control back to the same ASPX.CS file and tries to reexecute the Server.Transfer method. This time it gives me the following exception and stack trace. Do you know what is causing this? I tried to read this but it didn't make much sense to me. System.Web.HttpException was unhandled by user code Message="Error executing child request for DataMatch.aspx." Source="System.Web" ErrorCode=-2147467259 StackTrace: at System.Web.HttpServerUtility.Execute(String path, TextWriter writer, Boolean preserveForm) at System.Web.HttpServerUtility.Transfer(String path, Boolean preserveForm) at System.Web.HttpServerUtility.Transfer(String path) at AddFileToSQL._Default.btnAppend_Click(Object sender, EventArgs e) in C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\Default.aspx.cs:line 109 at System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton.OnServerClick(EventArgs e) at System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton.RaisePostBackEvent(String eventArgument) at System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton.System.Web.UI.IPostBackEventHandler.RaisePostBackEvent(String eventArgument) at System.Web.UI.Page.RaisePostBackEvent(IPostBackEventHandler sourceControl, String eventArgument) at System.Web.UI.Page.RaisePostBackEvent(NameValueCollection postData) at System.Web.UI.Page.ProcessRequestMain(Boolean includeStagesBeforeAsyncPoint, Boolean includeStagesAfterAsyncPoint) InnerException: System.Web.HttpCompileException Message="c:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx(14): error CS1502: The best overloaded method match for 'System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRowCollection.Add(System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRow)' has some invalid arguments" Source="System.Web" ErrorCode=-2147467259 SourceCode="#pragma checksum \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\" \"{406ea660-64cf-4c82-b6f0-42d48172a799}\" \"76750ABD913CF678D216C1E9CFB62BDF\"\r\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// \r\n// This code was generated by a tool.\r\n// Runtime Version:2.0.50727.3603\r\n//\r\n// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if\r\n// the code is regenerated.\r\n// \r\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nnamespace ASP {\r\n \r\n #line 285 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Web.Profile;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 280 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Text.RegularExpressions;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 282 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Web.Caching;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 278 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Configuration;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 277 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Collections.Specialized;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 19 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 289 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 19 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n using System.Web.UI.WebControls;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 19 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n using System.Web.UI;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 276 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Collections;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 275 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 284 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Web.Security;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 281 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Web;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 283 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Web.SessionState;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 279 \"C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Config\web.config\"\r\n using System.Text;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n \r\n [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGlobalScopeAttribute()]\r\n public class datamatch_aspx : global::AddFileToSQL.DataMatch, System.Web.SessionState.IRequiresSessionState, System.Web.IHttpHandler {\r\n \r\n private static bool @_initialized;\r\n \r\n private static object @_fileDependencies;\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n public datamatch_aspx() {\r\n string[] dependencies;\r\n ((global::AddFileToSQL.DataMatch)(this)).AppRelativeVirtualPath = \"~/DataMatch.aspx\";\r\n if ((global::ASP.datamatch_aspx.@__initialized == false)) {\r\n dependencies = new string[1];\r\n dependencies[0] = \"~/DataMatch.aspx\";\r\n global::ASP.datamatch_aspx.@__fileDependencies = this.GetWrappedFileDependencies(dependencies);\r\n global::ASP.datamatch_aspx.@__initialized = true;\r\n }\r\n this.Server.ScriptTimeout = 30000000;\r\n }\r\n \r\n protected System.Web.Profile.DefaultProfile Profile {\r\n get {\r\n return ((System.Web.Profile.DefaultProfile)(this.Context.Profile));\r\n }\r\n }\r\n \r\n protected ASP.global_asax ApplicationInstance {\r\n get {\r\n return ((ASP.global_asax)(this.Context.ApplicationInstance));\r\n }\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTitle @_BuildControl_control3() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTitle @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 6 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTitle();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlHead @_BuildControl_control2() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlHead @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 5 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlHead(\"head\");\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTitle @_ctrl1;\r\n \r\n #line 5 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl1 = this.@_BuildControl_control3();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor @_parser = ((System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor)(@_ctrl));\r\n \r\n #line 5 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(@_ctrl1);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 5 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralControl(\"\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n\"));\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRow @_BuildControl_control5() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRow @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 15 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRow();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.PlaceHolder @_BuildControlphTextBoxes() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.PlaceHolder @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 19 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.PlaceHolder();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n this.phTextBoxes = @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 19 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.ID = \"phTextBoxes\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_BuildControl_control8() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 18 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell(\"td\");\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 18 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Align = \"center\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 18 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.VAlign = \"top\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor @_parser = ((System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor)(@_ctrl));\r\n \r\n #line 18 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralControl(\"\r\n \"));\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.PlaceHolder @_ctrl1;\r\n \r\n #line 18 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl1 = this.@_BuildControlphTextBoxes();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 18 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(@_ctrl1);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 18 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralControl(\"\r\n \"));\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label @_BuildControlInstructions() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 22 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n this.Instructions = @_ctrl;\r\n @_ctrl.ApplyStyleSheetSkin(this);\r\n \r\n #line 22 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.ID = \"Instructions\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 22 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Font.Italic = true;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 22 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Text = \"Now select from the dropdownlists which table columns from my database you want t\" +\r\n \"o map these fields to\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_BuildControl_control9() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 21 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell(\"td\");\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor @_parser = ((System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor)(@_ctrl));\r\n \r\n #line 21 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralControl(\"\r\n \"));\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label @_ctrl1;\r\n \r\n #line 21 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl1 = this.@_BuildControlInstructions();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 21 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(@_ctrl1);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 21 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralControl(\"\r\n \"));\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Button @_BuildControlbtnSubmit() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Button @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 26 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Button();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n this.btnSubmit = @_ctrl;\r\n @_ctrl.ApplyStyleSheetSkin(this);\r\n \r\n #line 26 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.ID = \"btnSubmit\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 26 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Text = \"Submit\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 26 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Width = new System.Web.UI.WebControls.Unit(150, System.Web.UI.WebControls.UnitType.Pixel);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 26 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n ((System.Web.UI.IAttributeAccessor)(@_ctrl)).SetAttribute(\"style\", \"top:auto; left:auto\");\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 26 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n ((System.Web.UI.IAttributeAccessor)(@_ctrl)).SetAttribute(\"top\", \"100px\");\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 26 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Click -= new System.EventHandler(this.btnSubmit_Click);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 26 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @__ctrl.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.btnSubmit_Click);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_BuildControl_control10() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 25 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell(\"td\");\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 25 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Align = \"center\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor @_parser = ((System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor)(@_ctrl));\r\n \r\n #line 25 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralControl(\"\r\n \"));\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Button @_ctrl1;\r\n \r\n #line 25 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl1 = this.@_BuildControlbtnSubmit();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 25 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(@_ctrl1);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 25 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralControl(\"\r\n \r\n \"));\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private void @_BuildControl_control7(System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCellCollection @_ctrl) {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_ctrl1;\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl1 = this.@_BuildControl_control8();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Add(@_ctrl1);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_ctrl2;\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl2 = this.@_BuildControl_control9();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Add(@_ctrl2);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableCell @_ctrl3;\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl3 = this.@_BuildControl_control10();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Add(@_ctrl3);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRow @_BuildControl_control6() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRow @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRow();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Align = \"center\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 17 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n this.@_BuildControl_control7(@_ctrl.Cells);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Literal @_BuildControllTextData() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Literal @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 34 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Literal();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n this.lTextData = @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 34 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.ID = \"lTextData\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n return @_ctrl;\r\n }\r\n \r\n [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]\r\n private global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Panel @_BuildControlpnlDisplayData() {\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Panel @_ctrl;\r\n \r\n #line 31 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl = new global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Panel();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n this.pnlDisplayData = @_ctrl;\r\n @_ctrl.ApplyStyleSheetSkin(this);\r\n \r\n #line 31 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.ID = \"pnlDisplayData\";\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 31 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl.Visible = false;\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor @_parser = ((System.Web.UI.IParserAccessor)(@_ctrl));\r\n \r\n #line 31 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralControl(\"\r\n \r\n \r\n \" +\r\n \" \"));\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n global::System.Web.UI.WebControls.Literal @_ctrl1;\r\n \r\n #line 31 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_ctrl1 = this.@_BuildControllTextData();\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 31 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(@_ctrl1);\r\n \r\n #line default\r\n #line hidden\r\n \r\n #line 31 \"C:\Documents and Settings\Admin\My Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\AddFileToSQL\AddFileToSQL\DataMatch.aspx\"\r\n @_parser.AddParsedSubObject(new System.Web.UI.LiteralCont

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XSLT templates and recursion

- by user333411

Hi All, Im new to XSLT and am having some problems trying to format an XML document which has recursive nodes. My XML Code: Hopefully my XML shows: All <item> are nested with <items> An item can have either just attributes, or sub nodes The level to which <item> nodes are nested can be infinently deep <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> - <items> <item groupID="1" name="Home" url="//" /> - <item groupID="2" name="Guides" url="/Guides/"> - <items> - <item groupID="26" name="Online-Poker-Guide" url="/Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/"> - <items> - <item> <id>107</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Poker Betting - Online Poker Betting Structures ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/online-poker-betting-structures ]]> </url> </item> - <item> <id>114</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Beginners' Poker - Poker Hand Ranking ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/online-poker-hand-ranking ]]> </url> </item> - <item> <id>115</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Poker Terms - 4th Street and 5th Street ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/online-poker-poker-terms ]]> </url> </item> - <item> <id>116</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Popular Poker - The Popularity of Texas Hold'em ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/online-poker-popularity-texas-holdem ]]> </url> </item> - <item> <id>364</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ The Impact of Traditional Poker on Online Poker (and vice versa) ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/online-poker-tradional-vs-online ]]> </url> </item> - <item> <id>365</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ The Ultimate, Absolute Online Poker Scandal ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/online-poker-scandal ]]> </url> </item> </items> - <items> - <item groupID="27" name="Beginners-Poker" url="/Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/"> - <items> + <item> <id>101</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Poker Betting - All-in On the Flop ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/poker-betting-all-in-on-the-flop ]]> </url> </item> + <item> <id>102</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Beginners' Poker - Choosing an Online Poker Room ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/beginners-poker-choosing-a-room ]]> </url> </item> + <item> <id>105</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Beginners' Poker - Choosing What Type of Poker to Play ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/beginners-poker-choosing-type-to-play ]]> </url> </item> + <item> <id>106</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Online Poker - Different Types of Online Poker ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/online-poker ]]> </url> </item> + <item> <id>109</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Online Poker - Opening an Account at an Online Poker Site ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/online-poker-opening-an-account ]]> </url> </item> + <item> <id>111</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Beginners' Poker - Poker Glossary ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/beginners-poker-glossary ]]> </url> </item> + <item> <id>117</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Poker Betting - What is a Blind? ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/poker-betting-what-is-a-blind ]]> </url> </item> - <item> <id>118</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Poker Betting - What is an Ante? ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/poker-betting-what-is-an-ante ]]> </url> </item> + <item> <id>119</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Beginners Poker - What is Bluffing? ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/online-poker-what-is-bluffing ]]> </url> </item> - <item> <id>120</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Poker Games - What is Community Card Poker? ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/online-poker-what-is-community-card-poker ]]> </url> </item> - <item> <id>121</id> - <title> - <![CDATA[ Online Poker - What is Online Poker? ]]> </title> - <url> - <![CDATA[ /Guides/Online-Poker-Guide/Beginners-Poker/online-poker-what-is-online-poker ]]> </url> </item> </items> </item> </items> </item> </items> </item> </items> The XSL code: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"> <xsl:output method="html" indent="yes"/> <xsl:template name="loop"> <xsl:for-each select="items/item"> <ul> <li><xsl:value-of select="@name" /></li> <xsl:if test="@name and child::node()"> <ul> <xsl:for-each select="items/item"> <li><xsl:value-of select="@name" />test</li> </xsl:for-each> </ul> <xsl:call-template name="loop" /> </xsl:if> <xsl:if test="child::node() and not(@name)"> <xsl:for-each select="/items"> <li><xsl:value-of select="id" /></li> </xsl:for-each> </xsl:if> </ul> </xsl:for-each> <xsl:for-each select="item/items/item"> <li>hi</li> </xsl:for-each> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="/" name="test"> <xsl:call-template name="loop" /> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet> Im trying to write the XSL so that every <items> node will render a <ul> and every <items> node will render an <li>. The XSL needs to be recursive because i cant tell how deep the nested nodes will go. Can anyone help? Regards, Al

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Could not load type 'Default.DataMatch' in DataMatch.aspx file

- by salvationishere

I am developing a C# VS 2008 / SQL Server 2008 website, but now I am getting the above error when I build it. I included the Default.aspx, Default.aspx.cs, DataMatch.aspx, and DataMatch.aspx.cs files below. What do I need to do to fix this? Default.aspx: <%@ Page Language="C#" MasterPageFile="~/Site.master" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default" Title="Untitled Page" %> ... DataMatch.aspx: <%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="DataMatch.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default.DataMatch" %> ... Default.aspx.cs: using System; using System.Collections; using System.Configuration; using System.Data; using System.Linq; using System.Web; using System.Web.Security; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts; using System.Xml.Linq; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Drawing; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data.SqlClient; using ADONET_namespace; using System.Security.Principal; //using System.Windows; public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page //namespace AddFileToSQL { //protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputFile uploadFile; //protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton btnOWrite; //protected System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputButton btnAppend; protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label Label1; protected static string inputfile = ""; public static string targettable; public static string selection; // Number of controls added to view state protected int default_NumberOfControls { get { if (ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"] != null) { return (int)ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"]; } else { return 0; } } set { ViewState["default_NumberOfControls"] = value; } } protected void uploadFile_onclick(object sender, EventArgs e) { } protected void Load_GridData() { //GridView1.DataSource = ADONET_methods.DisplaySchemaTables(); //GridView1.DataBind(); } protected void btnOWrite_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (uploadFile.PostedFile.ContentLength > 0) { feedbackLabel.Text = "You do not have sufficient access to overwrite table records."; } else { feedbackLabel.Text = "This file does not contain any data."; } } protected void btnAppend_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { string fullpath = Page.Request.PhysicalApplicationPath; string path = uploadFile.PostedFile.FileName; if (File.Exists(path)) { // Create a file to write to. try { StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(path); string s = ""; while (sr.Peek() > 0) s = sr.ReadLine(); sr.Close(); } catch (IOException exc) { Console.WriteLine(exc.Message + "Cannot open file."); return; } } if (uploadFile.PostedFile.ContentLength > 0) { inputfile = System.IO.File.ReadAllText(path); Session["Message"] = inputfile; Response.Redirect("DataMatch.aspx"); } else { feedbackLabel.Text = "This file does not contain any data."; } } protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (Request.IsAuthenticated) { WelcomeBackMessage.Text = "Welcome back, " + User.Identity.Name + "!"; // Reference the CustomPrincipal / CustomIdentity CustomIdentity ident = User.Identity as CustomIdentity; if (ident != null) WelcomeBackMessage.Text += string.Format(" You are the {0} of {1}.", ident.Title, ident.CompanyName); AuthenticatedMessagePanel.Visible = true; AnonymousMessagePanel.Visible = false; if (!Page.IsPostBack) { Load_GridData(); } } else { AuthenticatedMessagePanel.Visible = false; AnonymousMessagePanel.Visible = true; } } protected void GridView1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { GridViewRow row = GridView1.SelectedRow; targettable = row.Cells[2].Text; } } DataMatch.aspx.cs: using System; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Data; using System.Data.SqlClient; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Web; using System.Web.UI; using System.Web.UI.WebControls; using ADONET_namespace; //using MatrixApp; //namespace AddFileToSQL //{ public partial class DataMatch : AddFileToSQL._Default { protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.PlaceHolder phTextBoxes; protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.PlaceHolder phDropDownLists; protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Button btnAnotherRequest; protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Panel pnlCreateData; protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Literal lTextData; protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Panel pnlDisplayData; protected static string inputfile2; static string[] headers = null; static string[] data = null; static string[] data2 = null; static DataTable myInputFile = new DataTable("MyInputFile"); static string[] myUserSelections; static bool restart = false; private DropDownList[] newcol; int @temp = 0; string @tempS = ""; string @tempT = ""; // a Property that manages a counter stored in ViewState protected int NumberOfControls { get { return (int)ViewState["NumControls"]; } set { ViewState["NumControls"] = value; } } private Hashtable ddl_ht { get { return (Hashtable)ViewState["ddl_ht"]; } set { ViewState["ddl_ht"] = value; } } // Page Load private void Page_Load(object sender, System.EventArgs e) { if (!Page.IsPostBack) { ddl_ht = new Hashtable(); this.NumberOfControls = 0; } } // This data comes from input file private void PopulateFileInputTable() { myInputFile.Columns.Clear(); string strInput, newrow; string[] oneRow; DataColumn myDataColumn; DataRow myDataRow; int result, numRows; //Read the input file strInput = Session["Message"].ToString(); data = strInput.Split('\r'); //Headers headers = data[0].Split('|'); //Data for (int i = 0; i < data.Length; i++) { newrow = data[i].TrimStart('\n'); data[i] = newrow; } result = String.Compare(data[data.Length - 1], ""); numRows = data.Length; if (result == 0) { numRows = numRows - 1; } data2 = new string[numRows]; for (int a = 0, b = 0; a < numRows; a++, b++) { data2[b] = data[a]; } // Create columns for (int col = 0; col < headers.Length; col++) { @temp = (col + 1); @tempS = @temp.ToString(); @tempT = "@col"+ @temp.ToString(); myDataColumn = new DataColumn(); myDataColumn.DataType = Type.GetType("System.String"); myDataColumn.ColumnName = headers[col]; myInputFile.Columns.Add(myDataColumn); ddl_ht.Add(@tempT, headers[col]); } // Create new DataRow objects and add to DataTable. for (int r = 0; r < numRows - 1; r++) { oneRow = data2[r + 1].Split('|'); myDataRow = myInputFile.NewRow(); for (int c = 0; c < headers.Length; c++) { myDataRow[c] = oneRow[c]; } myInputFile.Rows.Add(myDataRow); } NumberOfControls = headers.Length; myUserSelections = new string[NumberOfControls]; } //Create display panel private void CreateDisplayPanel() { btnSubmit.Style.Add("top", "auto"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("left", "auto"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("position", "absolute"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("top", "200px"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("left", "400px"); newcol = CreateDropDownLists(); for (int counter = 0; counter < NumberOfControls; counter++) { pnlDisplayData.Controls.Add(newcol[counter]); pnlDisplayData.Controls.Add(new LiteralControl("<br><br><br>")); pnlDisplayData.Visible = true; pnlDisplayData.FindControl(newcol[counter].ID); } } //Recreate display panel private void RecreateDisplayPanel() { btnSubmit.Style.Add("top", "auto"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("left", "auto"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("position", "absolute"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("top", "200px"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("left", "400px"); newcol = RecreateDropDownLists(); for (int counter = 0; counter < NumberOfControls; counter++) { pnlDisplayData.Controls.Add(newcol[counter]); pnlDisplayData.Controls.Add(new LiteralControl("<br><br><br>")); pnlDisplayData.Visible = true; pnlDisplayData.FindControl(newcol[counter].ID); } } // Add DropDownList Control to Placeholder private DropDownList[] CreateDropDownLists() { DropDownList[] dropDowns = new DropDownList[NumberOfControls]; for (int counter = 0; counter < NumberOfControls; counter++) { DropDownList ddl = new DropDownList(); SqlDataReader dr2 = ADONET_methods.DisplayTableColumns(targettable); ddl.ID = "DropDownListID" + counter.ToString(); int NumControls = targettable.Length; DataTable dt = new DataTable(); dt.Load(dr2); ddl.DataValueField = "COLUMN_NAME"; ddl.DataTextField = "COLUMN_NAME"; ddl.DataSource = dt; ddl.SelectedIndexChanged += new EventHandler(ddlList_SelectedIndexChanged); ddl.DataBind(); ddl.AutoPostBack = true; ddl.EnableViewState = true; //Preserves View State info on Postbacks dr2.Close(); ddl.Items.Add("IGNORE"); dropDowns[counter] = ddl; } return dropDowns; } protected void ddlList_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e) { DropDownList ddl = (DropDownList)sender; string ID = ddl.ID; } // Add TextBoxes Control to Placeholder private DropDownList[] RecreateDropDownLists() { DropDownList[] dropDowns = new DropDownList[NumberOfControls]; for (int counter = 0; counter < NumberOfControls; counter++) { DropDownList ddl = new DropDownList(); SqlDataReader dr2 = ADONET_methods.DisplayTableColumns(targettable); ddl.ID = "DropDownListID" + counter.ToString(); int NumControls = targettable.Length; DataTable dt = new DataTable(); dt.Load(dr2); ddl.DataValueField = "COLUMN_NAME"; ddl.DataTextField = "COLUMN_NAME"; ddl.DataSource = dt; ddl.SelectedIndexChanged += new EventHandler(ddlList_SelectedIndexChanged); ddl.DataBind(); ddl.AutoPostBack = true; ddl.EnableViewState = false; //Preserves View State info on Postbacks dr2.Close(); ddl.Items.Add("IGNORE"); dropDowns[counter] = ddl; } return dropDowns; } private void CreateLabels() { for (int counter = 0; counter < NumberOfControls; counter++) { Label lbl = new Label(); lbl.ID = "Label" + counter.ToString(); lbl.Text = headers[counter]; lbl.Style["position"] = "absolute"; lbl.Style["top"] = 60 * counter + 10 + "px"; lbl.Style["left"] = 250 + "px"; pnlDisplayData.Controls.Add(lbl); pnlDisplayData.Controls.Add(new LiteralControl("<br><br><br>")); } } // Add TextBoxes Control to Placeholder private void RecreateLabels() { for (int counter = 0; counter < NumberOfControls; counter++) { Label lbl = new Label(); lbl.ID = "Label" + counter.ToString(); lbl.Text = headers[counter]; lbl.Style["position"] = "absolute"; lbl.Style["top"] = 60 * counter + 10 + "px"; lbl.Style["left"] = 250 + "px"; pnlDisplayData.Controls.Add(lbl); pnlDisplayData.Controls.Add(new LiteralControl("<br><br><br>")); } } // Create TextBoxes and DropDownList data here on postback. protected override void CreateChildControls() { // create the child controls if the server control does not contains child controls this.EnsureChildControls(); // Creates a new ControlCollection. this.CreateControlCollection(); // Here we are recreating controls to persist the ViewState on every post back if (Page.IsPostBack) { RecreateDisplayPanel(); RecreateLabels(); } // Create these conrols when asp.net page is created else { PopulateFileInputTable(); CreateDisplayPanel(); CreateLabels(); } // Prevent dropdownlists and labels from being created again. if (restart == false) { this.ChildControlsCreated = true; } else if (restart == true) { this.ChildControlsCreated = false; } } private void AppendRecords() { switch (targettable) { case "ContactType": for (int r = 0; r < myInputFile.Rows.Count; r++) { resultLabel.Text = ADONET_methods.AppendDataCT(myInputFile.Rows[r], ddl_ht); } break; case "Contact": for (int r = 0; r < myInputFile.Rows.Count; r++) { resultLabel.Text = ADONET_methods.AppendDataC(myInputFile.Rows[r], ddl_ht); } break; case "AddressType": for (int r = 0; r < myInputFile.Rows.Count; r++) { resultLabel.Text = ADONET_methods.AppendDataAT(myInputFile.Rows[r], ddl_ht); } break; default: resultLabel.Text = "You do not have access to modify this table. Please select a different target table and try again."; restart = true; break; //throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("targettable type", targettable); } } // Read all the data from TextBoxes and DropDownLists protected void btnSubmit_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e) { //int cnt = FindOccurence("DropDownListID"); AppendRecords(); pnlDisplayData.Visible = false; btnSubmit.Visible = false; resultLabel.Attributes.Add("style", "align:center"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("top", "auto"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("left", "auto"); btnSubmit.Style.Add("position", "absolute"); int bSubmitPosition = NumberOfControls; btnSubmit.Style.Add("top", System.Convert.ToString(bSubmitPosition)+"px"); resultLabel.Visible = true; Instructions.Visible = false; if (restart == true) { CreateChildControls(); } } private int FindOccurence(string substr) { string reqstr = Request.Form.ToString(); return ((reqstr.Length - reqstr.Replace(substr, "").Length) / substr.Length); } #region Web Form Designer generated code override protected void OnInit(EventArgs e) { // // CODEGEN: This call is required by the ASP.NET Web Form Designer. // InitializeComponent(); base.OnInit(e); } /// <summary> /// Required method for Designer support - do not modify /// the contents of this method with the code editor. /// </summary> private void InitializeComponent() { } #endregion } //}

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Steganography Experiment - Trouble hiding message bits in DCT coefficients

- by JohnHankinson

I have an application requiring me to be able to embed loss-less data into an image. As such I've been experimenting with steganography, specifically via modification of DCT coefficients as the method I select, apart from being loss-less must also be relatively resilient against format conversion, scaling/DSP etc. From the research I've done thus far this method seems to be the best candidate. I've seen a number of papers on the subject which all seem to neglect specific details (some neglect to mention modification of 0 coefficients, or modification of AC coefficient etc). After combining the findings and making a few modifications of my own which include: 1) Using a more quantized version of the DCT matrix to ensure we only modify coefficients that would still be present should the image be JPEG'ed further or processed (I'm using this in place of simply following a zig-zag pattern). 2) I'm modifying bit 4 instead of the LSB and then based on what the original bit value was adjusting the lower bits to minimize the difference. 3) I'm only modifying the blue channel as it should be the least visible. This process must modify the actual image and not the DCT values stored in file (like jsteg) as there is no guarantee the file will be a JPEG, it may also be opened and re-saved at a later stage in a different format. For added robustness I've included the message multiple times and use the bits that occur most often, I had considered using a QR code as the message data or simply applying the reed-solomon error correction, but for this simple application and given that the "message" in question is usually going to be between 10-32 bytes I have plenty of room to repeat it which should provide sufficient redundancy to recover the true bits. No matter what I do I don't seem to be able to recover the bits at the decode stage. I've tried including / excluding various checks (even if it degrades image quality for the time being). I've tried using fixed point vs. double arithmetic, moving the bit to encode, I suspect that the message bits are being lost during the IDCT back to image. Any thoughts or suggestions on how to get this working would be hugely appreciated. (PS I am aware that the actual DCT/IDCT could be optimized from it's naive On4 operation using row column algorithm, or an FDCT like AAN, but for now it just needs to work :) ) Reference Papers: http://www.lokminglui.com/dct.pdf http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1006/1006.1186.pdf Code for the Encode/Decode process in C# below: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Drawing.Imaging; using System.Drawing; namespace ImageKey { public class Encoder { public const int HIDE_BIT_POS = 3; // use bit position 4 (1 << 3). public const int HIDE_COUNT = 16; // Number of times to repeat the message to avoid error. // JPEG Standard Quantization Matrix. // (to get higher quality multiply by (100-quality)/50 .. // for lower than 50 multiply by 50/quality. Then round to integers and clip to ensure only positive integers. public static double[] Q = {16,11,10,16,24,40,51,61, 12,12,14,19,26,58,60,55, 14,13,16,24,40,57,69,56, 14,17,22,29,51,87,80,62, 18,22,37,56,68,109,103,77, 24,35,55,64,81,104,113,92, 49,64,78,87,103,121,120,101, 72,92,95,98,112,100,103,99}; // Maximum qauality quantization matrix (if all 1's doesn't modify coefficients at all). public static double[] Q2 = {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}; public static Bitmap Encode(Bitmap b, string key) { Bitmap response = new Bitmap(b.Width, b.Height, PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb); uint imgWidth = ((uint)b.Width) & ~((uint)7); // Maximum usable X resolution (divisible by 8). uint imgHeight = ((uint)b.Height) & ~((uint)7); // Maximum usable Y resolution (divisible by 8). // Start be transferring the unmodified image portions. // As we'll be using slightly less width/height for the encoding process we'll need the edges to be populated. for (int y = 0; y < b.Height; y++) for (int x = 0; x < b.Width; x++) { if( (x >= imgWidth && x < b.Width) || (y>=imgHeight && y < b.Height)) response.SetPixel(x, y, b.GetPixel(x, y)); } // Setup the counters and byte data for the message to encode. StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for(int i=0;i<HIDE_COUNT;i++) sb.Append(key); byte[] codeBytes = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(sb.ToString()); int bitofs = 0; // Current bit position we've encoded too. int totalBits = (codeBytes.Length * 8); // Total number of bits to encode. for (int y = 0; y < imgHeight; y += 8) { for (int x = 0; x < imgWidth; x += 8) { int[] redData = GetRedChannelData(b, x, y); int[] greenData = GetGreenChannelData(b, x, y); int[] blueData = GetBlueChannelData(b, x, y); int[] newRedData; int[] newGreenData; int[] newBlueData; if (bitofs < totalBits) { double[] redDCT = DCT(ref redData); double[] greenDCT = DCT(ref greenData); double[] blueDCT = DCT(ref blueData); int[] redDCTI = Quantize(ref redDCT, ref Q2); int[] greenDCTI = Quantize(ref greenDCT, ref Q2); int[] blueDCTI = Quantize(ref blueDCT, ref Q2); int[] blueDCTC = Quantize(ref blueDCT, ref Q); HideBits(ref blueDCTI, ref blueDCTC, ref bitofs, ref totalBits, ref codeBytes); double[] redDCT2 = DeQuantize(ref redDCTI, ref Q2); double[] greenDCT2 = DeQuantize(ref greenDCTI, ref Q2); double[] blueDCT2 = DeQuantize(ref blueDCTI, ref Q2); newRedData = IDCT(ref redDCT2); newGreenData = IDCT(ref greenDCT2); newBlueData = IDCT(ref blueDCT2); } else { newRedData = redData; newGreenData = greenData; newBlueData = blueData; } MapToRGBRange(ref newRedData); MapToRGBRange(ref newGreenData); MapToRGBRange(ref newBlueData); for(int dy=0;dy<8;dy++) { for(int dx=0;dx<8;dx++) { int col = (0xff<<24) + (newRedData[dx+(dy*8)]<<16) + (newGreenData[dx+(dy*8)]<<8) + (newBlueData[dx+(dy*8)]); response.SetPixel(x+dx,y+dy,Color.FromArgb(col)); } } } } if (bitofs < totalBits) throw new Exception("Failed to encode data - insufficient cover image coefficients"); return (response); } public static void HideBits(ref int[] DCTMatrix, ref int[] CMatrix, ref int bitofs, ref int totalBits, ref byte[] codeBytes) { int tempValue = 0; for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) { for (int v = 0; v < 8; v++) { if ( (u != 0 || v != 0) && CMatrix[v+(u*8)] != 0 && DCTMatrix[v+(u*8)] != 0) { if (bitofs < totalBits) { tempValue = DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)]; int bytePos = (bitofs) >> 3; int bitPos = (bitofs) % 8; byte mask = (byte)(1 << bitPos); byte value = (byte)((codeBytes[bytePos] & mask) >> bitPos); // 0 or 1. if (value == 0) { int a = DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] & (1 << HIDE_BIT_POS); if (a != 0) DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] |= (1 << HIDE_BIT_POS) - 1; DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] &= ~(1 << HIDE_BIT_POS); } else if (value == 1) { int a = DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] & (1 << HIDE_BIT_POS); if (a == 0) DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] &= ~((1 << HIDE_BIT_POS) - 1); DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] |= (1 << HIDE_BIT_POS); } if (DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] != 0) bitofs++; else DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] = tempValue; } } } } } public static void MapToRGBRange(ref int[] data) { for(int i=0;i<data.Length;i++) { data[i] += 128; if(data[i] < 0) data[i] = 0; else if(data[i] > 255) data[i] = 255; } } public static int[] GetRedChannelData(Bitmap b, int sx, int sy) { int[] data = new int[8 * 8]; for (int y = sy; y < (sy + 8); y++) { for (int x = sx; x < (sx + 8); x++) { uint col = (uint)b.GetPixel(x,y).ToArgb(); data[(x - sx) + ((y - sy) * 8)] = (int)((col >> 16) & 0xff) - 128; } } return (data); } public static int[] GetGreenChannelData(Bitmap b, int sx, int sy) { int[] data = new int[8 * 8]; for (int y = sy; y < (sy + 8); y++) { for (int x = sx; x < (sx + 8); x++) { uint col = (uint)b.GetPixel(x, y).ToArgb(); data[(x - sx) + ((y - sy) * 8)] = (int)((col >> 8) & 0xff) - 128; } } return (data); } public static int[] GetBlueChannelData(Bitmap b, int sx, int sy) { int[] data = new int[8 * 8]; for (int y = sy; y < (sy + 8); y++) { for (int x = sx; x < (sx + 8); x++) { uint col = (uint)b.GetPixel(x, y).ToArgb(); data[(x - sx) + ((y - sy) * 8)] = (int)((col >> 0) & 0xff) - 128; } } return (data); } public static int[] Quantize(ref double[] DCTMatrix, ref double[] Q) { int[] DCTMatrixOut = new int[8*8]; for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) { for (int v = 0; v < 8; v++) { DCTMatrixOut[v + (u * 8)] = (int)Math.Round(DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] / Q[v + (u * 8)]); } } return(DCTMatrixOut); } public static double[] DeQuantize(ref int[] DCTMatrix, ref double[] Q) { double[] DCTMatrixOut = new double[8*8]; for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) { for (int v = 0; v < 8; v++) { DCTMatrixOut[v + (u * 8)] = (double)DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] * Q[v + (u * 8)]; } } return(DCTMatrixOut); } public static double[] DCT(ref int[] data) { double[] DCTMatrix = new double[8 * 8]; for (int v = 0; v < 8; v++) { for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) { double cu = 1; if (u == 0) cu = (1.0 / Math.Sqrt(2.0)); double cv = 1; if (v == 0) cv = (1.0 / Math.Sqrt(2.0)); double sum = 0.0; for (int y = 0; y < 8; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < 8; x++) { double s = data[x + (y * 8)]; double dctVal = Math.Cos((2 * y + 1) * v * Math.PI / 16) * Math.Cos((2 * x + 1) * u * Math.PI / 16); sum += s * dctVal; } } DCTMatrix[u + (v * 8)] = (0.25 * cu * cv * sum); } } return (DCTMatrix); } public static int[] IDCT(ref double[] DCTMatrix) { int[] Matrix = new int[8 * 8]; for (int y = 0; y < 8; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < 8; x++) { double sum = 0; for (int v = 0; v < 8; v++) { for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) { double cu = 1; if (u == 0) cu = (1.0 / Math.Sqrt(2.0)); double cv = 1; if (v == 0) cv = (1.0 / Math.Sqrt(2.0)); double idctVal = (cu * cv) / 4.0 * Math.Cos((2 * y + 1) * v * Math.PI / 16) * Math.Cos((2 * x + 1) * u * Math.PI / 16); sum += (DCTMatrix[u + (v * 8)] * idctVal); } } Matrix[x + (y * 8)] = (int)Math.Round(sum); } } return (Matrix); } } public class Decoder { public static string Decode(Bitmap b, int expectedLength) { expectedLength *= Encoder.HIDE_COUNT; uint imgWidth = ((uint)b.Width) & ~((uint)7); // Maximum usable X resolution (divisible by 8). uint imgHeight = ((uint)b.Height) & ~((uint)7); // Maximum usable Y resolution (divisible by 8). // Setup the counters and byte data for the message to decode. byte[] codeBytes = new byte[expectedLength]; byte[] outBytes = new byte[expectedLength / Encoder.HIDE_COUNT]; int bitofs = 0; // Current bit position we've decoded too. int totalBits = (codeBytes.Length * 8); // Total number of bits to decode. for (int y = 0; y < imgHeight; y += 8) { for (int x = 0; x < imgWidth; x += 8) { int[] blueData = ImageKey.Encoder.GetBlueChannelData(b, x, y); double[] blueDCT = ImageKey.Encoder.DCT(ref blueData); int[] blueDCTI = ImageKey.Encoder.Quantize(ref blueDCT, ref Encoder.Q2); int[] blueDCTC = ImageKey.Encoder.Quantize(ref blueDCT, ref Encoder.Q); if (bitofs < totalBits) GetBits(ref blueDCTI, ref blueDCTC, ref bitofs, ref totalBits, ref codeBytes); } } bitofs = 0; for (int i = 0; i < (expectedLength / Encoder.HIDE_COUNT) * 8; i++) { int bytePos = (bitofs) >> 3; int bitPos = (bitofs) % 8; byte mask = (byte)(1 << bitPos); List<int> values = new List<int>(); int zeroCount = 0; int oneCount = 0; for (int j = 0; j < Encoder.HIDE_COUNT; j++) { int val = (codeBytes[bytePos + ((expectedLength / Encoder.HIDE_COUNT) * j)] & mask) >> bitPos; values.Add(val); if (val == 0) zeroCount++; else oneCount++; } if (oneCount >= zeroCount) outBytes[bytePos] |= mask; bitofs++; values.Clear(); } return (System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetString(outBytes)); } public static void GetBits(ref int[] DCTMatrix, ref int[] CMatrix, ref int bitofs, ref int totalBits, ref byte[] codeBytes) { for (int u = 0; u < 8; u++) { for (int v = 0; v < 8; v++) { if ((u != 0 || v != 0) && CMatrix[v + (u * 8)] != 0 && DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] != 0) { if (bitofs < totalBits) { int bytePos = (bitofs) >> 3; int bitPos = (bitofs) % 8; byte mask = (byte)(1 << bitPos); int value = DCTMatrix[v + (u * 8)] & (1 << Encoder.HIDE_BIT_POS); if (value != 0) codeBytes[bytePos] |= mask; bitofs++; } } } } } } } UPDATE: By switching to using a QR Code as the source message and swapping a pair of coefficients in each block instead of bit manipulation I've been able to get the message to survive the transform. However to get the message to come through without corruption I have to adjust both coefficients as well as swap them. For example swapping (3,4) and (4,3) in the DCT matrix and then respectively adding 8 and subtracting 8 as an arbitrary constant seems to work. This survives a re-JPEG'ing of 96 but any form of scaling/cropping destroys the message again. I was hoping that by operating on mid to low frequency values that the message would be preserved even under some light image manipulation.

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