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Capturing and Transforming ASP.NET Output with Response.Filter

- by Rick Strahl

During one of my Handlers and Modules session at DevConnections this week one of the attendees asked a question that I didn’t have an immediate answer for. Basically he wanted to capture response output completely and then apply some filtering to the output – effectively injecting some additional content into the page AFTER the page had completely rendered. Specifically the output should be captured from anywhere – not just a page and have this code injected into the page. Some time ago I posted some code that allows you to capture ASP.NET Page output by overriding the Render() method, capturing the HtmlTextWriter() and reading its content, modifying the rendered data as text then writing it back out. I’ve actually used this approach on a few occasions and it works fine for ASP.NET pages. But this obviously won’t work outside of the Page class environment and it’s not really generic – you have to create a custom page class in order to handle the output capture. [updated 11/16/2009 – updated ResponseFilterStream implementation and a few additional notes based on comments] Enter Response.Filter However, ASP.NET includes a Response.Filter which can be used – well to filter output. Basically Response.Filter is a stream through which the OutputStream is piped back to the Web Server (indirectly). As content is written into the Response object, the filter stream receives the appropriate Stream commands like Write, Flush and Close as well as read operations although for a Response.Filter that’s uncommon to be hit. The Response.Filter can be programmatically replaced at runtime which allows you to effectively intercept all output generation that runs through ASP.NET. A common Example: Dynamic GZip Encoding A rather common use of Response.Filter hooking up code based, dynamic GZip compression for requests which is dead simple by applying a GZipStream (or DeflateStream) to Response.Filter. The following generic routines can be used very easily to detect GZip capability of the client and compress response output with a single line of code and a couple of library helper routines: WebUtils.GZipEncodePage(); which is handled with a few lines of reusable code and a couple of static helper methods: /// <summary> ///Sets up the current page or handler to use GZip through a Response.Filter ///IMPORTANT: ///You have to call this method before any output is generated! /// </summary> public static void GZipEncodePage() { HttpResponse Response = HttpContext.Current.Response; if(IsGZipSupported()) { stringAcceptEncoding = HttpContext.Current.Request.Headers["Accept-Encoding"]; if(AcceptEncoding.Contains("deflate")) { Response.Filter = newSystem.IO.Compression.DeflateStream(Response.Filter, System.IO.Compression.CompressionMode.Compress); Response.AppendHeader("Content-Encoding", "deflate"); } else { Response.Filter = newSystem.IO.Compression.GZipStream(Response.Filter, System.IO.Compression.CompressionMode.Compress); Response.AppendHeader("Content-Encoding", "gzip"); } } // Allow proxy servers to cache encoded and unencoded versions separately Response.AppendHeader("Vary", "Content-Encoding"); } /// <summary> /// Determines if GZip is supported /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static bool IsGZipSupported() { string AcceptEncoding = HttpContext.Current.Request.Headers["Accept-Encoding"]; if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(AcceptEncoding) && (AcceptEncoding.Contains("gzip") || AcceptEncoding.Contains("deflate"))) return true; return false; } GZipStream and DeflateStream are streams that are assigned to Response.Filter and by doing so apply the appropriate compression on the active Response. Response.Filter content is chunked So to implement a Response.Filter effectively requires only that you implement a custom stream and handle the Write() method to capture Response output as it’s written. At first blush this seems very simple – you capture the output in Write, transform it and write out the transformed content in one pass. And that indeed works for small amounts of content. But you see, the problem is that output is written in small buffer chunks (a little less than 16k it appears) rather than just a single Write() statement into the stream, which makes perfect sense for ASP.NET to stream data back to IIS in smaller chunks to minimize memory usage en route. Unfortunately this also makes it a more difficult to implement any filtering routines since you don’t directly get access to all of the response content which is problematic especially if those filtering routines require you to look at the ENTIRE response in order to transform or capture the output as is needed for the solution the gentleman in my session asked for. So in order to address this a slightly different approach is required that basically captures all the Write() buffers passed into a cached stream and then making the stream available only when it’s complete and ready to be flushed. As I was thinking about the implementation I also started thinking about the few instances when I’ve used Response.Filter implementations. Each time I had to create a new Stream subclass and create my custom functionality but in the end each implementation did the same thing – capturing output and transforming it. I thought there should be an easier way to do this by creating a re-usable Stream class that can handle stream transformations that are common to Response.Filter implementations. Creating a semi-generic Response Filter Stream Class What I ended up with is a ResponseFilterStream class that provides a handful of Events that allow you to capture and/or transform Response content. The class implements a subclass of Stream and then overrides Write() and Flush() to handle capturing and transformation operations. By exposing events it’s easy to hook up capture or transformation operations via single focused methods. ResponseFilterStream exposes the following events: CaptureStream, CaptureString Captures the output only and provides either a MemoryStream or String with the final page output. Capture is hooked to the Flush() operation of the stream. TransformStream, TransformString Allows you to transform the complete response output with events that receive a MemoryStream or String respectively and can you modify the output then return it back as a return value. The transformed output is then written back out in a single chunk to the response output stream. These events capture all output internally first then write the entire buffer into the response. TransformWrite, TransformWriteString Allows you to transform the Response data as it is written in its original chunk size in the Stream’s Write() method. Unlike TransformStream/TransformString which operate on the complete output, these events only see the current chunk of data written. This is more efficient as there’s no caching involved, but can cause problems due to searched content splitting over multiple chunks. Using this implementation, creating a custom Response.Filter transformation becomes as simple as the following code. To hook up the Response.Filter using the MemoryStream version event: ResponseFilterStream filter = new ResponseFilterStream(Response.Filter); filter.TransformStream += filter_TransformStream; Response.Filter = filter; and the event handler to do the transformation: MemoryStream filter_TransformStream(MemoryStream ms) { Encoding encoding = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding; string output = encoding.GetString(ms.ToArray()); output = FixPaths(output); ms = new MemoryStream(output.Length); byte[] buffer = encoding.GetBytes(output); ms.Write(buffer,0,buffer.Length); return ms; } private string FixPaths(string output) { string path = HttpContext.Current.Request.ApplicationPath; // override root path wonkiness if (path == "/") path = ""; output = output.Replace("\"~/", "\"" + path + "/").Replace("'~/", "'" + path + "/"); return output; } The idea of the event handler is that you can do whatever you want to the stream and return back a stream – either the same one that’s been modified or a brand new one – which is then sent back to as the final response. The above code can be simplified even more by using the string version events which handle the stream to string conversions for you: ResponseFilterStream filter = new ResponseFilterStream(Response.Filter); filter.TransformString += filter_TransformString; Response.Filter = filter; and the event handler to do the transformation calling the same FixPaths method shown above: string filter_TransformString(string output) { return FixPaths(output); } The events for capturing output and capturing and transforming chunks work in a very similar way. By using events to handle the transformations ResponseFilterStream becomes a reusable component and we don’t have to create a new stream class or subclass an existing Stream based classed. By the way, the example used here is kind of a cool trick which transforms “~/” expressions inside of the final generated HTML output – even in plain HTML controls not HTML controls – and transforms them into the appropriate application relative path in the same way that ResolveUrl would do. So you can write plain old HTML like this: <a href=”~/default.aspx”>Home</a> and have it turned into: <a href=”/myVirtual/default.aspx”>Home</a> without having to use an ASP.NET control like Hyperlink or Image or having to constantly use: <img src=”<%= ResolveUrl(“~/images/home.gif”) %>” /> in MVC applications (which frankly is one of the most annoying things about MVC especially given the path hell that extension-less and endpoint-less URLs impose). I can’t take credit for this idea. While discussing the Response.Filter issues on Twitter a hint from Dylan Beattie who pointed me at one of his examples which does something similar. I thought the idea was cool enough to use an example for future demos of Response.Filter functionality in ASP.NET next I time I do the Modules and Handlers talk (which was great fun BTW). How practical this is is debatable however since there’s definitely some overhead to using a Response.Filter in general and especially on one that caches the output and the re-writes it later. Make sure to test for performance anytime you use Response.Filter hookup and make sure it' doesn’t end up killing perf on you. You’ve been warned :-}. How does ResponseFilterStream work? The big win of this implementation IMHO is that it’s a reusable component – so for implementation there’s no new class, no subclassing – you simply attach to an event to implement an event handler method with a straight forward signature to retrieve the stream or string you’re interested in. The implementation is based on a subclass of Stream as is required in order to handle the Response.Filter requirements. What’s different than other implementations I’ve seen in various places is that it supports capturing output as a whole to allow retrieving the full response output for capture or modification. The exception are the TransformWrite and TransformWrite events which operate only active chunk of data written by the Response. For captured output, the Write() method captures output into an internal MemoryStream that is cached until writing is complete. So Write() is called when ASP.NET writes to the Response stream, but the filter doesn’t pass on the Write immediately to the filter’s internal stream. The data is cached and only when the Flush() method is called to finalize the Stream’s output do we actually send the cached stream off for transformation (if the events are hooked up) and THEN finally write out the returned content in one big chunk. Here’s the implementation of ResponseFilterStream: /// <summary> /// A semi-generic Stream implementation for Response.Filter with /// an event interface for handling Content transformations via /// Stream or String. /// <remarks> /// Use with care for large output as this implementation copies /// the output into a memory stream and so increases memory usage. /// </remarks> /// </summary> public class ResponseFilterStream : Stream { /// <summary> /// The original stream /// </summary> Stream _stream; /// <summary> /// Current position in the original stream /// </summary> long _position; /// <summary> /// Stream that original content is read into /// and then passed to TransformStream function /// </summary> MemoryStream _cacheStream = new MemoryStream(5000); /// <summary> /// Internal pointer that that keeps track of the size /// of the cacheStream /// </summary> int _cachePointer = 0; /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="responseStream"></param> public ResponseFilterStream(Stream responseStream) { _stream = responseStream; } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the stream is captured /// </summary> private bool IsCaptured { get { if (CaptureStream != null || CaptureString != null || TransformStream != null || TransformString != null) return true; return false; } } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the Write method is outputting data immediately /// or delaying output until Flush() is fired. /// </summary> private bool IsOutputDelayed { get { if (TransformStream != null || TransformString != null) return true; return false; } } /// <summary> /// Event that captures Response output and makes it available /// as a MemoryStream instance. Output is captured but won't /// affect Response output. /// </summary> public event Action<MemoryStream> CaptureStream; /// <summary> /// Event that captures Response output and makes it available /// as a string. Output is captured but won't affect Response output. /// </summary> public event Action<string> CaptureString; /// <summary> /// Event that allows you transform the stream as each chunk of /// the output is written in the Write() operation of the stream. /// This means that that it's possible/likely that the input /// buffer will not contain the full response output but only /// one of potentially many chunks. /// /// This event is called as part of the filter stream's Write() /// operation. /// </summary> public event Func<byte[], byte[]> TransformWrite; /// <summary> /// Event that allows you to transform the response stream as /// each chunk of bytep[] output is written during the stream's write /// operation. This means it's possibly/likely that the string /// passed to the handler only contains a portion of the full /// output. Typical buffer chunks are around 16k a piece. /// /// This event is called as part of the stream's Write operation. /// </summary> public event Func<string, string> TransformWriteString; /// <summary> /// This event allows capturing and transformation of the entire /// output stream by caching all write operations and delaying final /// response output until Flush() is called on the stream. /// </summary> public event Func<MemoryStream, MemoryStream> TransformStream; /// <summary> /// Event that can be hooked up to handle Response.Filter /// Transformation. Passed a string that you can modify and /// return back as a return value. The modified content /// will become the final output. /// </summary> public event Func<string, string> TransformString; protected virtual void OnCaptureStream(MemoryStream ms) { if (CaptureStream != null) CaptureStream(ms); } private void OnCaptureStringInternal(MemoryStream ms) { if (CaptureString != null) { string content = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding.GetString(ms.ToArray()); OnCaptureString(content); } } protected virtual void OnCaptureString(string output) { if (CaptureString != null) CaptureString(output); } protected virtual byte[] OnTransformWrite(byte[] buffer) { if (TransformWrite != null) return TransformWrite(buffer); return buffer; } private byte[] OnTransformWriteStringInternal(byte[] buffer) { Encoding encoding = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding; string output = OnTransformWriteString(encoding.GetString(buffer)); return encoding.GetBytes(output); } private string OnTransformWriteString(string value) { if (TransformWriteString != null) return TransformWriteString(value); return value; } protected virtual MemoryStream OnTransformCompleteStream(MemoryStream ms) { if (TransformStream != null) return TransformStream(ms); return ms; } /// <summary> /// Allows transforming of strings /// /// Note this handler is internal and not meant to be overridden /// as the TransformString Event has to be hooked up in order /// for this handler to even fire to avoid the overhead of string /// conversion on every pass through. /// </summary> /// <param name="responseText"></param> /// <returns></returns> private string OnTransformCompleteString(string responseText) { if (TransformString != null) TransformString(responseText); return responseText; } /// <summary> /// Wrapper method form OnTransformString that handles /// stream to string and vice versa conversions /// </summary> /// <param name="ms"></param> /// <returns></returns> internal MemoryStream OnTransformCompleteStringInternal(MemoryStream ms) { if (TransformString == null) return ms; //string content = ms.GetAsString(); string content = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding.GetString(ms.ToArray()); content = TransformString(content); byte[] buffer = HttpContext.Current.Response.ContentEncoding.GetBytes(content); ms = new MemoryStream(); ms.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); //ms.WriteString(content); return ms; } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override bool CanRead { get { return true; } } public override bool CanSeek { get { return true; } } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override bool CanWrite { get { return true; } } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override long Length { get { return 0; } } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override long Position { get { return _position; } set { _position = value; } } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="offset"></param> /// <param name="direction"></param> /// <returns></returns> public override long Seek(long offset, System.IO.SeekOrigin direction) { return _stream.Seek(offset, direction); } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="length"></param> public override void SetLength(long length) { _stream.SetLength(length); } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> public override void Close() { _stream.Close(); } /// <summary> /// Override flush by writing out the cached stream data /// </summary> public override void Flush() { if (IsCaptured && _cacheStream.Length > 0) { // Check for transform implementations _cacheStream = OnTransformCompleteStream(_cacheStream); _cacheStream = OnTransformCompleteStringInternal(_cacheStream); OnCaptureStream(_cacheStream); OnCaptureStringInternal(_cacheStream); // write the stream back out if output was delayed if (IsOutputDelayed) _stream.Write(_cacheStream.ToArray(), 0, (int)_cacheStream.Length); // Clear the cache once we've written it out _cacheStream.SetLength(0); } // default flush behavior _stream.Flush(); } /// <summary> /// /// </summary> /// <param name="buffer"></param> /// <param name="offset"></param> /// <param name="count"></param> /// <returns></returns> public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) { return _stream.Read(buffer, offset, count); } /// <summary> /// Overriden to capture output written by ASP.NET and captured /// into a cached stream that is written out later when Flush() /// is called. /// </summary> /// <param name="buffer"></param> /// <param name="offset"></param> /// <param name="count"></param> public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count) { if ( IsCaptured ) { // copy to holding buffer only - we'll write out later _cacheStream.Write(buffer, 0, count); _cachePointer += count; } // just transform this buffer if (TransformWrite != null) buffer = OnTransformWrite(buffer); if (TransformWriteString != null) buffer = OnTransformWriteStringInternal(buffer); if (!IsOutputDelayed) _stream.Write(buffer, offset, buffer.Length); } } The key features are the events and corresponding OnXXX methods that handle the event hookups, and the Write() and Flush() methods of the stream implementation. All the rest of the members tend to be plain jane passthrough stream implementation code without much consequence. I do love the way Action<t> and Func<T> make it so easy to create the event signatures for the various events – sweet. A few Things to consider Performance Response.Filter is not great for performance in general as it adds another layer of indirection to the ASP.NET output pipeline, and this implementation in particular adds a memory hit as it basically duplicates the response output into the cached memory stream which is necessary since you may have to look at the entire response. If you have large pages in particular this can cause potentially serious memory pressure in your server application. So be careful of wholesale adoption of this (or other) Response.Filters. Make sure to do some performance testing to ensure it’s not killing your app’s performance. Response.Filter works everywhere A few questions came up in comments and discussion as to capturing ALL output hitting the site and – yes you can definitely do that by assigning a Response.Filter inside of a module. If you do this however you’ll want to be very careful and decide which content you actually want to capture especially in IIS 7 which passes ALL content – including static images/CSS etc. through the ASP.NET pipeline. So it is important to filter only on what you’re looking for – like the page extension or maybe more effectively the Response.ContentType. Response.Filter Chaining Originally I thought that filter chaining doesn’t work at all due to a bug in the stream implementation code. But it’s quite possible to assign multiple filters to the Response.Filter property. So the following actually works to both compress the output and apply the transformed content: WebUtils.GZipEncodePage(); ResponseFilterStream filter = new ResponseFilterStream(Response.Filter); filter.TransformString += filter_TransformString; Response.Filter = filter; However the following does not work resulting in invalid content encoding errors: ResponseFilterStream filter = new ResponseFilterStream(Response.Filter); filter.TransformString += filter_TransformString; Response.Filter = filter; WebUtils.GZipEncodePage(); In other words multiple Response filters can work together but it depends entirely on the implementation whether they can be chained or in which order they can be chained. In this case running the GZip/Deflate stream filters apparently relies on the original content length of the output and chokes when the content is modified. But if attaching the compression first it works fine as unintuitive as that may seem. Resources Download example code Capture Output from ASP.NET Pages © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in ASP.NET

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Using HTML 5 SessionState to save rendered Page Content

- by Rick Strahl

HTML 5 SessionState and LocalStorage are very useful and super easy to use to manage client side state. For building rich client side or SPA style applications it's a vital feature to be able to cache user data as well as HTML content in order to swap pages in and out of the browser's DOM. What might not be so obvious is that you can also use the sessionState and localStorage objects even in classic server rendered HTML applications to provide caching features between pages. These APIs have been around for a long time and are supported by most relatively modern browsers and even all the way back to IE8, so you can use them safely in your Web applications. SessionState and LocalStorage are easy The APIs that make up sessionState and localStorage are very simple. Both object feature the same API interface which is a simple, string based key value store that has getItem, setItem, removeitem, clear and key methods. The objects are also pseudo array objects and so can be iterated like an array with a length property and you have array indexers to set and get values with. Basic usage for storing and retrieval looks like this (using sessionStorage, but the syntax is the same for localStorage - just switch the objects):// set var lastAccess = new Date().getTime(); if (sessionStorage) sessionStorage.setItem("myapp_time", lastAccess.toString()); // retrieve in another page or on a refresh var time = null; if (sessionStorage) time = sessionStorage.getItem("myapp_time"); if (time) time = new Date(time * 1); else time = new Date(); sessionState stores data that is browser session specific and that has a liftetime of the active browser session or window. Shut down the browser or tab and the storage goes away. localStorage uses the same API interface, but the lifetime of the data is permanently stored in the browsers storage area until deleted via code or by clearing out browser cookies (not the cache). Both sessionStorage and localStorage space is limited. The spec is ambiguous about this - supposedly sessionStorage should allow for unlimited size, but it appears that most WebKit browsers support only 2.5mb for either object. This means you have to be careful what you store especially since other applications might be running on the same domain and also use the storage mechanisms. That said 2.5mb worth of character data is quite a bit and would go a long way. The easiest way to get a feel for how sessionState and localStorage work is to look at a simple example. You can go check out the following example online in Plunker: http://plnkr.co/edit/0ICotzkoPjHaWa70GlRZ?p=preview which looks like this: Plunker is an online HTML/JavaScript editor that lets you write and run Javascript code and similar to JsFiddle, but a bit cleaner to work in IMHO (thanks to John Papa for turning me on to it). The sample has two text boxes with counts that update session/local storage every time you click the related button. The counts are 'cached' in Session and Local storage. The point of these examples is that both counters survive full page reloads, and the LocalStorage counter survives a complete browser shutdown and restart. Go ahead and try it out by clicking the Reload button after updating both counters and then shutting down the browser completely and going back to the same URL (with the same browser). What you should see is that reloads leave both counters intact at the counted values, while a browser restart will leave only the local storage counter intact. The code to deal with the SessionStorage (and LocalStorage not shown here) in the example is isolated into a couple of wrapper methods to simplify the code: function getSessionCount() { var count = 0; if (sessionStorage) { var count = sessionStorage.getItem("ss_count"); count = !count ? 0 : count * 1; } $("#txtSession").val(count); return count; } function setSessionCount(count) { if (sessionStorage) sessionStorage.setItem("ss_count", count.toString()); } These two functions essentially load and store a session counter value. The two key methods used here are: sessionStorage.getItem(key); sessionStorage.setItem(key,stringVal); Note that the value given to setItem and return by getItem has to be a string. If you pass another type you get an error. Don't let that limit you though - you can easily enough store JSON data in a variable so it's quite possible to pass complex objects and store them into a single sessionStorage value:var user = { name: "Rick", id="ricks", level=8 } sessionStorage.setItem("app_user",JSON.stringify(user)); to retrieve it:var user = sessionStorage.getItem("app_user"); if (user) user = JSON.parse(user); Simple! If you're using the Chrome Developer Tools (F12) you can also check out the session and local storage state on the Resource tab: You can also use this tool to refresh or remove entries from storage. What we just looked at is a purely client side implementation where a couple of counters are stored. For rich client centric AJAX applications sessionStorage and localStorage provide a very nice and simple API to store application state while the application is running. But you can also use these storage mechanisms to manage server centric HTML applications when you combine server rendering with some JavaScript to perform client side data caching. You can both store some state information and data on the client (ie. store a JSON object and carry it forth between server rendered HTML requests) or you can use it for good old HTTP based caching where some rendered HTML is saved and then restored later. Let's look at the latter with a real life example. Why do I need Client-side Page Caching for Server Rendered HTML? I don't know about you, but in a lot of my existing server driven applications I have lists that display a fair amount of data. Typically these lists contain links to then drill down into more specific data either for viewing or editing. You can then click on a link and go off to a detail page that provides more concise content. So far so good. But now you're done with the detail page and need to get back to the list, so you click on a 'bread crumbs trail' or an application level 'back to list' button and… …you end up back at the top of the list - the scroll position, the current selection in some cases even filters conditions - all gone with the wind. You've left behind the state of the list and are starting from scratch in your browsing of the list from the top. Not cool! Sound familiar? This a pretty common scenario with server rendered HTML content where it's so common to display lists to drill into, only to lose state in the process of returning back to the original list. Look at just about any traditional forums application, or even StackOverFlow to see what I mean here. Scroll down a bit to look at a post or entry, drill in then use the bread crumbs or tab to go back… In some cases returning to the top of a list is not a big deal. On StackOverFlow that sort of works because content is turning around so quickly you probably want to actually look at the top posts. Not always though - if you're browsing through a list of search topics you're interested in and drill in there's no way back to that position. Essentially anytime you're actively browsing the items in the list, that's when state becomes important and if it's not handled the user experience can be really disrupting. Content Caching If you're building client centric SPA style applications this is a fairly easy to solve problem - you tend to render the list once and then update the page content to overlay the detail content, only hiding the list temporarily until it's used again later. It's relatively easy to accomplish this simply by hiding content on the page and later making it visible again. But if you use server rendered content, hanging on to all the detail like filters, selections and scroll position is not quite as easy. Or is it??? This is where sessionStorage comes in handy. What if we just save the rendered content of a previous page, and then restore it when we return to this page based on a special flag that tells us to use the cached version? Let's see how we can do this. A real World Use Case Recently my local ISP asked me to help out with updating an ancient classifieds application. They had a very busy, local classifieds app that was originally an ASP classic application. The old app was - wait for it: frames based - and even though I lobbied against it, the decision was made to keep the frames based layout to allow rapid browsing of the hundreds of posts that are made on a daily basis. The primary reason they wanted this was precisely for the ability to quickly browse content item by item. While I personally hate working with Frames, I have to admit that the UI actually works well with the frames layout as long as you're running on a large desktop screen. You can check out the frames based desktop site here: http://classifieds.gorge.net/ However when I rebuilt the app I also added a secondary view that doesn't use frames. The main reason for this of course was for mobile displays which work horribly with frames. So there's a somewhat mobile friendly interface to the interface, which ditches the frames and uses some responsive design tweaking for mobile capable operation: http://classifeds.gorge.net/mobile (or browse the base url with your browser width under 800px) Here's what the mobile, non-frames view looks like: As you can see this means that the list of classifieds posts now is a list and there's a separate page for drilling down into the item. And of course… originally we ran into that usability issue I mentioned earlier where the browse, view detail, go back to the list cycle resulted in lost list state. Originally in mobile mode you scrolled through the list, found an item to look at and drilled in to display the item detail. Then you clicked back to the list and BAM - you've lost your place. Because there are so many items added on a daily basis the full list is never fully loaded, but rather there's a "Load Additional Listings" entry at the button. Not only did we originally lose our place when coming back to the list, but any 'additionally loaded' items are no longer there because the list was now rendering as if it was the first page hit. The additional listings, and any filters, the selection of an item all were lost. Major Suckage! Using Client SessionStorage to cache Server Rendered Content To work around this problem I decided to cache the rendered page content from the list in SessionStorage. Anytime the list renders or is updated with Load Additional Listings, the page HTML is cached and stored in Session Storage. Any back links from the detail page or the login or write entry forms then point back to the list page with a back=true query string parameter. If the server side sees this parameter it doesn't render the part of the page that is cached. Instead the client side code retrieves the data from the sessionState cache and simply inserts it into the page. It sounds pretty simple, and the overall the process is really easy, but there are a few gotchas that I'll discuss in a minute. But first let's look at the implementation. Let's start with the server side here because that'll give a quick idea of the doc structure. As I mentioned the server renders data from an ASP.NET MVC view. On the list page when returning to the list page from the display page (or a host of other pages) looks like this: https://classifieds.gorge.net/list?back=True The query string value is a flag, that indicates whether the server should render the HTML. Here's what the top level MVC Razor view for the list page looks like:@model MessageListViewModel @{ ViewBag.Title = "Classified Listing"; bool isBack = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Request.QueryString["back"]); } <form method="post" action="@Url.Action("list")"> <div id="SizingContainer"> @if (!isBack) { @Html.Partial("List_CommandBar_Partial", Model) <div id="PostItemContainer" class="scrollbox" xstyle="-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"> @Html.Partial("List_Items_Partial", Model) @if (Model.RequireLoadEntry) { <div class="postitem loadpostitems" style="padding: 15px;"> <div id="LoadProgress" class="smallprogressright"></div> <div class="control-progress"> Load additional listings... </div> </div> } </div> } </div> </form> As you can see the query string triggers a conditional block that if set is simply not rendered. The content inside of #SizingContainer basically holds the entire page's HTML sans the headers and scripts, but including the filter options and menu at the top. In this case this makes good sense - in other situations the fact that the menu or filter options might be dynamically updated might make you only cache the list rather than essentially the entire page. In this particular instance all of the content works and produces the proper result as both the list along with any filter conditions in the form inputs are restored. Ok, let's move on to the client. On the client there are two page level functions that deal with saving and restoring state. Like the counter example I showed earlier, I like to wrap the logic to save and restore values from sessionState into a separate function because they are almost always used in several places.page.saveData = function(id) { if (!sessionStorage) return; var data = { id: id, scroll: $("#PostItemContainer").scrollTop(), html: $("#SizingContainer").html() }; sessionStorage.setItem("list_html",JSON.stringify(data)); }; page.restoreData = function() { if (!sessionStorage) return; var data = sessionStorage.getItem("list_html"); if (!data) return null; return JSON.parse(data); }; The data that is saved is an object which contains an ID which is the selected element when the user clicks and a scroll position. These two values are used to reset the scroll position when the data is used from the cache. Finally the html from the #SizingContainer element is stored, which makes for the bulk of the document's HTML. In this application the HTML captured could be a substantial bit of data. If you recall, I mentioned that the server side code renders a small chunk of data initially and then gets more data if the user reads through the first 50 or so items. The rest of the items retrieved can be rather sizable. Other than the JSON deserialization that's Ok. Since I'm using SessionStorage the storage space has no immediate limits. Next is the core logic to handle saving and restoring the page state. At first though this would seem pretty simple, and in some cases it might be, but as the following code demonstrates there are a few gotchas to watch out for. Here's the relevant code I use to save and restore:$( function() { … var isBack = getUrlEncodedKey("back", location.href); if (isBack) { // remove the back key from URL setUrlEncodedKey("back", "", location.href); var data = page.restoreData(); // restore from sessionState if (!data) { // no data - force redisplay of the server side default list window.location = "list"; return; } $("#SizingContainer").html(data.html); var el = $(".postitem[data-id=" + data.id + "]"); $(".postitem").removeClass("highlight"); el.addClass("highlight"); $("#PostItemContainer").scrollTop(data.scroll); setTimeout(function() { el.removeClass("highlight"); }, 2500); } else if (window.noFrames) page.saveData(null); // save when page loads $("#SizingContainer").on("click", ".postitem", function() { var id = $(this).attr("data-id"); if (!id) return true; if (window.noFrames) page.saveData(id); var contentFrame = window.parent.frames["Content"]; if (contentFrame) contentFrame.location.href = "show/" + id; else window.location.href = "show/" + id; return false; }); … The code starts out by checking for the back query string flag which triggers restoring from the client cache. If cached the cached data structure is read from sessionStorage. It's important here to check if data was returned. If the user had back=true on the querystring but there is no cached data, he likely bookmarked this page or otherwise shut down the browser and came back to this URL. In that case the server didn't render any detail and we have no cached data, so all we can do is redirect to the original default list view using window.location. If we continued the page would render no data - so make sure to always check the cache retrieval result. Always! If there is data the it's loaded and the data.html data is restored back into the document by simply injecting the HTML back into the document's #SizingContainer element:$("#SizingContainer").html(data.html); It's that simple and it's quite quick even with a fully loaded list of additional items and on a phone. The actual HTML data is stored to the cache on every page load initially and then again when the user clicks on an element to navigate to a particular listing. The former ensures that the client cache always has something in it, and the latter updates with additional information for the selected element. For the click handling I use a data-id attribute on the list item (.postitem) in the list and retrieve the id from that. That id is then used to navigate to the actual entry as well as storing that Id value in the saved cached data. The id is used to reset the selection by searching for the data-id value in the restored elements. The overall process of this save/restore process is pretty straight forward and it doesn't require a bunch of code, yet it yields a huge improvement in the usability of the site on mobile devices (or anybody who uses the non-frames view). Some things to watch out for As easy as it conceptually seems to simply store and retrieve cached content, you have to be quite aware what type of content you are caching. The code above is all that's specific to cache/restore cycle and it works, but it took a few tweaks to the rest of the script code and server code to make it all work. There were a few gotchas that weren't immediately obvious. Here are a few things to pay attention to: Event Handling Logic Timing of manipulating DOM events Inline Script Code Bookmarking to the Cache Url when no cache exists Do you have inline script code in your HTML? That script code isn't going to run if you restore from cache and simply assign or it may not run at the time you think it would normally in the DOM rendering cycle. JavaScript Event Hookups The biggest issue I ran into with this approach almost immediately is that originally I had various static event handlers hooked up to various UI elements that are now cached. If you have an event handler like:$("#btnSearch").click( function() {…}); that works fine when the page loads with server rendered HTML, but that code breaks when you now load the HTML from cache. Why? Because the elements you're trying to hook those events to may not actually be there - yet. Luckily there's an easy workaround for this by using deferred events. With jQuery you can use the .on() event handler instead:$("#SelectionContainer").on("click","#btnSearch", function() {…}); which monitors a parent element for the events and checks for the inner selector elements to handle events on. This effectively defers to runtime event binding, so as more items are added to the document bindings still work. For any cached content use deferred events. Timing of manipulating DOM Elements Along the same lines make sure that your DOM manipulation code follows the code that loads the cached content into the page so that you don't manipulate DOM elements that don't exist just yet. Ideally you'll want to check for the condition to restore cached content towards the top of your script code, but that can be tricky if you have components or other logic that might not all run in a straight line. Inline Script Code Here's another small problem I ran into: I use a DateTime Picker widget I built a while back that relies on the jQuery date time picker. I also created a helper function that allows keyboard date navigation into it that uses JavaScript logic. Because MVC's limited 'object model' the only way to embed widget content into the page is through inline script. This code broken when I inserted the cached HTML into the page because the script code was not available when the component actually got injected into the page. As the last bullet - it's a matter of timing. There's no good work around for this - in my case I pulled out the jQuery date picker and relied on native <input type="date" /> logic instead - a better choice these days anyway, especially since this view is meant to be primarily to serve mobile devices which actually support date input through the browser (unlike desktop browsers of which only WebKit seems to support it). Bookmarking Cached Urls When you cache HTML content you have to make a decision whether you cache on the client and also not render that same content on the server. In the Classifieds app I didn't render server side content so if the user comes to the page with back=True and there is no cached content I have to a have a Plan B. Typically this happens when somebody ends up bookmarking the back URL. The easiest and safest solution for this scenario is to ALWAYS check the cache result to make sure it exists and if not have a safe URL to go back to - in this case to the plain uncached list URL which amounts to effectively redirecting. This seems really obvious in hindsight, but it's easy to overlook and not see a problem until much later, when it's not obvious at all why the page is not rendering anything. Don't use <body> to replace Content Since we're practically replacing all the HTML in the page it may seem tempting to simply replace the HTML content of the <body> tag. Don't. The body tag usually contains key things that should stay in the page and be there when it loads. Specifically script tags and elements and possibly other embedded content. It's best to create a top level DOM element specifically as a placeholder container for your cached content and wrap just around the actual content you want to replace. In the app above the #SizingContainer is that container. Other Approaches The approach I've used for this application is kind of specific to the existing server rendered application we're running and so it's just one approach you can take with caching. However for server rendered content caching this is a pattern I've used in a few apps to retrofit some client caching into list displays. In this application I took the path of least resistance to the existing server rendering logic. Here are a few other ways that come to mind: Using Partial HTML Rendering via AJAXInstead of rendering the page initially on the server, the page would load empty and the client would render the UI by retrieving the respective HTML and embedding it into the page from a Partial View. This effectively makes the initial rendering and the cached rendering logic identical and removes the server having to decide whether this request needs to be rendered or not (ie. not checking for a back=true switch). All the logic related to caching is made on the client in this case. Using JSON Data and Client RenderingThe hardcore client option is to do the whole UI SPA style and pull data from the server and then use client rendering or databinding to pull the data down and render using templates or client side databinding with knockout/angular et al. As with the Partial Rendering approach the advantage is that there's no difference in the logic between pulling the data from cache or rendering from scratch other than the initial check for the cache request. Of course if the app is a full on SPA app, then caching may not be required even - the list could just stay in memory and be hidden and reactivated. I'm sure there are a number of other ways this can be handled as well especially using AJAX. AJAX rendering might simplify the logic, but it also complicates search engine optimization since there's no content loaded initially. So there are always tradeoffs and it's important to look at all angles before deciding on any sort of caching solution in general. State of the Session SessionState and LocalStorage are easy to use in client code and can be integrated even with server centric applications to provide nice caching features of content and data. In this post I've shown a very specific scenario of storing HTML content for the purpose of remembering list view data and state and making the browsing experience for lists a bit more friendly, especially if there's dynamically loaded content involved. If you haven't played with sessionStorage or localStorage I encourage you to give it a try. There's a lot of cool stuff that you can do with this beyond the specific scenario I've covered here… Resources Overview of localStorage (also applies to sessionStorage) Web Storage Compatibility Modernizr Test Suite© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2013Posted in JavaScript HTML5 ASP.NET MVC Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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Know more about Cache Buffer Handle

- by Liu Maclean(???)

??????«latch free:cache buffer handles???SQL????»?????cache buffer handle latch?????,?????????: “?????pin?buffer header???????buffer handle,??buffer handle?????????cache buffer handles?,??????cache buffer handles??????,???????cache???buffer handles,?????(reserved set)?????????????_db_handles_cached(???5)???,?????????????????SQL??????????????????????,????pin??????,????????handle,?????????5?cached buffer handles???handle????????????????,Oracle?????????????????pin?”????“?buffer,????????????????handle???db_block_buffers/processes,????_cursor_db_buffers_pinned???????cache buffer handles?????,??????,????????????SQL,????cache?buffer handles?????????,??????????????,???????????/?????” ????T.ASKMACLEAN.COM????,??????cache Buffer handle?????: cache buffer handle ??: ------------------------------ | Buffer state object | ------------------------------ | Place to hang the buffer | ------------------------------ | Consistent Get? | ------------------------------ | Proc Owning SO | ------------------------------ | Flags(RIR) | ------------------------------ ???? cache buffer handle SO: 70000046fdfe530, type: 24, owner: 70000041b018630, flag: INIT/-/-/0×00(buffer) (CR) PR: 70000048e92d148 FLG: 0×500000lock rls: 0, class bit: 0kcbbfbp: [BH: 7000001c7f069b0, LINK: 70000046fdfe570]where: kdswh02: kdsgrp, why: 0BH (7000001c7f069b0) file#: 12 rdba: 0×03061612 (12/398866) class: 1 ba: 7000001c70ee000set: 75 blksize: 8192 bsi: 0 set-flg: 0 pwbcnt: 0dbwrid: 2 obj: 66209 objn: 48710 tsn: 6 afn: 12hash: [700000485f12138,700000485f12138] lru: [70000025af67790,700000132f69ee0]lru-flags: hot_bufferckptq: [NULL] fileq: [NULL] objq: [700000114f5dd10,70000028bf5d620]use: [70000046fdfe570,70000046fdfe570] wait: [NULL]st: SCURRENT md: SHR tch: 0flags: affinity_lockLRBA: [0x0.0.0] HSCN: [0xffff.ffffffff] HSUB: [65535]where: kdswh02: kdsgrp, why: 0 # Example:# (buffer) (CR) PR: 37290 FLG: 0# kcbbfbp : [BH: befd8, LINK: 7836c] (WAITING) Buffer handle (X$KCBBF) kernel cache, buffer buffer_handles Query x$kcbbf – lists all the buffer handles ???? _db_handles System-wide simultaneous buffer operations ,no of buffer handles_db_handles_cached Buffer handles cached each process , no of processes default 5_cursor_db_buffers_pinned additional number of buffers a cursor can pin at once_session_kept_cursor_pins Number of cursors pins to keep in a session When a buffer is pinned it is attached to buffer state object. ??? ???????? cache buffer handles latch ? buffer pin???: SESSION A : SQL> select * from v$version; BANNER ---------------------------------------------------------------- Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - 64bi PL/SQL Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production CORE 10.2.0.5.0 Production TNS for Linux: Version 10.2.0.5.0 - Production NLSRTL Version 10.2.0.5.0 - Production SQL> create table test_cbc_handle(t1 int); Table created. SQL> insert into test_cbc_handle values(1); 1 row created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> select rowid from test_cbc_handle; ROWID ------------------ AAANO6AABAAAQZSAAA SQL> select * from test_cbc_handle where rowid='AAANO6AABAAAQZSAAA'; T1 ---------- 1 SQL> select addr,name from v$latch_parent where name='cache buffer handles'; ADDR NAME ---------------- -------------------------------------------------- 00000000600140A8 cache buffer handles SQL> select to_number('00000000600140A8','xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx') from dual; TO_NUMBER('00000000600140A8','XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX') ---------------------------------------------------- 1610694824 ??cache buffer handles????parent latch ??? child latch ???SESSION A hold ??????cache buffer handles parent latch ???? oradebug call kslgetl ??, kslgetl?oracle??get latch??? SQL> oradebug setmypid; Statement processed. SQL> oradebug call kslgetl 1610694824 1; Function returned 1 ?????SESSION B ???: SQL> select * from v$latchholder; PID SID LADDR NAME GETS ---------- ---------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- 15 141 00000000600140A8 cache buffer handles 119 cache buffer handles latch ???session A hold??,????????acquire cache buffer handle latch SQL> select * from test_cbc_handle where rowid='AAANO6AABAAAQZSAAA'; T1 ---------- 1 ?????Server Process?????? read buffer, ????????"_db_handles_cached", ??process?cache 5? cache buffer handle ??"_db_handles_cached"=0,?process????5????cache buffer handle , ???? process ???pin buffer,???hold cache buffer handle latch??????cache buffer handle SQL> alter system set "_db_handles_cached"=0 scope=spfile; System altered. ????? shutdown immediate; startup; session A: SQL> oradebug setmypid; Statement processed. SQL> oradebug call kslgetl 1610694824 1; Function returned 1 session B: select * from test_cbc_handle where rowid='AAANO6AABAAAQZSAAA'; session B hang!! WHY? SQL> oradebug setmypid; Statement processed. SQL> oradebug dump systemstate 266; Statement processed. SO: 0x11b30b7b0, type: 2, owner: (nil), flag: INIT/-/-/0x00 (process) Oracle pid=22, calls cur/top: (nil)/0x11b453c38, flag: (0) - int error: 0, call error: 0, sess error: 0, txn error 0 (post info) last post received: 0 0 0 last post received-location: No post last process to post me: none last post sent: 0 0 0 last post sent-location: No post last process posted by me: none (latch info) wait_event=0 bits=8 holding (efd=4) 600140a8 cache buffer handles level=3 SO: 0x11b305810, type: 2, owner: (nil), flag: INIT/-/-/0x00 (process) Oracle pid=10, calls cur/top: 0x11b455ac0/0x11b450a58, flag: (0) - int error: 0, call error: 0, sess error: 0, txn error 0 (post info) last post received: 0 0 0 last post received-location: No post last process to post me: none last post sent: 0 0 0 last post sent-location: No post last process posted by me: none (latch info) wait_event=0 bits=2 Location from where call was made: kcbzgs: waiting for 600140a8 cache buffer handles level=3 FBD93353:000019F0 10 162 10005 1 KSL WAIT BEG [latch: cache buffer handles] 1610694824/0x600140a8 125/0x7d 0/0x0 FF936584:00002761 10 144 10005 1 KSL WAIT BEG [latch: cache buffer handles] 1610694824/0x600140a8 125/0x7d 0/0x0 PID=22 holding ??cache buffer handles latch PID=10 ?? cache buffer handles latch, ????"_db_handles_cached"=0 ?? process??????cache buffer handles ??systemstate???? kcbbfbp cache buffer handle??, ?? "_db_handles_cached"=0 ? cache buffer handles latch?hold ?? ????cache buffer handles latch , ??? buffer?pin?????????? session A exit session B: SQL> select * from v$latchholder; no rows selected SQL> insert into test_cbc_handle values(2); 1 row created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> SQL> select t1,rowid from test_cbc_handle; T1 ROWID ---------- ------------------ 1 AAANPAAABAAAQZSAAA 2 AAANPAAABAAAQZSAAB SQL> select spid,pid from v$process where addr = ( select paddr from v$session where sid=(select distinct sid from v$mystat)); SPID PID ------------ ---------- 19251 10 ? GDB ? SPID=19215 ?debug , ?? kcbrls ????breakpoint ??? ????release buffer [oracle@vrh8 ~]$ gdb $ORACLE_HOME/bin/oracle 19251 GNU gdb (GDB) Red Hat Enterprise Linux (7.0.1-37.el5) Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu". For bug reporting instructions, please see: <http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>... Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/bin/oracle...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Attaching to program: /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/bin/oracle, process 19251 Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libskgxp10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libskgxp10.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libhasgen10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libhasgen10.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libskgxn2.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libskgxn2.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libocr10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libocr10.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libocrb10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libocrb10.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libocrutl10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libocrutl10.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libjox10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libjox10.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libclsra10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libclsra10.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libdbcfg10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libdbcfg10.so Reading symbols from /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libnnz10.so...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /s01/oracle/product/10.2.0.5/db_1/lib/libnnz10.so Reading symbols from /usr/lib64/libaio.so.1...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /usr/lib64/libaio.so.1 Reading symbols from /lib64/libdl.so.2...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libdl.so.2 Reading symbols from /lib64/libm.so.6...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libm.so.6 Reading symbols from /lib64/libpthread.so.0...(no debugging symbols found)...done. [Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled] Loaded symbols for /lib64/libpthread.so.0 Reading symbols from /lib64/libnsl.so.1...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libnsl.so.1 Reading symbols from /lib64/libc.so.6...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libc.so.6 Reading symbols from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 Reading symbols from /lib64/libnss_files.so.2...(no debugging symbols found)...done. Loaded symbols for /lib64/libnss_files.so.2 0x00000035c000d940 in __read_nocancel () from /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (gdb) break kcbrls Breakpoint 1 at 0x10e5d24 session B: select * from test_cbc_handle where rowid='AAANPAAABAAAQZSAAA'; select hang !! GDB (gdb) c Continuing. Breakpoint 1, 0x00000000010e5d24 in kcbrls () (gdb) bt #0 0x00000000010e5d24 in kcbrls () #1 0x0000000002e87d25 in qertbFetchByUserRowID () #2 0x00000000030c62b8 in opifch2 () #3 0x00000000032327f0 in kpoal8 () #4 0x00000000013b7c10 in opiodr () #5 0x0000000003c3c9da in ttcpip () #6 0x00000000013b3144 in opitsk () #7 0x00000000013b60ec in opiino () #8 0x00000000013b7c10 in opiodr () #9 0x00000000013a92f8 in opidrv () #10 0x0000000001fa3936 in sou2o () #11 0x000000000072d40b in opimai_real () #12 0x000000000072d35c in main () SQL> oradebug setmypid; Statement processed. SQL> oradebug dump systemstate 266; Statement processed. ?????? kcbbfbp buffer cache handle ? SO state object ? BH BUFFER HEADER link??? ---------------------------------------- SO: 0x11b452348, type: 3, owner: 0x11b305810, flag: INIT/-/-/0x00 (call) sess: cur 11b41bd18, rec 0, usr 11b41bd18; depth: 0 ---------------------------------------- SO: 0x1182dc750, type: 24, owner: 0x11b452348, flag: INIT/-/-/0x00 (buffer) (CR) PR: 0x11b305810 FLG: 0x108000 class bit: (nil) kcbbfbp: [BH: 0xf2fc69f8, LINK: 0x1182dc790] where: kdswh05: kdsgrp, why: 0 BH (0xf2fc69f8) file#: 1 rdba: 0x00410652 (1/67154) class: 1 ba: 0xf297c000 set: 3 blksize: 8192 bsi: 0 set-flg: 2 pwbcnt: 272 dbwrid: 0 obj: 54208 objn: 54202 tsn: 0 afn: 1 hash: [f2fc47f8,1181f3038] lru: [f2fc6b88,f2fc6968] obj-flags: object_ckpt_list ckptq: [1182ecf38,1182ecf38] fileq: [1182ecf58,1182ecf58] objq: [108712a28,108712a28] use: [1182dc790,1182dc790] wait: [NULL] st: XCURRENT md: SHR tch: 12 flags: buffer_dirty gotten_in_current_mode block_written_once redo_since_read LRBA: [0xc7.73b.0] HSCN: [0x0.1cbe52] HSUB: [1] Using State Objects ---------------------------------------- SO: 0x1182dc750, type: 24, owner: 0x11b452348, flag: INIT/-/-/0x00 (buffer) (CR) PR: 0x11b305810 FLG: 0x108000 class bit: (nil) kcbbfbp: [BH: 0xf2fc69f8, LINK: 0x1182dc790] where: kdswh05: kdsgrp, why: 0 buffer tsn: 0 rdba: 0x00410652 (1/67154) scn: 0x0000.001cbe52 seq: 0x01 flg: 0x02 tail: 0xbe520601 frmt: 0x02 chkval: 0x0000 type: 0x06=trans data tab 0, row 0, @0x1f9a tl: 6 fb: --H-FL-- lb: 0x0 cc: 1 col 0: [ 2] c1 02 tab 0, row 1, @0x1f94 tl: 6 fb: --H-FL-- lb: 0x2 cc: 1 col 0: [ 2] c1 15 end_of_block_dump (buffer) (CR) PR: 0x11b305810 FLG: 0x108000 st: XCURRENT md: SHR tch: 12 ? buffer header?status= XCURRENT mode=KCBMSHARE KCBMSHR current share ????? x$kcbbf ????? cache buffer handle SQL> select distinct KCBBPBH from x$kcbbf ; KCBBPBH ---------------- 00 00000000F2FC69F8 ==>0xf2fc69f8 SQL> select * from x$kcbbf where kcbbpbh='00000000F2FC69F8'; ADDR INDX INST_ID KCBBFSO_TYP KCBBFSO_FLG KCBBFSO_OWN ---------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ---------------- KCBBFFLG KCBBFCR KCBBFCM KCBBFMBR KCBBPBH ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------------- ---------------- KCBBPBF X0KCBBPBH X0KCBBPBF X1KCBBPBH ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- X1KCBBPBF KCBBFBH KCBBFWHR KCBBFWHY ---------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- 00000001182DC750 748 1 24 1 000000011B452348 1081344 1 0 00 00000000F2FC69F8 00000001182DC750 00 00000001182DC750 00 00000001182DC7F8 00 583 0 SQL> desc x$kcbbf; Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- ADDR RAW(8) INDX NUMBER INST_ID NUMBER KCBBFSO_TYP NUMBER KCBBFSO_FLG NUMBER KCBBFSO_OWN RAW(8) KCBBFFLG NUMBER KCBBFCR NUMBER KCBBFCM NUMBER KCBBFMBR RAW(8) KCBBPBH RAW(8) KCBBPBF RAW(8) X0KCBBPBH RAW(8) X0KCBBPBF RAW(8) X1KCBBPBH RAW(8) X1KCBBPBF RAW(8) KCBBFBH RAW(8) KCBBFWHR NUMBER KCBBFWHY NUMBER gdb ?? ?process??????kcbrls release buffer? ???cache buffer handle??? SQL> select distinct KCBBPBH from x$kcbbf ; KCBBPBH ---------------- 00

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Problems installing Memcache (PECL extension)

- by Petrus

I have installed memcached fine, and now I will need to install PECL extension memcache. Im running RedHat x86_64 es5. The installation gives me this: downloading memcache-2.2.6.tgz ... Starting to download memcache-2.2.6.tgz (35,957 bytes) ..........done: 35,957 bytes 11 source files, building running: phpize Configuring for: PHP Api Version: 20090626 Zend Module Api No: 20090626 Zend Extension Api No: 220090626 Enable memcache session handler support? [yes] : Notice: Use of undefined constant STDIN - assumed 'STDIN' in PEAR/Frontend/CLI.php on line 304 Warning: fgets() expects parameter 1 to be resource, string given in PEAR/Frontend/CLI.php on line 304 Warning: fgets() expects parameter 1 to be resource, string given in /usr/lib/php/PEAR/Frontend/CLI.php on line 304 building in /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6 running: /root/tmp/pear/memcache/configure --enable-memcache-session=yes checking for egrep... grep -E checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed checking for cc... cc checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of executables... checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether cc accepts -g... yes checking for cc option to accept ANSI C... none needed checking how to run the C preprocessor... cc -E checking for icc... no checking for suncc... no checking whether cc understands -c and -o together... yes checking for system library directory... lib checking if compiler supports -R... no checking if compiler supports -Wl,-rpath,... yes checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking target system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking for PHP prefix... /usr checking for PHP includes... -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib checking for PHP extension directory... /usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626 checking for PHP installed headers prefix... /usr/include/php checking if debug is enabled... no checking if zts is enabled... no checking for re2c... re2c checking for re2c version... invalid configure: WARNING: You will need re2c 0.13.4 or later if you want to regenerate PHP parsers. checking for gawk... gawk checking whether to enable memcache support... yes, shared checking whether to enable memcache session handler support... yes checking for the location of ZLIB... no checking for the location of zlib... /usr checking for session includes... /usr/include/php checking for memcache session support... enabled checking for ld used by cc... /usr/bin/ld checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes checking for /usr/bin/ld option to reload object files... -r checking for BSD-compatible nm... /usr/bin/nm -B checking whether ln -s works... yes checking how to recognize dependent libraries... pass_all checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for sys/stat.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for memory.h... yes checking for strings.h... yes checking for inttypes.h... yes checking for stdint.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking dlfcn.h usability... yes checking dlfcn.h presence... yes checking for dlfcn.h... yes checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 98304 checking command to parse /usr/bin/nm -B output from cc object... ok checking for objdir... .libs checking for ar... ar checking for ranlib... ranlib checking for strip... strip checking if cc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no checking for cc option to produce PIC... -fPIC checking if cc PIC flag -fPIC works... yes checking if cc static flag -static works... yes checking if cc supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the cc linker (/usr/bin/ld -m elf_x86_64) supports shared libraries... yes checking whether -lc should be explicitly linked in... no checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes checking whether to build shared libraries... yes checking whether to build static libraries... no creating libtool appending configuration tag "CXX" to libtool configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating config.h running: make /bin/sh /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/libtool --mode=compile cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache.c -o memcache.lo mkdir .libs cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/memcache.o /bin/sh /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/libtool --mode=compile cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache_queue.c -o memcache_queue.lo cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache_queue.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/memcache_queue.o /bin/sh /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/libtool --mode=compile cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache_standard_hash.c -o memcache_standard_hash.lo cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache_standard_hash.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/memcache_standard_hash.o /bin/sh /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/libtool --mode=compile cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache_consistent_hash.c -o memcache_consistent_hash.lo cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache_consistent_hash.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/memcache_consistent_hash.o /bin/sh /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/libtool --mode=compile cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache_session.c -o memcache_session.lo cc -I/usr/include/php -I. -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /root/tmp/pear/memcache/memcache_session.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/memcache_session.o /bin/sh /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/libtool --mode=link cc -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/include -I/root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/main -I/root/tmp/pear/memcache -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -o memcache.la -export-dynamic -avoid-version -prefer-pic -module -rpath /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/modules memcache.lo memcache_queue.lo memcache_standard_hash.lo memcache_consistent_hash.lo memcache_session.lo cc -shared .libs/memcache.o .libs/memcache_queue.o .libs/memcache_standard_hash.o .libs/memcache_consistent_hash.o .libs/memcache_session.o -Wl,-soname -Wl,memcache.so -o .libs/memcache.so creating memcache.la (cd .libs && rm -f memcache.la && ln -s ../memcache.la memcache.la) /bin/sh /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/libtool --mode=install cp ./memcache.la /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/modules cp ./.libs/memcache.so /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/modules/memcache.so cp ./.libs/memcache.lai /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/modules/memcache.la PATH="$PATH:/sbin" ldconfig -n /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/modules ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Libraries have been installed in: /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcache-2.2.6/modules If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and specify the full pathname of the library, or use the `-LLIBDIR' flag during linking and do at least one of the following: - add LIBDIR to the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable during execution - add LIBDIR to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable during linking - use the `-Wl,--rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag - have your system administrator add LIBDIR to `/etc/ld.so.conf' See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Build complete. Don't forget to run 'make test'. running: make INSTALL_ROOT="/root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6" install Installing shared extensions: /root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6/usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626/ running: find "/root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6" | xargs ls -dils 361232 4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 28 10:47 /root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6 361263 4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 28 10:47 /root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6/usr 361264 4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 28 10:47 /root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6/usr/lib 361265 4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 28 10:47 /root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6/usr/lib/php 361266 4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 28 10:47 /root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6/usr/lib/php/extensions 361267 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 28 10:47 /root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6/usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626 361262 236 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 235575 Jan 28 10:47 /root/tmp/pear-build-root/install-memcache-2.2.6/usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626/memcache.so Build process completed successfully Installing '/usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626/memcache.so' install ok: channel://pecl.php.net/memcache-2.2.6 Extension memcache enabled in php.ini The memcache.so object is not in /usr/local/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626 I tried as well to install this extension "memcached 1.0.2 (PHP extension for interfacing with memcached via libmemcached library)" but it failed: downloading memcached-1.0.2.tgz ... Starting to download memcached-1.0.2.tgz (22,724 bytes) ........done: 22,724 bytes 4 source files, building running: phpize Configuring for: PHP Api Version: 20090626 Zend Module Api No: 20090626 Zend Extension Api No: 220090626 building in /root/tmp/pear-build-root/memcached-1.0.2 running: /root/tmp/pear/memcached/configure checking for egrep... grep -E checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed checking for cc... cc checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of executables... checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether cc accepts -g... yes checking for cc option to accept ANSI C... none needed checking how to run the C preprocessor... cc -E checking for icc... no checking for suncc... no checking whether cc understands -c and -o together... yes checking for system library directory... lib checking if compiler supports -R... no checking if compiler supports -Wl,-rpath,... yes checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking target system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu checking for PHP prefix... /usr checking for PHP includes... -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib checking for PHP extension directory... /usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626 checking for PHP installed headers prefix... /usr/include/php checking if debug is enabled... no checking if zts is enabled... no checking for re2c... re2c checking for re2c version... invalid configure: WARNING: You will need re2c 0.13.4 or later if you want to regenerate PHP parsers. checking for gawk... gawk checking whether to enable memcached support... yes, shared checking for libmemcached... yes, shared checking whether to enable memcached session handler support... yes checking whether to enable memcached igbinary serializer support... no checking for ZLIB... yes, shared checking for zlib location... /usr checking for session includes... /usr/include/php checking for memcached session support... enabled checking for memcached igbinary support... disabled checking for libmemcached location... configure: error: memcached support requires libmemcached. Use --with-libmemcached-dir= to specify the prefix where libmemcached headers and library are located ERROR: `/root/tmp/pear/memcached/configure' failed The memcached.so object is not in /usr/local/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626 Is there a kind soul out there that can solve this puzzle?

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Tip/Trick: Fix Common SEO Problems Using the URL Rewrite Extension

- by ScottGu

Search engine optimization (SEO) is important for any publically facing web-site. A large % of traffic to sites now comes directly from search engines, and improving your site’s search relevancy will lead to more users visiting your site from search engine queries. This can directly or indirectly increase the money you make through your site. This blog post covers how you can use the free Microsoft URL Rewrite Extension to fix a bunch of common SEO problems that your site might have. It takes less than 15 minutes (and no code changes) to apply 4 simple URL Rewrite rules to your site, and in doing so cause search engines to drive more visitors and traffic to your site. The techniques below work equally well with both ASP.NET Web Forms and ASP.NET MVC based sites. They also works with all versions of ASP.NET (and even work with non-ASP.NET content). [In addition to blogging, I am also now using Twitter for quick updates and to share links. Follow me at: twitter.com/scottgu] Measuring the SEO of your website with the Microsoft SEO Toolkit A few months ago I blogged about the free SEO Toolkit that we’ve shipped. This useful tool enables you to automatically crawl/scan your site for SEO correctness, and it then flags any SEO issues it finds. I highly recommend downloading and using the tool against any public site you work on. It makes it easy to spot SEO issues you might have in your site, and pinpoint ways to optimize it further. Below is a simple example of a report I ran against one of my sites (www.scottgu.com) prior to applying the URL Rewrite rules I’ll cover later in this blog post: Search Relevancy and URL Splitting Two of the important things that search engines evaluate when assessing your site’s “search relevancy” are: How many other sites link to your content. Search engines assume that if a lot of people around the web are linking to your content, then it is likely useful and so weight it higher in relevancy. The uniqueness of the content it finds on your site. If search engines find that the content is duplicated in multiple places around the Internet (or on multiple URLs on your site) then it is likely to drop the relevancy of the content. One of the things you want to be very careful to avoid when building public facing sites is to not allow different URLs to retrieve the same content within your site. Doing so will hurt with both of the situations above. In particular, allowing external sites to link to the same content with multiple URLs will cause your link-count and page-ranking to be split up across those different URLs (and so give you a smaller page rank than what it would otherwise be if it was just one URL). Not allowing external sites to link to you in different ways sounds easy in theory – but you might wonder what exactly this means in practice and how you avoid it. 4 Really Common SEO Problems Your Sites Might Have Below are 4 really common scenarios that can cause your site to inadvertently expose multiple URLs for the same content. When this happens external sites linking to yours will end up splitting their page links across multiple URLs - and as a result cause you to have a lower page ranking with search engines than you deserve. SEO Problem #1: Default Document IIS (and other web servers) supports the concept of a “default document”. This allows you to avoid having to explicitly specify the page you want to serve at either the root of the web-site/application, or within a sub-directory. This is convenient – but means that by default this content is available via two different publically exposed URLs (which is bad). For example: http://scottgu.com/ http://scottgu.com/default.aspx SEO Problem #2: Different URL Casings Web developers often don’t realize URLs are case sensitive to search engines on the web. This means that search engines will treat the following links as two completely different URLs: http://scottgu.com/Albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx SEO Problem #3: Trailing Slashes Consider the below two URLs – they might look the same at first, but they are subtly different. The trailing slash creates yet another situation that causes search engines to treat the URLs as different and so split search rankings: http://scottgu.com http://scottgu.com/ SEO Problem #4: Canonical Host Names Sometimes sites support scenarios where they support a web-site with both a leading “www” hostname prefix as well as just the hostname itself. This causes search engines to treat the URLs as different and split search rankling: http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx/ http://www.scottgu.com/albums.aspx/ How to Easily Fix these SEO Problems in 10 minutes (or less) using IIS Rewrite If you haven’t been careful when coding your sites, chances are you are suffering from one (or more) of the above SEO problems. Addressing these issues will improve your search engine relevancy ranking and drive more traffic to your site. The “good news” is that fixing the above 4 issues is really easy using the URL Rewrite Extension. This is a completely free Microsoft extension available for IIS 7.x (on Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7 and Windows Vista). The great thing about using the IIS Rewrite extension is that it allows you to fix the above problems *without* having to change any code within your applications. You can easily install the URL Rewrite Extension in under 3 minutes using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer (a free tool we ship that automates setting up web servers and development machines). Just click the green “Install Now” button on the URL Rewrite Spotlight page to install it on your Windows Server 2008, Windows 7 or Windows Vista machine: Once installed you’ll find that a new “URL Rewrite” icon is available within the IIS 7 Admin Tool: Double-clicking the icon will open up the URL Rewrite admin panel – which will display the list of URL Rewrite rules configured for a particular application or site: Notice that our rewrite rule list above is currently empty (which is the default when you first install the extension). We can click the “Add Rule…” link button in the top-right of the panel to add and enable new URL Rewriting logic for our site. Scenario 1: Handling Default Document Scenarios One of the SEO problems I discussed earlier in this post was the scenario where the “default document” feature of IIS causes you to inadvertently expose two URLs for the same content on your site. For example: http://scottgu.com/ http://scottgu.com/default.aspx We can fix this by adding a new IIS Rewrite rule that automatically redirects anyone who navigates to the second URL to instead go to the first one. We will setup the HTTP redirect to be a “permanent redirect” – which will indicate to search engines that they should follow the redirect and use the new URL they are redirected to as the identifier of the content they retrieve. Let’s look at how we can create such a rule. We’ll begin by clicking the “Add Rule” link in the screenshot above. This will cause the below dialog to display: We’ll select the “Blank Rule” template within the “Inbound rules” section to create a new custom URL Rewriting rule. This will display an empty pane like below: Don’t worry – setting up the above rule is easy. The following 4 steps explain how to do so: Step 1: Name the Rule Our first step will be to name the rule we are creating. Naming it with a descriptive name will make it easier to find and understand later. Let’s name this rule our “Default Document URL Rewrite” rule: Step 2: Setup the Regular Expression that Matches this Rule Our second step will be to specify a regular expression filter that will cause this rule to execute when an incoming URL matches the regex pattern. Don’t worry if you aren’t good with regular expressions - I suck at them too. The trick is to know someone who is good at them or copy/paste them from a web-site. Below we are going to specify the following regular expression as our pattern rule: (.*?)/?Default\.aspx$ This pattern will match any URL string that ends with Default.aspx. The "(.*?)" matches any preceding character zero or more times. The "/?" part says to match the slash symbol zero or one times. The "$" symbol at the end will ensure that the pattern will only match strings that end with Default.aspx. Combining all these regex elements allows this rule to work not only for the root of your web site (e.g. http://scottgu.com/default.aspx) but also for any application or subdirectory within the site (e.g. http://scottgu.com/photos/default.aspx. Because the “ignore case” checkbox is selected it will match both “Default.aspx” as well as “default.aspx” within the URL. One nice feature built-into the rule editor is a “Test pattern” button that you can click to bring up a dialog that allows you to test out a few URLs with the rule you are configuring: Above I've added a “products/default.aspx” URL and clicked the “Test” button. This will give me immediate feedback on whether the rule will execute for it. Step 3: Setup a Permanent Redirect Action We’ll then setup an action to occur when our regular expression pattern matches the incoming URL: In the dialog above I’ve changed the “Action Type” drop down to be a “Redirect” action. The “Redirect Type” will be a HTTP 301 Permanent redirect – which means search engines will follow it. I’ve also set the “Redirect URL” property to be: {R:1}/ This indicates that we want to redirect the web client requesting the original URL to a new URL that has the originally requested URL path - minus the "Default.aspx" in it. For example, requests for http://scottgu.com/default.aspx will be redirected to http://scottgu.com/, and requests for http://scottgu.com/photos/default.aspx will be redirected to http://scottgu.com/photos/ The "{R:N}" regex construct, where N >= 0, is called a back-reference and N is the back-reference index. In the case of our pattern "(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$", if the input URL is "products/Default.aspx" then {R:0} will contain "products/Default.aspx" and {R:1} will contain "products". We are going to use this {R:1}/ value to be the URL we redirect users to. Step 4: Apply and Save the Rule Our final step is to click the “Apply” button in the top right hand of the IIS admin tool – which will cause the tool to persist the URL Rewrite rule into our application’s root web.config file (under a <system.webServer/rewrite> configuration section): <configuration> <system.webServer> <rewrite> <rules> <rule name="Default Document" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$" /> <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" /> </rule> </rules> </rewrite> </system.webServer> </configuration> Because IIS 7.x and ASP.NET share the same web.config files, you can actually just copy/paste the above code into your web.config files using Visual Studio and skip the need to run the admin tool entirely. This also makes adding/deploying URL Rewrite rules with your ASP.NET applications really easy. Step 5: Try the Rule Out Now that we’ve saved the rule, let’s try it out on our site. Try the following two URLs on my site: http://scottgu.com/ http://scottgu.com/default.aspx Notice that the second URL automatically redirects to the first one. Because it is a permanent redirect, search engines will follow the URL and should update the page ranking of http://scottgu.com to include links to http://scottgu.com/default.aspx as well. Scenario 2: Different URL Casing Another common SEO problem I discussed earlier in this post is that URLs are case sensitive to search engines on the web. This means that search engines will treat the following links as two completely different URLs: http://scottgu.com/Albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx We can fix this by adding a new IIS Rewrite rule that automatically redirects anyone who navigates to the first URL to instead go to the second (all lower-case) one. Like before, we will setup the HTTP redirect to be a “permanent redirect” – which will indicate to search engines that they should follow the redirect and use the new URL they are redirected to as the identifier of the content they retrieve. To create such a rule we’ll click the “Add Rule” link in the URL Rewrite admin tool again. This will cause the “Add Rule” dialog to appear again: Unlike the previous scenario (where we created a “Blank Rule”), with this scenario we can take advantage of a built-in “Enforce lowercase URLs” rule template. When we click the “ok” button we’ll see the following dialog which asks us if we want to create a rule that enforces the use of lowercase letters in URLs: When we click the “Yes” button we’ll get a pre-written rule that automatically performs a permanent redirect if an incoming URL has upper-case characters in it – and automatically send users to a lower-case version of the URL: We can click the “Apply” button to use this rule “as-is” and have it apply to all incoming URLs to our site. Because my www.scottgu.com site uses ASP.NET Web Forms, I’m going to make one small change to the rule we generated above – which is to add a condition that will ensure that URLs to ASP.NET’s built-in “WebResource.axd” handler are excluded from our case-sensitivity URL Rewrite logic. URLs to the WebResource.axd handler will only come from server-controls emitted from my pages – and will never be linked to from external sites. While my site will continue to function fine if we redirect these URLs to automatically be lower-case – doing so isn’t necessary and will add an extra HTTP redirect to many of my pages. The good news is that adding a condition that prevents my URL Rewriting rule from happening with certain URLs is easy. We simply need to expand the “Conditions” section of the form above We can then click the “Add” button to add a condition clause. This will bring up the “Add Condition” dialog: Above I’ve entered {URL} as the Condition input – and said that this rule should only execute if the URL does not match a regex pattern which contains the string “WebResource.axd”. This will ensure that WebResource.axd URLs to my site will be allowed to execute just fine without having the URL be re-written to be all lower-case. Note: If you have static resources (like references to .jpg, .css, and .js files) within your site that currently use upper-case characters you’ll probably want to add additional condition filter clauses so that URLs to them also don’t get redirected to be lower-case (just add rules for patterns like .jpg, .gif, .js, etc). Your site will continue to work fine if these URLs get redirected to be lower case (meaning the site won’t break) – but it will cause an extra HTTP redirect to happen on your site for URLs that don’t need to be redirected for SEO reasons. So setting up a condition clause makes sense to add. When I click the “ok” button above and apply our lower-case rewriting rule the admin tool will save the following additional rule to our web.config file: <configuration> <system.webServer> <rewrite> <rules> <rule name="Default Document" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$" /> <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" /> </rule> <rule name="Lower Case URLs" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="[A-Z]" ignoreCase="false" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false"> <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="Redirect" url="{ToLower:{URL}}" /> </rule> </rules> </rewrite> </system.webServer> </configuration> Try the Rule Out Now that we’ve saved the rule, let’s try it out on our site. Try the following two URLs on my site: http://scottgu.com/Albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx Notice that the first URL (which has a capital “A”) automatically does a redirect to a lower-case version of the URL. Scenario 3: Trailing Slashes Another common SEO problem I discussed earlier in this post is the scenario of trailing slashes within URLs. The trailing slash creates yet another situation that causes search engines to treat the URLs as different and so split search rankings: http://scottgu.com http://scottgu.com/ We can fix this by adding a new IIS Rewrite rule that automatically redirects anyone who navigates to the first URL (that does not have a trailing slash) to instead go to the second one that does. Like before, we will setup the HTTP redirect to be a “permanent redirect” – which will indicate to search engines that they should follow the redirect and use the new URL they are redirected to as the identifier of the content they retrieve. To create such a rule we’ll click the “Add Rule” link in the URL Rewrite admin tool again. This will cause the “Add Rule” dialog to appear again: The URL Rewrite admin tool has a built-in “Append or remove the trailing slash symbol” rule template. When we select it and click the “ok” button we’ll see the following dialog which asks us if we want to create a rule that automatically redirects users to a URL with a trailing slash if one isn’t present: Like within our previous lower-casing rewrite rule we’ll add one additional condition clause that will exclude WebResource.axd URLs from being processed by this rule. This will avoid an unnecessary redirect for happening for those URLs. When we click the “OK” button we’ll get a pre-written rule that automatically performs a permanent redirect if the URL doesn’t have a trailing slash – and if the URL is not processed by either a directory or a file. This will save the following additional rule to our web.config file: <configuration> <system.webServer> <rewrite> <rules> <rule name="Default Document" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$" /> <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" /> </rule> <rule name="Lower Case URLs" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="[A-Z]" ignoreCase="false" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false"> <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="Redirect" url="{ToLower:{URL}}" /> </rule> <rule name="Trailing Slash" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*[^/])$" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false"> <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" /> <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" /> <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" /> </rule> </rules> </rewrite> </system.webServer> </configuration> Try the Rule Out Now that we’ve saved the rule, let’s try it out on our site. Try the following two URLs on my site: http://scottgu.com http://scottgu.com/ Notice that the first URL (which has no trailing slash) automatically does a redirect to a URL with the trailing slash. Because it is a permanent redirect, search engines will follow the URL and update the page ranking. Scenario 4: Canonical Host Names The final SEO problem I discussed earlier are scenarios where a site works with both a leading “www” hostname prefix as well as just the hostname itself. This causes search engines to treat the URLs as different and split search rankling: http://www.scottgu.com/albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx We can fix this by adding a new IIS Rewrite rule that automatically redirects anyone who navigates to the first URL (that has a www prefix) to instead go to the second URL. Like before, we will setup the HTTP redirect to be a “permanent redirect” – which will indicate to search engines that they should follow the redirect and use the new URL they are redirected to as the identifier of the content they retrieve. To create such a rule we’ll click the “Add Rule” link in the URL Rewrite admin tool again. This will cause the “Add Rule” dialog to appear again: The URL Rewrite admin tool has a built-in “Canonical domain name” rule template. When we select it and click the “ok” button we’ll see the following dialog which asks us if we want to create a redirect rule that automatically redirects users to a primary host name URL: Above I’m entering the primary URL address I want to expose to the web: scottgu.com. When we click the “OK” button we’ll get a pre-written rule that automatically performs a permanent redirect if the URL has another leading domain name prefix. This will save the following additional rule to our web.config file: <configuration> <system.webServer> <rewrite> <rules> <rule name="Cannonical Hostname"> <match url="(.*)" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false"> <add input="{HTTP_HOST}" pattern="^scottgu\.com$" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="Redirect" url="http://scottgu.com/{R:1}" /> </rule> <rule name="Default Document" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*?)/?Default\.aspx$" /> <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" /> </rule> <rule name="Lower Case URLs" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="[A-Z]" ignoreCase="false" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false"> <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="Redirect" url="{ToLower:{URL}}" /> </rule> <rule name="Trailing Slash" stopProcessing="true"> <match url="(.*[^/])$" /> <conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll" trackAllCaptures="false"> <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsDirectory" negate="true" /> <add input="{REQUEST_FILENAME}" matchType="IsFile" negate="true" /> <add input="{URL}" pattern="WebResource.axd" negate="true" /> </conditions> <action type="Redirect" url="{R:1}/" /> </rule> </rules> </rewrite> </system.webServer> </configuration> Try the Rule Out Now that we’ve saved the rule, let’s try it out on our site. Try the following two URLs on my site: http://www.scottgu.com/albums.aspx http://scottgu.com/albums.aspx Notice that the first URL (which has the “www” prefix) now automatically does a redirect to the second URL which does not have the www prefix. Because it is a permanent redirect, search engines will follow the URL and update the page ranking. 4 Simple Rules for Improved SEO The above 4 rules are pretty easy to setup and should take less than 15 minutes to configure on existing sites you already have. The beauty of using a solution like the URL Rewrite Extension is that you can take advantage of it without having to change code within your web-site – and without having to break any existing links already pointing at your site. Users who follow existing links will be automatically redirected to the new URLs you wish to publish. And search engines will start to give your site a higher search relevancy ranking – which will list your site higher in search results and drive more traffic to it. Customizing your URL Rewriting rules further is easy to-do either by editing the web.config file directly, or alternatively, just double click the URL Rewrite icon within the IIS 7.x admin tool and it will list all the active rules for your web-site or application: Clicking any of the rules above will open the rules editor back up and allow you to tweak/customize/save them further. Summary Measuring and improving SEO is something every developer building a public-facing web-site needs to think about and focus on. If you haven’t already, download and use the SEO Toolkit to analyze the SEO of your sites today. New URL Routing features in ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET Web Forms 4 make it much easier to build applications that have more control over the URLs that are published. Tools like the URL Rewrite Extension that I’ve talked about in this blog post make it much easier to improve the URLs that are published from sites you already have built today – without requiring you to change a lot of code. The URL Rewrite Extension provides a bunch of additional great capabilities – far beyond just SEO - as well. I’ll be covering these additional capabilities more in future blog posts. Hope this helps, Scott

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Designer issue in VS: Events cannot be set on the object passed to the event binding service ...

- by serhio

I have a little problem: the Winform control (that contains between others WPF) suddenly stopped to be displayed in Designer. Message: Events cannot be set on the object passed to the event binding service because a site associated with the object could not be located. Call Stack: at System.ComponentModel.Design.EventBindingService.EventPropertyDescriptor.SetValue(Object component, Object value) at System.ComponentModel.Design.Serialization.CodeDomSerializerBase.DeserializeAttachEventStatement(IDesignerSerializationManager manager, CodeAttachEventStatement statement) at System.ComponentModel.Design.Serialization.CodeDomSerializerBase.DeserializeStatement(IDesignerSerializationManager manager, CodeStatement statement) Where could be the problem? InitializeComponent code Private Sub InitializeComponent() Dim resources As System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager = New System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager(GetType(PlanDeLigne)) Dim Appearance1 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance2 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance3 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance4 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance5 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance6 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance7 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance8 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance9 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance10 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance11 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Dim Appearance12 As Infragistics.Win.Appearance = New Infragistics.Win.Appearance() Me.mnbMenu = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStrip() Me.mncMode = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripComboBox() Me.mnbSeparator1 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mnbAdd = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton() Me.mnbDelete = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton() Me.mnbSeparator2 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mnbDropDownAction = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripDropDownButton() Me.mnbDropDownActionSens = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mnbDropDownActionSeparator1 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mnbDropDownActionDistances = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mnbDropDownActionSeparator2 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mnbSeparator3 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mnbSelectionZoom = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton() Me.mnbCancelZoom = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton() Me.mnbSeparator4 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mnbParametrage = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton() Me.mncSPlacerArret = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncSSeparator1 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mncSImage = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncSDefinirLastArret = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncSSeparator2 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mncSSupprimerArrets = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncSInsererArret = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncSSeparator3 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mncSInformations = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncSSupprimerSegment = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncSSeparator4 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mncSBatirTroncon = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncTInformations = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncTDistances = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncTSeparator1 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mncTTempsDeParcours = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncTSeparator2 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mncTCreerSensInverse = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncTSeparator3 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mncTSupprimerTroncon = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncTBatirItineraire = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncIInformations = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.mncISeparator1 = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator() Me.mncISupprimerItineraire = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem() Me.SplitContainer = New System.Windows.Forms.SplitContainer() Me.ElementHost1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Integration.ElementHost() Me._StopsCanvas = New Keolis.ctlWpfPlanDeLigne.StopsCanvas() Me.lblTitreCreation = New Keolis.ctlComponents.Label() Me.Panel1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel() Me.btnOk = New Keolis.ctlComponents.Button() Me.btnAnnuler = New Keolis.ctlComponents.Button() Me.grdCreation = New Keolis.ctlWinGrid.WinGrid() Me.mnbMenu.SuspendLayout() CType(Me.SplitContainer, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() Me.SplitContainer.Panel1.SuspendLayout() Me.SplitContainer.Panel2.SuspendLayout() Me.SplitContainer.SuspendLayout() Me.Panel1.SuspendLayout() CType(Me.grdCreation, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() Me.SuspendLayout() ' 'mnbMenu ' Me.mnbMenu.GripStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripGripStyle.Hidden Me.mnbMenu.Items.AddRange(New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItem() {Me.mncMode, Me.mnbSeparator1, Me.mnbAdd, Me.mnbDelete, Me.mnbSeparator2, Me.mnbDropDownAction, Me.mnbSeparator3, Me.mnbSelectionZoom, Me.mnbCancelZoom, Me.mnbSeparator4, Me.mnbParametrage}) Me.mnbMenu.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(0, 0) Me.mnbMenu.Name = "mnbMenu" Me.mnbMenu.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(605, 25) Me.mnbMenu.TabIndex = 2 ' 'mncMode ' Me.mncMode.DropDownStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList Me.mncMode.Name = "mncMode" Me.mncMode.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(121, 25) Me.mncMode.ToolTipText = "Mode du plan de ligne" ' 'mnbSeparator1 ' Me.mnbSeparator1.AutoSize = False Me.mnbSeparator1.Name = "mnbSeparator1" Me.mnbSeparator1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(20, 25) ' 'mnbAdd ' Me.mnbAdd.DisplayStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItemDisplayStyle.Image Me.mnbAdd.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("mnbAdd.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.mnbAdd.ImageTransparentColor = System.Drawing.Color.Magenta Me.mnbAdd.Name = "mnbAdd" Me.mnbAdd.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(23, 22) Me.mnbAdd.Text = "Création Tronçon / Itinéraire" ' 'mnbDelete ' Me.mnbDelete.DisplayStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItemDisplayStyle.Image Me.mnbDelete.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("mnbDelete.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.mnbDelete.ImageTransparentColor = System.Drawing.Color.Magenta Me.mnbDelete.Name = "mnbDelete" Me.mnbDelete.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(23, 22) Me.mnbDelete.Text = "Supprimer les éléments sélectionnés" ' 'mnbSeparator2 ' Me.mnbSeparator2.AutoSize = False Me.mnbSeparator2.Name = "mnbSeparator2" Me.mnbSeparator2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(20, 25) ' 'mnbDropDownAction ' Me.mnbDropDownAction.DisplayStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItemDisplayStyle.Image Me.mnbDropDownAction.DropDownItems.AddRange(New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItem() {Me.mnbDropDownActionSens, Me.mnbDropDownActionSeparator1, Me.mnbDropDownActionDistances, Me.mnbDropDownActionSeparator2, Me.mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques}) Me.mnbDropDownAction.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("mnbDropDownAction.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.mnbDropDownAction.ImageTransparentColor = System.Drawing.Color.Magenta Me.mnbDropDownAction.Name = "mnbDropDownAction" Me.mnbDropDownAction.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(29, 22) Me.mnbDropDownAction.Text = "Action sur le plan de ligne" ' 'mnbDropDownActionSens ' Me.mnbDropDownActionSens.Checked = True Me.mnbDropDownActionSens.CheckOnClick = True Me.mnbDropDownActionSens.CheckState = System.Windows.Forms.CheckState.Checked Me.mnbDropDownActionSens.Name = "mnbDropDownActionSens" Me.mnbDropDownActionSens.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(222, 22) Me.mnbDropDownActionSens.Text = "Afficher le sens" ' 'mnbDropDownActionSeparator1 ' Me.mnbDropDownActionSeparator1.Name = "mnbDropDownActionSeparator1" Me.mnbDropDownActionSeparator1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(219, 6) ' 'mnbDropDownActionDistances ' Me.mnbDropDownActionDistances.Checked = True Me.mnbDropDownActionDistances.CheckOnClick = True Me.mnbDropDownActionDistances.CheckState = System.Windows.Forms.CheckState.Checked Me.mnbDropDownActionDistances.Name = "mnbDropDownActionDistances" Me.mnbDropDownActionDistances.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(222, 22) Me.mnbDropDownActionDistances.Text = "Afficher les distances" ' 'mnbDropDownActionSeparator2 ' Me.mnbDropDownActionSeparator2.Name = "mnbDropDownActionSeparator2" Me.mnbDropDownActionSeparator2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(219, 6) ' 'mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques ' Me.mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques.Checked = True Me.mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques.CheckOnClick = True Me.mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques.CheckState = System.Windows.Forms.CheckState.Checked Me.mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques.Name = "mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques" Me.mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(222, 22) Me.mnbDropDownActionArretsPhysiques.Text = "Afficher les arrêts physiques" ' 'mnbSeparator3 ' Me.mnbSeparator3.AutoSize = False Me.mnbSeparator3.Name = "mnbSeparator3" Me.mnbSeparator3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(20, 25) ' 'mnbSelectionZoom ' Me.mnbSelectionZoom.CheckOnClick = True Me.mnbSelectionZoom.DisplayStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItemDisplayStyle.Image Me.mnbSelectionZoom.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("mnbSelectionZoom.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.mnbSelectionZoom.ImageTransparentColor = System.Drawing.Color.Magenta Me.mnbSelectionZoom.Name = "mnbSelectionZoom" Me.mnbSelectionZoom.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(23, 22) Me.mnbSelectionZoom.Text = "Zoom par sélection" ' 'mnbCancelZoom ' Me.mnbCancelZoom.DisplayStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItemDisplayStyle.Image Me.mnbCancelZoom.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("mnbCancelZoom.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.mnbCancelZoom.ImageTransparentColor = System.Drawing.Color.Magenta Me.mnbCancelZoom.Name = "mnbCancelZoom" Me.mnbCancelZoom.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(23, 22) Me.mnbCancelZoom.Text = "Annuler le zoom" ' 'mnbSeparator4 ' Me.mnbSeparator4.AutoSize = False Me.mnbSeparator4.Name = "mnbSeparator4" Me.mnbSeparator4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(20, 25) ' 'mnbParametrage ' Me.mnbParametrage.DisplayStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItemDisplayStyle.Image Me.mnbParametrage.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("mnbParametrage.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.mnbParametrage.ImageTransparentColor = System.Drawing.Color.Magenta Me.mnbParametrage.Name = "mnbParametrage" Me.mnbParametrage.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(23, 22) Me.mnbParametrage.Text = "Paramétrage" ' 'mncSPlacerArret ' Me.mncSPlacerArret.Name = "mncSPlacerArret" Me.mncSPlacerArret.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 22) Me.mncSPlacerArret.Text = "Placer un arrêt" ' 'mncSSeparator1 ' Me.mncSSeparator1.Name = "mncSSeparator1" Me.mncSSeparator1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(213, 6) ' 'mncSImage ' Me.mncSImage.Name = "mncSImage" Me.mncSImage.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 22) Me.mncSImage.Text = "Image..." ' 'mncSDefinirLastArret ' Me.mncSDefinirLastArret.Name = "mncSDefinirLastArret" Me.mncSDefinirLastArret.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 22) Me.mncSDefinirLastArret.Text = "Définir comme dernier arrêt" ' 'mncSSeparator2 ' Me.mncSSeparator2.Name = "mncSSeparator2" Me.mncSSeparator2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(213, 6) ' 'mncSSupprimerArrets ' Me.mncSSupprimerArrets.Name = "mncSSupprimerArrets" Me.mncSSupprimerArrets.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 22) Me.mncSSupprimerArrets.Text = "Supprimer le ou les arrêts" ' 'mncSInsererArret ' Me.mncSInsererArret.Name = "mncSInsererArret" Me.mncSInsererArret.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 22) Me.mncSInsererArret.Text = "Insérer un arrêt" ' 'mncSSeparator3 ' Me.mncSSeparator3.Name = "mncSSeparator3" Me.mncSSeparator3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(213, 6) ' 'mncSInformations ' Me.mncSInformations.Name = "mncSInformations" Me.mncSInformations.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 22) Me.mncSInformations.Text = "Modifier les informations" ' 'mncSSupprimerSegment ' Me.mncSSupprimerSegment.Name = "mncSSupprimerSegment" Me.mncSSupprimerSegment.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 22) Me.mncSSupprimerSegment.Text = "Supprimer le segment" ' 'mncSSeparator4 ' Me.mncSSeparator4.Name = "mncSSeparator4" Me.mncSSeparator4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(213, 6) ' 'mncSBatirTroncon ' Me.mncSBatirTroncon.Name = "mncSBatirTroncon" Me.mncSBatirTroncon.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 22) Me.mncSBatirTroncon.Text = "Bâtir un tronçon" ' 'mncTInformations ' Me.mncTInformations.Name = "mncTInformations" Me.mncTInformations.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(201, 22) Me.mncTInformations.Text = "Modifier les informations" ' 'mncTDistances ' Me.mncTDistances.Name = "mncTDistances" Me.mncTDistances.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(201, 22) Me.mncTDistances.Text = "Modifier les distances" ' 'mncTSeparator1 ' Me.mncTSeparator1.Name = "mncTSeparator1" Me.mncTSeparator1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(198, 6) ' 'mncTTempsDeParcours ' Me.mncTTempsDeParcours.Name = "mncTTempsDeParcours" Me.mncTTempsDeParcours.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(201, 22) Me.mncTTempsDeParcours.Text = "Temps de parcours" ' 'mncTSeparator2 ' Me.mncTSeparator2.Name = "mncTSeparator2" Me.mncTSeparator2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(198, 6) ' 'mncTCreerSensInverse ' Me.mncTCreerSensInverse.Name = "mncTCreerSensInverse" Me.mncTCreerSensInverse.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(201, 22) Me.mncTCreerSensInverse.Text = "Créer le sens inverse" ' 'mncTSeparator3 ' Me.mncTSeparator3.Name = "mncTSeparator3" Me.mncTSeparator3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(198, 6) ' 'mncTSupprimerTroncon ' Me.mncTSupprimerTroncon.Name = "mncTSupprimerTroncon" Me.mncTSupprimerTroncon.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(201, 22) Me.mncTSupprimerTroncon.Text = "Supprimer le tronçon" ' 'mncTBatirItineraire ' Me.mncTBatirItineraire.Name = "mncTBatirItineraire" Me.mncTBatirItineraire.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(201, 22) Me.mncTBatirItineraire.Text = "Bâtir un itinéraire" ' 'mncIInformations ' Me.mncIInformations.Name = "mncIInformations" Me.mncIInformations.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(201, 22) Me.mncIInformations.Text = "Modifier les informations" ' 'mncISeparator1 ' Me.mncISeparator1.Name = "mncISeparator1" Me.mncISeparator1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(198, 6) ' 'mncISupprimerItineraire ' Me.mncISupprimerItineraire.Name = "mncISupprimerItineraire" Me.mncISupprimerItineraire.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(201, 22) Me.mncISupprimerItineraire.Text = "Supprimer l'itinéraires" ' 'SplitContainer ' Me.SplitContainer.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D Me.SplitContainer.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill Me.SplitContainer.FixedPanel = System.Windows.Forms.FixedPanel.Panel2 Me.SplitContainer.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(0, 25) Me.SplitContainer.Name = "SplitContainer" ' 'SplitContainer.Panel1 ' Me.SplitContainer.Panel1.AutoScroll = True Me.SplitContainer.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.ElementHost1) ' 'SplitContainer.Panel2 ' Me.SplitContainer.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.lblTitreCreation) Me.SplitContainer.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.Panel1) Me.SplitContainer.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.grdCreation) Me.SplitContainer.Panel2MinSize = 0 Me.SplitContainer.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(605, 418) Me.SplitContainer.SplitterDistance = 428 Me.SplitContainer.SplitterWidth = 2 Me.SplitContainer.TabIndex = 1 ' 'ElementHost1 ' Me.ElementHost1.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill Me.ElementHost1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(0, 0) Me.ElementHost1.Name = "ElementHost1" Me.ElementHost1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(424, 414) Me.ElementHost1.TabIndex = 0 Me.ElementHost1.Text = "ElementHost1" Me.ElementHost1.Child = Me._StopsCanvas ' 'lblTitreCreation ' Me.lblTitreCreation.Anchor = CType(((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left) _ Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right), System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles) Me.lblTitreCreation.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 4) Me.lblTitreCreation.Name = "lblTitreCreation" Me.lblTitreCreation.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(167, 16) Me.lblTitreCreation.TabIndex = 4 ' 'Panel1 ' Me.Panel1.AutoSize = True Me.Panel1.AutoSizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoSizeMode.GrowAndShrink Me.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.btnOk) Me.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.btnAnnuler) Me.Panel1.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Bottom Me.Panel1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(0, 385) Me.Panel1.Name = "Panel1" Me.Panel1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(171, 29) Me.Panel1.TabIndex = 3 ' 'btnOk ' Me.btnOk.Anchor = CType((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right), System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles) Me.btnOk.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Control Me.btnOk.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.LightSlateGray Me.btnOk.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.LightSteelBlue Me.btnOk.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat Me.btnOk.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.btnOk.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlText Me.btnOk.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 3) Me.btnOk.Name = "btnOk" Me.btnOk.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(75, 23) Me.btnOk.TabIndex = 6 Me.btnOk.Text = "OK" Me.btnOk.UseVisualStyleBackColor = True ' 'btnAnnuler ' Me.btnAnnuler.Anchor = CType((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right), System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles) Me.btnAnnuler.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Control Me.btnAnnuler.DialogResult = System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.Cancel Me.btnAnnuler.FlatAppearance.MouseDownBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.LightSlateGray Me.btnAnnuler.FlatAppearance.MouseOverBackColor = System.Drawing.Color.LightSteelBlue Me.btnAnnuler.FlatStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FlatStyle.Flat Me.btnAnnuler.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.btnAnnuler.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlText Me.btnAnnuler.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(93, 3) Me.btnAnnuler.Name = "btnAnnuler" Me.btnAnnuler.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(75, 23) Me.btnAnnuler.TabIndex = 7 Me.btnAnnuler.Text = "Annuler" Me.btnAnnuler.UseVisualStyleBackColor = True ' 'grdCreation ' Me.grdCreation.Anchor = CType((((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom) _ Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left) _ Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right), System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles) Me.grdCreation.AutoResizeColumns = False Me.grdCreation.ColumnsFiltreActif = False Appearance1.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Window Appearance1.BorderColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.InactiveCaption Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Appearance = Appearance1 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.BorderStyle = Infragistics.Win.UIElementBorderStyle.Solid Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.CaptionVisible = Infragistics.Win.DefaultableBoolean.[False] Appearance2.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ActiveBorder Appearance2.BackColor2 = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDark Appearance2.BackGradientStyle = Infragistics.Win.GradientStyle.Vertical Appearance2.BorderColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Window Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.GroupByBox.Appearance = Appearance2 Appearance3.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.GrayText Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.GroupByBox.BandLabelAppearance = Appearance3 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.GroupByBox.BorderStyle = Infragistics.Win.UIElementBorderStyle.Solid Appearance4.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlLightLight Appearance4.BackColor2 = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Control Appearance4.BackGradientStyle = Infragistics.Win.GradientStyle.Horizontal Appearance4.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.GrayText Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.GroupByBox.PromptAppearance = Appearance4 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.MaxColScrollRegions = 1 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.MaxRowScrollRegions = 1 Appearance5.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Window Appearance5.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlText Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.ActiveCellAppearance = Appearance5 Appearance6.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Highlight Appearance6.ForeColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.HighlightText Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.ActiveRowAppearance = Appearance6 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.AllowRowFiltering = Infragistics.Win.DefaultableBoolean.[False] Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.BorderStyleCell = Infragistics.Win.UIElementBorderStyle.Dotted Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.BorderStyleRow = Infragistics.Win.UIElementBorderStyle.Dotted Appearance7.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Window Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.CardAreaAppearance = Appearance7 Appearance8.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Silver Appearance8.TextTrimming = Infragistics.Win.TextTrimming.EllipsisCharacter Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.CellAppearance = Appearance8 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.CellPadding = 0 Appearance9.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Control Appearance9.BackColor2 = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlDark Appearance9.BackGradientAlignment = Infragistics.Win.GradientAlignment.Element Appearance9.BackGradientStyle = Infragistics.Win.GradientStyle.Horizontal Appearance9.BorderColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Window Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.GroupByRowAppearance = Appearance9 Appearance10.TextHAlignAsString = "Left" Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.HeaderAppearance = Appearance10 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.HeaderClickAction = Infragistics.Win.UltraWinGrid.HeaderClickAction.SortMulti Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.HeaderStyle = Infragistics.Win.HeaderStyle.WindowsXPCommand Appearance11.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Window Appearance11.BorderColor = System.Drawing.Color.Silver Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.RowAppearance = Appearance11 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.RowSelectors = Infragistics.Win.DefaultableBoolean.[False] Appearance12.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlLight Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.Override.TemplateAddRowAppearance = Appearance12 Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.ScrollBounds = Infragistics.Win.UltraWinGrid.ScrollBounds.ScrollToFill Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.ScrollStyle = Infragistics.Win.UltraWinGrid.ScrollStyle.Immediate Me.grdCreation.DisplayLayout.ViewStyleBand = Infragistics.Win.UltraWinGrid.ViewStyleBand.OutlookGroupBy Me.grdCreation.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Times New Roman", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.grdCreation.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(0, 23) Me.grdCreation.Name = "grdCreation" Me.grdCreation.PrintColumnsKey = Nothing Me.grdCreation.PrintRowsIndex = Nothing Me.grdCreation.PrintTitle = Nothing Me.grdCreation.RowsActivation = Infragistics.Win.UltraWinGrid.Activation.AllowEdit Me.grdCreation.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(175, 391) Me.grdCreation.TabIndex = 5 Me.grdCreation.Tag = "" ' 'PlanDeLigne ' Me.AutoScaleDimensions = New System.Drawing.SizeF(6.0!, 13.0!) Me.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font Me.Controls.Add(Me.SplitContainer) Me.Controls.Add(Me.mnbMenu) Me.MinimumSize = New System.Drawing.Size(605, 431) Me.Name = "PlanDeLigne" Me.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(605, 443) Me.mnbMenu.ResumeLayout(False) Me.mnbMenu.PerformLayout() Me.SplitContainer.Panel1.ResumeLayout(False) Me.SplitContainer.Panel2.ResumeLayout(False) Me.SplitContainer.Panel2.PerformLayout() CType(Me.SplitContainer, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() Me.SplitContainer.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel1.ResumeLayout(False) CType(Me.grdCreation, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() Me.ResumeLayout(False) Me.PerformLayout() End Sub

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jsf submit button not wrking

- by tejas-a

I am using hx:commandExButton of IBM Faces Client Framework to call my method. But the method is not getting called. But if I use immediate="true" it's getting called. But as you all know with this my model won't get updated, so it has no use to me. Has anyone faced this? Check the hx:commandExButton id="btnSearch" <%-- tpl:metadata --%> <%-- jsf:pagecode language="java" location="/src/pagecode/view/costestimation/SearchAssignee.java" --%><%-- /jsf:pagecode --%> <%-- /tpl:metadata --%> <%@taglib prefix="f" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"%><%@taglib prefix="h" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"%><%@taglib uri="http://www.ibm.com/jsf/html_extended" prefix="hx"%><%@taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/portlet_2_0" prefix="portlet"%><%@taglib uri="http://www.ibm.com/xmlns/prod/websphere/portal/v6.1/portlet-client-model" prefix="portlet-client-model"%><%@page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%><portlet-client-model:init> <portlet-client-model:require module="ibm.portal.xml.*" /> <portlet-client-model:require module="ibm.portal.portlet.*" /> </portlet-client-model:init> <portlet:defineObjects /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" title="Style" href="../../theme/stylesheet.css"> <f:view> <f:loadBundle var="giamsBundle" basename="com.ibm.costprojectionportlet.nl.GIAMSResourceBundle" /> <hx:viewFragment id="viewFragment1"> <hx:scriptCollector id="scriptCollector1"> <script language="JavaScript" src='<%=renderResponse.encodeURL(renderRequest .getContextPath() + "/js/common.js")%>'></script> <h:outputText value="<br/>" escape="false" /> <h:outputText id="titleSearch" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['title.search']}" escape="false"></h:outputText> <h:outputText value="<br/>" escape="false" /> <h:messages style="font-weight:bold;color:red;" layout="table"></h:messages> <hx:panelSection styleClass="panelSection" title="SearchCriteria" id="searchCriteriaPanel" initClosed="false" style="border-width: thin; border-style: groove"> <h:form styleClass="form" id="searchCriteriaForm"> <h:messages style="font-weight:bold;color:red;" layout="table"></h:messages> <h:panelGrid columns="2" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="100%"> <h:column> <hx:panelFormBox helpPosition="over" labelPosition="left" styleClass="panelFormBox" id="formBoxLeft"> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="frmLastName" label="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.lastname']}" escape="false"> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" size="20" id="txtLastName" value="#{pc_SearchAssignee.assignee.lastName}"> </h:inputText> </hx:formItem> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="frmHomeCountrySerial" label="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homecountryserial']}" escape="false"> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" size="20" id="txtHomeCountrySerial" value="#{pc_SearchAssignee.assignee.companyDetails.homeCountrySerial}"> </h:inputText> </hx:formItem> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="frmHomeCountry" label="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homecountry']}" escape="false"> <h:selectOneMenu styleClass="selectOneMenu" id="ddHomeCountry" value=""> <f:selectItems value="#{pc_referenceData.telephoneTypeList}" /> </h:selectOneMenu> </hx:formItem> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="frmHomeBusinessUnit" label="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homebusunit']}" escape="false"> <h:selectOneMenu styleClass="selectOneMenu" value="" id="ddHomeBusinessUnit"> <f:selectItems value="#{pc_referenceData.telephoneTypeList}" /> </h:selectOneMenu> </hx:formItem> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="frmforButtons" label="" escape="false"> <h:panelGroup> <hx:commandExButton styleClass="commandExButton" id="btnSearch" value="#{giamsBundle['btn.search']}" action="#{pc_SearchAssignee.searchAssignee}"> </hx:commandExButton> <hx:commandExButton styleClass="commandExButton" id="btnCancel" value="#{giamsBundle['btn.cancel']}" action="#{pc_SearchAssignee.searchAssignee}"> </hx:commandExButton> </h:panelGroup> </hx:formItem> </hx:panelFormBox> </h:column> <h:column> <hx:panelFormBox helpPosition="over" labelPosition="left" styleClass="panelFormBox" id="formBoxRight"> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="frmFirstName" label="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.firstname']}" escape="false"> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" size="20" id="txtFirstName" value="#{pc_SearchAssignee.assignee.firstName}"> </h:inputText> </hx:formItem> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="frmHomeNotesEmail" label="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homenotesemail']}" escape="false"> <h:panelGroup> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" size="20" id="txtHomeNotesEmail" value="#{pc_SearchAssignee.assignee.lotusNotesId}"> </h:inputText> </h:panelGroup> </hx:formItem> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="frmHomeLocation" label="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homeloc']}" escape="false"> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" size="20" id="txtHomeLocation" value="#{pc_SearchAssignee.assignee.homeAddress.cityName}"> </h:inputText> </hx:formItem> <hx:formItem styleClass="formItem" id="blank" label="" escape="false"> <h:outputText id="txtblank" escape="false"></h:outputText> </hx:formItem> </hx:panelFormBox> </h:column> </h:panelGrid> </h:form> <f:facet name="opened"> <hx:jspPanel id="jspPanelMainOpen"> <hx:graphicImageEx id="imageExMainOpen" styleClass="graphicImageEx" align="middle" value="/theme/img/form_header.GIF" width="100%" height="20"></hx:graphicImageEx> </hx:jspPanel> </f:facet> </hx:panelSection> <h:outputText id="titleResults" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.results']}" escape="false"></h:outputText> <h:outputText value="<br/>" escape="false" /> <hx:dataTableEx border="0" cellspacing="2" width="100%" columnClasses="columnClass1" headerClass="headerClass" footerClass="footerClass" rowClasses="rowClass1, rowClass2" styleClass="dataTableEx" id="searchAssignee" value="#{pc_SearchAssignee.assigneeList}" var="searchitr" binding="#{pc_SearchAssignee.searchDataTable}" rendered="#{pc_SearchAssignee.render}"> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx1"> <f:facet name="header"> <hx:panelBox styleClass="panelBox" id="selectPanelBox"> <hx:outputSelecticons styleClass="outputSelecticons" id="selectCheckBox"></hx:outputSelecticons> </hx:panelBox> </f:facet> <hx:inputRowSelect styleClass="inputRowSelect" value="#{searchitr.selected}" id="rowSelect"></hx:inputRowSelect> <f:facet name="header"></f:facet> </hx:columnEx> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx2"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText id="lblEeId" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.eeid']}"></h:outputText> </f:facet> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" id="dttxtEEID" value="#{searchitr.employeeID}"></h:inputText> </hx:columnEx> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx3"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText id="lblFirstName" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.firstname']}"></h:outputText> </f:facet> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" id="dttxtFirstName" value="#{searchitr.firstName}"></h:inputText> </hx:columnEx> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx4"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText id="lblLastName" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.lastname']}"></h:outputText> </f:facet> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" id="dttxtLastName" value="#{searchitr.lastName}"></h:inputText> </hx:columnEx> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx5"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText id="lblHomeNotesEmail" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homenotesemail']}"></h:outputText> </f:facet> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" id="dttxtHomeNotesEmail" value="#{searchitr.homeAddress.addressLine1}"></h:inputText> </hx:columnEx> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx6"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText id="lblHomeCountry" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homecountry']}"></h:outputText> </f:facet> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" id="dttxtHomeCountry" value="#{searchitr.homeAddress.addressLine1}"></h:inputText> </hx:columnEx> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx7"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText id="lblHomeLocation" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homeloc']}"></h:outputText> </f:facet> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" id="dttxtHomeLocation" value="#{searchitr.homeTaxID}"></h:inputText> </hx:columnEx> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx8"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText id="lblHomeBusUnit" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.homebusunit']}"></h:outputText> </f:facet> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" id="dttxtHomeBusUnit" value="#{searchitr.homeTaxID}"></h:inputText> </hx:columnEx> <hx:columnEx id="columnEx9"> <f:facet name="header"> <h:outputText id="lblAssignStatus" styleClass="outputText" value="#{giamsBundle['lbl.search.assignmentstatus']}"></h:outputText> </f:facet> <h:inputText styleClass="inputText" id="dttxtAssignStatus" value="#{searchitr.homeTaxID}"></h:inputText> </hx:columnEx> </hx:dataTableEx> <h:outputText value="<br/>" escape="false" /> <hx:commandExButton type="submit" styleClass="commandExButton" rendered="#{pc_SearchAssignee.render}" id="btnContinue" value="#{giamsBundle['btn.continue']}" action="#{pc_SearchAssignee.searchAssignee}"> </hx:commandExButton> </hx:scriptCollector> </hx:viewFragment> </f:view>

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Xapian gem failed to install on Mac OS X Snow Leopard + macports

- by goodwill

I have installed xapian-core + xapian-bindings with macports on snow leopard, then trying to install xapian gem fails: Building native extensions. This could take a while... ERROR: Error installing xapian: ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension. /opt/ruby-enterprise/bin/ruby extconf.rb ./configure --with-ruby checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... ./install-sh -c -d checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... no checking for nawk... no checking for awk... awk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking how to create a ustar tar archive... gnutar checking build system type... i386-apple-darwin10.3.0 checking host system type... i386-apple-darwin10.3.0 checking for style of include used by make... GNU checking for gcc... gcc checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of executables... checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3 checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /usr/bin/sed checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E checking for ld used by gcc... /usr/libexec/gcc/i686-apple-darwin10/4.2.1/ld checking if the linker (/usr/libexec/gcc/i686-apple-darwin10/4.2.1/ld) is GNU ld... no checking for /usr/libexec/gcc/i686-apple-darwin10/4.2.1/ld option to reload object files... -r checking for BSD-compatible nm... /usr/bin/nm checking whether ln -s works... yes checking how to recognize dependent libraries... pass_all checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for sys/stat.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for memory.h... yes checking for strings.h... yes checking for inttypes.h... yes checking for stdint.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking dlfcn.h usability... yes checking dlfcn.h presence... yes checking for dlfcn.h... yes checking for g++... g++ checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... yes checking whether g++ accepts -g... yes checking dependency style of g++... gcc3 checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... g++ -E checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 196608 checking command to parse /usr/bin/nm output from gcc object... ok checking for objdir... .libs checking for ar... ar checking for ranlib... ranlib checking for strip... strip checking for dsymutil... dsymutil checking for nmedit... nmedit checking for -single_module linker flag... yes checking for -exported_symbols_list linker flag... yes checking if gcc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no checking for gcc option to produce PIC... -fno-common checking if gcc PIC flag -fno-common works... yes checking if gcc static flag -static works... no checking if gcc supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the gcc linker (/usr/libexec/gcc/i686-apple-darwin10/4.2.1/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking dynamic linker characteristics... darwin10.3.0 dyld checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes checking whether to build shared libraries... yes checking whether to build static libraries... no checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... (cached) yes checking whether g++ accepts -g... (cached) yes checking dependency style of g++... (cached) gcc3 checking for xapian-config... /opt/local/bin/xapian-config checking /opt/local/bin/xapian-config works... yes checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no checking for ruby1.8... no checking for ruby... /opt/ruby-enterprise/bin/ruby checking /opt/ruby-enterprise/bin/ruby version... ruby 1.8.7 (2009-06-12 patchlevel 174) [i686-darwin10.2.0], MBARI 0x6770, Ruby Enterprise Edition 2009.10 checking for /opt/ruby-enterprise/lib/ruby/1.8/i686-darwin10.2.0/ruby.h... yes checking ruby/io.h... no checking whether to use -fvisibility=hidden... yes configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating Makefile config.status: creating xapian-version.h config.status: creating python/Makefile config.status: creating python/docs/Makefile config.status: creating php/Makefile config.status: creating php/docs/Makefile config.status: creating java/Makefile config.status: creating java/native/Makefile config.status: creating java/org/xapian/Makefile config.status: creating java/org/xapian/errors/Makefile config.status: creating java/org/xapian/examples/Makefile config.status: creating java-swig/Makefile config.status: creating tcl8/Makefile config.status: creating tcl8/docs/Makefile config.status: creating tcl8/pkgIndex.tcl config.status: creating csharp/Makefile config.status: creating csharp/docs/Makefile config.status: creating csharp/AssemblyInfo.cs config.status: creating ruby/Makefile config.status: creating ruby/docs/Makefile config.status: creating xapian-bindings.spec config.status: creating python/generate-python-exceptions config.status: creating config.h config.status: config.h is unchanged config.status: executing depfiles commands *** Building bindings for languages: ruby make make all-recursive Making all in ruby make all-recursive Making all in docs make all-am make[5]: Nothing to be done for `all-am'. /bin/sh ../libtool --tag=CXX --mode=compile g++ -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I.. -I/opt/ruby-enterprise/lib/ruby/1.8/i686-darwin10.2.0 -I/opt/ruby-enterprise/lib/ruby/1.8/i686-darwin10.2.0 -fno-strict-aliasing -Wall -Wno-unused -Wno-uninitialized -fvisibility=hidden -I/opt/local/include -g -O2 -MT xapian_wrap.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/xapian_wrap.Tpo -c -o xapian_wrap.lo xapian_wrap.cc ../libtool: line 393: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 393: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 792: /bin/sed: No such file or directory : ignoring unknown tag ../libtool: line 792: /bin/sed: No such file or directory *** Warning: inferring the mode of operation is deprecated. *** Future versions of Libtool will require --mode=MODE be specified. ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1103: /bin/sed: No such file or directory ../libtool: line 1156: /bin/sed: No such file or directory : compile: cannot determine name of library object from `' make[4]: *** [xapian_wrap.lo] Error 1 make[3]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make[2]: *** [all] Error 2 make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make: *** [all] Error 2 extconf.rb:3:in `system!': unhandled exception from extconf.rb:6 Gem files will remain installed in /opt/ruby-enterprise/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/xapian-1.0.15 for inspection. Results logged to /opt/ruby-enterprise/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/xapian-1.0.15/gem_make.out Any idea pal?

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How do you convert a parent-child (adjacency) table to a nested set using PHP and MySQL?

- by mrbinky3000

I've spent the last few hours trying to find the solution to this question online. I've found plenty of examples on how to convert from nested set to adjacency... but few that go the other way around. The examples I have found either don't work or use MySQL procedures. Unfortunately, I can't use procedures for this project. I need a pure PHP solution. I have a table that uses the adjacency model below: id parent_id category 1 0 ROOT_NODE 2 1 Books 3 1 CD's 4 1 Magazines 5 2 Books/Hardcover 6 2 Books/Large Format 7 4 Magazines/Vintage And I would like to convert it to a Nested Set table below: id left right category 1 1 14 Root Node 2 2 7 Books 3 3 4 Books/Hardcover 4 5 6 Books/Large Format 5 8 9 CD's 6 10 13 Magazines 7 11 12 Magazines/Vintage Here is an image of what I need: I have a function, based on the pseudo code from this forum post (http://www.sitepoint.com/forums/showthread.php?t=320444) but it doesn't work. I get multiple rows that have the same value for left. This should not happen. <?php /** -- -- Table structure for table `adjacent_table` -- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `adjacent_table` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `father_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `category` varchar(128) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=8 ; -- -- Dumping data for table `adjacent_table` -- INSERT INTO `adjacent_table` (`id`, `father_id`, `category`) VALUES (1, 0, 'ROOT'), (2, 1, 'Books'), (3, 1, 'CD''s'), (4, 1, 'Magazines'), (5, 2, 'Hard Cover'), (6, 2, 'Large Format'), (7, 4, 'Vintage'); -- -- Table structure for table `nested_table` -- CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `nested_table` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `lft` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `rgt` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `category` varchar(128) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; */ mysql_connect('localhost','USER','PASSWORD') or die(mysql_error()); mysql_select_db('DATABASE') or die(mysql_error()); adjacent_to_nested(0); /** * adjacent_to_nested * * Reads a "adjacent model" table and converts it to a "Nested Set" table. * @param integer $i_id Should be the id of the "root node" in the adjacent table; * @param integer $i_left Should only be used on recursive calls. Holds the current value for lft */ function adjacent_to_nested($i_id, $i_left = 0) { // the right value of this node is the left value + 1 $i_right = $i_left + 1; // get all children of this node $a_children = get_source_children($i_id); foreach ($a_children as $a) { // recursive execution of this function for each child of this node // $i_right is the current right value, which is incremented by the // import_from_dc_link_category method $i_right = adjacent_to_nested($a['id'], $i_right); // insert stuff into the our new "Nested Sets" table $s_query = " INSERT INTO `nested_table` (`id`, `lft`, `rgt`, `category`) VALUES( NULL, '".$i_left."', '".$i_right."', '".mysql_real_escape_string($a['category'])."' ) "; if (!mysql_query($s_query)) { echo "<pre>$s_query</pre>\n"; throw new Exception(mysql_error()); } echo "<p>$s_query</p>\n"; // get the newly created row id $i_new_nested_id = mysql_insert_id(); } return $i_right + 1; } /** * get_source_children * * Examines the "adjacent" table and finds all the immediate children of a node * @param integer $i_id The unique id for a node in the adjacent_table table * @return array Returns an array of results or an empty array if no results. */ function get_source_children($i_id) { $a_return = array(); $s_query = "SELECT * FROM `adjacent_table` WHERE `father_id` = '".$i_id."'"; if (!$i_result = mysql_query($s_query)) { echo "<pre>$s_query</pre>\n"; throw new Exception(mysql_error()); } if (mysql_num_rows($i_result) > 0) { while($a = mysql_fetch_assoc($i_result)) { $a_return[] = $a; } } return $a_return; } ?> This is the output of the above script. INSERT INTO nested_table (id, lft, rgt, category) VALUES( NULL, '2', '5', 'Hard Cover' ) INSERT INTO nested_table (id, lft, rgt, category) VALUES( NULL, '2', '7', 'Large Format' ) INSERT INTO nested_table (id, lft, rgt, category) VALUES( NULL, '1', '8', 'Books' ) INSERT INTO nested_table (id, lft, rgt, category) VALUES( NULL, '1', '10', 'CD\'s' ) INSERT INTO nested_table (id, lft, rgt, category) VALUES( NULL, '10', '13', 'Vintage' ) INSERT INTO nested_table (id, lft, rgt, category) VALUES( NULL, '1', '14', 'Magazines' ) INSERT INTO nested_table (id, lft, rgt, category) VALUES( NULL, '0', '15', 'ROOT' ) As you can see, there are multiple rows sharing the lft value of "1" same goes for "2" In a nested-set, the values for left and right must be unique. Here is an example of how to manually number the left and right ID's in a nested set: UPDATE - PROBLEM SOLVED First off, I had mistakenly believed that the source table (the one in adjacent-lists format) needed to be altered to include a source node. This is not the case. Secondly, I found a cached page on BING (of all places) with a class that does the trick. I've altered it for PHP5 and converted the original author's mysql related bits to basic PHP. He was using some DB class. You can convert them to your own database abstraction class later if you want. Obviously, if your "source table" has other columns that you want to move to the nested set table, you will have to adjust the write method in the class below. Hopefully this will save someone else from the same problems in the future. <?php /** -- -- Table structure for table `adjacent_table` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `adjacent_table`; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `adjacent_table` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `father_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `category` varchar(128) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=8 ; -- -- Dumping data for table `adjacent_table` -- INSERT INTO `adjacent_table` (`id`, `father_id`, `category`) VALUES (1, 0, 'Books'), (2, 0, 'CD''s'), (3, 0, 'Magazines'), (4, 1, 'Hard Cover'), (5, 1, 'Large Format'), (6, 3, 'Vintage'); -- -- Table structure for table `nested_table` -- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `nested_table`; CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `nested_table` ( `lft` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `rgt` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `category` varchar(128) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`lft`), UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`), UNIQUE KEY `rgt` (`rgt`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; */ /** * @class tree_transformer * @author Paul Houle, Matthew Toledo * @created 2008-11-04 * @url http://gen5.info/q/2008/11/04/nested-sets-php-verb-objects-and-noun-objects/ */ class tree_transformer { private $i_count; private $a_link; public function __construct($a_link) { if(!is_array($a_link)) throw new Exception("First parameter should be an array. Instead, it was type '".gettype($a_link)."'"); $this->i_count = 1; $this->a_link= $a_link; } public function traverse($i_id) { $i_lft = $this->i_count; $this->i_count++; $a_kid = $this->get_children($i_id); if ($a_kid) { foreach($a_kid as $a_child) { $this->traverse($a_child); } } $i_rgt=$this->i_count; $this->i_count++; $this->write($i_lft,$i_rgt,$i_id); } private function get_children($i_id) { return $this->a_link[$i_id]; } private function write($i_lft,$i_rgt,$i_id) { // fetch the source column $s_query = "SELECT * FROM `adjacent_table` WHERE `id` = '".$i_id."'"; if (!$i_result = mysql_query($s_query)) { echo "<pre>$s_query</pre>\n"; throw new Exception(mysql_error()); } $a_source = array(); if (mysql_num_rows($i_result)) { $a_source = mysql_fetch_assoc($i_result); } // root node? label it unless already labeled in source table if (1 == $i_lft && empty($a_source['category'])) { $a_source['category'] = 'ROOT'; } // insert into the new nested tree table // use mysql_real_escape_string because one value "CD's" has a single ' $s_query = " INSERT INTO `nested_table` (`id`,`lft`,`rgt`,`category`) VALUES ( '".$i_id."', '".$i_lft."', '".$i_rgt."', '".mysql_real_escape_string($a_source['category'])."' ) "; if (!$i_result = mysql_query($s_query)) { echo "<pre>$s_query</pre>\n"; throw new Exception(mysql_error()); } else { // success: provide feedback echo "<p>$s_query</p>\n"; } } } mysql_connect('localhost','USER','PASSWORD') or die(mysql_error()); mysql_select_db('DATABASE') or die(mysql_error()); // build a complete copy of the adjacency table in ram $s_query = "SELECT `id`,`father_id` FROM `adjacent_table`"; $i_result = mysql_query($s_query); $a_rows = array(); while ($a_rows[] = mysql_fetch_assoc($i_result)); $a_link = array(); foreach($a_rows as $a_row) { $i_father_id = $a_row['father_id']; $i_child_id = $a_row['id']; if (!array_key_exists($i_father_id,$a_link)) { $a_link[$i_father_id]=array(); } $a_link[$i_father_id][]=$i_child_id; } $o_tree_transformer = new tree_transformer($a_link); $o_tree_transformer->traverse(0); ?>

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Can't seem to install imagick

- by PolishHurricane

I'm trying to install the PHP PEAR PECL extension "imagick" (image magick), but failing horribly. It seems that I keed installing packages to progress, but this one has me stumped. It seems to fail all the way at the bottom. Please Note: I'm using ArchLinux, apt-get doesn't save me. [root@Crux tmp]# pecl install imagick downloading imagick-3.0.1.tgz ... Starting to download imagick-3.0.1.tgz (93,920 bytes) .....................done: 93,920 bytes 13 source files, building running: phpize Configuring for: PHP Api Version: 20100412 Zend Module Api No: 20100525 Zend Extension Api No: 220100525 Please provide the prefix of Imagemagick installation [autodetect] : building in /tmp/pear/temp/pear-build-rootLbSUWT/imagick-3.0.1 running: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/configure --with-imagick checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /bin/sed checking for cc... cc checking whether the C compiler works... yes checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out checking for suffix of executables... checking whether we are cross compiling... no checking for suffix of object files... o checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes checking whether cc accepts -g... yes checking for cc option to accept ISO C89... none needed checking how to run the C preprocessor... cc -E checking for icc... no checking for suncc... no checking whether cc understands -c and -o together... yes checking for system library directory... lib checking if compiler supports -R... no checking if compiler supports -Wl,-rpath,... yes checking build system type... i686-pc-linux-gnu checking host system type... i686-pc-linux-gnu checking target system type... i686-pc-linux-gnu checking for PHP prefix... /usr checking for PHP includes... -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib checking for PHP extension directory... /usr/lib/php/modules checking for PHP installed headers prefix... /usr/include/php checking if debug is enabled... no checking if zts is enabled... no checking for re2c... re2c checking for re2c version... 0.13.5 (ok) checking for gawk... gawk checking whether to enable the imagick extension... yes, shared checking whether to enable the imagick GraphicsMagick backend... no checking ImageMagick MagickWand API configuration program... found in /usr/bin/MagickWand-config checking if ImageMagick version is at least 6.2.4... found version 6.7.8 Q16 checking for MagickWand.h header file... found in /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h checking PHP version is at least 5.1.3... yes. found 5.4.6 checking for ld used by cc... /usr/bin/ld checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes checking for /usr/bin/ld option to reload object files... -r checking for BSD-compatible nm... /usr/bin/nm -B checking whether ln -s works... yes checking how to recognize dependent libraries... pass_all checking for ANSI C header files... yes checking for sys/types.h... yes checking for sys/stat.h... yes checking for stdlib.h... yes checking for string.h... yes checking for memory.h... yes checking for strings.h... yes checking for inttypes.h... yes checking for stdint.h... yes checking for unistd.h... yes checking dlfcn.h usability... yes checking dlfcn.h presence... yes checking for dlfcn.h... yes checking the maximum length of command line arguments... 1572864 checking command to parse /usr/bin/nm -B output from cc object... ok checking for objdir... .libs checking for ar... ar checking for ranlib... ranlib checking for strip... strip checking if cc supports -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions... no checking for cc option to produce PIC... -fPIC checking if cc PIC flag -fPIC works... yes checking if cc static flag -static works... yes checking if cc supports -c -o file.o... yes checking whether the cc linker (/usr/bin/ld) supports shared libraries... yes checking whether -lc should be explicitly linked in... no checking dynamic linker characteristics... GNU/Linux ld.so checking how to hardcode library paths into programs... immediate checking whether stripping libraries is possible... yes checking if libtool supports shared libraries... yes checking whether to build shared libraries... yes checking whether to build static libraries... no creating libtool appending configuration tag "CXX" to libtool configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating config.h running: make /bin/sh /tmp/pear/temp/pear-build-rootLbSUWT/imagick-3.0.1/libtool --mode=compile cc -I. -I/tmp/pear/temp/imagick -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/tmp/pear/temp/pear-build-rootLbSUWT/imagick-3.0.1/include -I/tmp/pear/temp/pear-build-rootLbSUWT/imagick-3.0.1/main -I/tmp/pear/temp/imagick -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -I/usr/include/ImageMagick -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c -o imagick_class.lo mkdir .libs cc -I. -I/tmp/pear/temp/imagick -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/tmp/pear/temp/pear-build-rootLbSUWT/imagick-3.0.1/include -I/tmp/pear/temp/pear-build-rootLbSUWT/imagick-3.0.1/main -I/tmp/pear/temp/imagick -I/usr/include/php -I/usr/include/php/main -I/usr/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/include/php/Zend -I/usr/include/php/ext -I/usr/include/php/ext/date/lib -I/usr/include/ImageMagick -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -c /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/imagick_class.o /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimagematteâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:268:2: warning: âMagickGetImageMatteâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:82) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getsizeoffsetâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:406:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickGetSizeOffsetâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:87:3: note: expected âssize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_paintfloodfillimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1016:3: warning: âMagickPaintFloodfillImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:99) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1019:3: warning: âMagickPaintFloodfillImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:99) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimagepropertiesâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1083:2: warning: passing argument 3 of âMagickGetImagePropertiesâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:35:5: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimageprofilesâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1131:2: warning: passing argument 3 of âMagickGetImageProfilesâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:33:5: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_recolorimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1402:2: warning: âMagickRecolorImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:109) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_setfontâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1442:3: error: âstruct _php_core_globalsâ has no member named âsafe_modeâ /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1442:3: error: âCHECKUID_CHECK_FILE_AND_DIRâ undeclared (first use in this function) /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1442:3: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:1442:3: error: âCHECKUID_NO_ERRORSâ undeclared (first use in this function) /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_queryformatsâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:2580:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickQueryFormatsâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:41:5: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_queryfontsâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:2607:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickQueryFontsâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:40:5: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_colorfloodfillimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:3396:2: warning: âMagickColorFloodfillImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:75) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_mapimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:3730:2: warning: âMagickMapImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:86) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_mattefloodfillimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:3763:2: warning: âMagickMatteFloodfillImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:88) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_medianfilterimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:3790:2: warning: âMagickMedianFilterImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-image.h:217) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_paintopaqueimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:3853:2: warning: âMagickPaintOpaqueImageChannelâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:104) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_painttransparentimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:3916:2: warning: âMagickPaintTransparentImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:107) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_reducenoiseimageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:4059:2: warning: âMagickReduceNoiseImageâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-image.h:266) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimageattributeâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5068:2: warning: âMagickGetImageAttributeâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:59) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimagechannelextremaâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5253:2: warning: âMagickGetImageChannelExtremaâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:78) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5253:2: warning: passing argument 3 of âMagickGetImageChannelExtremaâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:68:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:78:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5253:2: warning: passing argument 4 of âMagickGetImageChannelExtremaâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:68:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:78:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimageextremaâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5506:2: warning: âMagickGetImageExtremaâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:80) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5506:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickGetImageExtremaâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:68:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:80:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5506:2: warning: passing argument 3 of âMagickGetImageExtremaâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:68:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:80:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimagehistogramâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5629:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickGetImageHistogramâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:74:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-image.h:415:5: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimagepageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5740:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickGetImagePageâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:74:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-image.h:192:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5740:2: warning: passing argument 3 of âMagickGetImagePageâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:74:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-image.h:192:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5740:2: warning: passing argument 4 of âMagickGetImagePageâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:74:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-image.h:192:3: note: expected âssize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:5740:2: warning: passing argument 5 of âMagickGetImagePageâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:74:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-image.h:192:3: note: expected âssize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimageindexâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:6344:2: warning: âMagickGetImageIndexâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:65) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_setimageindexâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:6369:2: warning: âMagickSetImageIndexâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:113) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getimagesizeâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:6447:2: warning: âMagickGetImageSizeâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:140) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_setimageattributeâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:6796:2: warning: âMagickSetImageAttributeâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:111) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_flattenimagesâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:7043:2: warning: âMagickFlattenImagesâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:132) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_averageimagesâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:8079:2: warning: âMagickAverageImagesâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:131) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_mosaicimagesâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:8516:2: warning: âMagickMosaicImagesâ is deprecated (declared at /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/deprecate.h:135) [-Wdeprecated-declarations] /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getpageâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9126:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickGetPageâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:84:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9126:2: warning: passing argument 3 of âMagickGetPageâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:84:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9126:2: warning: passing argument 4 of âMagickGetPageâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:84:3: note: expected âssize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9126:2: warning: passing argument 5 of âMagickGetPageâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:84:3: note: expected âssize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getquantumdepthâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9154:2: warning: passing argument 1 of âMagickGetQuantumDepthâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:52:4: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getquantumrangeâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9176:2: warning: passing argument 1 of âMagickGetQuantumRangeâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:53:4: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getsamplingfactorsâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9247:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickGetSamplingFactorsâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:59:4: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getsizeâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9273:2: warning: passing argument 2 of âMagickGetSizeâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:86:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9273:2: warning: passing argument 3 of âMagickGetSizeâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:86:3: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong unsigned int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_getversionâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9299:2: warning: passing argument 1 of âMagickGetVersionâ from incompatible pointer type [enabled by default] In file included from /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/MagickWand.h:73:0, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/php_imagick.h:49, from /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:21: /usr/include/ImageMagick/wand/magick-property.h:55:4: note: expected âsize_t *â but argument is of type âlong int *â /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c: In function âzim_imagick_setimageprogressmonitorâ: /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9534:2: error: âstruct _php_core_globalsâ has no member named âsafe_modeâ /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9534:2: error: âCHECKUID_CHECK_FILE_AND_DIRâ undeclared (first use in this function) /tmp/pear/temp/imagick/imagick_class.c:9534:2: error: âCHECKUID_NO_ERRORSâ undeclared (first use in this function) make: *** [imagick_class.lo] Error 1 ERROR: `make' failed

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JBoss Seam: In ScopeType.PAGE I get: java.lang.IllegalStateException: No conversation context active

- by Markos Fragkakis

Hi all, I have a page-scoped component, which has an instance variable List with data, which I display in a datatable. This datatable has pagination, sorting and filtering. The first time gate into the page, I get this appended in my URL: ?conversationId=97. The page works correctly, and when I change datatable pages no now component is created. After a minute or two, and at seamingly random time, I get an exception saying that there is no context. I have not used @Create in my code or my navigation files. So, I have two questions: Why do I get this suffix in my URL? Why did a conversation start? Why the exception? The component is scoped to PAGE. If I received an exception, it should not be related to a conversation. Right? Or is the conversation the exception is referring a temporary conversation? Cheers! UPDATE: This is the page: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets" xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html" xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core" xmlns:a4j="http://richfaces.org/a4j" xmlns:rich="http://richfaces.org/rich"> <body> <ui:composition template="/WEB-INF/facelets/templates/template.xhtml"> <ui:define name="content">  <script type="text/javascript"> function submitByEnter(event){ if (event.keyCode == 13) { if (event.preventDefault) { // Firefox event.preventDefault(); } else { // IE event.returnValue = false; } document.getElementById("refreshButton").click(); } } </script> <h:form prependId="false"> <h:commandButton action="Back" value="Back to home page" /> <br /> <p><h:outputText value="Applicants and Products (experimentation page)" class="page_title" /></p> <h:commandButton action="#{applicantProductListBean.showCreateApplicant}" value="Create Applicant" id="createApplicantButton"> </h:commandButton> <a4j:commandButton value="Refresh" id="refreshButton" action="#{applicantProductListBean.refreshData}" image="/images/icons/refresh48x48.gif" reRender="compositeTable, compositeScroller">   </a4j:commandButton> <rich:toolTip for="createApplicantButton" value="Create Applicant" /> <rich:dataTable styleClass="composite2DataTable" id="compositeTable" rows="1" columnClasses="col" value="#{applicantProductListBean.dataModel}" var="pageAppList"> <f:facet name="header"> <rich:columnGroup> <rich:column colspan="3"> <h:outputText styleClass="headerText" value="Applicants" /> </rich:column> <rich:column colspan="3"> <h:outputText styleClass="headerText" value="Products" /> </rich:column> <rich:column breakBefore="true"> <h:outputText styleClass="headerText" value="Applicant Name" /> <a4j:commandButton id="sortingApplicantNameButton" action="#{applicantProductListBean.toggleSorting('applicantName')}" image="/images/icons/sorting/#{sortingFilteringBean.applicantProductListSorting.sortingValues['applicantName']}.gif" reRender="sortingApplicantNameButton, sortingApplicantEmailButton, compositeTable, compositeScroller">   </a4j:commandButton> <br /> <h:inputText value="#{sortingFilteringBean.applicantProductListFiltering.filteringValues['applicantName']}" id="applicantNameFilterValue" onkeypress="return submitByEnter(event)"> </h:inputText> </rich:column> <rich:column> <h:outputText styleClass="headerText" value="Applicant Email" /> <a4j:commandButton id="sortingApplicantEmailButton" action="#{applicantProductListBean.toggleSorting('applicantEmail')}" image="/images/icons/sorting/#{sortingFilteringBean.applicantProductListSorting.sortingValues['applicantEmail']}.gif" reRender="sortingApplicantNameButton, sortingApplicantEmailButton, compositeTable, compositeScroller">   </a4j:commandButton> <br /> <h:inputText value="#{sortingFilteringBean.applicantProductListFiltering.filteringValues['applicantEmail']}" id="applicantEmailFilterValue" onkeypress="return submitByEnter(event)"> </h:inputText> </rich:column> <rich:column> <h:outputText styleClass="headerText" value="Applicant Actions" /> </rich:column> <rich:column> <h:outputText styleClass="headerText" value="Product Name" /> <a4j:commandButton id="sortingProductNameButton" action="#{applicantProductListBean.toggleSorting('productName')}" immediate="true" image="/images/icons/sorting/#{sortingFilteringBean.applicantProductListSorting.sortingValues['productName']}.gif" reRender="sortingProductNameButton, compositeTable, compositeScroller"> </a4j:commandButton> <br /> <h:inputText value="#{sortingFilteringBean.applicantProductListFiltering.filteringValues['productName']}" id="productNameFilterValue" onkeypress="return submitByEnter(event)"> </h:inputText> </rich:column> <rich:column> <h:outputText styleClass="headerText" value="Product Email" /> <br /> <h:inputText value="#{sortingFilteringBean.applicantProductListFiltering.filteringValues['productEmail']}" id="productEmailFilterValue" onkeypress="return submitByEnter(event)"> </h:inputText> </rich:column> <rich:column> <h:outputText styleClass="headerText" value="Product Actions" /> </rich:column> </rich:columnGroup> </f:facet> <rich:subTable rowClasses="odd_applicant_row, even_applicant_row" value="#{pageAppList}" var="app"> <rich:column styleClass=" internal_cell composite2TextContainingColumn" valign="top"> <h:outputText value="#{app.name}" /> </rich:column> <rich:column styleClass="internal_cell composite2TextContainingColumn" valign="top"> <h:outputText value="#{app.receiptEmail}" /> </rich:column> <rich:column valign="top" styleClass="buttonsColumn"> <h:commandButton action="#{applicantProductListBean.showUpdateApplicant(app)}" image="/images/icons/edit.jpg"> </h:commandButton>  <h:commandButton action="#{applicantProductListBean.showDeleteApplicant(app)}" image="/images/icons/delete.png"> </h:commandButton>  </rich:column> <rich:column colspan="3"> <table class="productsTableTable"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="createProductButtonTableCell"><h:commandButton action="#{applicantProductListBean.showCreateProduct(app)}" value="Create Product"> </h:commandButton>  </td> </tr> <tr> <td><rich:dataTable value="#{app.products}" var="prod" rowClasses="odd_product_row, even_product_row"> <rich:column styleClass="internal_cell composite2TextContainingColumn"> <h:outputText value="#{prod.inventedName}" /> </rich:column> <rich:column styleClass="internal_cell composite2TextContainingColumn"> <h:outputText value="#{prod.receiptEmail}" /> </rich:column> <rich:column styleClass="buttonsColumn"> <h:commandButton action="#{applicantProductListBean.showUpdateProduct(prod)}" image="/images/icons/edit.jpg"> </h:commandButton>  <h:commandButton action="#{applicantProductListBean.showDeleteProduct(prod)}" image="/images/icons/delete.png"> <f:setPropertyActionListener target="#{productBean.product}" value="#{prod}" /> </h:commandButton>  </rich:column> </rich:dataTable></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </rich:column> </rich:subTable> <f:facet name="footer"> <h:panelGrid columns="1" styleClass="applicantProductListFooter"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.no_results}" rendered="#{(empty applicantProductListBean.dataModel) || (applicantProductListBean.dataModel.rowCount==0)}"/> <rich:datascroller align="center" for="compositeTable" page="#{pageScrollerBean.applicantProductListPage}" id="compositeScroller" reRender="compositeTable" renderIfSinglePage="false" fastControls="hide"> <f:facet name="first"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.first}" styleClass="scrollerCell" /> </f:facet> <f:facet name="first_disabled"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.first}" styleClass="scrollerCell" /> </f:facet> <f:facet name="last"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.last}" styleClass="scrollerCell" /> </f:facet> <f:facet name="last_disabled"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.last}" styleClass="scrollerCell" /> </f:facet> <f:facet name="next"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.next}" styleClass="scrollerCell" /> </f:facet> <f:facet name="next_disabled"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.next}" styleClass="scrollerCell" /> </f:facet> <f:facet name="previous"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.previous}" styleClass="scrollerCell" /> </f:facet> <f:facet name="previous_disabled"> <h:outputText value="#{msgs.previous}" styleClass="scrollerCell" /> </f:facet> </rich:datascroller> </h:panelGrid> </f:facet> </rich:dataTable> </h:form> </ui:define> This is the backing bean: @Name("applicantProductListBean") @Scope(ScopeType.PAGE) public class ApplicantProductListBean extends BasePagedSortableFilterableListBean { /** * Public field for ad-hoc injection to work. */ @EJB(name = "FacadeService") public ApplicantFacadeService applicantFacadeService; @Logger private static Log logger; private final int pageSize = 10; @Out(scope = ScopeType.CONVERSATION, required = false) Applicant currentApplicant; @Out(scope = ScopeType.CONVERSATION, required = false) Product product; @Create public void onCreate() { System.out.println("Create"); } @Override protected DataModel initDataModel(int pageSize) { // get filtering and sorting from session sorting = getSorting(); filtering = getFiltering(); // System.out.println("Initializing a Composite3DataModel"); // System.out.println("Pagesize: " + pageSize); // System.out.println("Filtering: " + filtering.getFilteringValues()); // System.out.println("Sorting: " + sorting.getSortingValues()); return new Composite3DataModel(1, sorting, filtering); } // Navigation methods /** * Navigation-returning method, returns the action to follow after pressing * the "Create Applicant" button * * @return the action to be taken */ public Navigation.ApplicantProductList showCreateApplicant() { return Navigation.ApplicantProductList.SHOW_CREATE_APPLICANT; } /** * Navigation-returning method, returns the action to follow after pressing * the "Edit Applicant" button * * @return the action to be taken */ public Navigation.ApplicantProductList showUpdateApplicant( Applicant applicant) { this.currentApplicant = applicant; return Navigation.ApplicantProductList.SHOW_UPDATE_APPLICANT; } /** * Navigation-returning method, returns the action to follow after pressing * the "Delete Applicant" button * * @return the action to be taken */ public Navigation.ApplicantProductList showDeleteApplicant( Applicant applicant) { this.currentApplicant = applicant; return Navigation.ApplicantProductList.SHOW_DELETE_APPLICANT; } /** * Navigation-returning method, returns the action to follow after pressing * the "Create Product" button * * @return the action to be taken */ public Navigation.ApplicantProductList showCreateProduct(Applicant app) { this.product = new Product(); this.product.setApplicant(app); return Navigation.ApplicantProductList.SHOW_CREATE_PRODUCT; } /** * Navigation-returning method, returns the action to follow after pressing * the "Edit Product" button * * @return the action to be taken */ public Navigation.ApplicantProductList showUpdateProduct(Product prod) { this.product = prod; return Navigation.ApplicantProductList.SHOW_UPDATE_PRODUCT; } /** * Navigation-returning method, returns the action to follow after pressing * the "Delete Product" button * * @return the action to be taken */ public Navigation.ApplicantProductList showDeleteProduct(Product prod) { this.product = prod; return Navigation.ApplicantProductList.SHOW_DELETE_PRODUCT; } /** * */ @Override public Sorting getSorting() { if (sorting == null) { return (getSortingFilteringBeanFromSession() .getApplicantProductListSorting()); } return sorting; } /** * */ @Override public void setSorting(Sorting sorting) { getSortingFilteringBeanFromSession().setApplicantProductListSorting( sorting); } /** * */ @Override public Filtering getFiltering() { if (filtering == null) { return (getSortingFilteringBeanFromSession() .getApplicantProductListFiltering()); } return filtering; } /** * */ @Override public void setFiltering(Filtering filtering) { getSortingFilteringBeanFromSession().setApplicantProductListFiltering( filtering); } /** * @return the currentApplicant */ public Applicant getCurrentApplicant() { return currentApplicant; } /** * @param currentApplicant * the currentApplicant to set */ public void setCurrentApplicant(Applicant applicant) { this.currentApplicant = applicant; } /** * The model for this page * */ private class Composite3DataModel extends PagedSortableFilterableDataModel<List<Applicant>> { public Composite3DataModel(int pageSize, Sorting sorting, Filtering filtering) { super(pageSize, sorting, filtering); } @Override protected DataPage<List<Applicant>> fetchPage(int fakeStartRow, int fakePageSize) { // if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { System.out.println("Getting page with fakeStartRow: " + fakeStartRow + " and fakePageSize " + fakePageSize); // } // to find the page size multiply the startRow and the fakePageSize // (which is 1) to the actual page size int startRow = fakeStartRow * ApplicantProductListBean.this.pageSize; int pageSize = fakePageSize * ApplicantProductListBean.this.pageSize; // if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { System.out.println("Getting page with startRow: " + startRow + " and pageSize " + pageSize); // } List<Applicant> pageApplicants = applicantFacadeService .findPagedWithCriteria(startRow, pageSize, filtering, sorting); // List<Applicant> pageApplicants = applicantFacadeService // .findPagedWithDynamicQuery(startRow, pageSize, filtering, // sorting, true); // if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { System.out.println("Set of applicants: " + pageApplicants.size()); // } List<List<Applicant>> pageApplicantsListContainer = new ArrayList<List<Applicant>>(); pageApplicantsListContainer.add(pageApplicants); DataPage<List<Applicant>> dataPage = new DataPage<List<Applicant>>( this.getRowCount(), fakeStartRow, pageApplicantsListContainer); return dataPage; } @Override protected int getDatasetSize() { // int size = getServiceFacade().countWithCriteria(filtering, // sorting); // int size = // applicantFacadeService.countWithDynamicQuery(filtering, sorting, // false); int size = (int) Math.ceil((double) applicantFacadeService .countWithCriteria(filtering, sorting, false) / pageSize); if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace("Got Dataset Size: " + size); } return size; } } /** * @return the product */ public Product getProduct() { return product; } /** * @param product * the product to set */ public void setProduct(Product product) { this.product = product; } }

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Zen and the Art of File and Folder Organization

- by Mark Virtue

Is your desk a paragon of neatness, or does it look like a paper-bomb has gone off? If you’ve been putting off getting organized because the task is too huge or daunting, or you don’t know where to start, we’ve got 40 tips to get you on the path to zen mastery of your filing system. For all those readers who would like to get their files and folders organized, or, if they’re already organized, better organized—we have compiled a complete guide to getting organized and staying organized, a comprehensive article that will hopefully cover every possible tip you could want. Signs that Your Computer is Poorly Organized If your computer is a mess, you’re probably already aware of it. But just in case you’re not, here are some tell-tale signs: Your Desktop has over 40 icons on it “My Documents” contains over 300 files and 60 folders, including MP3s and digital photos You use the Windows’ built-in search facility whenever you need to find a file You can’t find programs in the out-of-control list of programs in your Start Menu You save all your Word documents in one folder, all your spreadsheets in a second folder, etc Any given file that you’re looking for may be in any one of four different sets of folders But before we start, here are some quick notes: We’re going to assume you know what files and folders are, and how to create, save, rename, copy and delete them The organization principles described in this article apply equally to all computer systems. However, the screenshots here will reflect how things look on Windows (usually Windows 7). We will also mention some useful features of Windows that can help you get organized. Everyone has their own favorite methodology of organizing and filing, and it’s all too easy to get into “My Way is Better than Your Way” arguments. The reality is that there is no perfect way of getting things organized. When I wrote this article, I tried to keep a generalist and objective viewpoint. I consider myself to be unusually well organized (to the point of obsession, truth be told), and I’ve had 25 years experience in collecting and organizing files on computers. So I’ve got a lot to say on the subject. But the tips I have described here are only one way of doing it. Hopefully some of these tips will work for you too, but please don’t read this as any sort of “right” way to do it. At the end of the article we’ll be asking you, the reader, for your own organization tips. Why Bother Organizing At All? For some, the answer to this question is self-evident. And yet, in this era of powerful desktop search software (the search capabilities built into the Windows Vista and Windows 7 Start Menus, and third-party programs like Google Desktop Search), the question does need to be asked, and answered. I have a friend who puts every file he ever creates, receives or downloads into his My Documents folder and doesn’t bother filing them into subfolders at all. He relies on the search functionality built into his Windows operating system to help him find whatever he’s looking for. And he always finds it. He’s a Search Samurai. For him, filing is a waste of valuable time that could be spent enjoying life! It’s tempting to follow suit. On the face of it, why would anyone bother to take the time to organize their hard disk when such excellent search software is available? Well, if all you ever want to do with the files you own is to locate and open them individually (for listening, editing, etc), then there’s no reason to ever bother doing one scrap of organization. But consider these common tasks that are not achievable with desktop search software: Find files manually. Often it’s not convenient, speedy or even possible to utilize your desktop search software to find what you want. It doesn’t work 100% of the time, or you may not even have it installed. Sometimes its just plain faster to go straight to the file you want, if you know it’s in a particular sub-folder, rather than trawling through hundreds of search results. Find groups of similar files (e.g. all your “work” files, all the photos of your Europe holiday in 2008, all your music videos, all the MP3s from Dark Side of the Moon, all your letters you wrote to your wife, all your tax returns). Clever naming of the files will only get you so far. Sometimes it’s the date the file was created that’s important, other times it’s the file format, and other times it’s the purpose of the file. How do you name a collection of files so that they’re easy to isolate based on any of the above criteria? Short answer, you can’t. Move files to a new computer. It’s time to upgrade your computer. How do you quickly grab all the files that are important to you? Or you decide to have two computers now – one for home and one for work. How do you quickly isolate only the work-related files to move them to the work computer? Synchronize files to other computers. If you have more than one computer, and you need to mirror some of your files onto the other computer (e.g. your music collection), then you need a way to quickly determine which files are to be synced and which are not. Surely you don’t want to synchronize everything? Choose which files to back up. If your backup regime calls for multiple backups, or requires speedy backups, then you’ll need to be able to specify which files are to be backed up, and which are not. This is not possible if they’re all in the same folder. Finally, if you’re simply someone who takes pleasure in being organized, tidy and ordered (me! me!), then you don’t even need a reason. Being disorganized is simply unthinkable. Tips on Getting Organized Here we present our 40 best tips on how to get organized. Or, if you’re already organized, to get better organized. Tip #1. Choose Your Organization System Carefully The reason that most people are not organized is that it takes time. And the first thing that takes time is deciding upon a system of organization. This is always a matter of personal preference, and is not something that a geek on a website can tell you. You should always choose your own system, based on how your own brain is organized (which makes the assumption that your brain is, in fact, organized). We can’t instruct you, but we can make suggestions: You may want to start off with a system based on the users of the computer. i.e. “My Files”, “My Wife’s Files”, My Son’s Files”, etc. Inside “My Files”, you might then break it down into “Personal” and “Business”. You may then realize that there are overlaps. For example, everyone may want to share access to the music library, or the photos from the school play. So you may create another folder called “Family”, for the “common” files. You may decide that the highest-level breakdown of your files is based on the “source” of each file. In other words, who created the files. You could have “Files created by ME (business or personal)”, “Files created by people I know (family, friends, etc)”, and finally “Files created by the rest of the world (MP3 music files, downloaded or ripped movies or TV shows, software installation files, gorgeous desktop wallpaper images you’ve collected, etc).” This system happens to be the one I use myself. See below: Mark is for files created by meVC is for files created by my company (Virtual Creations)Others is for files created by my friends and familyData is the rest of the worldAlso, Settings is where I store the configuration files and other program data files for my installed software (more on this in tip #34, below). Each folder will present its own particular set of requirements for further sub-organization. For example, you may decide to organize your music collection into sub-folders based on the artist’s name, while your digital photos might get organized based on the date they were taken. It can be different for every sub-folder! Another strategy would be based on “currentness”. Files you have yet to open and look at live in one folder. Ones that have been looked at but not yet filed live in another place. Current, active projects live in yet another place. All other files (your “archive”, if you like) would live in a fourth folder. (And of course, within that last folder you’d need to create a further sub-system based on one of the previous bullet points). Put some thought into this – changing it when it proves incomplete can be a big hassle! Before you go to the trouble of implementing any system you come up with, examine a wide cross-section of the files you own and see if they will all be able to find a nice logical place to sit within your system. Tip #2. When You Decide on Your System, Stick to It! There’s nothing more pointless than going to all the trouble of creating a system and filing all your files, and then whenever you create, receive or download a new file, you simply dump it onto your Desktop. You need to be disciplined – forever! Every new file you get, spend those extra few seconds to file it where it belongs! Otherwise, in just a month or two, you’ll be worse off than before – half your files will be organized and half will be disorganized – and you won’t know which is which! Tip #3. Choose the Root Folder of Your Structure Carefully Every data file (document, photo, music file, etc) that you create, own or is important to you, no matter where it came from, should be found within one single folder, and that one single folder should be located at the root of your C: drive (as a sub-folder of C:\). In other words, do not base your folder structure in standard folders like “My Documents”. If you do, then you’re leaving it up to the operating system engineers to decide what folder structure is best for you. And every operating system has a different system! In Windows 7 your files are found in C:\Users\YourName, whilst on Windows XP it was C:\Documents and Settings\YourName\My Documents. In UNIX systems it’s often /home/YourName. These standard default folders tend to fill up with junk files and folders that are not at all important to you. “My Documents” is the worst offender. Every second piece of software you install, it seems, likes to create its own folder in the “My Documents” folder. These folders usually don’t fit within your organizational structure, so don’t use them! In fact, don’t even use the “My Documents” folder at all. Allow it to fill up with junk, and then simply ignore it. It sounds heretical, but: Don’t ever visit your “My Documents” folder! Remove your icons/links to “My Documents” and replace them with links to the folders you created and you care about! Create your own file system from scratch! Probably the best place to put it would be on your D: drive – if you have one. This way, all your files live on one drive, while all the operating system and software component files live on the C: drive – simply and elegantly separated. The benefits of that are profound. Not only are there obvious organizational benefits (see tip #10, below), but when it comes to migrate your data to a new computer, you can (sometimes) simply unplug your D: drive and plug it in as the D: drive of your new computer (this implies that the D: drive is actually a separate physical disk, and not a partition on the same disk as C:). You also get a slight speed improvement (again, only if your C: and D: drives are on separate physical disks). Warning: From tip #12, below, you will see that it’s actually a good idea to have exactly the same file system structure – including the drive it’s filed on – on all of the computers you own. So if you decide to use the D: drive as the storage system for your own files, make sure you are able to use the D: drive on all the computers you own. If you can’t ensure that, then you can still use a clever geeky trick to store your files on the D: drive, but still access them all via the C: drive (see tip #17, below). If you only have one hard disk (C:), then create a dedicated folder that will contain all your files – something like C:\Files. The name of the folder is not important, but make it a single, brief word. There are several reasons for this: When creating a backup regime, it’s easy to decide what files should be backed up – they’re all in the one folder! If you ever decide to trade in your computer for a new one, you know exactly which files to migrate You will always know where to begin a search for any file If you synchronize files with other computers, it makes your synchronization routines very simple. It also causes all your shortcuts to continue to work on the other machines (more about this in tip #24, below). Once you’ve decided where your files should go, then put all your files in there – Everything! Completely disregard the standard, default folders that are created for you by the operating system (“My Music”, “My Pictures”, etc). In fact, you can actually relocate many of those folders into your own structure (more about that below, in tip #6). The more completely you get all your data files (documents, photos, music, etc) and all your configuration settings into that one folder, then the easier it will be to perform all of the above tasks. Once this has been done, and all your files live in one folder, all the other folders in C:\ can be thought of as “operating system” folders, and therefore of little day-to-day interest for us. Here’s a screenshot of a nicely organized C: drive, where all user files are located within the \Files folder: Tip #4. Use Sub-Folders This would be our simplest and most obvious tip. It almost goes without saying. Any organizational system you decide upon (see tip #1) will require that you create sub-folders for your files. Get used to creating folders on a regular basis. Tip #5. Don’t be Shy About Depth Create as many levels of sub-folders as you need. Don’t be scared to do so. Every time you notice an opportunity to group a set of related files into a sub-folder, do so. Examples might include: All the MP3s from one music CD, all the photos from one holiday, or all the documents from one client. It’s perfectly okay to put files into a folder called C:\Files\Me\From Others\Services\WestCo Bank\Statements\2009. That’s only seven levels deep. Ten levels is not uncommon. Of course, it’s possible to take this too far. If you notice yourself creating a sub-folder to hold only one file, then you’ve probably become a little over-zealous. On the other hand, if you simply create a structure with only two levels (for example C:\Files\Work) then you really haven’t achieved any level of organization at all (unless you own only six files!). Your “Work” folder will have become a dumping ground, just like your Desktop was, with most likely hundreds of files in it. Tip #6. Move the Standard User Folders into Your Own Folder Structure Most operating systems, including Windows, create a set of standard folders for each of its users. These folders then become the default location for files such as documents, music files, digital photos and downloaded Internet files. In Windows 7, the full list is shown below: Some of these folders you may never use nor care about (for example, the Favorites folder, if you’re not using Internet Explorer as your browser). Those ones you can leave where they are. But you may be using some of the other folders to store files that are important to you. Even if you’re not using them, Windows will still often treat them as the default storage location for many types of files. When you go to save a standard file type, it can become annoying to be automatically prompted to save it in a folder that’s not part of your own file structure. But there’s a simple solution: Move the folders you care about into your own folder structure! If you do, then the next time you go to save a file of the corresponding type, Windows will prompt you to save it in the new, moved location. Moving the folders is easy. Simply drag-and-drop them to the new location. Here’s a screenshot of the default My Music folder being moved to my custom personal folder (Mark): Tip #7. Name Files and Folders Intelligently This is another one that almost goes without saying, but we’ll say it anyway: Do not allow files to be created that have meaningless names like Document1.doc, or folders called New Folder (2). Take that extra 20 seconds and come up with a meaningful name for the file/folder – one that accurately divulges its contents without repeating the entire contents in the name. Tip #8. Watch Out for Long Filenames Another way to tell if you have not yet created enough depth to your folder hierarchy is that your files often require really long names. If you need to call a file Johnson Sales Figures March 2009.xls (which might happen to live in the same folder as Abercrombie Budget Report 2008.xls), then you might want to create some sub-folders so that the first file could be simply called March.xls, and living in the Clients\Johnson\Sales Figures\2009 folder. A well-placed file needs only a brief filename! Tip #9. Use Shortcuts! Everywhere! This is probably the single most useful and important tip we can offer. A shortcut allows a file to be in two places at once. Why would you want that? Well, the file and folder structure of every popular operating system on the market today is hierarchical. This means that all objects (files and folders) always live within exactly one parent folder. It’s a bit like a tree. A tree has branches (folders) and leaves (files). Each leaf, and each branch, is supported by exactly one parent branch, all the way back to the root of the tree (which, incidentally, is exactly why C:\ is called the “root folder” of the C: drive). That hard disks are structured this way may seem obvious and even necessary, but it’s only one way of organizing data. There are others: Relational databases, for example, organize structured data entirely differently. The main limitation of hierarchical filing structures is that a file can only ever be in one branch of the tree – in only one folder – at a time. Why is this a problem? Well, there are two main reasons why this limitation is a problem for computer users: The “correct” place for a file, according to our organizational rationale, is very often a very inconvenient place for that file to be located. Just because it’s correctly filed doesn’t mean it’s easy to get to. Your file may be “correctly” buried six levels deep in your sub-folder structure, but you may need regular and speedy access to this file every day. You could always move it to a more convenient location, but that would mean that you would need to re-file back to its “correct” location it every time you’d finished working on it. Most unsatisfactory. A file may simply “belong” in two or more different locations within your file structure. For example, say you’re an accountant and you have just completed the 2009 tax return for John Smith. It might make sense to you to call this file 2009 Tax Return.doc and file it under Clients\John Smith. But it may also be important to you to have the 2009 tax returns from all your clients together in the one place. So you might also want to call the file John Smith.doc and file it under Tax Returns\2009. The problem is, in a purely hierarchical filing system, you can’t put it in both places. Grrrrr! Fortunately, Windows (and most other operating systems) offers a way for you to do exactly that: It’s called a “shortcut” (also known as an “alias” on Macs and a “symbolic link” on UNIX systems). Shortcuts allow a file to exist in one place, and an icon that represents the file to be created and put anywhere else you please. In fact, you can create a dozen such icons and scatter them all over your hard disk. Double-clicking on one of these icons/shortcuts opens up the original file, just as if you had double-clicked on the original file itself. Consider the following two icons: The one on the left is the actual Word document, while the one on the right is a shortcut that represents the Word document. Double-clicking on either icon will open the same file. There are two main visual differences between the icons: The shortcut will have a small arrow in the lower-left-hand corner (on Windows, anyway) The shortcut is allowed to have a name that does not include the file extension (the “.docx” part, in this case) You can delete the shortcut at any time without losing any actual data. The original is still intact. All you lose is the ability to get to that data from wherever the shortcut was. So why are shortcuts so great? Because they allow us to easily overcome the main limitation of hierarchical file systems, and put a file in two (or more) places at the same time. You will always have files that don’t play nice with your organizational rationale, and can’t be filed in only one place. They demand to exist in two places. Shortcuts allow this! Furthermore, they allow you to collect your most often-opened files and folders together in one spot for convenient access. The cool part is that the original files stay where they are, safe forever in their perfectly organized location. So your collection of most often-opened files can – and should – become a collection of shortcuts! If you’re still not convinced of the utility of shortcuts, consider the following well-known areas of a typical Windows computer: The Start Menu (and all the programs that live within it) The Quick Launch bar (or the Superbar in Windows 7) The “Favorite folders” area in the top-left corner of the Windows Explorer window (in Windows Vista or Windows 7) Your Internet Explorer Favorites or Firefox Bookmarks Each item in each of these areas is a shortcut! Each of those areas exist for one purpose only: For convenience – to provide you with a collection of the files and folders you access most often. It should be easy to see by now that shortcuts are designed for one single purpose: To make accessing your files more convenient. Each time you double-click on a shortcut, you are saved the hassle of locating the file (or folder, or program, or drive, or control panel icon) that it represents. Shortcuts allow us to invent a golden rule of file and folder organization: “Only ever have one copy of a file – never have two copies of the same file. Use a shortcut instead” (this rule doesn’t apply to copies created for backup purposes, of course!) There are also lesser rules, like “don’t move a file into your work area – create a shortcut there instead”, and “any time you find yourself frustrated with how long it takes to locate a file, create a shortcut to it and place that shortcut in a convenient location.” So how to we create these massively useful shortcuts? There are two main ways: “Copy” the original file or folder (click on it and type Ctrl-C, or right-click on it and select Copy): Then right-click in an empty area of the destination folder (the place where you want the shortcut to go) and select Paste shortcut: Right-drag (drag with the right mouse button) the file from the source folder to the destination folder. When you let go of the mouse button at the destination folder, a menu pops up: Select Create shortcuts here. Note that when shortcuts are created, they are often named something like Shortcut to Budget Detail.doc (windows XP) or Budget Detail – Shortcut.doc (Windows 7). If you don’t like those extra words, you can easily rename the shortcuts after they’re created, or you can configure Windows to never insert the extra words in the first place (see our article on how to do this). And of course, you can create shortcuts to folders too, not just to files! Bottom line: Whenever you have a file that you’d like to access from somewhere else (whether it’s convenience you’re after, or because the file simply belongs in two places), create a shortcut to the original file in the new location. Tip #10. Separate Application Files from Data Files Any digital organization guru will drum this rule into you. Application files are the components of the software you’ve installed (e.g. Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop or Internet Explorer). Data files are the files that you’ve created for yourself using that software (e.g. Word Documents, digital photos, emails or playlists). Software gets installed, uninstalled and upgraded all the time. Hopefully you always have the original installation media (or downloaded set-up file) kept somewhere safe, and can thus reinstall your software at any time. This means that the software component files are of little importance. Whereas the files you have created with that software is, by definition, important. It’s a good rule to always separate unimportant files from important files. So when your software prompts you to save a file you’ve just created, take a moment and check out where it’s suggesting that you save the file. If it’s suggesting that you save the file into the same folder as the software itself, then definitely don’t follow that suggestion. File it in your own folder! In fact, see if you can find the program’s configuration option that determines where files are saved by default (if it has one), and change it. Tip #11. Organize Files Based on Purpose, Not on File Type If you have, for example a folder called Work\Clients\Johnson, and within that folder you have two sub-folders, Word Documents and Spreadsheets (in other words, you’re separating “.doc” files from “.xls” files), then chances are that you’re not optimally organized. It makes little sense to organize your files based on the program that created them. Instead, create your sub-folders based on the purpose of the file. For example, it would make more sense to create sub-folders called Correspondence and Financials. It may well be that all the files in a given sub-folder are of the same file-type, but this should be more of a coincidence and less of a design feature of your organization system. Tip #12. Maintain the Same Folder Structure on All Your Computers In other words, whatever organizational system you create, apply it to every computer that you can. There are several benefits to this: There’s less to remember. No matter where you are, you always know where to look for your files If you copy or synchronize files from one computer to another, then setting up the synchronization job becomes very simple Shortcuts can be copied or moved from one computer to another with ease (assuming the original files are also copied/moved). There’s no need to find the target of the shortcut all over again on the second computer Ditto for linked files (e.g Word documents that link to data in a separate Excel file), playlists, and any files that reference the exact file locations of other files. This applies even to the drive that your files are stored on. If your files are stored on C: on one computer, make sure they’re stored on C: on all your computers. Otherwise all your shortcuts, playlists and linked files will stop working! Tip #13. Create an “Inbox” Folder Create yourself a folder where you store all files that you’re currently working on, or that you haven’t gotten around to filing yet. You can think of this folder as your “to-do” list. You can call it “Inbox” (making it the same metaphor as your email system), or “Work”, or “To-Do”, or “Scratch”, or whatever name makes sense to you. It doesn’t matter what you call it – just make sure you have one! Once you have finished working on a file, you then move it from the “Inbox” to its correct location within your organizational structure. You may want to use your Desktop as this “Inbox” folder. Rightly or wrongly, most people do. It’s not a bad place to put such files, but be careful: If you do decide that your Desktop represents your “to-do” list, then make sure that no other files find their way there. In other words, make sure that your “Inbox”, wherever it is, Desktop or otherwise, is kept free of junk – stray files that don’t belong there. So where should you put this folder, which, almost by definition, lives outside the structure of the rest of your filing system? Well, first and foremost, it has to be somewhere handy. This will be one of your most-visited folders, so convenience is key. Putting it on the Desktop is a great option – especially if you don’t have any other folders on your Desktop: the folder then becomes supremely easy to find in Windows Explorer: You would then create shortcuts to this folder in convenient spots all over your computer (“Favorite Links”, “Quick Launch”, etc). Tip #14. Ensure You have Only One “Inbox” Folder Once you’ve created your “Inbox” folder, don’t use any other folder location as your “to-do list”. Throw every incoming or created file into the Inbox folder as you create/receive it. This keeps the rest of your computer pristine and free of randomly created or downloaded junk. The last thing you want to be doing is checking multiple folders to see all your current tasks and projects. Gather them all together into one folder. Here are some tips to help ensure you only have one Inbox: Set the default “save” location of all your programs to this folder. Set the default “download” location for your browser to this folder. If this folder is not your desktop (recommended) then also see if you can make a point of not putting “to-do” files on your desktop. This keeps your desktop uncluttered and Zen-like: (the Inbox folder is in the bottom-right corner) Tip #15. Be Vigilant about Clearing Your “Inbox” Folder This is one of the keys to staying organized. If you let your “Inbox” overflow (i.e. allow there to be more than, say, 30 files or folders in there), then you’re probably going to start feeling like you’re overwhelmed: You’re not keeping up with your to-do list. Once your Inbox gets beyond a certain point (around 30 files, studies have shown), then you’ll simply start to avoid it. You may continue to put files in there, but you’ll be scared to look at it, fearing the “out of control” feeling that all overworked, chaotic or just plain disorganized people regularly feel. So, here’s what you can do: Visit your Inbox/to-do folder regularly (at least five times per day). Scan the folder regularly for files that you have completed working on and are ready for filing. File them immediately. Make it a source of pride to keep the number of files in this folder as small as possible. If you value peace of mind, then make the emptiness of this folder one of your highest (computer) priorities If you know that a particular file has been in the folder for more than, say, six weeks, then admit that you’re not actually going to get around to processing it, and move it to its final resting place. Tip #16. File Everything Immediately, and Use Shortcuts for Your Active Projects As soon as you create, receive or download a new file, store it away in its “correct” folder immediately. Then, whenever you need to work on it (possibly straight away), create a shortcut to it in your “Inbox” (“to-do”) folder or your desktop. That way, all your files are always in their “correct” locations, yet you still have immediate, convenient access to your current, active files. When you finish working on a file, simply delete the shortcut. Ideally, your “Inbox” folder – and your Desktop – should contain no actual files or folders. They should simply contain shortcuts. Tip #17. Use Directory Symbolic Links (or Junctions) to Maintain One Unified Folder Structure Using this tip, we can get around a potential hiccup that we can run into when creating our organizational structure – the issue of having more than one drive on our computer (C:, D:, etc). We might have files we need to store on the D: drive for space reasons, and yet want to base our organized folder structure on the C: drive (or vice-versa). Your chosen organizational structure may dictate that all your files must be accessed from the C: drive (for example, the root folder of all your files may be something like C:\Files). And yet you may still have a D: drive and wish to take advantage of the hundreds of spare Gigabytes that it offers. Did you know that it’s actually possible to store your files on the D: drive and yet access them as if they were on the C: drive? And no, we’re not talking about shortcuts here (although the concept is very similar). By using the shell command mklink, you can essentially take a folder that lives on one drive and create an alias for it on a different drive (you can do lots more than that with mklink – for a full rundown on this programs capabilities, see our dedicated article). These aliases are called directory symbolic links (and used to be known as junctions). You can think of them as “virtual” folders. They function exactly like regular folders, except they’re physically located somewhere else. For example, you may decide that your entire D: drive contains your complete organizational file structure, but that you need to reference all those files as if they were on the C: drive, under C:\Files. If that was the case you could create C:\Files as a directory symbolic link – a link to D:, as follows: mklink /d c:\files d:\ Or it may be that the only files you wish to store on the D: drive are your movie collection. You could locate all your movie files in the root of your D: drive, and then link it to C:\Files\Media\Movies, as follows: mklink /d c:\files\media\movies d:\ (Needless to say, you must run these commands from a command prompt – click the Start button, type cmd and press Enter) Tip #18. Customize Your Folder Icons This is not strictly speaking an organizational tip, but having unique icons for each folder does allow you to more quickly visually identify which folder is which, and thus saves you time when you’re finding files. An example is below (from my folder that contains all files downloaded from the Internet): To learn how to change your folder icons, please refer to our dedicated article on the subject. Tip #19. Tidy Your Start Menu The Windows Start Menu is usually one of the messiest parts of any Windows computer. Every program you install seems to adopt a completely different approach to placing icons in this menu. Some simply put a single program icon. Others create a folder based on the name of the software. And others create a folder based on the name of the software manufacturer. It’s chaos, and can make it hard to find the software you want to run. Thankfully we can avoid this chaos with useful operating system features like Quick Launch, the Superbar or pinned start menu items. Even so, it would make a lot of sense to get into the guts of the Start Menu itself and give it a good once-over. All you really need to decide is how you’re going to organize your applications. A structure based on the purpose of the application is an obvious candidate. Below is an example of one such structure: In this structure, Utilities means software whose job it is to keep the computer itself running smoothly (configuration tools, backup software, Zip programs, etc). Applications refers to any productivity software that doesn’t fit under the headings Multimedia, Graphics, Internet, etc. In case you’re not aware, every icon in your Start Menu is a shortcut and can be manipulated like any other shortcut (copied, moved, deleted, etc). With the Windows Start Menu (all version of Windows), Microsoft has decided that there be two parallel folder structures to store your Start Menu shortcuts. One for you (the logged-in user of the computer) and one for all users of the computer. Having two parallel structures can often be redundant: If you are the only user of the computer, then having two parallel structures is totally redundant. Even if you have several users that regularly log into the computer, most of your installed software will need to be made available to all users, and should thus be moved out of the “just you” version of the Start Menu and into the “all users” area. To take control of your Start Menu, so you can start organizing it, you’ll need to know how to access the actual folders and shortcut files that make up the Start Menu (both versions of it). To find these folders and files, click the Start button and then right-click on the All Programs text (Windows XP users should right-click on the Start button itself): The Open option refers to the “just you” version of the Start Menu, while the Open All Users option refers to the “all users” version. Click on the one you want to organize. A Windows Explorer window then opens with your chosen version of the Start Menu selected. From there it’s easy. Double-click on the Programs folder and you’ll see all your folders and shortcuts. Now you can delete/rename/move until it’s just the way you want it. Note: When you’re reorganizing your Start Menu, you may want to have two Explorer windows open at the same time – one showing the “just you” version and one showing the “all users” version. You can drag-and-drop between the windows. Tip #20. Keep Your Start Menu Tidy Once you have a perfectly organized Start Menu, try to be a little vigilant about keeping it that way. Every time you install a new piece of software, the icons that get created will almost certainly violate your organizational structure. So to keep your Start Menu pristine and organized, make sure you do the following whenever you install a new piece of software: Check whether the software was installed into the “just you” area of the Start Menu, or the “all users” area, and then move it to the correct area. Remove all the unnecessary icons (like the “Read me” icon, the “Help” icon (you can always open the help from within the software itself when it’s running), the “Uninstall” icon, the link(s)to the manufacturer’s website, etc) Rename the main icon(s) of the software to something brief that makes sense to you. For example, you might like to rename Microsoft Office Word 2010 to simply Word Move the icon(s) into the correct folder based on your Start Menu organizational structure And don’t forget: when you uninstall a piece of software, the software’s uninstall routine is no longer going to be able to remove the software’s icon from the Start Menu (because you moved and/or renamed it), so you’ll need to remove that icon manually. Tip #21. Tidy C:\ The root of your C: drive (C:\) is a common dumping ground for files and folders – both by the users of your computer and by the software that you install on your computer. It can become a mess. There’s almost no software these days that requires itself to be installed in C:\. 99% of the time it can and should be installed into C:\Program Files. And as for your own files, well, it’s clear that they can (and almost always should) be stored somewhere else. In an ideal world, your C:\ folder should look like this (on Windows 7): Note that there are some system files and folders in C:\ that are usually and deliberately “hidden” (such as the Windows virtual memory file pagefile.sys, the boot loader file bootmgr, and the System Volume Information folder). Hiding these files and folders is a good idea, as they need to stay where they are and are almost never needed to be opened or even seen by you, the user. Hiding them prevents you from accidentally messing with them, and enhances your sense of order and well-being when you look at your C: drive folder. Tip #22. Tidy Your Desktop The Desktop is probably the most abused part of a Windows computer (from an organization point of view). It usually serves as a dumping ground for all incoming files, as well as holding icons to oft-used applications, plus some regularly opened files and folders. It often ends up becoming an uncontrolled mess. See if you can avoid this. Here’s why… Application icons (Word, Internet Explorer, etc) are often found on the Desktop, but it’s unlikely that this is the optimum place for them. The “Quick Launch” bar (or the Superbar in Windows 7) is always visible and so represents a perfect location to put your icons. You’ll only be able to see the icons on your Desktop when all your programs are minimized. It might be time to get your application icons off your desktop… You may have decided that the Inbox/To-do folder on your computer (see tip #13, above) should be your Desktop. If so, then enough said. Simply be vigilant about clearing it and preventing it from being polluted by junk files (see tip #15, above). On the other hand, if your Desktop is not acting as your “Inbox” folder, then there’s no reason for it to have any data files or folders on it at all, except perhaps a couple of shortcuts to often-opened files and folders (either ongoing or current projects). Everything else should be moved to your “Inbox” folder. In an ideal world, it might look like this: Tip #23. Move Permanent Items on Your Desktop Away from the Top-Left Corner When files/folders are dragged onto your desktop in a Windows Explorer window, or when shortcuts are created on your Desktop from Internet Explorer, those icons are always placed in the top-left corner – or as close as they can get. If you have other files, folders or shortcuts that you keep on the Desktop permanently, then it’s a good idea to separate these permanent icons from the transient ones, so that you can quickly identify which ones the transients are. An easy way to do this is to move all your permanent icons to the right-hand side of your Desktop. That should keep them separated from incoming items. Tip #24. Synchronize If you have more than one computer, you’ll almost certainly want to share files between them. If the computers are permanently attached to the same local network, then there’s no need to store multiple copies of any one file or folder – shortcuts will suffice. However, if the computers are not always on the same network, then you will at some point need to copy files between them. For files that need to permanently live on both computers, the ideal way to do this is to synchronize the files, as opposed to simply copying them. We only have room here to write a brief summary of synchronization, not a full article. In short, there are several different types of synchronization: Where the contents of one folder are accessible anywhere, such as with Dropbox Where the contents of any number of folders are accessible anywhere, such as with Windows Live Mesh Where any files or folders from anywhere on your computer are synchronized with exactly one other computer, such as with the Windows “Briefcase”, Microsoft SyncToy, or (much more powerful, yet still free) SyncBack from 2BrightSparks. This only works when both computers are on the same local network, at least temporarily. A great advantage of synchronization solutions is that once you’ve got it configured the way you want it, then the sync process happens automatically, every time. Click a button (or schedule it to happen automatically) and all your files are automagically put where they’re supposed to be. If you maintain the same file and folder structure on both computers, then you can also sync files depend upon the correct location of other files, like shortcuts, playlists and office documents that link to other office documents, and the synchronized files still work on the other computer! Tip #25. Hide Files You Never Need to See If you have your files well organized, you will often be able to tell if a file is out of place just by glancing at the contents of a folder (for example, it should be pretty obvious if you look in a folder that contains all the MP3s from one music CD and see a Word document in there). This is a good thing – it allows you to determine if there are files out of place with a quick glance. Yet sometimes there are files in a folder that seem out of place but actually need to be there, such as the “folder art” JPEGs in music folders, and various files in the root of the C: drive. If such files never need to be opened by you, then a good idea is to simply hide them. Then, the next time you glance at the folder, you won’t have to remember whether that file was supposed to be there or not, because you won’t see it at all! To hide a file, simply right-click on it and choose Properties: Then simply tick the Hidden tick-box: Tip #26. Keep Every Setup File These days most software is downloaded from the Internet. Whenever you download a piece of software, keep it. You’ll never know when you need to reinstall the software. Further, keep with it an Internet shortcut that links back to the website where you originally downloaded it, in case you ever need to check for updates. See tip #33 below for a full description of the excellence of organizing your setup files. Tip #27. Try to Minimize the Number of Folders that Contain Both Files and Sub-folders Some of the folders in your organizational structure will contain only files. Others will contain only sub-folders. And you will also have some folders that contain both files and sub-folders. You will notice slight improvements in how long it takes you to locate a file if you try to avoid this third type of folder. It’s not always possible, of course – you’ll always have some of these folders, but see if you can avoid it. One way of doing this is to take all the leftover files that didn’t end up getting stored in a sub-folder and create a special “Miscellaneous” or “Other” folder for them. Tip #28. Starting a Filename with an Underscore Brings it to the Top of a List Further to the previous tip, if you name that “Miscellaneous” or “Other” folder in such a way that its name begins with an underscore “_”, then it will appear at the top of the list of files/folders. The screenshot below is an example of this. Each folder in the list contains a set of digital photos. The folder at the top of the list, _Misc, contains random photos that didn’t deserve their own dedicated folder: Tip #29. Clean Up those CD-ROMs and (shudder!) Floppy Disks Have you got a pile of CD-ROMs stacked on a shelf of your office? Old photos, or files you archived off onto CD-ROM (or even worse, floppy disks!) because you didn’t have enough disk space at the time? In the meantime have you upgraded your computer and now have 500 Gigabytes of space you don’t know what to do with? If so, isn’t it time you tidied up that stack of disks and filed them into your gorgeous new folder structure? So what are you waiting for? Bite the bullet, copy them all back onto your computer, file them in their appropriate folders, and then back the whole lot up onto a shiny new 1000Gig external hard drive! Useful Folders to Create This next section suggests some useful folders that you might want to create within your folder structure. I’ve personally found them to be indispensable. The first three are all about convenience – handy folders to create and then put somewhere that you can always access instantly. For each one, it’s not so important where the actual folder is located, but it’s very important where you put the shortcut(s) to the folder. You might want to locate the shortcuts: On your Desktop In your “Quick Launch” area (or pinned to your Windows 7 Superbar) In your Windows Explorer “Favorite Links” area Tip #30. Create an “Inbox” (“To-Do”) Folder This has already been mentioned in depth (see tip #13), but we wanted to reiterate its importance here. This folder contains all the recently created, received or downloaded files that you have not yet had a chance to file away properly, and it also may contain files that you have yet to process. In effect, it becomes a sort of “to-do list”. It doesn’t have to be called “Inbox” – you can call it whatever you want. Tip #31. Create a Folder where Your Current Projects are Collected Rather than going hunting for them all the time, or dumping them all on your desktop, create a special folder where you put links (or work folders) for each of the projects you’re currently working on. You can locate this folder in your “Inbox” folder, on your desktop, or anywhere at all – just so long as there’s a way of getting to it quickly, such as putting a link to it in Windows Explorer’s “Favorite Links” area: Tip #32. Create a Folder for Files and Folders that You Regularly Open You will always have a few files that you open regularly, whether it be a spreadsheet of your current accounts, or a favorite playlist. These are not necessarily “current projects”, rather they’re simply files that you always find yourself opening. Typically such files would be located on your desktop (or even better, shortcuts to those files). Why not collect all such shortcuts together and put them in their own special folder? As with the “Current Projects” folder (above), you would want to locate that folder somewhere convenient. Below is an example of a folder called “Quick links”, with about seven files (shortcuts) in it, that is accessible through the Windows Quick Launch bar: See tip #37 below for a full explanation of the power of the Quick Launch bar. Tip #33. Create a “Set-ups” Folder A typical computer has dozens of applications installed on it. For each piece of software, there are often many different pieces of information you need to keep track of, including: The original installation setup file(s). This can be anything from a simple 100Kb setup.exe file you downloaded from a website, all the way up to a 4Gig ISO file that you copied from a DVD-ROM that you purchased. The home page of the software manufacturer (in case you need to look up something on their support pages, their forum or their online help) The page containing the download link for your actual file (in case you need to re-download it, or download an upgraded version) The serial number Your proof-of-purchase documentation Any other template files, plug-ins, themes, etc that also need to get installed For each piece of software, it’s a great idea to gather all of these files together and put them in a single folder. The folder can be the name of the software (plus possibly a very brief description of what it’s for – in case you can’t remember what the software does based in its name). Then you would gather all of these folders together into one place, and call it something like “Software” or “Setups”. If you have enough of these folders (I have several hundred, being a geek, collected over 20 years), then you may want to further categorize them. My own categorization structure is based on “platform” (operating system): The last seven folders each represents one platform/operating system, while _Operating Systems contains set-up files for installing the operating systems themselves. _Hardware contains ROMs for hardware I own, such as routers. Within the Windows folder (above), you can see the beginnings of the vast library of software I’ve compiled over the years: An example of a typical application folder looks like this: Tip #34. Have a “Settings” Folder We all know that our documents are important. So are our photos and music files. We save all of these files into folders, and then locate them afterwards and double-click on them to open them. But there are many files that are important to us that can’t be saved into folders, and then searched for and double-clicked later on. These files certainly contain important information that we need, but are often created internally by an application, and saved wherever that application feels is appropriate. A good example of this is the “PST” file that Outlook creates for us and uses to store all our emails, contacts, appointments and so forth. Another example would be the collection of Bookmarks that Firefox stores on your behalf. And yet another example would be the customized settings and configuration files of our all our software. Granted, most Windows programs store their configuration in the Registry, but there are still many programs that use configuration files to store their settings. Imagine if you lost all of the above files! And yet, when people are backing up their computers, they typically only back up the files they know about – those that are stored in the “My Documents” folder, etc. If they had a hard disk failure or their computer was lost or stolen, their backup files would not include some of the most vital files they owned. Also, when migrating to a new computer, it’s vital to ensure that these files make the journey. It can be a very useful idea to create yourself a folder to store all your “settings” – files that are important to you but which you never actually search for by name and double-click on to open them. Otherwise, next time you go to set up a new computer just the way you want it, you’ll need to spend hours recreating the configuration of your previous computer! So how to we get our important files into this folder? Well, we have a few options: Some programs (such as Outlook and its PST files) allow you to place these files wherever you want. If you delve into the program’s options, you will find a setting somewhere that controls the location of the important settings files (or “personal storage” – PST – when it comes to Outlook) Some programs do not allow you to change such locations in any easy way, but if you get into the Registry, you can sometimes find a registry key that refers to the location of the file(s). Simply move the file into your Settings folder and adjust the registry key to refer to the new location. Some programs stubbornly refuse to allow their settings files to be placed anywhere other then where they stipulate. When faced with programs like these, you have three choices: (1) You can ignore those files, (2) You can copy the files into your Settings folder (let’s face it – settings don’t change very often), or (3) you can use synchronization software, such as the Windows Briefcase, to make synchronized copies of all your files in your Settings folder. All you then have to do is to remember to run your sync software periodically (perhaps just before you run your backup software!). There are some other things you may decide to locate inside this new “Settings” folder: Exports of registry keys (from the many applications that store their configurations in the Registry). This is useful for backup purposes or for migrating to a new computer Notes you’ve made about all the specific customizations you have made to a particular piece of software (so that you’ll know how to do it all again on your next computer) Shortcuts to webpages that detail how to tweak certain aspects of your operating system or applications so they are just the way you like them (such as how to remove the words “Shortcut to” from the beginning of newly created shortcuts). In other words, you’d want to create shortcuts to half the pages on the How-To Geek website! Here’s an example of a “Settings” folder: Windows Features that Help with Organization This section details some of the features of Microsoft Windows that are a boon to anyone hoping to stay optimally organized. Tip #35. Use the “Favorite Links” Area to Access Oft-Used Folders Once you’ve created your great new filing system, work out which folders you access most regularly, or which serve as great starting points for locating the rest of the files in your folder structure, and then put links to those folders in your “Favorite Links” area of the left-hand side of the Windows Explorer window (simply called “Favorites” in Windows 7): Some ideas for folders you might want to add there include: Your “Inbox” folder (or whatever you’ve called it) – most important! The base of your filing structure (e.g. C:\Files) A folder containing shortcuts to often-accessed folders on other computers around the network (shown above as Network Folders) A folder containing shortcuts to your current projects (unless that folder is in your “Inbox” folder) Getting folders into this area is very simple – just locate the folder you’re interested in and drag it there! Tip #36. Customize the Places Bar in the File/Open and File/Save Boxes Consider the screenshot below: The highlighted icons (collectively known as the “Places Bar”) can be customized to refer to any folder location you want, allowing instant access to any part of your organizational structure. Note: These File/Open and File/Save boxes have been superseded by new versions that use the Windows Vista/Windows 7 “Favorite Links”, but the older versions (shown above) are still used by a surprisingly large number of applications. The easiest way to customize these icons is to use the Group Policy Editor, but not everyone has access to this program. If you do, open it up and navigate to: User Configuration > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Windows Explorer > Common Open File Dialog If you don’t have access to the Group Policy Editor, then you’ll need to get into the Registry. Navigate to: HKEY_CURRENT_USER \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Policies \ comdlg32 \ Placesbar It should then be easy to make the desired changes. Log off and log on again to allow the changes to take effect. Tip #37. Use the Quick Launch Bar as a Application and File Launcher That Quick Launch bar (to the right of the Start button) is a lot more useful than people give it credit for. Most people simply have half a dozen icons in it, and use it to start just those programs. But it can actually be used to instantly access just about anything in your filing system: For complete instructions on how to set this up, visit our dedicated article on this topic. Tip #38. Put a Shortcut to Windows Explorer into Your Quick Launch Bar This is only necessary in Windows Vista and Windows XP. The Microsoft boffins finally got wise and added it to the Windows 7 Superbar by default. Windows Explorer – the program used for managing your files and folders – is one of the most useful programs in Windows. Anyone who considers themselves serious about being organized needs instant access to this program at any time. A great place to create a shortcut to this program is in the Windows XP and Windows Vista “Quick Launch” bar: To get it there, locate it in your Start Menu (usually under “Accessories”) and then right-drag it down into your Quick Launch bar (and create a copy). Tip #39. Customize the Starting Folder for Your Windows 7 Explorer Superbar Icon If you’re on Windows 7, your Superbar will include a Windows Explorer icon. Clicking on the icon will launch Windows Explorer (of course), and will start you off in your “Libraries” folder. Libraries may be fine as a starting point, but if you have created yourself an “Inbox” folder, then it would probably make more sense to start off in this folder every time you launch Windows Explorer. To change this default/starting folder location, then first right-click the Explorer icon in the Superbar, and then right-click Properties:Then, in Target field of the Windows Explorer Properties box that appears, type %windir%\explorer.exe followed by the path of the folder you wish to start in. For example: %windir%\explorer.exe C:\Files If that folder happened to be on the Desktop (and called, say, “Inbox”), then you would use the following cleverness: %windir%\explorer.exe shell:desktop\Inbox Then click OK and test it out. Tip #40. Ummmmm…. No, that’s it. I can’t think of another one. That’s all of the tips I can come up with. I only created this one because 40 is such a nice round number… Case Study – An Organized PC To finish off the article, I have included a few screenshots of my (main) computer (running Vista). The aim here is twofold: To give you a sense of what it looks like when the above, sometimes abstract, tips are applied to a real-life computer, and To offer some ideas about folders and structure that you may want to steal to use on your own PC. Let’s start with the C: drive itself. Very minimal. All my files are contained within C:\Files. I’ll confine the rest of the case study to this folder: That folder contains the following: Mark: My personal files VC: My business (Virtual Creations, Australia) Others contains files created by friends and family Data contains files from the rest of the world (can be thought of as “public” files, usually downloaded from the Net) Settings is described above in tip #34 The Data folder contains the following sub-folders: Audio: Radio plays, audio books, podcasts, etc Development: Programmer and developer resources, sample source code, etc (see below) Humour: Jokes, funnies (those emails that we all receive) Movies: Downloaded and ripped movies (all legal, of course!), their scripts, DVD covers, etc. Music: (see below) Setups: Installation files for software (explained in full in tip #33) System: (see below) TV: Downloaded TV shows Writings: Books, instruction manuals, etc (see below) The Music folder contains the following sub-folders: Album covers: JPEG scans Guitar tabs: Text files of guitar sheet music Lists: e.g. “Top 1000 songs of all time” Lyrics: Text files MIDI: Electronic music files MP3 (representing 99% of the Music folder): MP3s, either ripped from CDs or downloaded, sorted by artist/album name Music Video: Video clips Sheet Music: usually PDFs The Data\Writings folder contains the following sub-folders: (all pretty self-explanatory) The Data\Development folder contains the following sub-folders: Again, all pretty self-explanatory (if you’re a geek) The Data\System folder contains the following sub-folders: These are usually themes, plug-ins and other downloadable program-specific resources. The Mark folder contains the following sub-folders: From Others: Usually letters that other people (friends, family, etc) have written to me For Others: Letters and other things I have created for other people Green Book: None of your business Playlists: M3U files that I have compiled of my favorite songs (plus one M3U playlist file for every album I own) Writing: Fiction, philosophy and other musings of mine Mark Docs: Shortcut to C:\Users\Mark Settings: Shortcut to C:\Files\Settings\Mark The Others folder contains the following sub-folders: The VC (Virtual Creations, my business – I develop websites) folder contains the following sub-folders: And again, all of those are pretty self-explanatory. Conclusion These tips have saved my sanity and helped keep me a productive geek, but what about you? What tips and tricks do you have to keep your files organized? Please share them with us in the comments. Come on, don’t be shy… Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Fix For When Windows Explorer in Vista Stops Showing File NamesWhy Did Windows Vista’s Music Folder Icon Turn Yellow?Print or Create a Text File List of the Contents in a Directory the Easy WayCustomize the Windows 7 or Vista Send To MenuAdd Copy To / Move To on Windows 7 or Vista Right-Click Menu TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips Acronis Online Backup DVDFab 6 Revo Uninstaller Pro Registry Mechanic 9 for Windows Track Daily Goals With 42Goals Video Toolbox is a Superb Online Video Editor Fun with 47 charts and graphs Tomorrow is Mother’s Day Check the Average Speed of YouTube Videos You’ve Watched OutlookStatView Scans and Displays General Usage Statistics

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Hosting the Razor Engine for Templating in Non-Web Applications

- by Rick Strahl

Microsoft’s new Razor HTML Rendering Engine that is currently shipping with ASP.NET MVC previews can be used outside of ASP.NET. Razor is an alternative view engine that can be used instead of the ASP.NET Page engine that currently works with ASP.NET WebForms and MVC. It provides a simpler and more readable markup syntax and is much more light weight in terms of functionality than the full blown WebForms Page engine, focusing only on features that are more along the lines of a pure view engine (or classic ASP!) with focus on expression and code rendering rather than a complex control/object model. Like the Page engine though, the parser understands .NET code syntax which can be embedded into templates, and behind the scenes the engine compiles markup and script code into an executing piece of .NET code in an assembly. Although it ships as part of the ASP.NET MVC and WebMatrix the Razor Engine itself is not directly dependent on ASP.NET or IIS or HTTP in any way. And although there are some markup and rendering features that are optimized for HTML based output generation, Razor is essentially a free standing template engine. And what’s really nice is that unlike the ASP.NET Runtime, Razor is fairly easy to host inside of your own non-Web applications to provide templating functionality. Templating in non-Web Applications? Yes please! So why might you host a template engine in your non-Web application? Template rendering is useful in many places and I have a number of applications that make heavy use of it. One of my applications – West Wind Html Help Builder - exclusively uses template based rendering to merge user supplied help text content into customizable and executable HTML markup templates that provide HTML output for CHM style HTML Help. This is an older product and it’s not actually using .NET at the moment – and this is one reason I’m looking at Razor for script hosting at the moment. For a few .NET applications though I’ve actually used the ASP.NET Runtime hosting to provide templating and mail merge style functionality and while that works reasonably well it’s a very heavy handed approach. It’s very resource intensive and has potential issues with versioning in various different versions of .NET. The generic implementation I created in the article above requires a lot of fix up to mimic an HTTP request in a non-HTTP environment and there are a lot of little things that have to happen to ensure that the ASP.NET runtime works properly most of it having nothing to do with the templating aspect but just satisfying ASP.NET’s requirements. The Razor Engine on the other hand is fairly light weight and completely decoupled from the ASP.NET runtime and the HTTP processing. Rather it’s a pure template engine whose sole purpose is to render text templates. Hosting this engine in your own applications can be accomplished with a reasonable amount of code (actually just a few lines with the tools I’m about to describe) and without having to fake HTTP requests. It’s also much lighter on resource usage and you can easily attach custom properties to your base template implementation to easily pass context from the parent application into templates all of which was rather complicated with ASP.NET runtime hosting. Installing the Razor Template Engine You can get Razor as part of the MVC 3 (RC and later) or Web Matrix. Both are available as downloadable components from the Web Platform Installer Version 3.0 (!important – V2 doesn’t show these components). If you already have that version of the WPI installed just fire it up. You can get the latest version of the Web Platform Installer from here: http://www.microsoft.com/web/gallery/install.aspx Once the platform Installer 3.0 is installed install either MVC 3 or ASP.NET Web Pages. Once installed you’ll find a System.Web.Razor assembly in C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v1.0\Assemblies\System.Web.Razor.dll which you can add as a reference to your project. Creating a Wrapper The basic Razor Hosting API is pretty simple and you can host Razor with a (large-ish) handful of lines of code. I’ll show the basics of it later in this article. However, if you want to customize the rendering and handle assembly and namespace includes for the markup as well as deal with text and file inputs as well as forcing Razor to run in a separate AppDomain so you can unload the code-generated assemblies and deal with assembly caching for re-used templates little more work is required to create something that is more easily reusable. For this reason I created a Razor Hosting wrapper project that combines a bunch of this functionality into an easy to use hosting class, a hosting factory that can load the engine in a separate AppDomain and a couple of hosting containers that provided folder based and string based caching for templates for an easily embeddable and reusable engine with easy to use syntax. If you just want the code and play with the samples and source go grab the latest code from the Subversion Repository at: http://www.west-wind.com:8080/svn/articles/trunk/RazorHosting/ or a snapshot from: http://www.west-wind.com/files/tools/RazorHosting.zip Getting Started Before I get into how hosting with Razor works, let’s take a look at how you can get up and running quickly with the wrapper classes provided. It only takes a few lines of code. The easiest way to use these Razor Hosting Wrappers is to use one of the two HostContainers provided. One is for hosting Razor scripts in a directory and rendering them as relative paths from these script files on disk. The other HostContainer serves razor scripts from string templates… Let’s start with a very simple template that displays some simple expressions, some code blocks and demonstrates rendering some data from contextual data that you pass to the template in the form of a ‘context’. Here’s a simple Razor template: @using System.Reflection Hello @Context.FirstName! Your entry was entered on: @Context.Entered @{ // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); } AppDomain Id: @AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName Assembly: @Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName Code based output: @{ // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } Response.Write(output); } Pretty easy to see what’s going on here. The only unusual thing in this code is the Context object which is an arbitrary object I’m passing from the host to the template by way of the template base class. I’m also displaying the current AppDomain and the executing Assembly name so you can see how compiling and running a template actually loads up new assemblies. Also note that as part of my context I’m passing a reference to the current Windows Form down to the template and changing the title from within the script. It’s a silly example, but it demonstrates two-way communication between host and template and back which can be very powerful. The easiest way to quickly render this template is to use the RazorEngine<TTemplateBase> class. The generic parameter specifies a template base class type that is used by Razor internally to generate the class it generates from a template. The default implementation provided in my RazorHosting wrapper is RazorTemplateBase. Here’s a simple one that renders from a string and outputs a string: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; string output = engine.RenderTemplate(this.txtSource.Text new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; Simple enough. This code renders a template from a string input and returns a result back as a string. It creates a custom context and passes that to the template which can then access the Context’s properties. Note that anything passed as ‘context’ must be serializable (or MarshalByRefObject) – otherwise you get an exception when passing the reference over AppDomain boundaries (discussed later). Passing a context is optional, but is a key feature in being able to share data between the host application and the template. Note that we use the Context object to access FirstName, Entered and even the host Windows Form object which is used in the template to change the Window caption from within the script! In the code above all the work happens in the RenderTemplate method which provide a variety of overloads to read and write to and from strings, files and TextReaders/Writers. Here’s another example that renders from a file input using a TextReader: using (reader = new StreamReader("templates\\simple.csHtml", true)) { result = host.RenderTemplate(reader, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, this.CustomContext); } RenderTemplate() is fairly high level and it handles loading of the runtime, compiling into an assembly and rendering of the template. If you want more control you can use the lower level methods to control each step of the way which is important for the HostContainers I’ll discuss later. Basically for those scenarios you want to separate out loading of the engine, compiling into an assembly and then rendering the template from the assembly. Why? So we can keep assemblies cached. In the code above a new assembly is created for each template rendered which is inefficient and uses up resources. Depending on the size of your templates and how often you fire them you can chew through memory very quickly. This slighter lower level approach is only a couple of extra steps: // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); string assId = null; using (StringReader reader = new StringReader(this.txtSource.Text)) { assId = engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, reader); } string output = engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(assId, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; The difference here is that you can capture the assembly – or rather an Id to it – and potentially hold on to it to render again later assuming the template hasn’t changed. The HostContainers take advantage of this feature to cache the assemblies based on certain criteria like a filename and file time step or a string hash that if not change indicate that an assembly can be reused. Note that ParseAndCompileTemplate returns an assembly Id rather than the assembly itself. This is done so that that the assembly always stays in the host’s AppDomain and is not passed across AppDomain boundaries which would cause load failures. We’ll talk more about this in a minute but for now just realize that assemblies references are stored in a list and are accessible by this ID to allow locating and re-executing of the assembly based on that id. Reuse of the assembly avoids recompilation overhead and creation of yet another assembly that loads into the current AppDomain. You can play around with several different versions of the above code in the main sample form: Using Hosting Containers for more Control and Caching The above examples simply render templates into assemblies each and every time they are executed. While this works and is even reasonably fast, it’s not terribly efficient. If you render templates more than once it would be nice if you could cache the generated assemblies for example to avoid re-compiling and creating of a new assembly each time. Additionally it would be nice to load template assemblies into a separate AppDomain optionally to be able to be able to unload assembli es and also to protect your host application from scripting attacks with malicious template code. Hosting containers provide also provide a wrapper around the RazorEngine<T> instance, a factory (which allows creation in separate AppDomains) and an easy way to start and stop the container ‘runtime’. The Razor Hosting samples provide two hosting containers: RazorFolderHostContainer and StringHostContainer. The folder host provides a simple runtime environment for a folder structure similar in the way that the ASP.NET runtime handles a virtual directory as it’s ‘application' root. Templates are loaded from disk in relative paths and the resulting assemblies are cached unless the template on disk is changed. The string host also caches templates based on string hashes – if the same string is passed a second time a cached version of the assembly is used. Here’s how HostContainers work. I’ll use the FolderHostContainer because it’s likely the most common way you’d use templates – from disk based templates that can be easily edited and maintained on disk. The first step is to create an instance of it and keep it around somewhere (in the example it’s attached as a property to the Form): RazorFolderHostContainer Host = new RazorFolderHostContainer(); public RazorFolderHostForm() { InitializeComponent(); // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. Host.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates Host.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container Host.Start(); } Next anytime you want to render a template you can use simple code like this: private void RenderTemplate(string fileName) { // Pass the template path via the Context var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, Host.TemplatePath); if (!Host.RenderTemplate(relativePath, this.Context, Host.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + Host.ErrorMessage); return; } this.webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + Host.RenderingOutputFile); } You can also render the output to a string instead of to a file: string result = Host.RenderTemplateToString(relativePath,context); Finally if you want to release the engine and shut down the hosting AppDomain you can simply do: Host.Stop(); Stopping the AppDomain and restarting it (ie. calling Stop(); followed by Start()) is also a nice way to release all resources in the AppDomain. The FolderBased domain also supports partial Rendering based on root path based relative paths with the same caching characteristics as the main templates. From within a template you can call out to a partial like this: @RenderPartial(@"partials\PartialRendering.cshtml", Context) where partials\PartialRendering.cshtml is a relative to the template root folder. The folder host example lets you load up templates from disk and display the result in a Web Browser control which demonstrates using Razor HTML output from templates that contain HTML syntax which happens to me my target scenario for Html Help Builder. The Razor Engine Wrapper Project The project I created to wrap Razor hosting has a fair bit of code and a number of classes associated with it. Most of the components are internally used and as you can see using the final RazorEngine<T> and HostContainer classes is pretty easy. The classes are extensible and I suspect developers will want to build more customized host containers for their applications. Host containers are the key to wrapping up all functionality – Engine, BaseTemplate, AppDomain Hosting, Caching etc in a logical piece that is ready to be plugged into an application. When looking at the code there are a couple of core features provided: Core Razor Engine Hosting This is the core Razor hosting which provides the basics of loading a template, compiling it into an assembly and executing it. This is fairly straightforward, but without a host container that can cache assemblies based on some criteria templates are recompiled and re-created each time which is inefficient (although pretty fast). The base engine wrapper implementation also supports hosting the Razor runtime in a separate AppDomain for security and the ability to unload it on demand. Host Containers The engine hosting itself doesn’t provide any sort of ‘runtime’ service like picking up files from disk, caching assemblies and so forth. So my implementation provides two HostContainers: RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer. The FolderHost works off a base directory and loads templates based on relative paths (sort of like the ASP.NET runtime does off a virtual). The HostContainers also deal with caching of template assemblies – for the folder host the file date is tracked and checked for updates and unless the template is changed a cached assembly is reused. The StringHostContainer similiarily checks string hashes to figure out whether a particular string template was previously compiled and executed. The HostContainers also act as a simple startup environment and a single reference to easily store and reuse in an application. TemplateBase Classes The template base classes are the base classes that from which the Razor engine generates .NET code. A template is parsed into a class with an Execute() method and the class is based on this template type you can specify. RazorEngine<TBaseTemplate> can receive this type and the HostContainers default to specific templates in their base implementations. Template classes are customizable to allow you to create templates that provide application specific features and interaction from the template to your host application. How does the RazorEngine wrapper work? You can browse the source code in the links above or in the repository or download the source, but I’ll highlight some key features here. Here’s part of the RazorEngine implementation that can be used to host the runtime and that demonstrates the key code required to host the Razor runtime. The RazorEngine class is implemented as a generic class to reflect the Template base class type: public class RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase The generic type is used to internally provide easier access to the template type and assignments on it as part of the template processing. The class also inherits MarshalByRefObject to allow execution over AppDomain boundaries – something that all the classes discussed here need to do since there is much interaction between the host and the template. The first two key methods deal with creating a template assembly: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost with various options applied. /// Applies basic namespace imports and the name of the class to generate /// </summary> /// <param name="generatedNamespace"></param> /// <param name="generatedClass"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected RazorTemplateEngine CreateHost(string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass) { Type baseClassType = typeof(TBaseTemplateType); RazorEngineHost host = new RazorEngineHost(new CSharpRazorCodeLanguage()); host.DefaultBaseClass = baseClassType.FullName; host.DefaultClassName = generatedClass; host.DefaultNamespace = generatedNamespace; host.NamespaceImports.Add("System"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Text"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Collections.Generic"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Linq"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.IO"); return new RazorTemplateEngine(host); } /// <summary> /// Parses and compiles a markup template into an assembly and returns /// an assembly name. The name is an ID that can be passed to /// ExecuteTemplateByAssembly which picks up a cached instance of the /// loaded assembly. /// /// </summary> /// <param name="namespaceOfGeneratedClass">The namespace of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="generatedClassName">The name of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="ReferencedAssemblies">Any referenced assemblies by dll name only. Assemblies must be in execution path of host or in GAC.</param> /// <param name="templateSourceReader">Textreader that loads the template</param> /// <remarks> /// The actual assembly isn't returned here to allow for cross-AppDomain /// operation. If the assembly was returned it would fail for cross-AppDomain /// calls. /// </remarks> /// <returns>An assembly Id. The Assembly is cached in memory and can be used with RenderFromAssembly.</returns> public string ParseAndCompileTemplate( string namespaceOfGeneratedClass, string generatedClassName, string[] ReferencedAssemblies, TextReader templateSourceReader) { RazorTemplateEngine engine = CreateHost(namespaceOfGeneratedClass, generatedClassName); // Generate the template class as CodeDom GeneratorResults razorResults = engine.GenerateCode(templateSourceReader); // Create code from the codeDom and compile CSharpCodeProvider codeProvider = new CSharpCodeProvider(); CodeGeneratorOptions options = new CodeGeneratorOptions(); // Capture Code Generated as a string for error info // and debugging LastGeneratedCode = null; using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { codeProvider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(razorResults.GeneratedCode, writer, options); LastGeneratedCode = writer.ToString(); } CompilerParameters compilerParameters = new CompilerParameters(ReferencedAssemblies); // Standard Assembly References compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Core.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("Microsoft.CSharp.dll"); // dynamic support! // Also add the current assembly so RazorTemplateBase is available compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().CodeBase.Substring(8)); compilerParameters.GenerateInMemory = Configuration.CompileToMemory; if (!Configuration.CompileToMemory) compilerParameters.OutputAssembly = Path.Combine(Configuration.TempAssemblyPath, "_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n") + ".dll"); CompilerResults compilerResults = codeProvider.CompileAssemblyFromDom(compilerParameters, razorResults.GeneratedCode); if (compilerResults.Errors.Count > 0) { var compileErrors = new StringBuilder(); foreach (System.CodeDom.Compiler.CompilerError compileError in compilerResults.Errors) compileErrors.Append(String.Format(Resources.LineX0TColX1TErrorX2RN, compileError.Line, compileError.Column, compileError.ErrorText)); this.SetError(compileErrors.ToString() + "\r\n" + LastGeneratedCode); return null; } AssemblyCache.Add(compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName, compilerResults.CompiledAssembly); return compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName; } Think of the internal CreateHost() method as setting up the assembly generated from each template. Each template compiles into a separate assembly. It sets up namespaces, and assembly references, the base class used and the name and namespace for the generated class. ParseAndCompileTemplate() then calls the CreateHost() method to receive the template engine generator which effectively generates a CodeDom from the template – the template is turned into .NET code. The code generated from our earlier example looks something like this: //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <auto-generated> // This code was generated by a tool. // Runtime Version:4.0.30319.1 // // Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if // the code is regenerated. // </auto-generated> //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ namespace RazorTest { using System; using System.Text; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.IO; using System.Reflection; public class RazorTemplate : RazorHosting.RazorTemplateBase { #line hidden public RazorTemplate() { } public override void Execute() { WriteLiteral("Hello "); Write(Context.FirstName); WriteLiteral("! Your entry was entered on: "); Write(Context.Entered); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\n"); // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); WriteLiteral("\r\nAppDomain Id:\r\n "); Write(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName); WriteLiteral("\r\n \r\nAssembly:\r\n "); Write(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\nCode based output: \r\n"); // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } } } } Basically the template’s body is turned into code in an Execute method that is called. Internally the template’s Write method is fired to actually generate the output. Note that the class inherits from RazorTemplateBase which is the generic parameter I used to specify the base class when creating an instance in my RazorEngine host: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); This template class must be provided and it must implement an Execute() and Write() method. Beyond that you can create any class you chose and attach your own properties. My RazorTemplateBase class implementation is very simple: public class RazorTemplateBase : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable { /// <summary> /// You can pass in a generic context object /// to use in your template code /// </summary> public dynamic Context { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Class that generates output. Currently ultra simple /// with only Response.Write() implementation. /// </summary> public RazorResponse Response { get; set; } public object HostContainer {get; set; } public object Engine { get; set; } public RazorTemplateBase() { Response = new RazorResponse(); } public virtual void Write(object value) { Response.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLiteral(object value) { Response.Write(value); } /// <summary> /// Razor Parser implements this method /// </summary> public virtual void Execute() {} public virtual void Dispose() { if (Response != null) { Response.Dispose(); Response = null; } } } Razor fills in the Execute method when it generates its subclass and uses the Write() method to output content. As you can see I use a RazorResponse() class here to generate output. This isn’t necessary really, as you could use a StringBuilder or StringWriter() directly, but I prefer using Response object so I can extend the Response behavior as needed. The RazorResponse class is also very simple and merely acts as a wrapper around a TextWriter: public class RazorResponse : IDisposable { /// <summary> /// Internal text writer - default to StringWriter() /// </summary> public TextWriter Writer = new StringWriter(); public virtual void Write(object value) { Writer.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLine(object value) { Write(value); Write("\r\n"); } public virtual void WriteFormat(string format, params object[] args) { Write(string.Format(format, args)); } public override string ToString() { return Writer.ToString(); } public virtual void Dispose() { Writer.Close(); } public virtual void SetTextWriter(TextWriter writer) { // Close original writer if (Writer != null) Writer.Close(); Writer = writer; } } The Rendering Methods of RazorEngine At this point I’ve talked about the assembly generation logic and the template implementation itself. What’s left is that once you’ve generated the assembly is to execute it. The code to do this is handled in the various RenderXXX methods of the RazorEngine class. Let’s look at the lowest level one of these which is RenderTemplateFromAssembly() and a couple of internal support methods that handle instantiating and invoking of the generated template method: public string RenderTemplateFromAssembly( string assemblyId, string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass, object context, TextWriter outputWriter) { this.SetError(); Assembly generatedAssembly = AssemblyCache[assemblyId]; if (generatedAssembly == null) { this.SetError(Resources.PreviouslyCompiledAssemblyNotFound); return null; } string className = generatedNamespace + "." + generatedClass; Type type; try { type = generatedAssembly.GetType(className); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.UnableToCreateType + className + ": " + ex.Message); return null; } // Start with empty non-error response (if we use a writer) string result = string.Empty; using(TBaseTemplateType instance = InstantiateTemplateClass(type)) { if (instance == null) return null; if (outputWriter != null) instance.Response.SetTextWriter(outputWriter); if (!InvokeTemplateInstance(instance, context)) return null; // Capture string output if implemented and return // otherwise null is returned if (outputWriter == null) result = instance.Response.ToString(); } return result; } protected virtual TBaseTemplateType InstantiateTemplateClass(Type type) { TBaseTemplateType instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type) as TBaseTemplateType; if (instance == null) { SetError(Resources.CouldnTActivateTypeInstance + type.FullName); return null; } instance.Engine = this; // If a HostContainer was set pass that to the template too instance.HostContainer = this.HostContainer; return instance; } /// <summary> /// Internally executes an instance of the template, /// captures errors on execution and returns true or false /// </summary> /// <param name="instance">An instance of the generated template</param> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage for errors</returns> protected virtual bool InvokeTemplateInstance(TBaseTemplateType instance, object context) { try { instance.Context = context; instance.Execute(); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateExecutionError + ex.Message); return false; } finally { // Must make sure Response is closed instance.Response.Dispose(); } return true; } The RenderTemplateFromAssembly method basically requires the namespace and class to instantate and creates an instance of the class using InstantiateTemplateClass(). It then invokes the method with InvokeTemplateInstance(). These two methods are broken out because they are re-used by various other rendering methods and also to allow subclassing and providing additional configuration tasks to set properties and pass values to templates at execution time. In the default mode instantiation sets the Engine and HostContainer (discussed later) so the template can call back into the template engine, and the context is set when the template method is invoked. The various RenderXXX methods use similar code although they create the assemblies first. If you’re after potentially cashing assemblies the method is the one to call and that’s exactly what the two HostContainer classes do. More on that in a minute, but before we get into HostContainers let’s talk about AppDomain hosting and the like. Running Templates in their own AppDomain With the RazorEngine class above, when a template is parsed into an assembly and executed the assembly is created (in memory or on disk – you can configure that) and cached in the current AppDomain. In .NET once an assembly has been loaded it can never be unloaded so if you’re loading lots of templates and at some time you want to release them there’s no way to do so. If however you load the assemblies in a separate AppDomain that new AppDomain can be unloaded and the assemblies loaded in it with it. In order to host the templates in a separate AppDomain the easiest thing to do is to run the entire RazorEngine in a separate AppDomain. Then all interaction occurs in the other AppDomain and no further changes have to be made. To facilitate this there is a RazorEngineFactory which has methods that can instantiate the RazorHost in a separate AppDomain as well as in the local AppDomain. The host creates the remote instance and then hangs on to it to keep it alive as well as providing methods to shut down the AppDomain and reload the engine. Sounds complicated but cross-AppDomain invocation is actually fairly easy to implement. Here’s some of the relevant code from the RazorEngineFactory class. Like the RazorEngine this class is generic and requires a template base type in the generic class name: public class RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase Here are the key methods of interest: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost in a new AppDomain. This /// version creates a static singleton that that is cached and you /// can call UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current == null) Current = new RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>(); return Current.GetRazorHostInAppDomain(); } public static void UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current != null) Current.UnloadHost(); Current = null; } /// <summary> /// Instance method that creates a RazorHost in a new AppDomain. /// This method requires that you keep the Factory around in /// order to keep the AppDomain alive and be able to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> GetRazorHostInAppDomain() { LocalAppDomain = CreateAppDomain(null); if (LocalAppDomain == null) return null; /// Create the instance inside of the new AppDomain /// Note: remote domain uses local EXE's AppBasePath!!! RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> host = null; try { Assembly ass = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly(); string AssemblyPath = ass.Location; host = (RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>) LocalAppDomain.CreateInstanceFrom(AssemblyPath, typeof(RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>).FullName).Unwrap(); } catch (Exception ex) { ErrorMessage = ex.Message; return null; } return host; } /// <summary> /// Internally creates a new AppDomain in which Razor templates can /// be run. /// </summary> /// <param name="appDomainName"></param> /// <returns></returns> private AppDomain CreateAppDomain(string appDomainName) { if (appDomainName == null) appDomainName = "RazorHost_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n"); AppDomainSetup setup = new AppDomainSetup(); // *** Point at current directory setup.ApplicationBase = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory; AppDomain localDomain = AppDomain.CreateDomain(appDomainName, null, setup); return localDomain; } /// <summary> /// Allow unloading of the created AppDomain to release resources /// All internal resources in the AppDomain are released including /// in memory compiled Razor assemblies. /// </summary> public void UnloadHost() { if (this.LocalAppDomain != null) { AppDomain.Unload(this.LocalAppDomain); this.LocalAppDomain = null; } } The static CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() is the key method that startup code usually calls. It uses a Current singleton instance to an instance of itself that is created cross AppDomain and is kept alive because it’s static. GetRazorHostInAppDomain actually creates a cross-AppDomain instance which first creates a new AppDomain and then loads the RazorEngine into it. The remote Proxy instance is returned as a result to the method and can be used the same as a local instance. The code to run with a remote AppDomain is simple: private RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase> CreateHost() { if (this.Host != null) return this.Host; // Use Static Methods - no error message if host doesn't load this.Host = RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); if (this.Host == null) { MessageBox.Show("Unable to load Razor Template Host", "Razor Hosting", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); } return this.Host; } This code relies on a local reference of the Host which is kept around for the duration of the app (in this case a form reference). To use this you’d simply do: this.Host = CreateHost(); if (host == null) return; string result = host.RenderTemplate( this.txtSource.Text, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll", "Westwind.Utilities.dll" }, this.CustomContext); if (result == null) { MessageBox.Show(host.ErrorMessage, "Template Execution Error", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); return; } this.txtResult.Text = result; Now all templates run in a remote AppDomain and can be unloaded with simple code like this: RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Host = null; One Step further – Providing a caching ‘Runtime’ Once we can load templates in a remote AppDomain we can add some additional functionality like assembly caching based on application specific features. One of my typical scenarios is to render templates out of a scripts folder. So all templates live in a folder and they change infrequently. So a Folder based host that can compile these templates once and then only recompile them if something changes would be ideal. Enter host containers which are basically wrappers around the RazorEngine<t> and RazorEngineFactory<t>. They provide additional logic for things like file caching based on changes on disk or string hashes for string based template inputs. The folder host also provides for partial rendering logic through a custom template base implementation. There’s a base implementation in RazorBaseHostContainer, which provides the basics for hosting a RazorEngine, which includes the ability to start and stop the engine, cache assemblies and add references: public abstract class RazorBaseHostContainer<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase, new() { public RazorBaseHostContainer() { UseAppDomain = true; GeneratedNamespace = "__RazorHost"; } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the Container hosts Razor /// in a separate AppDomain. Seperate AppDomain /// hosting allows unloading and releasing of /// resources. /// </summary> public bool UseAppDomain { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Base folder location where the AppDomain /// is hosted. By default uses the same folder /// as the host application. /// /// Determines where binary dependencies are /// found for assembly references. /// </summary> public string BaseBinaryFolder { get; set; } /// <summary> /// List of referenced assemblies as string values. /// Must be in GAC or in the current folder of the host app/ /// base BinaryFolder /// </summary> public List<string> ReferencedAssemblies = new List<string>(); /// <summary> /// Name of the generated namespace for template classes /// </summary> public string GeneratedNamespace {get; set; } /// <summary> /// Any error messages /// </summary> public string ErrorMessage { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host. Required to keep the /// reference to the host alive for multiple uses. /// </summary> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> Engine; /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host Factory - so we can unload /// the host and its associated AppDomain. /// </summary> protected RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> EngineFactory; /// <summary> /// Keep track of each compiled assembly /// and when it was compiled. /// /// Use a hash of the string to identify string /// changes. /// </summary> protected Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem> LoadedAssemblies = new Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem>(); /// <summary> /// Call to start the Host running. Follow by a calls to RenderTemplate to /// render individual templates. Call Stop when done. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage on false </returns> public virtual bool Start() { if (Engine == null) { if (UseAppDomain) Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); else Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHost(); Engine.Configuration.CompileToMemory = true; Engine.HostContainer = this; if (Engine == null) { this.ErrorMessage = EngineFactory.ErrorMessage; return false; } } return true; } /// <summary> /// Stops the Host and releases the host AppDomain and cached /// assemblies. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public bool Stop() { this.LoadedAssemblies.Clear(); RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Engine = null; return true; } … } This base class provides most of the mechanics to host the runtime, but no application specific implementation for rendering. There are rendering functions but they just call the engine directly and provide no caching – there’s no context to decide how to cache and reuse templates. The key methods are Start and Stop and their main purpose is to start a new AppDomain (optionally) and shut it down when requested. The RazorFolderHostContainer – Folder Based Runtime Hosting Let’s look at the more application specific RazorFolderHostContainer implementation which is defined like this: public class RazorFolderHostContainer : RazorBaseHostContainer<RazorTemplateFolderHost> Note that a customized RazorTemplateFolderHost class template is used for this implementation that supports partial rendering in form of a RenderPartial() method that’s available to templates. The folder host’s features are: Render templates based on a Template Base Path (a ‘virtual’ if you will) Cache compiled assemblies based on the relative path and file time stamp File changes on templates cause templates to be recompiled into new assemblies Support for partial rendering using base folder relative pathing As shown in the startup examples earlier host containers require some startup code with a HostContainer tied to a persistent property (like a Form property): // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. HostContainer.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Default output rendering disk location HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile = Path.Combine(HostContainer.TemplatePath, "__Preview.htm"); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates HostContainer.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container HostContainer.Start(); Once that’s done, you can render templates with the host container: // Pass the template path for full filename seleted with OpenFile Dialog // relativepath is: subdir\file.cshtml or file.cshtml or ..\file.cshtml var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, HostContainer.TemplatePath); if (!HostContainer.RenderTemplate(relativePath, Context, HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + HostContainer.ErrorMessage); return; } webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile); The most critical task of the RazorFolderHostContainer implementation is to retrieve a template from disk, compile and cache it and then deal with deciding whether subsequent requests need to re-compile the template or simply use a cached version. Internally the GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache() handles this task: /// <summary> /// Internally checks if a cached assembly exists and if it does uses it /// else creates and compiles one. Returns an assembly Id to be /// used with the LoadedAssembly list. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected virtual CompiledAssemblyItem GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(string relativePath) { string fileName = Path.Combine(TemplatePath, relativePath).ToLower(); int fileNameHash = fileName.GetHashCode(); if (!File.Exists(fileName)) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateFileDoesnTExist + fileName); return null; } CompiledAssemblyItem item = null; this.LoadedAssemblies.TryGetValue(fileNameHash, out item); string assemblyId = null; // Check for cached instance if (item != null) { var fileTime = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(fileName); if (fileTime <= item.CompileTimeUtc) assemblyId = item.AssemblyId; } else item = new CompiledAssemblyItem(); // No cached instance - create assembly and cache if (assemblyId == null) { string safeClassName = GetSafeClassName(fileName); StreamReader reader = null; try { reader = new StreamReader(fileName, true); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.ErrorReadingTemplateFile + fileName); return null; } assemblyId = Engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(this.ReferencedAssemblies.ToArray(), reader); // need to ensure reader is closed if (reader != null) reader.Close(); if (assemblyId == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } item.AssemblyId = assemblyId; item.CompileTimeUtc = DateTime.UtcNow; item.FileName = fileName; item.SafeClassName = safeClassName; this.LoadedAssemblies[fileNameHash] = item; } return item; } This code uses a LoadedAssembly dictionary which is comprised of a structure that holds a reference to a compiled assembly, a full filename and file timestamp and an assembly id. LoadedAssemblies (defined on the base class shown earlier) is essentially a cache for compiled assemblies and they are identified by a hash id. In the case of files the hash is a GetHashCode() from the full filename of the template. The template is checked for in the cache and if not found the file stamp is checked. If that’s newer than the cache’s compilation date the template is recompiled otherwise the version in the cache is used. All the core work defers to a RazorEngine<T> instance to ParseAndCompileTemplate(). The three rendering specific methods then are rather simple implementations with just a few lines of code dealing with parameter and return value parsing: /// <summary> /// Renders a template to a TextWriter. Useful to write output into a stream or /// the Response object. Used for partial rendering. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path to the file in the folder structure</param> /// <param name="context">Optional context object or null</param> /// <param name="writer">The textwriter to write output into</param> /// <returns></returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, TextWriter writer) { // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; CompiledAssemblyItem item = GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(relativePath); if (item == null) { writer.Close(); return false; } try { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error string result = Engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(item.AssemblyId, context, writer); if (result == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return false; } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } finally { writer.Close(); } return true; } /// <summary> /// Render a template from a source file on disk to a specified outputfile. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path off the template root folder. Format: path/filename.cshtml</param> /// <param name="context">Any object that will be available in the template as a dynamic of this.Context</param> /// <param name="outputFile">Optional - output file where output is written to. If not specified the /// RenderingOutputFile property is used instead /// </param> /// <returns>true if rendering succeeds, false on failure - check ErrorMessage</returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, string outputFile) { if (outputFile == null) outputFile = RenderingOutputFile; try { using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(outputFile, false, Engine.Configuration.OutputEncoding, Engine.Configuration.StreamBufferSize)) { return RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } return true; } /// <summary> /// Renders a template to string. Useful for RenderTemplate /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> public string RenderTemplateToString(string relativePath, object context) { string result = string.Empty; try { using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error if (!RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer)) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } result = writer.ToString(); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return null; } return result; } The idea is that you can create custom host container implementations that do exactly what you want fairly easily. Take a look at both the RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer classes for the basic concepts you can use to create custom implementations. Notice also that you can set the engine’s PerRequestConfigurationData() from the host container: // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; which when set to a non-null value is passed to the Template’s InitializeTemplate() method. This method receives an object parameter which you can cast as needed: public override void InitializeTemplate(object configurationData) { // Pick up configuration data and stuff into Request object RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration config = configurationData as RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration; this.Request.TemplatePath = config.TemplatePath; this.Request.TemplateRelativePath = config.TemplateRelativePath; } With this data you can then configure any custom properties or objects on your main template class. It’s an easy way to pass data from the HostContainer all the way down into the template. The type you use is of type object so you have to cast it yourself, and it must be serializable since it will likely run in a separate AppDomain. This might seem like an ugly way to pass data around – normally I’d use an event delegate to call back from the engine to the host, but since this is running over AppDomain boundaries events get really tricky and passing a template instance back up into the host over AppDomain boundaries doesn’t work due to serialization issues. So it’s easier to pass the data from the host down into the template using this rather clumsy approach of set and forward. It’s ugly, but it’s something that can be hidden in the host container implementation as I’ve done here. It’s also not something you have to do in every implementation so this is kind of an edge case, but I know I’ll need to pass a bunch of data in some of my applications and this will be the easiest way to do so. Summing Up Hosting the Razor runtime is something I got jazzed up about quite a bit because I have an immediate need for this type of templating/merging/scripting capability in an application I’m working on. I’ve also been using templating in many apps and it’s always been a pain to deal with. The Razor engine makes this whole experience a lot cleaner and more light weight and with these wrappers I can now plug .NET based templating into my code literally with a few lines of code. That’s something to cheer about… I hope some of you will find this useful as well… Resources The examples and code require that you download the Razor runtimes. Projects are for Visual Studio 2010 running on .NET 4.0 Platform Installer 3.0 (install WebMatrix or MVC 3 for Razor Runtimes) Latest Code in Subversion Repository Download Snapshot of the Code Documentation (CHM Help File) © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in ASP.NET .NET

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