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• How does enterprise failover, such as with google.com, actually work?

  - by Alex Regan

  We have a few fedora systems that are configured for web, FTP, and email services. We'd like to mirror these services, so that we can provide near 100% reliability for our users. I'm a fairly experienced Linux administrator, but don't have much experience with redundant systems. What is the best way to do this? How does google and amazon do it? Google.com resolves to multiple IP addresses, but if my local desktop caches one of the IPs that are unreachable, I'm going to get a failed connection message. How do they prevent that from happening? If one of their servers goes down, how is it automatically redirected to another system, without the end-user ever knowing it? I understand there are failover devices, but they're only for failing over the system itself, not a complete network. Let's say we have the worst-case scenario, such as my primary system becomes inaccessible. What are the fundamental components that are used on Linux systems to provide this capability? I'm looking for concepts, or approaches, not answers like "check out openstack". What are the actual pieces that make up the solution? What has to be done to implement this capability? Hopefully my question is clear. I'd like to know what the pieces are that make up a failover system and what approach is taken by successful organizations that implement it. Thanks again, Alex

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• Virtual bridged networking with VLAN, could not ping

  - by v.yegy

  I require a virtual network with VLAN be build between two virtual hosts - which can be (lxc/ vbox -ubuntu or win xp). I tried with lxc and vbox with Ubuntu and was finding difficult to make it work without vlan, but was successful with vbox with xp. vbox-xp1 --- br1 ---------------- br2 ---- vbox-xp2 The config is: brctl addbr br1; brctl addbr br2 ifconfig br1 up; ifconfig br2 up stp br1 off; stp br2 off ip link add name br1-br2-l0 type veth peer name br1-br2-l1 sudo brctl addif br1 br1-br2-l0 sudo brctl addif br2 br1-br2-l1 vbox - xp 1 and 2 with network ; bridged and br1 and br2 respectively. The adapter is intel PRO/1000 MT Server and driver installed in guests. Configured IPs and two hosts pinged! VLAN config: ip link add link br1 name br1-2.5 type vlan id 5 brctl addif br2 br1-2.5 create vlan 5 in xp 1 and 2 and assign ip address Ping on with this config does not work. Wireshark trace on interface br1-br2-l1 / br1-2.5 shows that one ping results in ~240 ping packets and each growing by 4 bytes - first one being correct and 60, ping does not reach other host as I see mac is not learnt[arp -a]. -- if br1-2.5 is not configured, I see untagged packets in br1-br2-l1/0, but still not reaching other host as mac is not learnt. if br1-br2-l0/1 is made down, even if br1-2.5 is up, I count not see any packets. I tried with ebtables, but still could not make a correct config to work. -- If any one here are aware of any configuration, please let me know. I need to make a network of switches. Seems I have a very long way. Sorry for a very long question. Thanks and regards, vy

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• special case ssh connection lag

  - by Hersheezy

  Setup We have a DMZ and LAN in our office that are connected to the outside with the following setup: +------+ | |------> LAN (normal office router) |Modem | | |------> DMZ (a single machine) +------+ Our internet account is with Comcast and we have 5 status IPs, one of which points to the single machine in the DMZ. Problem ssh connections initiated ANYWHERE EXCEPT the office LAN are really fast. However, from the LAN, there is about a 5 second delay. WTF?? Extra info The DMZ machine is debian 5. Executing a wget to the DMZ has no lag. When executing the following, everything up to HERE IS WHERE THE LAG IS INCURRED executes immediately. ssh -vvvv [email protected] ... debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug3: Wrote 16 bytes for a total of 1015 debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug3: Wrote 48 bytes for a total of 1063 debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug2: key: /home/shopkins/.ssh/id_rsa (0x22440830) debug2: key: /home/shopkins/.ssh/identity ((nil)) debug2: key: /home/shopkins/.ssh/id_dsa ((nil)) debug3: Wrote 64 bytes for a total of 1127` HERE IS WHERE THE LAG IS INCURRED debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug3: start over, passed a different list publickey,password debug3: preferred gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,gssapi,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering public key: /home/shopkins/.ssh/id_rsa debug3: send_pubkey_test debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug3: Wrote 368 bytes for a total of 1495 debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Trying private key: /home/shopkins/.ssh/identity debug3: no such identity: /home/shopkins/.ssh/identity debug1: Trying private key: /home/shopkins/.ssh/id_dsa debug3: no such identity: /home/shopkins/.ssh/id_dsa debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug3: authmethod_lookup password debug3: remaining preferred: ,password debug3: authmethod_is_enabled password debug1: Next authentication method: password [email protected]'s password:

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• IIS8 behind a VPN + Windows Server 2012 - how to properly bind IP+Port

  - by ryugen

  This is my first question so I hope I'm going to give you enough information. I'm running Windows Server 2012 within the Hyper-V environment of my Windows 8 machine. Within Windows Server 2012 I'm running a VPN tool based on openVPN to hide my real IP. When I run IIS8 with the VPN disconnected it works flawlessly through the Internet (port 80 forwarded correctly). But as soon as I connect to the VPN I can't reach my site through the domain anymore. Now I tried basically everything I know which is why I'm asking you guys. I tried binding IIS8 to the IP of my virtual ethernet card. I tried changing the priority of the NIC through the "Network and sharing center" via the advanced tab. I used ipconfig /flushdns in case there was something wrong in the DNS handling. Hell, I even turned off the Windows firewall. I also used a port scanner to verify the problem. The webserver is reachable on port 80 with VPN disconnected and immediately gets unreachable on connect. Theoretically both IPs (my regular one AND the VPN) should be reachable or at least not impair the other one right? Do you have any other suggestion? Do I have to route something somewhere somehow?

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• LAMP server VM issues

  - by nullArray

  After getting a recommendation to salvage a wiki by installing a LAMP server, I went on the prowl for a good virtualized one. I used the VMware Player version. Since the windows box has Bonjour, I can, for example, go to http://lamp.local. and it works see the web client. The problem is, I can't ssh to a directory to scp the files I need, mount a usb thumbdrive (usbfs is unsupported) nor get samba working. I can't even update the ubuntu installation, it fails. I've tried bridged, nat and host-only networking settings in VMware Player. Bridged gives me an undefined IP, while the other two each have different IPs. All three settings allow me to access the web config, but none of them give me samba access. Windows usually freezes, then reports that it cannot connect. I'd rather not wipe a box to do a dedicated install, is there I way I can get this VM working, or are there better LAMP VMs out there? This one came already working and set up with VMware Player, so I thought it would be perfect... Thanks,

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• What can lead to a zone memory exhaustion and how Nginx reacts to it?

  - by Miles Hughes

  What is a possible scenario for exhausting the memory designated to a connection zone with limit_conn_zone directive and what are the implication in this case? Suppose I have this in my configuration: http { limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=connzone:1m; ... server { limit_conn connzone 5; which, according to the documentation, allocates 16000 states for connzone on a 64-bit server. It also says that If the storage for a zone is exhausted, the server will return error 503 (Service Temporarily Unavailable) to all further requests. Well, Ok. But what does it mean on practice? When does this happen? Who receives those 503s? Does it mean that if the number of IPs somehow associated with connzone hits 16000 everyone gets a 503 and it's all over? How does Nginx decide? The documentation is weirdly vague on this. So, considering the example config, who would actually get a 503 and under which circumstances and how would things go from there? Same with request zones?

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• ssh keys rejected each day

  - by EddyR

  I've had OpenSSH server running on my debian server for a couple weeks and all of a sudden now when I go to login the next day it rejects my ssh key and I have to manually add a new one each time. Not only that but I have the "tunneling with clear-text passwords" option enabled and the non-root (login with root is disabled) account for that is rejected too. I'm at a loss why this is happening and I can't find any ssh options that would explain it. --update-- I just changed debug level to DEBUG. But before that I'm seeing a lot of the following in auth.log Feb 1 04:23:01 greenpages CRON[7213]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Feb 1 04:23:01 greenpages CRON[7213]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root ... Feb 1 04:36:26 greenpages sshd[7217]: reverse mapping checking getaddrinfo for nat-pool-xx-xx-xx-xx.myinternet.net [xx.xx.xx.xx] failed - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT! ... Feb 1 04:37:31 greenpages sshd[7223]: Did not receive identification string from xx.xx.xx.xx ... My sshd_conf file settings are: # Package generated configuration file # See the sshd(8) manpage for details # What ports, IPs and protocols we listen for Port xxx # Use these options to restrict which interfaces/protocols sshd will bind to #ListenAddress :: #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 Protocol 2 # HostKeys for protocol version 2 HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key #Privilege Separation is turned on for security UsePrivilegeSeparation yes # Lifetime and size of ephemeral version 1 server key KeyRegenerationInterval 3600 ServerKeyBits 768 # Logging SyslogFacility AUTH LogLevel DEBUG # Authentication: LoginGraceTime 120 PermitRootLogin no StrictModes yes RSAAuthentication yes PubkeyAuthentication yes #AuthorizedKeysFile %h/.ssh/authorized_keys # Don't read the user's ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files IgnoreRhosts yes # For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh_known_hosts RhostsRSAAuthentication no # similar for protocol version 2 HostbasedAuthentication no # Uncomment if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for RhostsRSAAuthentication #IgnoreUserKnownHosts yes # To enable empty passwords, change to yes (NOT RECOMMENDED) PermitEmptyPasswords no # Change to yes to enable challenge-response passwords (beware issues with # some PAM modules and threads) ChallengeResponseAuthentication no # Change to no to disable tunnelled clear text passwords PasswordAuthentication yes # Kerberos options #KerberosAuthentication no #KerberosGetAFSToken no #KerberosOrLocalPasswd yes #KerberosTicketCleanup yes # GSSAPI options #GSSAPIAuthentication no #GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes X11Forwarding no X11DisplayOffset 10 PrintMotd no PrintLastLog yes TCPKeepAlive yes #UseLogin no #MaxStartups 10:30:60 #Banner /etc/issue.net # Allow client to pass locale environment variables AcceptEnv LANG LC_* Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server UsePAM no ClientAliveInterval 60 AllowUsers myuser

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• using pf for packet filtering and ipfw's dummynet for bandwidth limiting at the same time

  - by krdx

  I would like to ask if it's fine to use pf for all packet filtering (including using altq for traffic shaping) and ipfw's dummynet for bandwidth limiting certain IPs or subnets at the same time. I am using FreeBSD 10 and I couldn't find a definitive answer to this. Googling returns such results as: It works It doesn't work Might work but it's not stable and not recommended It can work as long as you load the kernel modules in the right order It used to work but with recent FreeBSD versions it doesn't You can make it work provided you use a patch from pfsense Then there's a mention that this patch might had been merged back to FreeBSD, but I can't find it. One certain thing is that pfsense uses both firewalls simultaneously so the question is, is it possible with stock FreeBSD 10 (and where to obtain the patch if it's still necessary). For reference here's a sample of what I have for now and how I load things /etc/rc.conf ifconfig_vtnet0="inet 80.224.45.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 -rxcsum -txcsum" ifconfig_vtnet1="inet 10.20.20.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 -rxcsum -txcsum" defaultrouter="80.224.45.1" gateway_enable="YES" firewall_enable="YES" firewall_script="/etc/ipfw.rules" pf_enable="YES" pf_rules="/etc/pf.conf" /etc/pf.conf WAN1="vtnet0" LAN1="vtnet1" set skip on lo0 set block-policy return scrub on $WAN1 all fragment reassemble scrub on $LAN1 all fragment reassemble altq on $WAN1 hfsc bandwidth 30Mb queue { q_ssh, q_default } queue q_ssh bandwidth 10% priority 2 hfsc (upperlimit 99%) queue q_default bandwidth 90% priority 1 hfsc (default upperlimit 99%) nat on $WAN1 from $LAN1:network to any -> ($WAN1) block in all block out all antispoof quick for $WAN1 antispoof quick for $LAN1 pass in on $WAN1 inet proto icmp from any to $WAN1 keep state pass in on $WAN1 proto tcp from any to $WAN1 port www pass in on $WAN1 proto tcp from any to $WAN1 port ssh pass out quick on $WAN1 proto tcp from $WAN1 to any port ssh queue q_ssh keep state pass out on $WAN1 keep state pass in on $LAN1 from $LAN1:network to any keep state /etc/ipfw.rules ipfw -q -f flush ipfw -q add 65534 allow all from any to any ipfw -q pipe 1 config bw 2048KBit/s ipfw -q pipe 2 config bw 2048KBit/s ipfw -q add pipe 1 ip from any to 10.20.20.4 via vtnet1 out ipfw -q add pipe 2 ip from 10.20.20.4 to any via vtnet1 in

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• weird POST request in IIS logs

  - by MIrrorMirror

  I noticed weird log entries (unless there's something i don't understand) in my IIS (7.5) logs. it's an online dictionary with requests ( user friendly url rewriting ) and most of them are GET. However I noticed weird POST requests which are taking place by a person who is trying to crawl our content ( tens of thousands of such requests ) 2013-11-09 20:39:27 GET /dict/mylang/word1 - y.y.y.y Mozilla/5.0+(compatible;+Googlebot/2.1;++http://www.google.com/bot.html) - 200 296 2013-11-09 20:39:29 GET /dict/mylang/word2 - z.z.z.z Mozilla/5.0+(iPhone;+CPU+iPhone+OS+6_0+like+Mac+OS+X)+AppleWebKit/536.26+(KHTML,+like+Gecko)+Version/6.0+Mobile/10A5376e+Safari/8536.25+(compatible;+Googlebot-Mobile/2.1;++http://www.google.com/bot.html) - 200 468 2013-11-09 20:39:29 POST /dict/mylang/word3 - x.x.x.x - - 200 2593 The two first requests are legal. Now for the third request, I don't think I have allowed cross domain POST. if that what the third log line means. all those POST requests take that much time for unknown reasons to me. I would like to know how are those POST requests possible and how can I stop them. p.s. I have masked the IPs on purpose. any help would be appreciated! thank you in advance.

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• apache2: ssl_error_rx_record_too_long when visiting port 80? help!

  - by John

  Hi, I have an Ubuntu 10 x64 server edition machine. I got a second IP and configured /etc/network/interfaces like so (actual IPs and gateways removed): [code] auto lo iface lo inet loopback iface eth0 inet dhcp auto eth0 auto eth0:0 iface eth0 inet static address [ my first IP ] netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway [ my first gateway ] iface eth0:0 inet static address [ my second IP ] netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway [ my second gateway ] [/code] /etc/apache2/ports.conf: [code] Listen 80 NameVirtualHost [ my first IP ]:80 NameVirtualHost [ my second IP ]:80 # If you add NameVirtualHost *:443 here, you will also have to change # the VirtualHost statement in /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl # to # Server Name Indication for SSL named virtual hosts is currently not # supported by MSIE on Windows XP. Listen 443 NameVirtualHost [ my first IP - some site is running SSL successfully using it ]:443 Listen 443 [/code] /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/mysite.conf: [code] ServerName mysite.com Include /var/www/mysite.com/djangoproject/apache/django.conf [/conf] [/code] Then when visiting http[mysite].com:80 or http[mysite].com (:// removed because serverfault doesn't allow me to post hyperlinks), I get: [code] An error occurred during a connection to [mysite].com. SSL received a record that exceeded the maximum permissible length. (Error code: ssl_error_rx_record_too_long) [/code] My guess is that the configuration file is not being picked up, and apache is therefore looking for the default-ssl file, which is not in conf-enabled. If I were to configure that file properly, it seems I would successfully connect to whatever default directory is specified in the default-ssl file. But I want to connect to my website. Any ideas? Thanks in advance!

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• Changing IP address in IIS for SharePoint site results in Directory listing error

  - by Dan

  I have a server here that has 2 roles. One is Exchange 2007 and the other is MOSS 2007. In IIS i have a site, go.domain.com which has our OWA. The other is internal.domain.com which is the MOSS site. I have given the NIC local IPs and each site is using host headers. The GO site has an SSL cert from NetSol, and the MOSS site has a self signed. Right now going to either shows the NetSol site, which browsers complain about when going to the internal.domain.com site, obviously, since they are on the same IP in IIS. Both sites have always run off the original IP of 10.0.0.3 in IIS. When i added the second IP to the NIC, (10.0.0.6) and changed the Sharepoint site in IIS to use this for http and https access, I now get this message in a browser when trying to connect. Directory Listing Denied This Virtual Directory does not allow contents to be listed. Changing the IP back to 10.0.0.3 and the internal site is back up. What am I missing here? Do i need to fool around with Alternate Access Mappings in Central Admin? Am i completely missing the point with multiple SSL certs and host headers?

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• Secondary IP (eth0:0) acts like main server IP

  - by George Tasioulis

  I have a CentOS server, configured with 4 consecutive IPs: eth0 5.x.x.251 eth0:0 5.x.x.252 eth0:1 5.x.x.253 eth0:2 5.x.x.254 The problem is that all traffic goes out to the internet with eth0:0 (5.x.x.252) as the source IP, instead of eth0. # curl ifconfig.me 5.x.x.252 How can I fix this, so that all traffic goes out via eth0, ie my main IP? PS: My server is VPS running on a Xen dom0, the latter being configured in routed mode networking. Thanks in advance! Server configuration # ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:x:x:x:x:AE inet addr:5.x.x.251 Bcast:5.x.x.255 Mask:255.255.255.255 inet6 addr: fe80::x:x:x:x/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:14675569 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:9463227 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:4122016502 (3.8 GiB) TX bytes:25959110751 (24.1 GiB) Interrupt:23 eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:x:x:x:x:AE inet addr:5.x.x.252 Bcast:5.x.x.255 Mask:255.255.255.224 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:23 eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:x:x:x:x:AE inet addr:5.x.x.253 Bcast:5.x.x.255 Mask:255.255.255.224 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:23 eth0:2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:x:x:x:x:AE inet addr:5.x.x.254 Bcast:5.x.x.255 Mask:255.255.255.224 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:23 # cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost 5.x.x.251 [fqdn] [hostname] # cat ifcfg-eth0 DEVICE=eth0 BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=5.x.x.251 NETMASK=255.255.255.224 SCOPE="peer 5.x.y.82" # cat ifcfg-eth0:0 DEVICE=eth0:0 BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=5.x.x.252 NETMASK=255.255.255.224 # cat route-eth0 ADDRESS0=0.0.0.0 NETMASK0=0.0.0.0 GATEWAY0=5.x.y.82 # netstat -rn Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 5.x.y.82 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0 5.x.x.224 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 5.x.y.82 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

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• LogMeIn Hamachi for Linux

  - by tlunter

  So far most of my work using LogMeIn Hamachi has been from either a Mac OS X or Windows system to Windows or a Linux Computer. Recently I purchased a mini computer and have been running Ubuntu Server on it, as my little server. I knew LogMeIn had a Linux client that is command line only, but I often do all my work via command line anyway, so that wasn't an issue. I added my user to the correct local file so that I could run the hamachi daemon without sudo, and was able to connect to LogMeIn's service. I decided to set up my Linux server as a git server as well, and set it up correctly. The thing is, the server is behind my schools firewall and I need to use hamachi to get around that. Since most of the time I was using either Mac or Windows, I never had an issue sshing onto any of my computers since LogMeIn is fully featured for these OSs. From Linux (Arch) though, it seems like the client cannot correctly route to the LogMeIn IPs. I know from Windows I can connect to the Linux computers, both of them. From Linux (Arch) though, I can't connect to my Mac, Windows, or Linux server. It keeps just dropping the connection. I was wondering if there was some configuration that I would need to make for this to work. I understand that it is most likely going to be a static configuration since I assume it has to do with the computer not understanding that 5.*.*.* actually refers to another IP:Port. Has anyone had any experience getting this to work?

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• 2 nics. 2 Defaults Gateways

  - by andre.dias

  Here is my scenario: i have this server with 2 nics, each one with different IPs, connected to differents routers. Almost everything is configured whe way i need. Traffic coming from eth0 exits using eth0, traffic coming from eth1 exits using eth1. And there is a default gateway configured. $route: default IP 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 With this configuration, the traffic generated in the server is going out using eth0 (lynx www.google.com for example). The problem is: the Internet link from eth0 went down today. The traffic coming from eth1 was ok...no problem. But the traffic generated in the server was a problem...the default gateway was out...no access do the Internet anymore (no more lynx www.google.com) So i added a new default gateway configuration, pointing to eth1. For 30 minutes i kept that way...2 default gateways, but just one was "working"...and everything was working just fine. But then i removed de eth0 gateway entry because, well, 2 default gateways is kind of weird. My question: is there any problem on keeping these 2 default gateways, one for each? So i don´t need to do nothing when one link go down again? $route: default IP1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 default IP2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1

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• Change the default route without affecting existing TCP connections

  - by Patrick Horn

  Let's say I have two public network addresses on my server: one NAT through an ISP (192.168.99.0/24), and a VPN through a different ISP (192.168.1.0/24), already configured with a per-host route to the VPN server through my ISP. Here is my initial routing table. I am currently routing through my ISP on subnet 192.168.99.0/24. $ route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.99.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 55.66.77.88 192.168.99.1 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.99.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 tap0 Now, I want new TCP connections to switch to my 192.168.1.0/24 so I type the following: $ route add -net 0.0.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 dev tap0 When I do this, it causes some long-standing TCP connections to hang. Is there a way to I safely change the default interface for new connections, while allowing existing TCP connections to use the old route (i.e. do I need enable some sort of stateful routing table)? I am okay with a solution that only works with established TCP connections, and I don't care how hacky it is. For example, if there is a way to add temporary iptables rules for existing connections to force them over the old route. But there has to be some way to do this. EDIT: Just a note about a simple "route add -host ... " for existing connections: this solution would work if I am fine with leaving a subset of IPs on the old interface. However, in my application, this actually doesn't solve my problem because I want to allow new connections to come on the new interface even if they have the same source IP. I'm now looking at using the "ip route" command to set source-based routing rules.

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• How do I apply multiple subnets to a server with one NIC?

  - by Cosban

  I am trying to route multiple IPs through one physical NIC on my dedicated server for use with Proxmox KVM VMs. I have a dedicated server which is currently running Debian 4.4.5-8 with 3 available ip addresses for use, which will be displayed as 176.xxx.xxx.196 (main), 176.xxx.xxx.198 (on same subnet as main) and 5.xxx.xxx.166 (different subnet). I am currently trying to route the third IP address with the dedi for use with a vps that I have set up using proxmox v2.x but am having a really, really hard time doing so. Virtual interfaces binding the additional IP addresses work as expected, ruling out external routing problems. The provider has given the following information for the IP addresses on the main subnet: gateway: 176.xxx.xxx.193 netmask: 255.255.255.224 broadcast: 176.xxx.xxx.223 As well as the following information for the IP address on the second subnet: gateway: 5.xxx.xxx.161 netmask: 255.255.255.248 broadcast: 5.xxx.xxx.167 Everything I've tried with /etc/network/interfaces has either not worked, or has rendered the network completely useless. This is the current state of the file, which has the secondary IP address working on the same subnet as well as IPv6 working, but not the second subnet. # Nativen IPv6 Schnittstelle iface eth0 inet6 manual # Bridge IPv4 Schnittstelle (176.xxx.xxx.193/27) auto vmbr0 iface vmbr0 inet static address 176.xxx.xxx.196 netmask 255.255.255.224 gateway 176.xxx.xxx.193 broadcast 176.xxx.xxx.223 bridge_ports eth0 bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 bridge_maxwait 0 post-up ip addr add 176.xxx.xxx.198/27 dev vmbr0 auto vmbr1 iface vmbr1 inet static address 5.xxx.xxx.166 netmask 255.255.255.248 gateway 5.xxx.xxx.161 broadcast 5.xxx.xxx.167 bridge_ports eth0 bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 bridge_maxwait 0 post-up ip addr add 5.xxx.xxx.166/27 dev vmbr1 # Bridge IPv6 Schnittstelle (Reichweite: xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx::/64) iface vmbr0 inet6 static address xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx netmask 64 up ip -6 route add xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx dev vmbr0 down ip -6 route del xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx dev vmbr0 up ip -6 route add default via xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx dev vmbr0 down ip -6 route del default via xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx dev vmbr0

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• Windows 7 Multi-NIC woes

  - by Eric

  I have Comcast business Internet here. It gives me 5 static IPs. Most of the machines in my house connect to a router like every other household. It has a 192.168.117.x subnet, DHCP Server, etc. and all is well. However, I have a second machine on MY desk that has a life Internet IP. Up until yesterday, this machine was running XP Pro. The primary NIC was manually set to 192.168.117.241 with no gateway, and the secondary NIC was manually set to 173.x.x.171 with a gateway of 173.x.x.174. This worked just fine for years. Yesterday I replaced that XP machine with a brand new Windows 7 x64 box. Again, I configured it the same way. The onboard NIC was given a static 192.168.117.x address with no gateway, and the secondary NIC was given a live Internet IP address with the proper router, etc. 2 Problems. First is that the internal network (192.168.117.x) is listed as a public network because there's no gateway, so that means no homegroup, no file sharing, none of that. And I can't change it from what I'm reading... The second is that the machine reports the "router" ip address as it's address, and not the address that it's supposed to. I'm ready to tear my hair out over this. Any ideas?

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• Samba and Windows 7

  - by John Gaughan

  I built a new computer with the intention of it being primarily a home file server. Here is my setup: one desktop with Windows 7 64 HP one laptop with Windows 7 64 HP one desktop with Kubuntu 11.10 (server) The two desktops use static IPs, and I have hostnames mapped in the HOSTS files on all three systems. I have the same username/password combo on all three systems. I have been trying for a while now to set up Samba so the Windows 7 systems can see and use it. Even if I can get the server to show up, Windows is unable to log in. One of the first things I did was to enable LMv2 authentication, which this version of Samba (3.5.11) supports. The workgroup is set correctly. I can normally see the server, but cannot authenticate. Windows homegroup is turned off. Pinging between machines works fine, and the two Windows 7 systems work together flawlessly. What I am trying to do is set up Samba to use peer to peer networking using NTLM security and user-mode authentication. According to the documentation this is possible, but there are no examples that I could find. In all the googling I have done, I see a lot of people asking how to set this up but it either works for someone else and not for me (no idea what I'm missing), or it doesn't work. Has anyone gotten this to work? Is there a place I could download a smb.conf that is set up to work in this environment?

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• Fixing Poor Email

  - by Tiffany Walker

  I'm having an issue with SenderBase. My IPs are not blocked in any BLs but people who use SenderBase/Ciscos stuff do not get my emails. Is this because my email system is setup poorly? They list the following: Your email server or a computer in your network may be infected with malware and may be used to send spam. You may have an insecure network which is allowing other parties to use your network to send spam. Your email server may be misconfigured and might relay spam. You may be utilizing a dynamic IP that is not allowed to relay email directly to the Internet. I have just my site running CPanel. As far as I know there is no spam or abuse. What should I check to ensure that the mail systems (Exim) are up to standards? I have the server pretty well configured so I just can't see the system being abused without me knowing it. What standards should I be ensuring my e-mail server aligns up to?

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• How can I setup apache+mod_proxy so when I connect to mod_proxy on interface X, it sends the traffic

  - by aspitzer

  We use a service that allots us X number of requests per IP and has allows us to setup 5 IPs with such a limit (I know.. it seems stupid they could not just up the limit 5x on one IP). Pretend I have a linux box with the following address on the internet: 66.249.90.104 - that is an Google IP and not mine... so feel free to try to hack into it :) I setup apache+mod_proxy as a forwarding proxy (ProxyRequests On). i.e. you can setup firefox to use 66.249.90.104:8080 as a proxy, and all firefox traffic comes out as 66.249.90.104. So far so good. Problem: Now I add more alias interfaces so the total looks like this: eth0: 66.249.90.104 eth0:1 66.249.90.105 eth0:2 66.249.90.106 eth0:3 66.249.90.107 eth0:4 66.249.90.108 I run apache+mod_proxy (single apache instance) which binds to all interfaces, but no matter which address I connect to use the forwarding proxy, all traffic goes out to the internet as 66.249.90.104 I have also tried running 5 different apaches, each binding to its own interface only, but that still sends the outbound request through 66.249.90.104. I was hoping to get it to work as follows: I connect to 66.249.90.108 and make a proxy request, and it goes out as 66.249.90.108. I connect to 66.249.90.107 and make a proxy request, and it goes out as 66.249.90.107. etc. Has anyone else had to deal with this issue? The fall back solution would be to just run apache on 5 separate boxes, but I would prefer it to all work on one box. Thanks!

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• KVM network bridge with two NICs

  - by Eil

  Greetings, I'm trying to set up bridged networking with KVM and am getting nowhere. There are docs and tutorials on the subject, but they all seem to conflict or don't provide enough info. I was wondering if someone can give me a high-level overview of how to get this working. I can probably work out the details myself (configuring the interfaces, adding routes, etc), I just need help on the big picture: how everything is interconnected. I have a RHEL5 server with KVM installed and running. It has two physical NICs, eth0 and eth1 in the same VLAN. I would like to use eth1 for all traffic between the guests and the rest of the network and reserve eth0 for host management, guest migrations, etc if possible. I'm not picky about which one gets the default route, although it would be nice if we could make it eth0. All of the guests will have static IPs. I would prefer that when a new guest is added, the networking configuration only needs to be set from within the guest itself. Basically, I want this: eth0: all host traffic eth1: all guest traffic Open to any other suggestions if this isn't possible or will be kludgy/difficult. Pointers to existing documentation might not be helpful since I've already been though just about everything out there. Thanks for any help.

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• Why can't I route to some sites from my MacBook Pro that I can see from my iPad?

  - by Robert Atkins

  I am on M1 Cable (residential) broadband in Singapore. I have an intermittent problem routing to some sites from my MacBook Pro—often Google-related sites (arduino.googlecode.com and ajax.googleapis.com right now, but sometimes even gmail.com.) This prevents StackExchange chat from working, for instance. Funny thing is, my iPad can route to those sites and they're on the same wireless network! I can ping the sites, but not traceroute to them which I find odd. That I can get through via the iPad implies the problem is with the MBP. In any case, calling M1 support is... not helpful. I get the same behaviour when I bypass the Airport Express entirely and plug the MBP directly into the cable modem. Can anybody explain a) how this is even possible and b) how to fix it? mella:~ ratkins$ ping ajax.googleapis.com PING googleapis.l.google.com (209.85.132.95): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 209.85.132.95: icmp_seq=0 ttl=50 time=11.488 ms 64 bytes from 209.85.132.95: icmp_seq=1 ttl=53 time=13.012 ms 64 bytes from 209.85.132.95: icmp_seq=2 ttl=53 time=13.048 ms ^C --- googleapis.l.google.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0.0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 11.488/12.516/13.048/0.727 ms mella:~ ratkins$ traceroute ajax.googleapis.com traceroute to googleapis.l.google.com (209.85.132.95), 64 hops max, 52 byte packets traceroute: sendto: No route to host 1 traceroute: wrote googleapis.l.google.com 52 chars, ret=-1 *traceroute: sendto: No route to host traceroute: wrote googleapis.l.google.com 52 chars, ret=-1 ^C mella:~ ratkins$ The traceroute from the iPad goes (and I'm copying this by hand): 10.0.1.1 119.56.34.1 172.20.8.222 172.31.253.11 202.65.245.1 202.65.245.142 209.85.243.156 72.14.233.145 209.85.132.82 From the MBP, I can't traceroute to any of the IPs from 172.20.8.222 onwards. [For extra flavour, not being able to access the above appears to stop me logging in to Server Fault via OpenID and formatting the above traceroutes correctly. Anyone with sufficient rep here to do so, I'd be much obliged.]

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• Domain joined computer unable to access servers through VPN

  - by kscott

  Our servers are in a virtual off site hosting center, our office has a vpn connection to the data center, but for reasons I don't understand we also have to connect to the Citrix Access Gateway (CAG) client in order to access the servers. I am a programmer with rather limited ops knowledge including a weak grasp of networking and terminology. Bear with me. I was just given a new laptop, which is a 64 bit Windows 7 system unlike my previous 32 bit Windows XP desktop which was able to connect without issue. My laptop has been joined to the domain so that I login with my AD credentials, I am able to connect to the CAG and get authenticated, and after doing this I can ping our servers and they resolve to the correct internal IP addresses, but I am unable to use remote desktop to the servers, connect to SQL servers through my local SQL Management Studio, navigate to them through the file system, or view any of our internal intranet websites. All of which I was able to do previously. I have tried turning off my Windows firewall and the problem remains, the DNS servers are set to the correct IPs of our domain controllers, and the ops guys here are a little stumped. Does any one have any suggestions?

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• Windows 8 - no internet connetction to some hosts while VPN is active

  - by HTD

  I use VPN to access the servers at work. When VPN is used, all network traffic to the Internet passes through my company network. It worked without any problems on Windows 7, now on Windows 8 some sites suddenly became inaccessible. Please note - I don't try to connect them over RDP, they are public Internet addresses, outside company network. They are inaccessible using any protocol. Ping returns "General failure.". I know it could be a misconfiguration on my company's server side, but it's very strange, since the same VPN connection used on Windows 7 works properly. What's wrong? Is it a Windows 8 bug, or is there something I could do on my company servers to make VPN work as expected with Windows 8? My company network works on Windows Server 2008 R2 and uses Microsoft TMG firewall. I couldn't find any rules blocking the traffic to mentioned sites, all network traffic for VPN users are passed through for all IPs and protocols. Any clues? UDPATE: Important - one whole day it worked. I hibernated and restarted the computer, connected and disconnected VPN - nothing could break my connection. Today it broke again, and restarting Windows didn't help. And now the solution: route add -p 0.0.0.0 MASK 255.255.255.255 192.168.1.1 Oh, OK, I know what it did, added my default gateway to routing table. But it still didn't work sometimes. So I removed my main network gateway route with: route delete -p 0.0.0.0 MASK 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 And added modified with: route add -p 0.0.0.0 MASK 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.1 And it works. Now. But I don't trust this. I don't know what really happened.

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• LAMP server VM issues

  - by nullArray

  After getting a recommendation to salvage a wiki by installing a LAMP server, I went on the prowl for a good virtualized one. I used the VMware Player version. Since the windows box has Bonjour, I can, for example, go to http://lamp.local. and it works see the web client. The problem is, I can't ssh to a directory to scp the files I need, mount a usb thumbdrive (usbfs is unsupported) nor get samba working. I can't even update the ubuntu installation, it fails. I've tried bridged, nat and host-only networking settings in VMware Player. Bridged gives me an undefined IP, while the other two each have different IPs. All three settings allow me to access the web config, but none of them give me samba access. Windows usually freezes, then reports that it cannot connect. I'd rather not wipe a box to do a dedicated install, is there I way I can get this VM working, or are there better LAMP VMs out there? This one came already working and set up with VMware Player, so I thought it would be perfect... Thanks,

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