efficient storage - Page 361

Inserting instructions into method.

- by Alix

Hi, (First of all, this is a very lengthy post, but don't worry: I've already implemented all of it, I'm just asking your opinion.) I'm having trouble implementing the following; I'd appreciate some help: I get a Type as parameter. I define a subclass using reflection. Notice that I don't intend to modify the original type, but create a new one. I create a property per field of the original class, like so: [- ignore this text here; I had to add something or the formatting wouldn't work <-] public class OriginalClass { private int x; } public class Subclass : OriginalClass { private int x; public int X { get { return x; } set { x = value; } } } [This is number 4! Numbered lists don't work if you add code in between; sorry] For every method of the superclass, I create an analogous method in the subclass. The method's body must be the same except that I replace the instructions ldfld x with callvirt this.get_X, that is, instead of reading from the field directly I call the get accessor. I'm having trouble with step 4. I know you're not supposed to manipulate code like this, but I really need to. Here's what I've tried: Attempt #1: Use Mono.Cecil. This would allow me to parse the body of the method into human-readable Instructions, and easily replace instructions. However, the original type isn't in a .dll file, so I can't find a way to load it with Mono.Cecil. Writing the type to a .dll, then load it, then modify it and write the new type to disk (which I think is the way you create a type with Mono.Cecil), and then load it seems like a huge overhead. Attempt #2: Use Mono.Reflection. This would also allow me to parse the body into Instructions, but then I have no support for replacing instructions. I've implemented a very ugly and inefficient solution using Mono.Reflection, but it doesn't yet support methods that contain try-catch statements (although I guess I can implement this) and I'm concerned that there may be other scenarios in which it won't work, since I'm using the ILGenerator in a somewhat unusual way. Also, it's very ugly ;). Here's what I've done: private void TransformMethod(MethodInfo methodInfo) { // Create a method with the same signature. ParameterInfo[] paramList = methodInfo.GetParameters(); Type[] args = new Type[paramList.Length]; for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) { args[i] = paramList[i].ParameterType; } MethodBuilder methodBuilder = typeBuilder.DefineMethod( methodInfo.Name, methodInfo.Attributes, methodInfo.ReturnType, args); ILGenerator ilGen = methodBuilder.GetILGenerator(); // Declare the same local variables as in the original method. IList<LocalVariableInfo> locals = methodInfo.GetMethodBody().LocalVariables; foreach (LocalVariableInfo local in locals) { ilGen.DeclareLocal(local.LocalType); } // Get readable instructions. IList<Instruction> instructions = methodInfo.GetInstructions(); // I first need to define labels for every instruction in case I // later find a jump to that instruction. Once the instruction has // been emitted I cannot label it, so I'll need to do it in advance. // Since I'm doing a first pass on the method's body anyway, I could // instead just create labels where they are truly needed, but for // now I'm using this quick fix. Dictionary<int, Label> labels = new Dictionary<int, Label>(); foreach (Instruction instr in instructions) { labels[instr.Offset] = ilGen.DefineLabel(); } foreach (Instruction instr in instructions) { // Mark this instruction with a label, in case there's a branch // instruction that jumps here. ilGen.MarkLabel(labels[instr.Offset]); // If this is the instruction that I want to replace (ldfld x)... if (instr.OpCode == OpCodes.Ldfld) { // ...get the get accessor for the accessed field (get_X()) // (I have the accessors in a dictionary; this isn't relevant), MethodInfo safeReadAccessor = dataMembersSafeAccessors[((FieldInfo) instr.Operand).Name][0]; // ...instead of emitting the original instruction (ldfld x), // emit a call to the get accessor, ilGen.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, safeReadAccessor); // Else (it's any other instruction), reemit the instruction, unaltered. } else { Reemit(instr, ilGen, labels); } } } And here comes the horrible, horrible Reemit method: private void Reemit(Instruction instr, ILGenerator ilGen, Dictionary<int, Label> labels) { // If the instruction doesn't have an operand, emit the opcode and return. if (instr.Operand == null) { ilGen.Emit(instr.OpCode); return; } // Else (it has an operand)... // If it's a branch instruction, retrieve the corresponding label (to // which we want to jump), emit the instruction and return. if (instr.OpCode.FlowControl == FlowControl.Branch) { ilGen.Emit(instr.OpCode, labels[Int32.Parse(instr.Operand.ToString())]); return; } // Otherwise, simply emit the instruction. I need to use the right // Emit call, so I need to cast the operand to its type. Type operandType = instr.Operand.GetType(); if (typeof(byte).IsAssignableFrom(operandType)) ilGen.Emit(instr.OpCode, (byte) instr.Operand); else if (typeof(double).IsAssignableFrom(operandType)) ilGen.Emit(instr.OpCode, (double) instr.Operand); else if (typeof(float).IsAssignableFrom(operandType)) ilGen.Emit(instr.OpCode, (float) instr.Operand); else if (typeof(int).IsAssignableFrom(operandType)) ilGen.Emit(instr.OpCode, (int) instr.Operand); ... // you get the idea. This is a pretty long method, all like this. } Branch instructions are a special case because instr.Operand is SByte, but Emit expects an operand of type Label. Hence the need for the Dictionary labels. As you can see, this is pretty horrible. What's more, it doesn't work in all cases, for instance with methods that contain try-catch statements, since I haven't emitted them using methods BeginExceptionBlock, BeginCatchBlock, etc, of ILGenerator. This is getting complicated. I guess I can do it: MethodBody has a list of ExceptionHandlingClause that should contain the necessary information to do this. But I don't like this solution anyway, so I'll save this as a last-resort solution. Attempt #3: Go bare-back and just copy the byte array returned by MethodBody.GetILAsByteArray(), since I only want to replace a single instruction for another single instruction of the same size that produces the exact same result: it loads the same type of object on the stack, etc. So there won't be any labels shifting and everything should work exactly the same. I've done this, replacing specific bytes of the array and then calling MethodBuilder.CreateMethodBody(byte[], int), but I still get the same error with exceptions, and I still need to declare the local variables or I'll get an error... even when I simply copy the method's body and don't change anything. So this is more efficient but I still have to take care of the exceptions, etc. Sigh. Here's the implementation of attempt #3, in case anyone is interested: private void TransformMethod(MethodInfo methodInfo, Dictionary<string, MethodInfo[]> dataMembersSafeAccessors, ModuleBuilder moduleBuilder) { ParameterInfo[] paramList = methodInfo.GetParameters(); Type[] args = new Type[paramList.Length]; for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) { args[i] = paramList[i].ParameterType; } MethodBuilder methodBuilder = typeBuilder.DefineMethod( methodInfo.Name, methodInfo.Attributes, methodInfo.ReturnType, args); ILGenerator ilGen = methodBuilder.GetILGenerator(); IList<LocalVariableInfo> locals = methodInfo.GetMethodBody().LocalVariables; foreach (LocalVariableInfo local in locals) { ilGen.DeclareLocal(local.LocalType); } byte[] rawInstructions = methodInfo.GetMethodBody().GetILAsByteArray(); IList<Instruction> instructions = methodInfo.GetInstructions(); int k = 0; foreach (Instruction instr in instructions) { if (instr.OpCode == OpCodes.Ldfld) { MethodInfo safeReadAccessor = dataMembersSafeAccessors[((FieldInfo) instr.Operand).Name][0]; byte[] bytes = toByteArray(OpCodes.Callvirt.Value); for (int m = 0; m < OpCodes.Callvirt.Size; m++) { rawInstructions[k++] = bytes[put.Length - 1 - m]; } bytes = toByteArray(moduleBuilder.GetMethodToken(safeReadAccessor).Token); for (int m = instr.Size - OpCodes.Ldfld.Size - 1; m >= 0; m--) { rawInstructions[k++] = bytes[m]; } } else { k += instr.Size; } } methodBuilder.CreateMethodBody(rawInstructions, rawInstructions.Length); } private static byte[] toByteArray(int intValue) { byte[] intBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(intValue); if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian) Array.Reverse(intBytes); return intBytes; } private static byte[] toByteArray(short shortValue) { byte[] intBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(shortValue); if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian) Array.Reverse(intBytes); return intBytes; } (I know it isn't pretty. Sorry. I put it quickly together to see if it would work.) I don't have much hope, but can anyone suggest anything better than this? Sorry about the extremely lengthy post, and thanks.

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Optimized OCR black/white pixel algorithm

- by eagle

I am writing a simple OCR solution for a finite set of characters. That is, I know the exact way all 26 letters in the alphabet will look like. I am using C# and am able to easily determine if a given pixel should be treated as black or white. I am generating a matrix of black/white pixels for every single character. So for example, the letter I (capital i), might look like the following: 01110 00100 00100 00100 01110 Note: all points, which I use later in this post, assume that the top left pixel is (0, 0), bottom right pixel is (4, 4). 1's represent black pixels, and 0's represent white pixels. I would create a corresponding matrix in C# like this: CreateLetter("I", new List<List<bool>>() { new List<bool>() { false, true, true, true, false }, new List<bool>() { false, false, true, false, false }, new List<bool>() { false, false, true, false, false }, new List<bool>() { false, false, true, false, false }, new List<bool>() { false, true, true, true, false } }); I know I could probably optimize this part by using a multi-dimensional array instead, but let's ignore that for now, this is for illustrative purposes. Every letter is exactly the same dimensions, 10px by 11px (10px by 11px is the actual dimensions of a character in my real program. I simplified this to 5px by 5px in this posting since it is much easier to "draw" the letters using 0's and 1's on a smaller image). Now when I give it a 10px by 11px part of an image to analyze with OCR, it would need to run on every single letter (26) on every single pixel (10 * 11 = 110) which would mean 2,860 (26 * 110) iterations (in the worst case) for every single character. I was thinking this could be optimized by defining the unique characteristics of every character. So, for example, let's assume that the set of characters only consists of 5 distinct letters: I, A, O, B, and L. These might look like the following: 01110 00100 00100 01100 01000 00100 01010 01010 01010 01000 00100 01110 01010 01100 01000 00100 01010 01010 01010 01000 01110 01010 00100 01100 01110 After analyzing the unique characteristics of every character, I can significantly reduce the number of tests that need to be performed to test for a character. For example, for the "I" character, I could define it's unique characteristics as having a black pixel in the coordinate (3, 0) since no other characters have that pixel as black. So instead of testing 110 pixels for a match on the "I" character, I reduced it to a 1 pixel test. This is what it might look like for all these characters: var LetterI = new OcrLetter() { Name = "I", BlackPixels = new List<Point>() { new Point (3, 0) } } var LetterA = new OcrLetter() { Name = "A", WhitePixels = new List<Point>() { new Point(2, 4) } } var LetterO = new OcrLetter() { Name = "O", BlackPixels = new List<Point>() { new Point(3, 2) }, WhitePixels = new List<Point>() { new Point(2, 2) } } var LetterB = new OcrLetter() { Name = "B", BlackPixels = new List<Point>() { new Point(3, 1) }, WhitePixels = new List<Point>() { new Point(3, 2) } } var LetterL = new OcrLetter() { Name = "L", BlackPixels = new List<Point>() { new Point(1, 1), new Point(3, 4) }, WhitePixels = new List<Point>() { new Point(2, 2) } } This is challenging to do manually for 5 characters and gets much harder the greater the amount of letters that are added. You also want to guarantee that you have the minimum set of unique characteristics of a letter since you want it to be optimized as much as possible. I want to create an algorithm that will identify the unique characteristics of all the letters and would generate similar code to that above. I would then use this optimized black/white matrix to identify characters. How do I take the 26 letters that have all their black/white pixels filled in (e.g. the CreateLetter code block) and convert them to an optimized set of unique characteristics that define a letter (e.g. the new OcrLetter() code block)? And how would I guarantee that it is the most efficient definition set of unique characteristics (e.g. instead of defining 6 points as the unique characteristics, there might be a way to do it with 1 or 2 points, as the letter "I" in my example was able to). An alternative solution I've come up with is using a hash table, which will reduce it from 2,860 iterations to 110 iterations, a 26 time reduction. This is how it might work: I would populate it with data similar to the following: Letters["01110 00100 00100 00100 01110"] = "I"; Letters["00100 01010 01110 01010 01010"] = "A"; Letters["00100 01010 01010 01010 00100"] = "O"; Letters["01100 01010 01100 01010 01100"] = "B"; Now when I reach a location in the image to process, I convert it to a string such as: "01110 00100 00100 00100 01110" and simply find it in the hash table. This solution seems very simple, however, this still requires 110 iterations to generate this string for each letter. In big O notation, the algorithm is the same since O(110N) = O(2860N) = O(N) for N letters to process on the page. However, it is still improved by a constant factor of 26, a significant improvement (e.g. instead of it taking 26 minutes, it would take 1 minute). Update: Most of the solutions provided so far have not addressed the issue of identifying the unique characteristics of a character and rather provide alternative solutions. I am still looking for this solution which, as far as I can tell, is the only way to achieve the fastest OCR processing. I just came up with a partial solution: For each pixel, in the grid, store the letters that have it as a black pixel. Using these letters: I A O B L 01110 00100 00100 01100 01000 00100 01010 01010 01010 01000 00100 01110 01010 01100 01000 00100 01010 01010 01010 01000 01110 01010 00100 01100 01110 You would have something like this: CreatePixel(new Point(0, 0), new List<Char>() { }); CreatePixel(new Point(1, 0), new List<Char>() { 'I', 'B', 'L' }); CreatePixel(new Point(2, 0), new List<Char>() { 'I', 'A', 'O', 'B' }); CreatePixel(new Point(3, 0), new List<Char>() { 'I' }); CreatePixel(new Point(4, 0), new List<Char>() { }); CreatePixel(new Point(0, 1), new List<Char>() { }); CreatePixel(new Point(1, 1), new List<Char>() { 'A', 'B', 'L' }); CreatePixel(new Point(2, 1), new List<Char>() { 'I' }); CreatePixel(new Point(3, 1), new List<Char>() { 'A', 'O', 'B' }); // ... CreatePixel(new Point(2, 2), new List<Char>() { 'I', 'A', 'B' }); CreatePixel(new Point(3, 2), new List<Char>() { 'A', 'O' }); // ... CreatePixel(new Point(2, 4), new List<Char>() { 'I', 'O', 'B', 'L' }); CreatePixel(new Point(3, 4), new List<Char>() { 'I', 'A', 'L' }); CreatePixel(new Point(4, 4), new List<Char>() { }); Now for every letter, in order to find the unique characteristics, you need to look at which buckets it belongs to, as well as the amount of other characters in the bucket. So let's take the example of "I". We go to all the buckets it belongs to (1,0; 2,0; 3,0; ...; 3,4) and see that the one with the least amount of other characters is (3,0). In fact, it only has 1 character, meaning it must be an "I" in this case, and we found our unique characteristic. You can also do the same for pixels that would be white. Notice that bucket (2,0) contains all the letters except for "L", this means that it could be used as a white pixel test. Similarly, (2,4) doesn't contain an 'A'. Buckets that either contain all the letters or none of the letters can be discarded immediately, since these pixels can't help define a unique characteristic (e.g. 1,1; 4,0; 0,1; 4,4). It gets trickier when you don't have a 1 pixel test for a letter, for example in the case of 'O' and 'B'. Let's walk through the test for 'O'... It's contained in the following buckets: // Bucket Count Letters // 2,0 4 I, A, O, B // 3,1 3 A, O, B // 3,2 2 A, O // 2,4 4 I, O, B, L Additionally, we also have a few white pixel tests that can help: (I only listed those that are missing at most 2). The Missing Count was calculated as (5 - Bucket.Count). // Bucket Missing Count Missing Letters // 1,0 2 A, O // 1,1 2 I, O // 2,2 2 O, L // 3,4 2 O, B So now we can take the shortest black pixel bucket (3,2) and see that when we test for (3,2) we know it is either an 'A' or an 'O'. So we need an easy way to tell the difference between an 'A' and an 'O'. We could either look for a black pixel bucket that contains 'O' but not 'A' (e.g. 2,4) or a white pixel bucket that contains an 'O' but not an 'A' (e.g. 1,1). Either of these could be used in combination with the (3,2) pixel to uniquely identify the letter 'O' with only 2 tests. This seems like a simple algorithm when there are 5 characters, but how would I do this when there are 26 letters and a lot more pixels overlapping? For example, let's say that after the (3,2) pixel test, it found 10 different characters that contain the pixel (and this was the least from all the buckets). Now I need to find differences from 9 other characters instead of only 1 other character. How would I achieve my goal of getting the least amount of checks as possible, and ensure that I am not running extraneous tests?

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MS Word Macro - Numeric field insertion with automatic calculation at end of page

- by Will

Hi, I am trying to duplicate a feature that exists in Multimate (Ashton Tate) word processor. Yes, the one that hasnt been supported for 20 years! If I can duplicate this one feature I can get all the users off MM and onto Word. The documents they create are billing documents. they consist of a descriptive paragraph of any length on the left side of the page, and a billing amount at the end of the paragraph over on the right hand side, like this (excuse the imperfect formatting).... +-----------------whole page--------------------+ | | | pppp-para 1-pppppppppp | | p p | | p p | | p p | | p p | | p p | | p p | | pppppppppppppppppppp $$$$$ | | | | | | pppp-para 2-pppppppppp | | p p | | p p | | p p | | p p | | p p | | p p | | pppppppppppppppppppp $$$$$ | | | | | | etc | +-----------------------------------------------------+ some of these bills can be a few hundred pages and have a dozen or so paragraphs on each page, which is why none of the users will leave MM until this efficient little feature can be duplicated. The thing that MM does really easily is that there is a function key that they can press at any time that will - - jump the cursor from the paragraph they are writing over to the right hand side - create a numeric field - allow them to enter a number into the numeric field - return them to the left hand side to start a new paragraph What MM also does is automatically total the numeric fields on each page and create a subtotal in the page footer. it also creates a total for the entire document and puts this in the footer of the last page. I would like to duplicate this feature in word with a macro, but have no idea where to start. Any suggestions or code would be great, thanks, will.

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Help Optimizing MySQL Table (~ 500,000 records) and PHP Code.

- by Pyrite

I have a MySQL table that collects player data from various game servers (Urban Terror). The bot that collects the data runs 24/7, and currently the table is up to about 475,000+ records. Because of this, querying this table from PHP has become quite slow. I wonder what I can do on the database side of things to make it as optomized as possible, then I can focus on the application to query the database. The table is as follows: CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `people` ( `id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(40) NOT NULL, `ip` int(4) unsigned NOT NULL, `guid` varchar(32) NOT NULL, `server` int(4) unsigned NOT NULL, `date` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), UNIQUE KEY `Person` (`name`,`ip`,`guid`), KEY `server` (`server`), KEY `date` (`date`), KEY `PlayerName` (`name`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COMMENT='People that Play on Servers' AUTO_INCREMENT=475843 ; I'm storying the IPv4 (ip and server) as 4 byte integers, and using the MySQL functions NTOA(), etc to encode and decode, I heard that this way is faster, rather than varchar(15). The guid is a md5sum, 32 char hex. Date is stored as unix timestamp. I have a unique key on name, ip and guid, as to avoid duplicates of the same player. Do I have my keys setup right? Is the way I'm storing data efficient? Here is the code to query this table. You search for a name, ip, or guid, and it grabs the results of the query and cross references other records that match the name, ip, or guid from the results of the first query, and does it for each field. This is kind of hard to explain. But basically, if I search for one player by name, I'll see every other name he has used, every IP he has used and every GUID he has used. <form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>" method="post"> Search: <input type="text" name="query" id="query" /><input type="submit" name="btnSubmit" value="Submit" /> </form> <?php if (!empty($_POST['query'])) { ?> <table cellspacing="1" id="1up_people" class="tablesorter" width="300"> <thead> <tr> <th>ID</th> <th>Player Name</th> <th>Player IP</th> <th>Player GUID</th> <th>Server</th> <th>Date</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <?php function super_unique($array) { $result = array_map("unserialize", array_unique(array_map("serialize", $array))); foreach ($result as $key => $value) { if ( is_array($value) ) { $result[$key] = super_unique($value); } } return $result; } if (!empty($_POST['query'])) { $query = trim($_POST['query']); $count = 0; $people = array(); $link = mysql_connect('localhost', 'mysqluser', 'yea right!'); if (!$link) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("1up"); $sql = "SELECT id, name, INET_NTOA(ip) AS ip, guid, INET_NTOA(server) AS server, date FROM 1up_people WHERE (name LIKE \"%$query%\" OR INET_NTOA(ip) LIKE \"%$query%\" OR guid LIKE \"%$query%\")"; $result = mysql_query($sql, $link); if (!$result) { die(mysql_error()); } // Now take the initial results and parse each column into its own array while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { $name = htmlspecialchars($row[1]); $people[] = array( 'id' => $row[0], 'name' => $name, 'ip' => $row[2], 'guid' => $row[3], 'server' => $row[4], 'date' => $row[5] ); } // now for each name, ip, guid in results, find additonal records $people2 = array(); foreach ($people AS $person) { $ip = $person['ip']; $sql = "SELECT id, name, INET_NTOA(ip) AS ip, guid, INET_NTOA(server) AS server, date FROM 1up_people WHERE (ip = \"$ip\")"; $result = mysql_query($sql, $link); while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { $name = htmlspecialchars($row[1]); $people2[] = array( 'id' => $row[0], 'name' => $name, 'ip' => $row[2], 'guid' => $row[3], 'server' => $row[4], 'date' => $row[5] ); } } $people3 = array(); foreach ($people AS $person) { $guid = $person['guid']; $sql = "SELECT id, name, INET_NTOA(ip) AS ip, guid, INET_NTOA(server) AS server, date FROM 1up_people WHERE (guid = \"$guid\")"; $result = mysql_query($sql, $link); while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { $name = htmlspecialchars($row[1]); $people3[] = array( 'id' => $row[0], 'name' => $name, 'ip' => $row[2], 'guid' => $row[3], 'server' => $row[4], 'date' => $row[5] ); } } $people4 = array(); foreach ($people AS $person) { $name = $person['name']; $sql = "SELECT id, name, INET_NTOA(ip) AS ip, guid, INET_NTOA(server) AS server, date FROM 1up_people WHERE (name = \"$name\")"; $result = mysql_query($sql, $link); while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { $name = htmlspecialchars($row[1]); $people4[] = array( 'id' => $row[0], 'name' => $name, 'ip' => $row[2], 'guid' => $row[3], 'server' => $row[4], 'date' => $row[5] ); } } // Combine people and people2 into just people $people = array_merge($people, $people2); $people = array_merge($people, $people3); $people = array_merge($people, $people4); $people = super_unique($people); foreach ($people AS $person) { $date = ($person['date']) ? date("M d, Y", $person['date']) : 'Before 8/1/10'; echo "<tr>\n"; echo "<td>".$person['id']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$person['name']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$person['ip']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$person['guid']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$person['server']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$date."</td>"; echo "</tr>\n"; $count++; } // Find Total Records //$result = mysql_query("SELECT id FROM 1up_people", $link); //$total = mysql_num_rows($result); mysql_close($link); } ?> </tbody> </table> <p> <?php echo $count." Records Found for \"".$_POST['query']."\" out of $total"; ?> </p> <?php } $time_stop = microtime(true); print("Done (ran for ".round($time_stop-$time_start)." seconds)."); ?> Any help at all is appreciated! Thank you.

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Struts2 Hibernate Login with User table and group table

- by J2ME NewBiew

My problem is, i have a table User and Table Group (this table use to authorization for user - it mean when user belong to a group like admin, they can login into admincp and other user belong to group member, they just only read and write and can not login into admincp) each user maybe belong to many groups and each group has been contain many users and they have relationship are many to many I use hibernate for persistence storage. and struts 2 to handle business logic. When i want to implement login action from Struts2 how can i get value of group member belong to ? to compare with value i want to know? Example I get user from username and password then get group from user class but i dont know how to get value of group user belong to it mean if user belong to Groupid is 1 and in group table , at column adminpermission is 1, that user can login into admincp, otherwise he can't my code: User.java /* * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates * and open the template in the editor. */ package org.dejavu.software.model; import java.io.Serializable; import java.util.Date; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Set; import javax.persistence.CascadeType; import javax.persistence.Column; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.FetchType; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.Id; import javax.persistence.JoinColumn; import javax.persistence.JoinTable; import javax.persistence.ManyToMany; import javax.persistence.Table; import javax.persistence.Temporal; /** * * @author Administrator */ @Entity @Table(name="User") public class User implements Serializable{ private static final long serialVersionUID = 2575677114183358003L; private Long userId; private String username; private String password; private String email; private Date DOB; private String address; private String city; private String country; private String avatar; private Set<Group> groups = new HashSet<Group>(0); @Column(name="dob") @Temporal(javax.persistence.TemporalType.DATE) public Date getDOB() { return DOB; } public void setDOB(Date DOB) { this.DOB = DOB; } @Column(name="address") public String getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(String address) { this.address = address; } @Column(name="city") public String getCity() { return city; } public void setCity(String city) { this.city = city; } @Column(name="country") public String getCountry() { return country; } public void setCountry(String country) { this.country = country; } @Column(name="email") public String getEmail() { return email; } public void setEmail(String email) { this.email = email; } @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, cascade = CascadeType.ALL) @JoinTable(name="usergroup",joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="userid")},inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn( name="groupid")}) public Set<Group> getGroups() { return groups; } public void setGroups(Set<Group> groups) { this.groups = groups; } @Column(name="password") public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } @Id @GeneratedValue @Column(name="iduser") public Long getUserId() { return userId; } public void setUserId(Long userId) { this.userId = userId; } @Column(name="username") public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } @Column(name="avatar") public String getAvatar() { return avatar; } public void setAvatar(String avatar) { this.avatar = avatar; } } Group.java /* * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates * and open the template in the editor. */ package org.dejavu.software.model; import java.io.Serializable; import javax.persistence.Column; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.Id; import javax.persistence.Table; /** * * @author Administrator */ @Entity @Table(name="Group") public class Group implements Serializable{ private static final long serialVersionUID = -2722005617166945195L; private Long idgroup; private String groupname; private String adminpermission; private String editpermission; private String modpermission; @Column(name="adminpermission") public String getAdminpermission() { return adminpermission; } public void setAdminpermission(String adminpermission) { this.adminpermission = adminpermission; } @Column(name="editpermission") public String getEditpermission() { return editpermission; } public void setEditpermission(String editpermission) { this.editpermission = editpermission; } @Column(name="groupname") public String getGroupname() { return groupname; } public void setGroupname(String groupname) { this.groupname = groupname; } @Id @GeneratedValue @Column (name="idgroup") public Long getIdgroup() { return idgroup; } public void setIdgroup(Long idgroup) { this.idgroup = idgroup; } @Column(name="modpermission") public String getModpermission() { return modpermission; } public void setModpermission(String modpermission) { this.modpermission = modpermission; } } UserDAO /* * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates * and open the template in the editor. */ package org.dejavu.software.dao; import java.util.List; import org.dejavu.software.model.User; import org.dejavu.software.util.HibernateUtil; import org.hibernate.Query; import org.hibernate.Session; /** * * @author Administrator */ public class UserDAO extends HibernateUtil{ public User addUser(User user){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession(); session.beginTransaction(); session.save(user); session.getTransaction().commit(); return user; } public List<User> getAllUser(){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession(); session.beginTransaction(); List<User> user = null; try { user = session.createQuery("from User").list(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); session.getTransaction().rollback(); } session.getTransaction().commit(); return user; } public User checkUsernamePassword(String username, String password){ Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession(); session.beginTransaction(); User user = null; try { Query query = session.createQuery("from User where username = :name and password = :password"); query.setString("username", username); query.setString("password", password); user = (User) query.uniqueResult(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); session.getTransaction().rollback(); } session.getTransaction().commit(); return user; } } AdminLoginAction /* * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates * and open the template in the editor. */ package org.dejavu.software.view; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; import org.dejavu.software.dao.UserDAO; import org.dejavu.software.model.User; /** * * @author Administrator */ public class AdminLoginAction extends ActionSupport{ private User user; private String username,password; private String role; private UserDAO userDAO; public AdminLoginAction(){ userDAO = new UserDAO(); } @Override public String execute(){ return SUCCESS; } @Override public void validate(){ if(getUsername().length() == 0){ addFieldError("username", "Username is required"); }if(getPassword().length()==0){ addFieldError("password", getText("Password is required")); } } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } public String getRole() { return role; } public void setRole(String role) { this.role = role; } public User getUser() { return user; } public void setUser(User user) { this.user = user; } public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } } other question. i saw some example about Login, i saw some developers use interceptor, im cant understand why they use it, and what benefit "Interceptor" will be taken for us? Thank You Very Much!

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Help Optimizing MySQL Table (~ 500,000 records).

- by Pyrite

I have a MySQL table that collects player data from various game servers (Urban Terror). The bot that collects the data runs 24/7, and currently the table is up to about 475,000+ records. Because of this, querying this table from PHP has become quite slow. I wonder what I can do on the database side of things to make it as optomized as possible, then I can focus on the application to query the database. The table is as follows: CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `people` ( `id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(40) NOT NULL, `ip` int(4) unsigned NOT NULL, `guid` varchar(32) NOT NULL, `server` int(4) unsigned NOT NULL, `date` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), UNIQUE KEY `Person` (`name`,`ip`,`guid`), KEY `server` (`server`), KEY `date` (`date`), KEY `PlayerName` (`name`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COMMENT='People that Play on Servers' AUTO_INCREMENT=475843 ; I'm storying the IPv4 (ip and server) as 4 byte integers, and using the MySQL functions NTOA(), etc to encode and decode, I heard that this way is faster, rather than varchar(15). The guid is a md5sum, 32 char hex. Date is stored as unix timestamp. I have a unique key on name, ip and guid, as to avoid duplicates of the same player. Do I have my keys setup right? Is the way I'm storing data efficient? Here is the code to query this table. You search for a name, ip, or guid, and it grabs the results of the query and cross references other records that match the name, ip, or guid from the results of the first query, and does it for each field. This is kind of hard to explain. But basically, if I search for one player by name, I'll see every other name he has used, every IP he has used and every GUID he has used. <form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>" method="post"> Search: <input type="text" name="query" id="query" /><input type="submit" name="btnSubmit" value="Submit" /> </form> <?php if (!empty($_POST['query'])) { ?> <table cellspacing="1" id="1up_people" class="tablesorter" width="300"> <thead> <tr> <th>ID</th> <th>Player Name</th> <th>Player IP</th> <th>Player GUID</th> <th>Server</th> <th>Date</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <?php function super_unique($array) { $result = array_map("unserialize", array_unique(array_map("serialize", $array))); foreach ($result as $key => $value) { if ( is_array($value) ) { $result[$key] = super_unique($value); } } return $result; } if (!empty($_POST['query'])) { $query = trim($_POST['query']); $count = 0; $people = array(); $link = mysql_connect('localhost', 'mysqluser', 'yea right!'); if (!$link) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("1up"); $sql = "SELECT id, name, INET_NTOA(ip) AS ip, guid, INET_NTOA(server) AS server, date FROM 1up_people WHERE (name LIKE \"%$query%\" OR INET_NTOA(ip) LIKE \"%$query%\" OR guid LIKE \"%$query%\")"; $result = mysql_query($sql, $link); if (!$result) { die(mysql_error()); } // Now take the initial results and parse each column into its own array while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { $name = htmlspecialchars($row[1]); $people[] = array( 'id' => $row[0], 'name' => $name, 'ip' => $row[2], 'guid' => $row[3], 'server' => $row[4], 'date' => $row[5] ); } // now for each name, ip, guid in results, find additonal records $people2 = array(); foreach ($people AS $person) { $ip = $person['ip']; $sql = "SELECT id, name, INET_NTOA(ip) AS ip, guid, INET_NTOA(server) AS server, date FROM 1up_people WHERE (ip = \"$ip\")"; $result = mysql_query($sql, $link); while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { $name = htmlspecialchars($row[1]); $people2[] = array( 'id' => $row[0], 'name' => $name, 'ip' => $row[2], 'guid' => $row[3], 'server' => $row[4], 'date' => $row[5] ); } } $people3 = array(); foreach ($people AS $person) { $guid = $person['guid']; $sql = "SELECT id, name, INET_NTOA(ip) AS ip, guid, INET_NTOA(server) AS server, date FROM 1up_people WHERE (guid = \"$guid\")"; $result = mysql_query($sql, $link); while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { $name = htmlspecialchars($row[1]); $people3[] = array( 'id' => $row[0], 'name' => $name, 'ip' => $row[2], 'guid' => $row[3], 'server' => $row[4], 'date' => $row[5] ); } } $people4 = array(); foreach ($people AS $person) { $name = $person['name']; $sql = "SELECT id, name, INET_NTOA(ip) AS ip, guid, INET_NTOA(server) AS server, date FROM 1up_people WHERE (name = \"$name\")"; $result = mysql_query($sql, $link); while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM)) { $name = htmlspecialchars($row[1]); $people4[] = array( 'id' => $row[0], 'name' => $name, 'ip' => $row[2], 'guid' => $row[3], 'server' => $row[4], 'date' => $row[5] ); } } // Combine people and people2 into just people $people = array_merge($people, $people2); $people = array_merge($people, $people3); $people = array_merge($people, $people4); $people = super_unique($people); foreach ($people AS $person) { $date = ($person['date']) ? date("M d, Y", $person['date']) : 'Before 8/1/10'; echo "<tr>\n"; echo "<td>".$person['id']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$person['name']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$person['ip']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$person['guid']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$person['server']."</td>"; echo "<td>".$date."</td>"; echo "</tr>\n"; $count++; } // Find Total Records //$result = mysql_query("SELECT id FROM 1up_people", $link); //$total = mysql_num_rows($result); mysql_close($link); } ?> </tbody> </table> <p> <?php echo $count." Records Found for \"".$_POST['query']."\" out of $total"; ?> </p> <?php } $time_stop = microtime(true); print("Done (ran for ".round($time_stop-$time_start)." seconds)."); ?> Any help at all is appreciated! Thank you.

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Sendmail Failing to Forward Locally Addressed Mail to Exchange Server

- by DomainSoil

I've recently gained employment as a web developer with a small company. What they neglected to tell me upon hire was that I would be administrating the server along with my other daily duties. Now, truth be told, I'm not clueless when it comes to these things, but this is my first rodeo working with a rack server/console.. However, I'm confident that I will be able to work through any solutions you provide. Short Description: When a customer places an order via our (Magento CE 1.8.1.0) website, a copy of said order is supposed to be BCC'd to our sales manager. I say supposed because this was a working feature before the old administrator left. Long Description: Shortly after I started, we had a server crash which required a server restart. After restart, we noticed a few features on our site weren't working, but all those have been cleaned up except this one. I had to create an account on our server for root access. When a customer places an order, our sites software (Magento CE 1.8.1.0) is configured to BCC the customers order email to our sales manager. We use a Microsoft Exchange 2007 Server for our mail, which is hosted on a different machine (in-house) that I don't have access to ATM, but I'm sure I could if needed. As far as I can tell, all other external emails work.. Only INTERNAL email addresses fail to deliver. I know this because I've also tested my own internal address via our website. I set up an account with an internal email, made a test order, and never received the email. I changed my email for the account to an external GMail account, and received emails as expected. Let's dive into the logs and config's. For privacy/security reasons, names have been changed to the following: domain.com = Our Top Level Domain. email.local = Our Exchange Server. example.com = ANY other TLD. OLDadmin = Our previous Server Administrator. NEWadmin = Me. SALES@ = Our Sales Manager. Customer# = A Customer. Here's a list of the programs and config files used that hold relevant for this issue: Server: > [root@www ~]# cat /etc/centos-release CentOS release 6.3 (final) Sendmail: > [root@www ~]# sendmail -d0.1 -bt < /dev/null Version 8.14.4 ========SYSTEM IDENTITY (after readcf)======== (short domain name) $w = domain (canonical domain name) $j = domain.com (subdomain name) $m = com (node name) $k = www.domain.com > [root@www ~]# rpm -qa | grep -i sendmail sendmail-cf-8.14.4-8.e16.noarch sendmail-8.14-4-8.e16.x86_64 nslookup: > [root@www ~]# nslookup email.local Name: email.local Address: 192.168.1.50 hostname: > [root@www ~]# hostname www.domain.com /etc/mail/access: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/mail/access Connect:localhost.localdomain RELAY Connect:localhost RELAY Connect:127.0.0.1 RELAY /etc/mail/domaintable: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/mail/domaintable # /etc/mail/local-host-names: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/mail/local-host-names # /etc/mail/mailertable: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/mail/mailertable # /etc/mail/sendmail.cf: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/mail/sendmail.cf ###################################################################### ##### ##### DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE! Only edit the source .mc file. ##### ###################################################################### ###################################################################### ##### $Id: cfhead.m4,v 8.120 2009/01/23 22:39:21 ca Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: cf.m4,v 8.32 1999/02/07 07:26:14 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### setup for linux ##### ##### $Id: linux.m4,v 8.13 2000/09/17 17:30:00 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: local_procmail.m4,v 8.22 2002/11/17 04:24:19 ca Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: no_default_msa.m4,v 8.2 2001/02/14 05:03:22 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: smrsh.m4,v 8.14 1999/11/18 05:06:23 ca Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: mailertable.m4,v 8.25 2002/06/27 23:23:57 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: virtusertable.m4,v 8.23 2002/06/27 23:23:57 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: redirect.m4,v 8.15 1999/08/06 01:47:36 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: always_add_domain.m4,v 8.11 2000/09/12 22:00:53 ca Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: use_cw_file.m4,v 8.11 2001/08/26 20:58:57 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: use_ct_file.m4,v 8.11 2001/08/26 20:58:57 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: local_procmail.m4,v 8.22 2002/11/17 04:24:19 ca Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: access_db.m4,v 8.27 2006/07/06 21:10:10 ca Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: blacklist_recipients.m4,v 8.13 1999/04/02 02:25:13 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: accept_unresolvable_domains.m4,v 8.10 1999/02/07 07:26:07 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: masquerade_envelope.m4,v 8.9 1999/02/07 07:26:10 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: masquerade_entire_domain.m4,v 8.9 1999/02/07 07:26:10 gshapiro Exp $ ##### ##### $Id: proto.m4,v 8.741 2009/12/11 00:04:53 ca Exp $ ##### # level 10 config file format V10/Berkeley # override file safeties - setting this option compromises system security, # addressing the actual file configuration problem is preferred # need to set this before any file actions are encountered in the cf file #O DontBlameSendmail=safe # default LDAP map specification # need to set this now before any LDAP maps are defined #O LDAPDefaultSpec=-h localhost ################## # local info # ################## # my LDAP cluster # need to set this before any LDAP lookups are done (including classes) #D{sendmailMTACluster}$m Cwlocalhost # file containing names of hosts for which we receive email Fw/etc/mail/local-host-names # my official domain name # ... define this only if sendmail cannot automatically determine your domain #Dj$w.Foo.COM # host/domain names ending with a token in class P are canonical CP. # "Smart" relay host (may be null) DSemail.local # operators that cannot be in local usernames (i.e., network indicators) CO @ % ! # a class with just dot (for identifying canonical names) C.. # a class with just a left bracket (for identifying domain literals) C[[ # access_db acceptance class C{Accept}OK RELAY C{ResOk}OKR # Hosts for which relaying is permitted ($=R) FR-o /etc/mail/relay-domains # arithmetic map Karith arith # macro storage map Kmacro macro # possible values for TLS_connection in access map C{Tls}VERIFY ENCR # who I send unqualified names to if FEATURE(stickyhost) is used # (null means deliver locally) DRemail.local. # who gets all local email traffic # ($R has precedence for unqualified names if FEATURE(stickyhost) is used) DHemail.local. # dequoting map Kdequote dequote # class E: names that should be exposed as from this host, even if we masquerade # class L: names that should be delivered locally, even if we have a relay # class M: domains that should be converted to $M # class N: domains that should not be converted to $M #CL root C{E}root C{w}localhost.localdomain C{M}domain.com # who I masquerade as (null for no masquerading) (see also $=M) DMdomain.com # my name for error messages DnMAILER-DAEMON # Mailer table (overriding domains) Kmailertable hash -o /etc/mail/mailertable.db # Virtual user table (maps incoming users) Kvirtuser hash -o /etc/mail/virtusertable.db CPREDIRECT # Access list database (for spam stomping) Kaccess hash -T<TMPF> -o /etc/mail/access.db # Configuration version number DZ8.14.4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc divert(-1)dnl dnl # dnl # This is the sendmail macro config file for m4. If you make changes to dnl # /etc/mail/sendmail.mc, you will need to regenerate the dnl # /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file by confirming that the sendmail-cf package is dnl # installed and then performing a dnl # dnl # /etc/mail/make dnl # include(`/usr/share/sendmail-cf/m4/cf.m4')dnl VERSIONID(`setup for linux')dnl OSTYPE(`linux')dnl dnl # dnl # Do not advertize sendmail version. dnl # dnl define(`confSMTP_LOGIN_MSG', `$j Sendmail; $b')dnl dnl # dnl # default logging level is 9, you might want to set it higher to dnl # debug the configuration dnl # dnl define(`confLOG_LEVEL', `9')dnl dnl # dnl # Uncomment and edit the following line if your outgoing mail needs to dnl # be sent out through an external mail server: dnl # define(`SMART_HOST', `email.local')dnl dnl # define(`confDEF_USER_ID', ``8:12'')dnl dnl define(`confAUTO_REBUILD')dnl define(`confTO_CONNECT', `1m')dnl define(`confTRY_NULL_MX_LIST', `True')dnl define(`confDONT_PROBE_INTERFACES', `True')dnl define(`PROCMAIL_MAILER_PATH', `/usr/bin/procmail')dnl define(`ALIAS_FILE', `/etc/aliases')dnl define(`STATUS_FILE', `/var/log/mail/statistics')dnl define(`UUCP_MAILER_MAX', `2000000')dnl define(`confUSERDB_SPEC', `/etc/mail/userdb.db')dnl define(`confPRIVACY_FLAGS', `authwarnings,novrfy,noexpn,restrictqrun')dnl define(`confAUTH_OPTIONS', `A')dnl dnl # dnl # The following allows relaying if the user authenticates, and disallows dnl # plaintext authentication (PLAIN/LOGIN) on non-TLS links dnl # dnl define(`confAUTH_OPTIONS', `A p')dnl dnl # dnl # PLAIN is the preferred plaintext authentication method and used by dnl # Mozilla Mail and Evolution, though Outlook Express and other MUAs do dnl # use LOGIN. Other mechanisms should be used if the connection is not dnl # guaranteed secure. dnl # Please remember that saslauthd needs to be running for AUTH. dnl # dnl TRUST_AUTH_MECH(`EXTERNAL DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN PLAIN')dnl dnl define(`confAUTH_MECHANISMS', `EXTERNAL GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN PLAIN')dnl dnl # dnl # Rudimentary information on creating certificates for sendmail TLS: dnl # cd /etc/pki/tls/certs; make sendmail.pem dnl # Complete usage: dnl # make -C /etc/pki/tls/certs usage dnl # dnl define(`confCACERT_PATH', `/etc/pki/tls/certs')dnl dnl define(`confCACERT', `/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt')dnl dnl define(`confSERVER_CERT', `/etc/pki/tls/certs/sendmail.pem')dnl dnl define(`confSERVER_KEY', `/etc/pki/tls/certs/sendmail.pem')dnl dnl # dnl # This allows sendmail to use a keyfile that is shared with OpenLDAP's dnl # slapd, which requires the file to be readble by group ldap dnl # dnl define(`confDONT_BLAME_SENDMAIL', `groupreadablekeyfile')dnl dnl # dnl define(`confTO_QUEUEWARN', `4h')dnl dnl define(`confTO_QUEUERETURN', `5d')dnl dnl define(`confQUEUE_LA', `12')dnl dnl define(`confREFUSE_LA', `18')dnl define(`confTO_IDENT', `0')dnl dnl FEATURE(delay_checks)dnl FEATURE(`no_default_msa', `dnl')dnl FEATURE(`smrsh', `/usr/sbin/smrsh')dnl FEATURE(`mailertable', `hash -o /etc/mail/mailertable.db')dnl FEATURE(`virtusertable', `hash -o /etc/mail/virtusertable.db')dnl FEATURE(redirect)dnl FEATURE(always_add_domain)dnl FEATURE(use_cw_file)dnl FEATURE(use_ct_file)dnl dnl # dnl # The following limits the number of processes sendmail can fork to accept dnl # incoming messages or process its message queues to 20.) sendmail refuses dnl # to accept connections once it has reached its quota of child processes. dnl # dnl define(`confMAX_DAEMON_CHILDREN', `20')dnl dnl # dnl # Limits the number of new connections per second. This caps the overhead dnl # incurred due to forking new sendmail processes. May be useful against dnl # DoS attacks or barrages of spam. (As mentioned below, a per-IP address dnl # limit would be useful but is not available as an option at this writing.) dnl # dnl define(`confCONNECTION_RATE_THROTTLE', `3')dnl dnl # dnl # The -t option will retry delivery if e.g. the user runs over his quota. dnl # FEATURE(local_procmail, `', `procmail -t -Y -a $h -d $u')dnl FEATURE(`access_db', `hash -T<TMPF> -o /etc/mail/access.db')dnl FEATURE(`blacklist_recipients')dnl EXPOSED_USER(`root')dnl dnl # dnl # For using Cyrus-IMAPd as POP3/IMAP server through LMTP delivery uncomment dnl # the following 2 definitions and activate below in the MAILER section the dnl # cyrusv2 mailer. dnl # dnl define(`confLOCAL_MAILER', `cyrusv2')dnl dnl define(`CYRUSV2_MAILER_ARGS', `FILE /var/lib/imap/socket/lmtp')dnl dnl # dnl # The following causes sendmail to only listen on the IPv4 loopback address dnl # 127.0.0.1 and not on any other network devices. Remove the loopback dnl # address restriction to accept email from the internet or intranet. dnl # DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtp,Addr=127.0.0.1, Name=MTA')dnl dnl # dnl # The following causes sendmail to additionally listen to port 587 for dnl # mail from MUAs that authenticate. Roaming users who can't reach their dnl # preferred sendmail daemon due to port 25 being blocked or redirected find dnl # this useful. dnl # dnl DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Port=submission, Name=MSA, M=Ea')dnl dnl # dnl # The following causes sendmail to additionally listen to port 465, but dnl # starting immediately in TLS mode upon connecting. Port 25 or 587 followed dnl # by STARTTLS is preferred, but roaming clients using Outlook Express can't dnl # do STARTTLS on ports other than 25. Mozilla Mail can ONLY use STARTTLS dnl # and doesn't support the deprecated smtps; Evolution <1.1.1 uses smtps dnl # when SSL is enabled-- STARTTLS support is available in version 1.1.1. dnl # dnl # For this to work your OpenSSL certificates must be configured. dnl # dnl DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Port=smtps, Name=TLSMTA, M=s')dnl dnl # dnl # The following causes sendmail to additionally listen on the IPv6 loopback dnl # device. Remove the loopback address restriction listen to the network. dnl # dnl DAEMON_OPTIONS(`port=smtp,Addr=::1, Name=MTA-v6, Family=inet6')dnl dnl # dnl # enable both ipv6 and ipv4 in sendmail: dnl # dnl DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Name=MTA-v4, Family=inet, Name=MTA-v6, Family=inet6') dnl # dnl # We strongly recommend not accepting unresolvable domains if you want to dnl # protect yourself from spam. However, the laptop and users on computers dnl # that do not have 24x7 DNS do need this. dnl # FEATURE(`accept_unresolvable_domains')dnl dnl # dnl FEATURE(`relay_based_on_MX')dnl dnl # dnl # Also accept email sent to "localhost.localdomain" as local email. dnl # LOCAL_DOMAIN(`localhost.localdomain')dnl dnl # dnl # The following example makes mail from this host and any additional dnl # specified domains appear to be sent from mydomain.com dnl # MASQUERADE_AS(`domain.com')dnl dnl # dnl # masquerade not just the headers, but the envelope as well dnl FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl dnl # dnl # masquerade not just @mydomainalias.com, but @*.mydomainalias.com as well dnl # FEATURE(masquerade_entire_domain)dnl dnl # MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(domain.com)dnl dnl MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(localhost.localdomain)dnl dnl MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(mydomainalias.com)dnl dnl MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(mydomain.lan)dnl MAILER(smtp)dnl MAILER(procmail)dnl dnl MAILER(cyrusv2)dnl /etc/mail/trusted-users: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/mail/trusted-users # /etc/mail/virtusertable: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/mail/virtusertable [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] /etc/hosts: > [root@www ~]# vi /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 192.168.1.50 email.local I've only included the "local info" part of sendmail.cf, to save space. If there are any files that I've missed, please advise so I may produce them. Now that that's out of the way, lets look at some entries from /var/log/maillog. The first entry is from an order BEFORE the crash, when the site was working as expected. ##Order 200005374 Aug 5, 2014 7:06:38 AM## Aug 5 07:06:39 www sendmail[26149]: s75C6dqB026149: from=OLDadmin, size=11091, class=0, nrcpts=2, msgid=<[email protected]>, relay=OLDadmin@localhost Aug 5 07:06:39 www sendmail[26150]: s75C6dXe026150: from=<[email protected]>, size=11257, class=0, nrcpts=2, msgid=<[email protected]>, proto=ESMTP, daemon=MTA, relay=localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1] Aug 5 07:06:39 www sendmail[26149]: s75C6dqB026149: [email protected],=?utf-8?B?dGhvbWFzICBHaWxsZXNwaWU=?= <[email protected]>, ctladdr=OLDadmin (501/501), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=71091, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (s75C6dXe026150 Message accepted for delivery) Aug 5 07:06:40 www sendmail[26152]: s75C6dXe026150: to=<[email protected]>,<[email protected]>, delay=00:00:01, xdelay=00:00:01, mailer=relay, pri=161257, relay=email.local. [192.168.1.50], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent ( <[email protected]> Queued mail for delivery) This next entry from maillog is from an order AFTER the crash. ##Order 200005375 Aug 5, 2014 9:45:25 AM## Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30021]: s75EjQ4O030021: from=OLDadmin, size=11344, class=0, nrcpts=2, msgid=<[email protected]>, relay=OLDadmin@localhost Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30022]: s75EjQm1030022: <[email protected]>... User unknown Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30021]: s75EjQ4O030021: [email protected], ctladdr=OLDadmin (501/501), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=71344, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=5.1.1, stat=User unknown Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30022]: s75EjQm1030022: from=<[email protected]>, size=11500, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, proto=ESMTP, daemon=MTA, relay=localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1] Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30021]: s75EjQ4O030021: to==?utf-8?B?S2VubmV0aCBCaWViZXI=?= <[email protected]>, ctladdr=OLDadmin (501/501), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=71344, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (s75EjQm1030022 Message accepted for delivery) Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30021]: s75EjQ4O030021: s75EjQ4P030021: DSN: User unknown Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30022]: s75EjQm3030022: <[email protected]>... User unknown Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30021]: s75EjQ4P030021: to=OLDadmin, delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=42368, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=5.1.1, stat=User unknown Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30022]: s75EjQm3030022: from=<>, size=12368, class=0, nrcpts=0, proto=ESMTP, daemon=MTA, relay=localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1] Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30021]: s75EjQ4P030021: s75EjQ4Q030021: return to sender: User unknown Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30022]: s75EjQm5030022: from=<>, size=14845, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, proto=ESMTP, daemon=MTA, relay=localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1] Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30021]: s75EjQ4Q030021: to=postmaster, delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=43392, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (s75EjQm5030022 Message accepted for delivery) Aug 5 09:45:26 www sendmail[30025]: s75EjQm5030022: to=root, delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=local, pri=45053, dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent Aug 5 09:45:27 www sendmail[30024]: s75EjQm1030022: to=<[email protected]>, delay=00:00:01, xdelay=00:00:01, mailer=relay, pri=131500, relay=email.local. [192.168.1.50], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent ( <[email protected]> Queued mail for delivery) To add a little more, I think I've pinpointed the actual crash event. ##THE CRASH## Aug 5 09:39:46 www sendmail[3251]: restarting /usr/sbin/sendmail due to signal Aug 5 09:39:46 www sm-msp-queue[3260]: restarting /usr/sbin/sendmail due to signal Aug 5 09:39:46 www sm-msp-queue[29370]: starting daemon (8.14.4): queueing@01:00:00 Aug 5 09:39:47 www sendmail[29372]: starting daemon (8.14.4): SMTP+queueing@01:00:00 Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29465]: s75Ee2vT029465: Authentication-Warning: www.domain.com: OLDadmin set sender to root using -f Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29464]: s75Ee2IF029464: Authentication-Warning: www.domain.com: OLDadmin set sender to root using -f Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29465]: s75Ee2vT029465: from=root, size=1426, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, relay=OLDadmin@localhost Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29464]: s75Ee2IF029464: from=root, size=1426, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, relay=OLDadmin@localhost Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29466]: s75Ee23t029466: from=<[email protected]>, size=1784, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, proto=ESMTP, daemon=MTA, relay=localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1] Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29466]: s75Ee23t029466: to=<[email protected]>, delay=00:00:00, mailer=local, pri=31784, dsn=4.4.3, stat=queued Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29467]: s75Ee2wh029467: from=<[email protected]>, size=1784, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, proto=ESMTP, daemon=MTA, relay=localhost.localdomain [127.0.0.1] Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29467]: s75Ee2wh029467: to=<[email protected]>, delay=00:00:00, mailer=local, pri=31784, dsn=4.4.3, stat=queued Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29464]: s75Ee2IF029464: to=OLDadmin, ctladdr=root (0/0), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=31426, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (s75Ee23t029466 Message accepted for delivery) Aug 5 09:40:02 www sendmail[29465]: s75Ee2vT029465: to=OLDadmin, ctladdr=root (0/0), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=31426, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (s75Ee2wh029467 Message accepted for delivery) Aug 5 09:40:06 www sm-msp-queue[29370]: restarting /usr/sbin/sendmail due to signal Aug 5 09:40:06 www sendmail[29372]: restarting /usr/sbin/sendmail due to signal Aug 5 09:40:06 www sm-msp-queue[29888]: starting daemon (8.14.4): queueing@01:00:00 Aug 5 09:40:06 www sendmail[29890]: starting daemon (8.14.4): SMTP+queueing@01:00:00 Aug 5 09:40:06 www sendmail[29891]: s75Ee23t029466: to=<[email protected]>, delay=00:00:04, mailer=local, pri=121784, dsn=5.1.1, stat=User unknown Aug 5 09:40:06 www sendmail[29891]: s75Ee23t029466: s75Ee6xY029891: DSN: User unknown Aug 5 09:40:06 www sendmail[29891]: s75Ee6xY029891: to=<[email protected]>, delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=local, pri=33035, dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent Aug 5 09:40:06 www sendmail[29891]: s75Ee2wh029467: to=<[email protected]>, delay=00:00:04, mailer=local, pri=121784, dsn=5.1.1, stat=User unknown Aug 5 09:40:06 www sendmail[29891]: s75Ee2wh029467: s75Ee6xZ029891: DSN: User unknown Aug 5 09:40:06 www sendmail[29891]: s75Ee6xZ029891: to=<[email protected]>, delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=local, pri=33035, dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent Something to note about the maillog's: Before the crash, the msgid included localhost.localdomain; after the crash it's been domain.com. Thanks to all who take the time to read and look into this issue. I appreciate it and look forward to tackling this issue together.

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New CentOS/cPanel servers showing high load averages at idle

- by Jax

I have taken delivery of two identically specced CentOS/cPanel servers, showing the same behaviour of a resting load average of 1.30, 1.21, 1.16 and yet the CPU is sitting 100% idle. Hardware: Xeon(R) CPU E3-1270 4GB RAM Behavior:- top shows CPU 99.9% idle virtually no disk IO Some command output :- uname -a Linux server.myserver.com 2.6.18-308.4.1.el5PAE #1 SMP Tue Apr 17 17:47:38 EDT 2012 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux top top - 10:37:50 up 1:47, 1 user, load average: 1.28, 1.20, 1.17 Tasks: 199 total, 1 running, 198 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.9%id, 0.1%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 4125104k total, 438764k used, 3686340k free, 25788k buffers Swap: 2096440k total, 0k used, 2096440k free, 291080k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1 root 15 0 2160 640 552 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.89 init 2 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0 3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0 4 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0 5 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/1 6 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/1 7 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/1 8 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/2 9 root 35 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/2 10 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/2 11 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/3 12 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/3 13 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/3 14 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/4 15 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/4 16 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/4 17 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/5 18 root 38 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/5 19 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/5 20 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/6 21 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/6 22 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/6 23 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/7 24 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/7 25 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/7 26 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:06.42 events/0 27 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/1 28 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/2 29 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/3 30 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/4 31 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/5 32 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/6 33 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/7 34 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper 35 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthread 45 root 13 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/0 46 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/1 47 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/2 48 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/3 49 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/4 50 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/5 51 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/6 52 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/7 53 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kacpid 189 root 11 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/0 190 root 11 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/1 191 root 12 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/2 192 root 12 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/3 193 root 13 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/4 194 root 13 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/5 195 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/6 196 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/7 199 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khubd ps axf PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND 1 ? Ss 0:00 init [3] 2 ? S< 0:00 [migration/0] 3 ? SN 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0] 4 ? S< 0:00 [watchdog/0] 5 ? S< 0:00 [migration/1] 6 ? SN 0:00 [ksoftirqd/1] 7 ? S< 0:00 [watchdog/1] 8 ? S< 0:00 [migration/2] 9 ? SN 0:00 [ksoftirqd/2] 10 ? S< 0:00 [watchdog/2] 11 ? S< 0:00 [migration/3] 12 ? SN 0:00 [ksoftirqd/3] 13 ? S< 0:00 [watchdog/3] 14 ? S< 0:00 [migration/4] 15 ? SN 0:00 [ksoftirqd/4] 16 ? S< 0:00 [watchdog/4] 17 ? S< 0:00 [migration/5] 18 ? SN 0:00 [ksoftirqd/5] 19 ? S< 0:00 [watchdog/5] 20 ? S< 0:00 [migration/6] 21 ? SN 0:00 [ksoftirqd/6] 22 ? S< 0:00 [watchdog/6] 23 ? S< 0:00 [migration/7] 24 ? SN 0:00 [ksoftirqd/7] 25 ? S< 0:00 [watchdog/7] 26 ? S< 0:06 [events/0] 27 ? S< 0:00 [events/1] 28 ? S< 0:00 [events/2] 29 ? S< 0:00 [events/3] 30 ? S< 0:00 [events/4] 31 ? S< 0:00 [events/5] 32 ? S< 0:00 [events/6] 33 ? S< 0:00 [events/7] 34 ? S< 0:00 [khelper] 35 ? S< 0:00 [kthread] 45 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kblockd/0] 46 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kblockd/1] 47 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kblockd/2] 48 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kblockd/3] 49 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kblockd/4] 50 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kblockd/5] 51 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kblockd/6] 52 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kblockd/7] 53 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kacpid] 189 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cqueue/0] 190 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cqueue/1] 191 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cqueue/2] 192 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cqueue/3] 193 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cqueue/4] 194 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cqueue/5] 195 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cqueue/6] 196 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cqueue/7] 199 ? S< 0:00 \_ [khubd] 201 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kseriod] 301 ? S 0:00 \_ [khungtaskd] 302 ? S 0:00 \_ [pdflush] 303 ? S 0:00 \_ [pdflush] 304 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kswapd0] 305 ? S< 0:00 \_ [aio/0] 306 ? S< 0:00 \_ [aio/1] 307 ? S< 0:00 \_ [aio/2] 308 ? S< 0:00 \_ [aio/3] 309 ? S< 0:00 \_ [aio/4] 310 ? S< 0:00 \_ [aio/5] 311 ? S< 0:00 \_ [aio/6] 312 ? S< 0:00 \_ [aio/7] 472 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kpsmoused] 551 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata/0] 552 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata/1] 553 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata/2] 554 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata/3] 555 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata/4] 556 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata/5] 557 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata/6] 558 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata/7] 559 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ata_aux] 569 ? S< 0:00 \_ [scsi_eh_0] 570 ? S< 0:00 \_ [scsi_eh_1] 571 ? S< 0:00 \_ [scsi_eh_2] 572 ? S< 0:00 \_ [scsi_eh_3] 573 ? S< 0:00 \_ [scsi_eh_4] 574 ? S< 0:00 \_ [scsi_eh_5] 593 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kstriped] 630 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kjournald] 655 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kauditd] 1860 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpathd/0] 1861 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpathd/1] 1862 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpathd/2] 1863 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpathd/3] 1864 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpathd/4] 1865 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpathd/5] 1866 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpathd/6] 1867 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpathd/7] 1868 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kmpath_handlerd] 1902 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kjournald] 1904 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kjournald] 1906 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kjournald] 1908 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kjournald] 1910 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kjournald] 2184 ? S< 0:00 \_ [iscsi_eh] 2288 ? S< 0:00 \_ [cnic_wq] 2298 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bnx2i_thread/0] 2299 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bnx2i_thread/1] 2300 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bnx2i_thread/2] 2301 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bnx2i_thread/3] 2302 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bnx2i_thread/4] 2303 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bnx2i_thread/5] 2304 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bnx2i_thread/6] 2305 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bnx2i_thread/7] 2330 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_addr] 2359 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_mcast] 2360 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_inform] 2361 ? S< 0:00 \_ [local_sa] 2371 ? S< 0:00 \_ [iw_cm_wq] 2381 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_cm/0] 2382 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_cm/1] 2383 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_cm/2] 2384 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_cm/3] 2385 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_cm/4] 2386 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_cm/5] 2387 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_cm/6] 2388 ? S< 0:00 \_ [ib_cm/7] 2398 ? S< 0:00 \_ [rdma_cm] 2684 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bond0] 2882 ? S< 0:00 \_ [bond1] 3195 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kondemand/0] 3197 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kondemand/1] 3198 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kondemand/2] 3199 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kondemand/3] 3200 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kondemand/4] 3201 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kondemand/5] 3202 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kondemand/6] 3203 ? S< 0:00 \_ [kondemand/7] 688 ? S<s 0:00 /sbin/udevd -d 2425 ? S<Lsl 0:00 iscsiuio 2432 ? Ss 0:00 iscsid 2434 ? S<Ls 0:00 iscsid 3061 ? S<sl 0:00 auditd 3063 ? S<sl 0:00 \_ /sbin/audispd 3121 ? Ss 0:00 syslogd -m 0 3124 ? Ss 0:00 klogd -x 3220 ? Ss 0:00 irqbalance 3278 ? Ss 0:00 dbus-daemon --system 3324 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/acpid 3337 ? Ss 0:00 hald 3338 ? S 0:00 \_ hald-runner 3345 ? S 0:00 \_ hald-addon-acpi: listening on acpid socket /var/run/acpid.socket 3349 ? S 0:00 \_ hald-addon-keyboard: listening on /dev/input/event1 3360 ? S 0:00 \_ hald-addon-storage: polling /dev/sr0 3413 ? Ssl 0:00 automount 3435 ? Ssl 0:00 /usr/sbin/named -u named 3466 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd 4072 ? Ss 0:00 \_ sshd: root@pts/0 4078 pts/0 Ss 0:00 \_ -bash 5436 pts/0 R+ 0:00 \_ ps axf 3484 ? Ss 0:00 xinetd -stayalive -pidfile /var/run/xinetd.pid 3500 ? SLs 0:00 ntpd -u ntp:ntp -p /var/run/ntpd.pid -g 3514 ? S 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --pid-file=/var/lib/mysql/server.myserver.com.pid 3575 ? Sl 0:00 \_ /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/ --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --user=mysql --log-error=/var/lib/mysql/server.myserver.com.err --pid-fil 3687 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/exim -bd -q1h 3709 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/dovecot 3710 ? S 0:00 \_ dovecot-auth 3725 ? S 0:00 \_ pop3-login 3726 ? S 0:00 \_ pop3-login 3727 ? S 0:00 \_ imap-login 3728 ? S 0:00 \_ imap-login 3729 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4326 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/bin/perl /usr/local/cpanel/bin/leechprotect 4332 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4333 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4334 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4335 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4336 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4337 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4382 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4383 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 4384 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 5389 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 5390 ? S 0:00 \_ /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 3741 ? Ss 0:00 pure-ftpd (SERVER) 3746 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/pure-authd -s /var/run/ftpd.sock -r /usr/sbin/pureauth 3759 ? Ss 0:00 crond 3772 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/atd 3909 ? S 0:00 cpsrvd (SSL) - waiting for connections 5435 ? Z 0:00 \_ [cpsrvd-ssl] <defunct> 3931 ? S 0:00 queueprocd - wait to process a task 3948 ? S 0:00 tailwatchd 3954 ? SN 0:00 cpanellogd - sleeping for logs 4003 ? Ss 0:00 ./nimbus /opt/nimsoft 4016 ? S 0:00 \_ nimbus(controller) 4053 ? Sl 0:00 \_ nimbus(spooler) 4066 ? S 0:00 \_ nimbus(hdb) 4069 ? S 0:00 \_ nimbus(cdm) 4070 ? S 0:00 \_ nimbus(processes) 4023 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/smartd -q never 4027 tty1 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty1 4028 tty2 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty2 4029 tty3 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty3 4030 tty4 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty4 4031 tty5 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty5 4033 tty6 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty6 4035 ttyS1 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/agetty -h -L ttyS1 19200 vt100 vmstat 10 6 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------ r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 0 0 3718136 25684 257424 0 0 8 3 127 189 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 3718136 25700 257420 0 0 0 7 1013 1500 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 3718136 25700 257424 0 0 0 1 1013 1551 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 3718136 25700 257424 0 0 0 0 1012 1469 0 0 100 0 0 1 0 0 3712680 25716 257424 0 0 0 2 1013 1542 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 3718376 25740 257424 0 0 0 46 1017 1534 0 0 100 0 0 Can anyone advise me as to what is the cause of and how I may resolve this behaviour? A kernel/driver conflict perhaps? I don't see any processes in R or D state that might inflate the load averages artificially, I realise it may be considered low in an 8 thread system but its higher at idle than any normal behaviour I've previously come across. Thanks in advance for your time. Edit: iotop Total DISK READ: 0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE: 0.00 B/s TID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO> COMMAND 26 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.29 % [events/0] 3205 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.10 % [kondemand/2] 3208 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kondemand/5] 3209 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kondemand/6] 3207 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.10 % 0.00 % [kondemand/4] 3210 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kondemand/7] 3227 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % irqbalance 3288 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [rpciod/1] 3287 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [rpciod/0] 3206 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kondemand/3] 3069 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % auditd 3070 be/2 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % audispd 655 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kauditd] 3619 be/4 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % automount 3 be/7 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [ksoftirqd/0] 3068 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % auditd 29 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [events/3] 4 rt/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [watchdog/0] 7 rt/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [watchdog/1] 10 rt/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [watchdog/2] 13 rt/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [watchdog/3] 16 rt/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [watchdog/4] 19 rt/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [watchdog/5] 22 rt/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [watchdog/6] 25 rt/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [watchdog/7] 27 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [events/1] 28 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.29 % 0.00 % [events/2] 30 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [events/4] 31 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [events/5] 32 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [events/6] 33 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [events/7] 34 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [khelper] 35 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kthread] 45 be/3 root 0.00 B/s 0.00 B/s 0.00 % 0.00 % [kblockd/0]

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Hosting the Razor Engine for Templating in Non-Web Applications

- by Rick Strahl

Microsoft’s new Razor HTML Rendering Engine that is currently shipping with ASP.NET MVC previews can be used outside of ASP.NET. Razor is an alternative view engine that can be used instead of the ASP.NET Page engine that currently works with ASP.NET WebForms and MVC. It provides a simpler and more readable markup syntax and is much more light weight in terms of functionality than the full blown WebForms Page engine, focusing only on features that are more along the lines of a pure view engine (or classic ASP!) with focus on expression and code rendering rather than a complex control/object model. Like the Page engine though, the parser understands .NET code syntax which can be embedded into templates, and behind the scenes the engine compiles markup and script code into an executing piece of .NET code in an assembly. Although it ships as part of the ASP.NET MVC and WebMatrix the Razor Engine itself is not directly dependent on ASP.NET or IIS or HTTP in any way. And although there are some markup and rendering features that are optimized for HTML based output generation, Razor is essentially a free standing template engine. And what’s really nice is that unlike the ASP.NET Runtime, Razor is fairly easy to host inside of your own non-Web applications to provide templating functionality. Templating in non-Web Applications? Yes please! So why might you host a template engine in your non-Web application? Template rendering is useful in many places and I have a number of applications that make heavy use of it. One of my applications – West Wind Html Help Builder - exclusively uses template based rendering to merge user supplied help text content into customizable and executable HTML markup templates that provide HTML output for CHM style HTML Help. This is an older product and it’s not actually using .NET at the moment – and this is one reason I’m looking at Razor for script hosting at the moment. For a few .NET applications though I’ve actually used the ASP.NET Runtime hosting to provide templating and mail merge style functionality and while that works reasonably well it’s a very heavy handed approach. It’s very resource intensive and has potential issues with versioning in various different versions of .NET. The generic implementation I created in the article above requires a lot of fix up to mimic an HTTP request in a non-HTTP environment and there are a lot of little things that have to happen to ensure that the ASP.NET runtime works properly most of it having nothing to do with the templating aspect but just satisfying ASP.NET’s requirements. The Razor Engine on the other hand is fairly light weight and completely decoupled from the ASP.NET runtime and the HTTP processing. Rather it’s a pure template engine whose sole purpose is to render text templates. Hosting this engine in your own applications can be accomplished with a reasonable amount of code (actually just a few lines with the tools I’m about to describe) and without having to fake HTTP requests. It’s also much lighter on resource usage and you can easily attach custom properties to your base template implementation to easily pass context from the parent application into templates all of which was rather complicated with ASP.NET runtime hosting. Installing the Razor Template Engine You can get Razor as part of the MVC 3 (RC and later) or Web Matrix. Both are available as downloadable components from the Web Platform Installer Version 3.0 (!important – V2 doesn’t show these components). If you already have that version of the WPI installed just fire it up. You can get the latest version of the Web Platform Installer from here: http://www.microsoft.com/web/gallery/install.aspx Once the platform Installer 3.0 is installed install either MVC 3 or ASP.NET Web Pages. Once installed you’ll find a System.Web.Razor assembly in C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v1.0\Assemblies\System.Web.Razor.dll which you can add as a reference to your project. Creating a Wrapper The basic Razor Hosting API is pretty simple and you can host Razor with a (large-ish) handful of lines of code. I’ll show the basics of it later in this article. However, if you want to customize the rendering and handle assembly and namespace includes for the markup as well as deal with text and file inputs as well as forcing Razor to run in a separate AppDomain so you can unload the code-generated assemblies and deal with assembly caching for re-used templates little more work is required to create something that is more easily reusable. For this reason I created a Razor Hosting wrapper project that combines a bunch of this functionality into an easy to use hosting class, a hosting factory that can load the engine in a separate AppDomain and a couple of hosting containers that provided folder based and string based caching for templates for an easily embeddable and reusable engine with easy to use syntax. If you just want the code and play with the samples and source go grab the latest code from the Subversion Repository at: http://www.west-wind.com:8080/svn/articles/trunk/RazorHosting/ or a snapshot from: http://www.west-wind.com/files/tools/RazorHosting.zip Getting Started Before I get into how hosting with Razor works, let’s take a look at how you can get up and running quickly with the wrapper classes provided. It only takes a few lines of code. The easiest way to use these Razor Hosting Wrappers is to use one of the two HostContainers provided. One is for hosting Razor scripts in a directory and rendering them as relative paths from these script files on disk. The other HostContainer serves razor scripts from string templates… Let’s start with a very simple template that displays some simple expressions, some code blocks and demonstrates rendering some data from contextual data that you pass to the template in the form of a ‘context’. Here’s a simple Razor template: @using System.Reflection Hello @Context.FirstName! Your entry was entered on: @Context.Entered @{ // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); } AppDomain Id: @AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName Assembly: @Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName Code based output: @{ // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } Response.Write(output); } Pretty easy to see what’s going on here. The only unusual thing in this code is the Context object which is an arbitrary object I’m passing from the host to the template by way of the template base class. I’m also displaying the current AppDomain and the executing Assembly name so you can see how compiling and running a template actually loads up new assemblies. Also note that as part of my context I’m passing a reference to the current Windows Form down to the template and changing the title from within the script. It’s a silly example, but it demonstrates two-way communication between host and template and back which can be very powerful. The easiest way to quickly render this template is to use the RazorEngine<TTemplateBase> class. The generic parameter specifies a template base class type that is used by Razor internally to generate the class it generates from a template. The default implementation provided in my RazorHosting wrapper is RazorTemplateBase. Here’s a simple one that renders from a string and outputs a string: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; string output = engine.RenderTemplate(this.txtSource.Text new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; Simple enough. This code renders a template from a string input and returns a result back as a string. It creates a custom context and passes that to the template which can then access the Context’s properties. Note that anything passed as ‘context’ must be serializable (or MarshalByRefObject) – otherwise you get an exception when passing the reference over AppDomain boundaries (discussed later). Passing a context is optional, but is a key feature in being able to share data between the host application and the template. Note that we use the Context object to access FirstName, Entered and even the host Windows Form object which is used in the template to change the Window caption from within the script! In the code above all the work happens in the RenderTemplate method which provide a variety of overloads to read and write to and from strings, files and TextReaders/Writers. Here’s another example that renders from a file input using a TextReader: using (reader = new StreamReader("templates\\simple.csHtml", true)) { result = host.RenderTemplate(reader, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, this.CustomContext); } RenderTemplate() is fairly high level and it handles loading of the runtime, compiling into an assembly and rendering of the template. If you want more control you can use the lower level methods to control each step of the way which is important for the HostContainers I’ll discuss later. Basically for those scenarios you want to separate out loading of the engine, compiling into an assembly and then rendering the template from the assembly. Why? So we can keep assemblies cached. In the code above a new assembly is created for each template rendered which is inefficient and uses up resources. Depending on the size of your templates and how often you fire them you can chew through memory very quickly. This slighter lower level approach is only a couple of extra steps: // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); string assId = null; using (StringReader reader = new StringReader(this.txtSource.Text)) { assId = engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, reader); } string output = engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(assId, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; The difference here is that you can capture the assembly – or rather an Id to it – and potentially hold on to it to render again later assuming the template hasn’t changed. The HostContainers take advantage of this feature to cache the assemblies based on certain criteria like a filename and file time step or a string hash that if not change indicate that an assembly can be reused. Note that ParseAndCompileTemplate returns an assembly Id rather than the assembly itself. This is done so that that the assembly always stays in the host’s AppDomain and is not passed across AppDomain boundaries which would cause load failures. We’ll talk more about this in a minute but for now just realize that assemblies references are stored in a list and are accessible by this ID to allow locating and re-executing of the assembly based on that id. Reuse of the assembly avoids recompilation overhead and creation of yet another assembly that loads into the current AppDomain. You can play around with several different versions of the above code in the main sample form: Using Hosting Containers for more Control and Caching The above examples simply render templates into assemblies each and every time they are executed. While this works and is even reasonably fast, it’s not terribly efficient. If you render templates more than once it would be nice if you could cache the generated assemblies for example to avoid re-compiling and creating of a new assembly each time. Additionally it would be nice to load template assemblies into a separate AppDomain optionally to be able to be able to unload assembli es and also to protect your host application from scripting attacks with malicious template code. Hosting containers provide also provide a wrapper around the RazorEngine<T> instance, a factory (which allows creation in separate AppDomains) and an easy way to start and stop the container ‘runtime’. The Razor Hosting samples provide two hosting containers: RazorFolderHostContainer and StringHostContainer. The folder host provides a simple runtime environment for a folder structure similar in the way that the ASP.NET runtime handles a virtual directory as it’s ‘application' root. Templates are loaded from disk in relative paths and the resulting assemblies are cached unless the template on disk is changed. The string host also caches templates based on string hashes – if the same string is passed a second time a cached version of the assembly is used. Here’s how HostContainers work. I’ll use the FolderHostContainer because it’s likely the most common way you’d use templates – from disk based templates that can be easily edited and maintained on disk. The first step is to create an instance of it and keep it around somewhere (in the example it’s attached as a property to the Form): RazorFolderHostContainer Host = new RazorFolderHostContainer(); public RazorFolderHostForm() { InitializeComponent(); // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. Host.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates Host.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container Host.Start(); } Next anytime you want to render a template you can use simple code like this: private void RenderTemplate(string fileName) { // Pass the template path via the Context var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, Host.TemplatePath); if (!Host.RenderTemplate(relativePath, this.Context, Host.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + Host.ErrorMessage); return; } this.webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + Host.RenderingOutputFile); } You can also render the output to a string instead of to a file: string result = Host.RenderTemplateToString(relativePath,context); Finally if you want to release the engine and shut down the hosting AppDomain you can simply do: Host.Stop(); Stopping the AppDomain and restarting it (ie. calling Stop(); followed by Start()) is also a nice way to release all resources in the AppDomain. The FolderBased domain also supports partial Rendering based on root path based relative paths with the same caching characteristics as the main templates. From within a template you can call out to a partial like this: @RenderPartial(@"partials\PartialRendering.cshtml", Context) where partials\PartialRendering.cshtml is a relative to the template root folder. The folder host example lets you load up templates from disk and display the result in a Web Browser control which demonstrates using Razor HTML output from templates that contain HTML syntax which happens to me my target scenario for Html Help Builder. The Razor Engine Wrapper Project The project I created to wrap Razor hosting has a fair bit of code and a number of classes associated with it. Most of the components are internally used and as you can see using the final RazorEngine<T> and HostContainer classes is pretty easy. The classes are extensible and I suspect developers will want to build more customized host containers for their applications. Host containers are the key to wrapping up all functionality – Engine, BaseTemplate, AppDomain Hosting, Caching etc in a logical piece that is ready to be plugged into an application. When looking at the code there are a couple of core features provided: Core Razor Engine Hosting This is the core Razor hosting which provides the basics of loading a template, compiling it into an assembly and executing it. This is fairly straightforward, but without a host container that can cache assemblies based on some criteria templates are recompiled and re-created each time which is inefficient (although pretty fast). The base engine wrapper implementation also supports hosting the Razor runtime in a separate AppDomain for security and the ability to unload it on demand. Host Containers The engine hosting itself doesn’t provide any sort of ‘runtime’ service like picking up files from disk, caching assemblies and so forth. So my implementation provides two HostContainers: RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer. The FolderHost works off a base directory and loads templates based on relative paths (sort of like the ASP.NET runtime does off a virtual). The HostContainers also deal with caching of template assemblies – for the folder host the file date is tracked and checked for updates and unless the template is changed a cached assembly is reused. The StringHostContainer similiarily checks string hashes to figure out whether a particular string template was previously compiled and executed. The HostContainers also act as a simple startup environment and a single reference to easily store and reuse in an application. TemplateBase Classes The template base classes are the base classes that from which the Razor engine generates .NET code. A template is parsed into a class with an Execute() method and the class is based on this template type you can specify. RazorEngine<TBaseTemplate> can receive this type and the HostContainers default to specific templates in their base implementations. Template classes are customizable to allow you to create templates that provide application specific features and interaction from the template to your host application. How does the RazorEngine wrapper work? You can browse the source code in the links above or in the repository or download the source, but I’ll highlight some key features here. Here’s part of the RazorEngine implementation that can be used to host the runtime and that demonstrates the key code required to host the Razor runtime. The RazorEngine class is implemented as a generic class to reflect the Template base class type: public class RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase The generic type is used to internally provide easier access to the template type and assignments on it as part of the template processing. The class also inherits MarshalByRefObject to allow execution over AppDomain boundaries – something that all the classes discussed here need to do since there is much interaction between the host and the template. The first two key methods deal with creating a template assembly: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost with various options applied. /// Applies basic namespace imports and the name of the class to generate /// </summary> /// <param name="generatedNamespace"></param> /// <param name="generatedClass"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected RazorTemplateEngine CreateHost(string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass) { Type baseClassType = typeof(TBaseTemplateType); RazorEngineHost host = new RazorEngineHost(new CSharpRazorCodeLanguage()); host.DefaultBaseClass = baseClassType.FullName; host.DefaultClassName = generatedClass; host.DefaultNamespace = generatedNamespace; host.NamespaceImports.Add("System"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Text"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Collections.Generic"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Linq"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.IO"); return new RazorTemplateEngine(host); } /// <summary> /// Parses and compiles a markup template into an assembly and returns /// an assembly name. The name is an ID that can be passed to /// ExecuteTemplateByAssembly which picks up a cached instance of the /// loaded assembly. /// /// </summary> /// <param name="namespaceOfGeneratedClass">The namespace of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="generatedClassName">The name of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="ReferencedAssemblies">Any referenced assemblies by dll name only. Assemblies must be in execution path of host or in GAC.</param> /// <param name="templateSourceReader">Textreader that loads the template</param> /// <remarks> /// The actual assembly isn't returned here to allow for cross-AppDomain /// operation. If the assembly was returned it would fail for cross-AppDomain /// calls. /// </remarks> /// <returns>An assembly Id. The Assembly is cached in memory and can be used with RenderFromAssembly.</returns> public string ParseAndCompileTemplate( string namespaceOfGeneratedClass, string generatedClassName, string[] ReferencedAssemblies, TextReader templateSourceReader) { RazorTemplateEngine engine = CreateHost(namespaceOfGeneratedClass, generatedClassName); // Generate the template class as CodeDom GeneratorResults razorResults = engine.GenerateCode(templateSourceReader); // Create code from the codeDom and compile CSharpCodeProvider codeProvider = new CSharpCodeProvider(); CodeGeneratorOptions options = new CodeGeneratorOptions(); // Capture Code Generated as a string for error info // and debugging LastGeneratedCode = null; using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { codeProvider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(razorResults.GeneratedCode, writer, options); LastGeneratedCode = writer.ToString(); } CompilerParameters compilerParameters = new CompilerParameters(ReferencedAssemblies); // Standard Assembly References compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Core.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("Microsoft.CSharp.dll"); // dynamic support! // Also add the current assembly so RazorTemplateBase is available compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().CodeBase.Substring(8)); compilerParameters.GenerateInMemory = Configuration.CompileToMemory; if (!Configuration.CompileToMemory) compilerParameters.OutputAssembly = Path.Combine(Configuration.TempAssemblyPath, "_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n") + ".dll"); CompilerResults compilerResults = codeProvider.CompileAssemblyFromDom(compilerParameters, razorResults.GeneratedCode); if (compilerResults.Errors.Count > 0) { var compileErrors = new StringBuilder(); foreach (System.CodeDom.Compiler.CompilerError compileError in compilerResults.Errors) compileErrors.Append(String.Format(Resources.LineX0TColX1TErrorX2RN, compileError.Line, compileError.Column, compileError.ErrorText)); this.SetError(compileErrors.ToString() + "\r\n" + LastGeneratedCode); return null; } AssemblyCache.Add(compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName, compilerResults.CompiledAssembly); return compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName; } Think of the internal CreateHost() method as setting up the assembly generated from each template. Each template compiles into a separate assembly. It sets up namespaces, and assembly references, the base class used and the name and namespace for the generated class. ParseAndCompileTemplate() then calls the CreateHost() method to receive the template engine generator which effectively generates a CodeDom from the template – the template is turned into .NET code. The code generated from our earlier example looks something like this: //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <auto-generated> // This code was generated by a tool. // Runtime Version:4.0.30319.1 // // Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if // the code is regenerated. // </auto-generated> //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ namespace RazorTest { using System; using System.Text; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.IO; using System.Reflection; public class RazorTemplate : RazorHosting.RazorTemplateBase { #line hidden public RazorTemplate() { } public override void Execute() { WriteLiteral("Hello "); Write(Context.FirstName); WriteLiteral("! Your entry was entered on: "); Write(Context.Entered); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\n"); // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); WriteLiteral("\r\nAppDomain Id:\r\n "); Write(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName); WriteLiteral("\r\n \r\nAssembly:\r\n "); Write(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\nCode based output: \r\n"); // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } } } } Basically the template’s body is turned into code in an Execute method that is called. Internally the template’s Write method is fired to actually generate the output. Note that the class inherits from RazorTemplateBase which is the generic parameter I used to specify the base class when creating an instance in my RazorEngine host: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); This template class must be provided and it must implement an Execute() and Write() method. Beyond that you can create any class you chose and attach your own properties. My RazorTemplateBase class implementation is very simple: public class RazorTemplateBase : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable { /// <summary> /// You can pass in a generic context object /// to use in your template code /// </summary> public dynamic Context { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Class that generates output. Currently ultra simple /// with only Response.Write() implementation. /// </summary> public RazorResponse Response { get; set; } public object HostContainer {get; set; } public object Engine { get; set; } public RazorTemplateBase() { Response = new RazorResponse(); } public virtual void Write(object value) { Response.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLiteral(object value) { Response.Write(value); } /// <summary> /// Razor Parser implements this method /// </summary> public virtual void Execute() {} public virtual void Dispose() { if (Response != null) { Response.Dispose(); Response = null; } } } Razor fills in the Execute method when it generates its subclass and uses the Write() method to output content. As you can see I use a RazorResponse() class here to generate output. This isn’t necessary really, as you could use a StringBuilder or StringWriter() directly, but I prefer using Response object so I can extend the Response behavior as needed. The RazorResponse class is also very simple and merely acts as a wrapper around a TextWriter: public class RazorResponse : IDisposable { /// <summary> /// Internal text writer - default to StringWriter() /// </summary> public TextWriter Writer = new StringWriter(); public virtual void Write(object value) { Writer.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLine(object value) { Write(value); Write("\r\n"); } public virtual void WriteFormat(string format, params object[] args) { Write(string.Format(format, args)); } public override string ToString() { return Writer.ToString(); } public virtual void Dispose() { Writer.Close(); } public virtual void SetTextWriter(TextWriter writer) { // Close original writer if (Writer != null) Writer.Close(); Writer = writer; } } The Rendering Methods of RazorEngine At this point I’ve talked about the assembly generation logic and the template implementation itself. What’s left is that once you’ve generated the assembly is to execute it. The code to do this is handled in the various RenderXXX methods of the RazorEngine class. Let’s look at the lowest level one of these which is RenderTemplateFromAssembly() and a couple of internal support methods that handle instantiating and invoking of the generated template method: public string RenderTemplateFromAssembly( string assemblyId, string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass, object context, TextWriter outputWriter) { this.SetError(); Assembly generatedAssembly = AssemblyCache[assemblyId]; if (generatedAssembly == null) { this.SetError(Resources.PreviouslyCompiledAssemblyNotFound); return null; } string className = generatedNamespace + "." + generatedClass; Type type; try { type = generatedAssembly.GetType(className); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.UnableToCreateType + className + ": " + ex.Message); return null; } // Start with empty non-error response (if we use a writer) string result = string.Empty; using(TBaseTemplateType instance = InstantiateTemplateClass(type)) { if (instance == null) return null; if (outputWriter != null) instance.Response.SetTextWriter(outputWriter); if (!InvokeTemplateInstance(instance, context)) return null; // Capture string output if implemented and return // otherwise null is returned if (outputWriter == null) result = instance.Response.ToString(); } return result; } protected virtual TBaseTemplateType InstantiateTemplateClass(Type type) { TBaseTemplateType instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type) as TBaseTemplateType; if (instance == null) { SetError(Resources.CouldnTActivateTypeInstance + type.FullName); return null; } instance.Engine = this; // If a HostContainer was set pass that to the template too instance.HostContainer = this.HostContainer; return instance; } /// <summary> /// Internally executes an instance of the template, /// captures errors on execution and returns true or false /// </summary> /// <param name="instance">An instance of the generated template</param> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage for errors</returns> protected virtual bool InvokeTemplateInstance(TBaseTemplateType instance, object context) { try { instance.Context = context; instance.Execute(); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateExecutionError + ex.Message); return false; } finally { // Must make sure Response is closed instance.Response.Dispose(); } return true; } The RenderTemplateFromAssembly method basically requires the namespace and class to instantate and creates an instance of the class using InstantiateTemplateClass(). It then invokes the method with InvokeTemplateInstance(). These two methods are broken out because they are re-used by various other rendering methods and also to allow subclassing and providing additional configuration tasks to set properties and pass values to templates at execution time. In the default mode instantiation sets the Engine and HostContainer (discussed later) so the template can call back into the template engine, and the context is set when the template method is invoked. The various RenderXXX methods use similar code although they create the assemblies first. If you’re after potentially cashing assemblies the method is the one to call and that’s exactly what the two HostContainer classes do. More on that in a minute, but before we get into HostContainers let’s talk about AppDomain hosting and the like. Running Templates in their own AppDomain With the RazorEngine class above, when a template is parsed into an assembly and executed the assembly is created (in memory or on disk – you can configure that) and cached in the current AppDomain. In .NET once an assembly has been loaded it can never be unloaded so if you’re loading lots of templates and at some time you want to release them there’s no way to do so. If however you load the assemblies in a separate AppDomain that new AppDomain can be unloaded and the assemblies loaded in it with it. In order to host the templates in a separate AppDomain the easiest thing to do is to run the entire RazorEngine in a separate AppDomain. Then all interaction occurs in the other AppDomain and no further changes have to be made. To facilitate this there is a RazorEngineFactory which has methods that can instantiate the RazorHost in a separate AppDomain as well as in the local AppDomain. The host creates the remote instance and then hangs on to it to keep it alive as well as providing methods to shut down the AppDomain and reload the engine. Sounds complicated but cross-AppDomain invocation is actually fairly easy to implement. Here’s some of the relevant code from the RazorEngineFactory class. Like the RazorEngine this class is generic and requires a template base type in the generic class name: public class RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase Here are the key methods of interest: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost in a new AppDomain. This /// version creates a static singleton that that is cached and you /// can call UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current == null) Current = new RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>(); return Current.GetRazorHostInAppDomain(); } public static void UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current != null) Current.UnloadHost(); Current = null; } /// <summary> /// Instance method that creates a RazorHost in a new AppDomain. /// This method requires that you keep the Factory around in /// order to keep the AppDomain alive and be able to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> GetRazorHostInAppDomain() { LocalAppDomain = CreateAppDomain(null); if (LocalAppDomain == null) return null; /// Create the instance inside of the new AppDomain /// Note: remote domain uses local EXE's AppBasePath!!! RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> host = null; try { Assembly ass = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly(); string AssemblyPath = ass.Location; host = (RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>) LocalAppDomain.CreateInstanceFrom(AssemblyPath, typeof(RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>).FullName).Unwrap(); } catch (Exception ex) { ErrorMessage = ex.Message; return null; } return host; } /// <summary> /// Internally creates a new AppDomain in which Razor templates can /// be run. /// </summary> /// <param name="appDomainName"></param> /// <returns></returns> private AppDomain CreateAppDomain(string appDomainName) { if (appDomainName == null) appDomainName = "RazorHost_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n"); AppDomainSetup setup = new AppDomainSetup(); // *** Point at current directory setup.ApplicationBase = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory; AppDomain localDomain = AppDomain.CreateDomain(appDomainName, null, setup); return localDomain; } /// <summary> /// Allow unloading of the created AppDomain to release resources /// All internal resources in the AppDomain are released including /// in memory compiled Razor assemblies. /// </summary> public void UnloadHost() { if (this.LocalAppDomain != null) { AppDomain.Unload(this.LocalAppDomain); this.LocalAppDomain = null; } } The static CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() is the key method that startup code usually calls. It uses a Current singleton instance to an instance of itself that is created cross AppDomain and is kept alive because it’s static. GetRazorHostInAppDomain actually creates a cross-AppDomain instance which first creates a new AppDomain and then loads the RazorEngine into it. The remote Proxy instance is returned as a result to the method and can be used the same as a local instance. The code to run with a remote AppDomain is simple: private RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase> CreateHost() { if (this.Host != null) return this.Host; // Use Static Methods - no error message if host doesn't load this.Host = RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); if (this.Host == null) { MessageBox.Show("Unable to load Razor Template Host", "Razor Hosting", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); } return this.Host; } This code relies on a local reference of the Host which is kept around for the duration of the app (in this case a form reference). To use this you’d simply do: this.Host = CreateHost(); if (host == null) return; string result = host.RenderTemplate( this.txtSource.Text, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll", "Westwind.Utilities.dll" }, this.CustomContext); if (result == null) { MessageBox.Show(host.ErrorMessage, "Template Execution Error", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); return; } this.txtResult.Text = result; Now all templates run in a remote AppDomain and can be unloaded with simple code like this: RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Host = null; One Step further – Providing a caching ‘Runtime’ Once we can load templates in a remote AppDomain we can add some additional functionality like assembly caching based on application specific features. One of my typical scenarios is to render templates out of a scripts folder. So all templates live in a folder and they change infrequently. So a Folder based host that can compile these templates once and then only recompile them if something changes would be ideal. Enter host containers which are basically wrappers around the RazorEngine<t> and RazorEngineFactory<t>. They provide additional logic for things like file caching based on changes on disk or string hashes for string based template inputs. The folder host also provides for partial rendering logic through a custom template base implementation. There’s a base implementation in RazorBaseHostContainer, which provides the basics for hosting a RazorEngine, which includes the ability to start and stop the engine, cache assemblies and add references: public abstract class RazorBaseHostContainer<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase, new() { public RazorBaseHostContainer() { UseAppDomain = true; GeneratedNamespace = "__RazorHost"; } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the Container hosts Razor /// in a separate AppDomain. Seperate AppDomain /// hosting allows unloading and releasing of /// resources. /// </summary> public bool UseAppDomain { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Base folder location where the AppDomain /// is hosted. By default uses the same folder /// as the host application. /// /// Determines where binary dependencies are /// found for assembly references. /// </summary> public string BaseBinaryFolder { get; set; } /// <summary> /// List of referenced assemblies as string values. /// Must be in GAC or in the current folder of the host app/ /// base BinaryFolder /// </summary> public List<string> ReferencedAssemblies = new List<string>(); /// <summary> /// Name of the generated namespace for template classes /// </summary> public string GeneratedNamespace {get; set; } /// <summary> /// Any error messages /// </summary> public string ErrorMessage { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host. Required to keep the /// reference to the host alive for multiple uses. /// </summary> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> Engine; /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host Factory - so we can unload /// the host and its associated AppDomain. /// </summary> protected RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> EngineFactory; /// <summary> /// Keep track of each compiled assembly /// and when it was compiled. /// /// Use a hash of the string to identify string /// changes. /// </summary> protected Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem> LoadedAssemblies = new Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem>(); /// <summary> /// Call to start the Host running. Follow by a calls to RenderTemplate to /// render individual templates. Call Stop when done. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage on false </returns> public virtual bool Start() { if (Engine == null) { if (UseAppDomain) Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); else Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHost(); Engine.Configuration.CompileToMemory = true; Engine.HostContainer = this; if (Engine == null) { this.ErrorMessage = EngineFactory.ErrorMessage; return false; } } return true; } /// <summary> /// Stops the Host and releases the host AppDomain and cached /// assemblies. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public bool Stop() { this.LoadedAssemblies.Clear(); RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Engine = null; return true; } … } This base class provides most of the mechanics to host the runtime, but no application specific implementation for rendering. There are rendering functions but they just call the engine directly and provide no caching – there’s no context to decide how to cache and reuse templates. The key methods are Start and Stop and their main purpose is to start a new AppDomain (optionally) and shut it down when requested. The RazorFolderHostContainer – Folder Based Runtime Hosting Let’s look at the more application specific RazorFolderHostContainer implementation which is defined like this: public class RazorFolderHostContainer : RazorBaseHostContainer<RazorTemplateFolderHost> Note that a customized RazorTemplateFolderHost class template is used for this implementation that supports partial rendering in form of a RenderPartial() method that’s available to templates. The folder host’s features are: Render templates based on a Template Base Path (a ‘virtual’ if you will) Cache compiled assemblies based on the relative path and file time stamp File changes on templates cause templates to be recompiled into new assemblies Support for partial rendering using base folder relative pathing As shown in the startup examples earlier host containers require some startup code with a HostContainer tied to a persistent property (like a Form property): // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. HostContainer.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Default output rendering disk location HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile = Path.Combine(HostContainer.TemplatePath, "__Preview.htm"); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates HostContainer.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container HostContainer.Start(); Once that’s done, you can render templates with the host container: // Pass the template path for full filename seleted with OpenFile Dialog // relativepath is: subdir\file.cshtml or file.cshtml or ..\file.cshtml var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, HostContainer.TemplatePath); if (!HostContainer.RenderTemplate(relativePath, Context, HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + HostContainer.ErrorMessage); return; } webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile); The most critical task of the RazorFolderHostContainer implementation is to retrieve a template from disk, compile and cache it and then deal with deciding whether subsequent requests need to re-compile the template or simply use a cached version. Internally the GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache() handles this task: /// <summary> /// Internally checks if a cached assembly exists and if it does uses it /// else creates and compiles one. Returns an assembly Id to be /// used with the LoadedAssembly list. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected virtual CompiledAssemblyItem GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(string relativePath) { string fileName = Path.Combine(TemplatePath, relativePath).ToLower(); int fileNameHash = fileName.GetHashCode(); if (!File.Exists(fileName)) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateFileDoesnTExist + fileName); return null; } CompiledAssemblyItem item = null; this.LoadedAssemblies.TryGetValue(fileNameHash, out item); string assemblyId = null; // Check for cached instance if (item != null) { var fileTime = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(fileName); if (fileTime <= item.CompileTimeUtc) assemblyId = item.AssemblyId; } else item = new CompiledAssemblyItem(); // No cached instance - create assembly and cache if (assemblyId == null) { string safeClassName = GetSafeClassName(fileName); StreamReader reader = null; try { reader = new StreamReader(fileName, true); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.ErrorReadingTemplateFile + fileName); return null; } assemblyId = Engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(this.ReferencedAssemblies.ToArray(), reader); // need to ensure reader is closed if (reader != null) reader.Close(); if (assemblyId == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } item.AssemblyId = assemblyId; item.CompileTimeUtc = DateTime.UtcNow; item.FileName = fileName; item.SafeClassName = safeClassName; this.LoadedAssemblies[fileNameHash] = item; } return item; } This code uses a LoadedAssembly dictionary which is comprised of a structure that holds a reference to a compiled assembly, a full filename and file timestamp and an assembly id. LoadedAssemblies (defined on the base class shown earlier) is essentially a cache for compiled assemblies and they are identified by a hash id. In the case of files the hash is a GetHashCode() from the full filename of the template. The template is checked for in the cache and if not found the file stamp is checked. If that’s newer than the cache’s compilation date the template is recompiled otherwise the version in the cache is used. All the core work defers to a RazorEngine<T> instance to ParseAndCompileTemplate(). The three rendering specific methods then are rather simple implementations with just a few lines of code dealing with parameter and return value parsing: /// <summary> /// Renders a template to a TextWriter. Useful to write output into a stream or /// the Response object. Used for partial rendering. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path to the file in the folder structure</param> /// <param name="context">Optional context object or null</param> /// <param name="writer">The textwriter to write output into</param> /// <returns></returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, TextWriter writer) { // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; CompiledAssemblyItem item = GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(relativePath); if (item == null) { writer.Close(); return false; } try { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error string result = Engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(item.AssemblyId, context, writer); if (result == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return false; } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } finally { writer.Close(); } return true; } /// <summary> /// Render a template from a source file on disk to a specified outputfile. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path off the template root folder. Format: path/filename.cshtml</param> /// <param name="context">Any object that will be available in the template as a dynamic of this.Context</param> /// <param name="outputFile">Optional - output file where output is written to. If not specified the /// RenderingOutputFile property is used instead /// </param> /// <returns>true if rendering succeeds, false on failure - check ErrorMessage</returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, string outputFile) { if (outputFile == null) outputFile = RenderingOutputFile; try { using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(outputFile, false, Engine.Configuration.OutputEncoding, Engine.Configuration.StreamBufferSize)) { return RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } return true; } /// <summary> /// Renders a template to string. Useful for RenderTemplate /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> public string RenderTemplateToString(string relativePath, object context) { string result = string.Empty; try { using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error if (!RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer)) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } result = writer.ToString(); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return null; } return result; } The idea is that you can create custom host container implementations that do exactly what you want fairly easily. Take a look at both the RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer classes for the basic concepts you can use to create custom implementations. Notice also that you can set the engine’s PerRequestConfigurationData() from the host container: // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; which when set to a non-null value is passed to the Template’s InitializeTemplate() method. This method receives an object parameter which you can cast as needed: public override void InitializeTemplate(object configurationData) { // Pick up configuration data and stuff into Request object RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration config = configurationData as RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration; this.Request.TemplatePath = config.TemplatePath; this.Request.TemplateRelativePath = config.TemplateRelativePath; } With this data you can then configure any custom properties or objects on your main template class. It’s an easy way to pass data from the HostContainer all the way down into the template. The type you use is of type object so you have to cast it yourself, and it must be serializable since it will likely run in a separate AppDomain. This might seem like an ugly way to pass data around – normally I’d use an event delegate to call back from the engine to the host, but since this is running over AppDomain boundaries events get really tricky and passing a template instance back up into the host over AppDomain boundaries doesn’t work due to serialization issues. So it’s easier to pass the data from the host down into the template using this rather clumsy approach of set and forward. It’s ugly, but it’s something that can be hidden in the host container implementation as I’ve done here. It’s also not something you have to do in every implementation so this is kind of an edge case, but I know I’ll need to pass a bunch of data in some of my applications and this will be the easiest way to do so. Summing Up Hosting the Razor runtime is something I got jazzed up about quite a bit because I have an immediate need for this type of templating/merging/scripting capability in an application I’m working on. I’ve also been using templating in many apps and it’s always been a pain to deal with. The Razor engine makes this whole experience a lot cleaner and more light weight and with these wrappers I can now plug .NET based templating into my code literally with a few lines of code. That’s something to cheer about… I hope some of you will find this useful as well… Resources The examples and code require that you download the Razor runtimes. Projects are for Visual Studio 2010 running on .NET 4.0 Platform Installer 3.0 (install WebMatrix or MVC 3 for Razor Runtimes) Latest Code in Subversion Repository Download Snapshot of the Code Documentation (CHM Help File) © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in ASP.NET .NET

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Is there a Telecommunications Reference Architecture?

- by raul.goycoolea

@font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Abstract Reference architecture provides needed architectural information that can be provided in advance to an enterprise to enable consistent architectural best practices. Enterprise Reference Architecture helps business owners to actualize their strategies, vision, objectives, and principles. It evaluates the IT systems, based on Reference Architecture goals, principles, and standards. It helps to reduce IT costs by increasing functionality, availability, scalability, etc. Telecom Reference Architecture provides customers with the flexibility to view bundled service bills online with the provision of multiple services. It provides real-time, flexible billing and charging systems, to handle complex promotions, discounts, and settlements with multiple parties. This paper attempts to describe the Reference Architecture for the Telecom Enterprises. It lays the foundation for a Telecom Reference Architecture by articulating the requirements, drivers, and pitfalls for telecom service providers. It describes generic reference architecture for telecom enterprises and moves on to explain how to achieve Enterprise Reference Architecture by using SOA. Introduction A Reference Architecture provides a methodology, set of practices, template, and standards based on a set of successful solutions implemented earlier. These solutions have been generalized and structured for the depiction of both a logical and a physical architecture, based on the harvesting of a set of patterns that describe observations in a number of successful implementations. It helps as a reference for the various architectures that an enterprise can implement to solve various problems. It can be used as the starting point or the point of comparisons for various departments/business entities of a company, or for the various companies for an enterprise. It provides multiple views for multiple stakeholders. Major artifacts of the Enterprise Reference Architecture are methodologies, standards, metadata, documents, design patterns, etc. Purpose of Reference Architecture In most cases, architects spend a lot of time researching, investigating, defining, and re-arguing architectural decisions. It is like reinventing the wheel as their peers in other organizations or even the same organization have already spent a lot of time and effort defining their own architectural practices. This prevents an organization from learning from its own experiences and applying that knowledge for increased effectiveness. Reference architecture provides missing architectural information that can be provided in advance to project team members to enable consistent architectural best practices. Enterprise Reference Architecture helps an enterprise to achieve the following at the abstract level: · Reference architecture is more of a communication channel to an enterprise · Helps the business owners to accommodate to their strategies, vision, objectives, and principles. · Evaluates the IT systems based on Reference Architecture Principles · Reduces IT spending through increasing functionality, availability, scalability, etc · A Real-time Integration Model helps to reduce the latency of the data updates Is used to define a single source of Information · Provides a clear view on how to manage information and security · Defines the policy around the data ownership, product boundaries, etc. · Helps with cost optimization across project and solution portfolios by eliminating unused or duplicate investments and assets · Has a shorter implementation time and cost Once the reference architecture is in place, the set of architectural principles, standards, reference models, and best practices ensure that the aligned investments have the greatest possible likelihood of success in both the near term and the long term (TCO). Common pitfalls for Telecom Service Providers Telecom Reference Architecture serves as the first step towards maturity for a telecom service provider. During the course of our assignments/experiences with telecom players, we have come across the following observations – Some of these indicate a lack of maturity of the telecom service provider: · In markets that are growing and not so mature, it has been observed that telcos have a significant amount of in-house or home-grown applications. In some of these markets, the growth has been so rapid that IT has been unable to cope with business demands. Telcos have shown a tendency to come up with workarounds in their IT applications so as to meet business needs. · Even for core functions like provisioning or mediation, some telcos have tried to manage with home-grown applications. · Most of the applications do not have the required scalability or maintainability to sustain growth in volumes or functionality. · Applications face interoperability issues with other applications in the operator's landscape. Integrating a new application or network element requires considerable effort on the part of the other applications. · Application boundaries are not clear, and functionality that is not in the initial scope of that application gets pushed onto it. This results in the development of the multiple, small applications without proper boundaries. · Usage of Legacy OSS/BSS systems, poor Integration across Multiple COTS Products and Internal Systems. Most of the Integrations are developed on ad-hoc basis and Point-to-Point Integration. · Redundancy of the business functions in different applications • Fragmented data across the different applications and no integrated view of the strategic data • Lot of performance Issues due to the usage of the complex integration across OSS and BSS systems However, this is where the maturity of the telecom industry as a whole can be of help. The collaborative efforts of telcos to overcome some of these problems have resulted in bodies like the TM Forum. They have come up with frameworks for business processes, data, applications, and technology for telecom service providers. These could be a good starting point for telcos to clean up their enterprise landscape. Industry Trends in Telecom Reference Architecture Telecom reference architectures are evolving rapidly because telcos are facing business and IT challenges. “The reality is that there probably is no killer application, no silver bullet that the telcos can latch onto to carry them into a 21st Century.... Instead, there are probably hundreds – perhaps thousands – of niche applications.... And the only way to find which of these works for you is to try out lots of them, ramp up the ones that work, and discontinue the ones that fail.” – Martin Creaner President & CTO TM Forum. The following trends have been observed in telecom reference architecture: · Transformation of business structures to align with customer requirements · Adoption of more Internet-like technical architectures. The Web 2.0 concept is increasingly being used. · Virtualization of the traditional operations support system (OSS) · Adoption of SOA to support development of IP-based services · Adoption of frameworks like Service Delivery Platforms (SDPs) and IP Multimedia Subsystem · (IMS) to enable seamless deployment of various services over fixed and mobile networks · Replacement of in-house, customized, and stove-piped OSS/BSS with standards-based COTS products · Compliance with industry standards and frameworks like eTOM, SID, and TAM to enable seamless integration with other standards-based products Drivers of Reference Architecture The drivers of the Reference Architecture are Reference Architecture Goals, Principles, and Enterprise Vision and Telecom Transformation. The details are depicted below diagram. @font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; } Figure 1. Drivers for Reference Architecture @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Today’s telecom reference architectures should seamlessly integrate traditional legacy-based applications and transition to next-generation network technologies (e.g., IP multimedia subsystems). This has resulted in new requirements for flexible, real-time billing and OSS/BSS systems and implications on the service provider’s organizational requirements and structure. Telecom reference architectures are today expected to: · Integrate voice, messaging, email and other VAS over fixed and mobile networks, back end systems · Be able to provision multiple services and service bundles • Deliver converged voice, video and data services · Leverage the existing Network Infrastructure · Provide real-time, flexible billing and charging systems to handle complex promotions, discounts, and settlements with multiple parties. · Support charging of advanced data services such as VoIP, On-Demand, Services (e.g. Video), IMS/SIP Services, Mobile Money, Content Services and IPTV. · Help in faster deployment of new services • Serve as an effective platform for collaboration between network IT and business organizations · Harness the potential of converging technology, networks, devices and content to develop multimedia services and solutions of ever-increasing sophistication on a single Internet Protocol (IP) · Ensure better service delivery and zero revenue leakage through real-time balance and credit management · Lower operating costs to drive profitability Enterprise Reference Architecture The Enterprise Reference Architecture (RA) fills the gap between the concepts and vocabulary defined by the reference model and the implementation. Reference architecture provides detailed architectural information in a common format such that solutions can be repeatedly designed and deployed in a consistent, high-quality, supportable fashion. This paper attempts to describe the Reference Architecture for the Telecom Application Usage and how to achieve the Enterprise Level Reference Architecture using SOA. • Telecom Reference Architecture • Enterprise SOA based Reference Architecture Telecom Reference Architecture Tele Management Forum’s New Generation Operations Systems and Software (NGOSS) is an architectural framework for organizing, integrating, and implementing telecom systems. NGOSS is a component-based framework consisting of the following elements: · The enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) is a business process framework. · The Shared Information Data (SID) model provides a comprehensive information framework that may be specialized for the needs of a particular organization. · The Telecom Application Map (TAM) is an application framework to depict the functional footprint of applications, relative to the horizontal processes within eTOM. · The Technology Neutral Architecture (TNA) is an integrated framework. TNA is an architecture that is sustainable through technology changes. NGOSS Architecture Standards are: · Centralized data · Loosely coupled distributed systems · Application components/re-use · A technology-neutral system framework with technology specific implementations · Interoperability to service provider data/processes · Allows more re-use of business components across multiple business scenarios · Workflow automation The traditional operator systems architecture consists of four layers, · Business Support System (BSS) layer, with focus toward customers and business partners. Manages order, subscriber, pricing, rating, and billing information. · Operations Support System (OSS) layer, built around product, service, and resource inventories. · Networks layer – consists of Network elements and 3rd Party Systems. · Integration Layer – to maximize application communication and overall solution flexibility. Reference architecture for telecom enterprises is depicted below. @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Figure 2. Telecom Reference Architecture The major building blocks of any Telecom Service Provider architecture are as follows: 1. Customer Relationship Management CRM encompasses the end-to-end lifecycle of the customer: customer initiation/acquisition, sales, ordering, and service activation, customer care and support, proactive campaigns, cross sell/up sell, and retention/loyalty. CRM also includes the collection of customer information and its application to personalize, customize, and integrate delivery of service to a customer, as well as to identify opportunities for increasing the value of the customer to the enterprise. The key functionalities related to Customer Relationship Management are · Manage the end-to-end lifecycle of a customer request for products. · Create and manage customer profiles. · Manage all interactions with customers – inquiries, requests, and responses. · Provide updates to Billing and other south bound systems on customer/account related updates such as customer/ account creation, deletion, modification, request bills, final bill, duplicate bills, credit limits through Middleware. · Work with Order Management System, Product, and Service Management components within CRM. · Manage customer preferences – Involve all the touch points and channels to the customer, including contact center, retail stores, dealers, self service, and field service, as well as via any media (phone, face to face, web, mobile device, chat, email, SMS, mail, the customer's bill, etc.). · Support single interface for customer contact details, preferences, account details, offers, customer premise equipment, bill details, bill cycle details, and customer interactions. CRM applications interact with customers through customer touch points like portals, point-of-sale terminals, interactive voice response systems, etc. The requests by customers are sent via fulfillment/provisioning to billing system for ordering processing. 2. Billing and Revenue Management Billing and Revenue Management handles the collection of appropriate usage records and production of timely and accurate bills – for providing pre-bill usage information and billing to customers; for processing their payments; and for performing payment collections. In addition, it handles customer inquiries about bills, provides billing inquiry status, and is responsible for resolving billing problems to the customer's satisfaction in a timely manner. This process grouping also supports prepayment for services. The key functionalities provided by these applications are · To ensure that enterprise revenue is billed and invoices delivered appropriately to customers. · To manage customers’ billing accounts, process their payments, perform payment collections, and monitor the status of the account balance. · To ensure the timely and effective fulfillment of all customer bill inquiries and complaints. · Collect the usage records from mediation and ensure appropriate rating and discounting of all usage and pricing. · Support revenue sharing; split charging where usage is guided to an account different from the service consumer. · Support prepaid and post-paid rating. · Send notification on approach / exceeding the usage thresholds as enforced by the subscribed offer, and / or as setup by the customer. · Support prepaid, post paid, and hybrid (where some services are prepaid and the rest of the services post paid) customers and conversion from post paid to prepaid, and vice versa. · Support different billing function requirements like charge prorating, promotion, discount, adjustment, waiver, write-off, account receivable, GL Interface, late payment fee, credit control, dunning, account or service suspension, re-activation, expiry, termination, contract violation penalty, etc. · Initiate direct debit to collect payment against an invoice outstanding. · Send notification to Middleware on different events; for example, payment receipt, pre-suspension, threshold exceed, etc. Billing systems typically get usage data from mediation systems for rating and billing. They get provisioning requests from order management systems and inquiries from CRM systems. Convergent and real-time billing systems can directly get usage details from network elements. 3. Mediation Mediation systems transform/translate the Raw or Native Usage Data Records into a general format that is acceptable to billing for their rating purposes. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Mediation system in the end-to-end solution. · Collect Usage Data Records from different data sources – like network elements, routers, servers – via different protocol and interfaces. · Process Usage Data Records – Mediation will process Usage Data Records as per the source format. · Validate Usage Data Records from each source. · Segregates Usage Data Records coming from each source to multiple, based on the segregation requirement of end Application. · Aggregates Usage Data Records based on the aggregation rule if any from different sources. · Consolidates multiple Usage Data Records from each source. · Delivers formatted Usage Data Records to different end application like Billing, Interconnect, Fraud Management, etc. · Generates audit trail for incoming Usage Data Records and keeps track of all the Usage Data Records at various stages of mediation process. · Checks duplicate Usage Data Records across files for a given time window. 4. Fulfillment This area is responsible for providing customers with their requested products in a timely and correct manner. It translates the customer's business or personal need into a solution that can be delivered using the specific products in the enterprise's portfolio. This process informs the customers of the status of their purchase order, and ensures completion on time, as well as ensuring a delighted customer. These processes are responsible for accepting and issuing orders. They deal with pre-order feasibility determination, credit authorization, order issuance, order status and tracking, customer update on customer order activities, and customer notification on order completion. Order management and provisioning applications fall into this category. The key functionalities provided by these applications are · Issuing new customer orders, modifying open customer orders, or canceling open customer orders; · Verifying whether specific non-standard offerings sought by customers are feasible and supportable; · Checking the credit worthiness of customers as part of the customer order process; · Testing the completed offering to ensure it is working correctly; · Updating of the Customer Inventory Database to reflect that the specific product offering has been allocated, modified, or cancelled; · Assigning and tracking customer provisioning activities; · Managing customer provisioning jeopardy conditions; and · Reporting progress on customer orders and other processes to customer. These applications typically get orders from CRM systems. They interact with network elements and billing systems for fulfillment of orders. 5. Enterprise Management This process area includes those processes that manage enterprise-wide activities and needs, or have application within the enterprise as a whole. They encompass all business management processes that · Are necessary to support the whole of the enterprise, including processes for financial management, legal management, regulatory management, process, cost, and quality management, etc.; · Are responsible for setting corporate policies, strategies, and directions, and for providing guidelines and targets for the whole of the business, including strategy development and planning for areas, such as Enterprise Architecture, that are integral to the direction and development of the business; · Occur throughout the enterprise, including processes for project management, performance assessments, cost assessments, etc. (i) Enterprise Risk Management: Enterprise Risk Management focuses on assuring that risks and threats to the enterprise value and/or reputation are identified, and appropriate controls are in place to minimize or eliminate the identified risks. The identified risks may be physical or logical/virtual. Successful risk management ensures that the enterprise can support its mission critical operations, processes, applications, and communications in the face of serious incidents such as security threats/violations and fraud attempts. Two key areas covered in Risk Management by telecom operators are: · Revenue Assurance: Revenue assurance system will be responsible for identifying revenue loss scenarios across components/systems, and will help in rectifying the problems. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Revenue Assurance system in the end-to-end solution. o Identify all usage information dropped when networks are being upgraded. o Interconnect bill verification. o Identify where services are routinely provisioned but never billed. o Identify poor sales policies that are intensifying collections problems. o Find leakage where usage is sent to error bucket and never billed for. o Find leakage where field service, CRM, and network build-out are not optimized. · Fraud Management: Involves collecting data from different systems to identify abnormalities in traffic patterns, usage patterns, and subscription patterns to report suspicious activity that might suggest fraudulent usage of resources, resulting in revenue losses to the operator. The key roles and responsibilities of the system component are as follows: o Fraud management system will capture and monitor high usage (over a certain threshold) in terms of duration, value, and number of calls for each subscriber. The threshold for each subscriber is decided by the system and fixed automatically. o Fraud management will be able to detect the unauthorized access to services for certain subscribers. These subscribers may have been provided unauthorized services by employees. The component will raise the alert to the operator the very first time of such illegal calls or calls which are not billed. o The solution will be to have an alarm management system that will deliver alarms to the operator/provider whenever it detects a fraud, thus minimizing fraud by catching it the first time it occurs. o The Fraud Management system will be capable of interfacing with switches, mediation systems, and billing systems (ii) Knowledge Management This process focuses on knowledge management, technology research within the enterprise, and the evaluation of potential technology acquisitions. Key responsibilities of knowledge base management are to · Maintain knowledge base – Creation and updating of knowledge base on ongoing basis. · Search knowledge base – Search of knowledge base on keywords or category browse · Maintain metadata – Management of metadata on knowledge base to ensure effective management and search. · Run report generator. · Provide content – Add content to the knowledge base, e.g., user guides, operational manual, etc. (iii) Document Management It focuses on maintaining a repository of all electronic documents or images of paper documents relevant to the enterprise using a system. (iv) Data Management It manages data as a valuable resource for any enterprise. For telecom enterprises, the typical areas covered are Master Data Management, Data Warehousing, and Business Intelligence. It is also responsible for data governance, security, quality, and database management. Key responsibilities of Data Management are · Using ETL, extract the data from CRM, Billing, web content, ERP, campaign management, financial, network operations, asset management info, customer contact data, customer measures, benchmarks, process data, e.g., process inputs, outputs, and measures, into Enterprise Data Warehouse. · Management of data traceability with source, data related business rules/decisions, data quality, data cleansing data reconciliation, competitors data – storage for all the enterprise data (customer profiles, products, offers, revenues, etc.) · Get online update through night time replication or physical backup process at regular frequency. · Provide the data access to business intelligence and other systems for their analysis, report generation, and use. (v) Business Intelligence It uses the Enterprise Data to provide the various analysis and reports that contain prospects and analytics for customer retention, acquisition of new customers due to the offers, and SLAs. It will generate right and optimized plans – bolt-ons for the customers. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Business Intelligence system at the Enterprise Level: · It will do Pattern analysis and reports problem. · It will do Data Analysis – Statistical analysis, data profiling, affinity analysis of data, customer segment wise usage patterns on offers, products, service and revenue generation against services and customer segments. · It will do Performance (business, system, and forecast) analysis, churn propensity, response time, and SLAs analysis. · It will support for online and offline analysis, and report drill down capability. · It will collect, store, and report various SLA data. · It will provide the necessary intelligence for marketing and working on campaigns, etc., with cost benefit analysis and predictions. It will advise on customer promotions with additional services based on loyalty and credit history of customer · It will Interface with Enterprise Data Management system for data to run reports and analysis tasks. It will interface with the campaign schedules, based on historical success evidence. (vi) Stakeholder and External Relations Management It manages the enterprise's relationship with stakeholders and outside entities. Stakeholders include shareholders, employee organizations, etc. Outside entities include regulators, local community, and unions. Some of the processes within this grouping are Shareholder Relations, External Affairs, Labor Relations, and Public Relations. (vii) Enterprise Resource Planning It is used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the enterprise and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise wide system environment. The key roles and responsibilities for Enterprise System are given below: · It will handle responsibilities such as core accounting, financial, and management reporting. · It will interface with CRM for capturing customer account and details. · It will interface with billing to capture the billing revenue and other financial data. · It will be responsible for executing the dunning process. Billing will send the required feed to ERP for execution of dunning. · It will interface with the CRM and Billing through batch interfaces. Enterprise management systems are like horizontals in the enterprise and typically interact with all major telecom systems. E.g., an ERP system interacts with CRM, Fulfillment, and Billing systems for different kinds of data exchanges. 6. External Interfaces/Touch Points The typical external parties are customers, suppliers/partners, employees, shareholders, and other stakeholders. External interactions from/to a Service Provider to other parties can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, including: · Exchange of emails or faxes · Call Centers · Web Portals · Business-to-Business (B2B) automated transactions These applications provide an Internet technology driven interface to external parties to undertake a variety of business functions directly for themselves. These can provide fully or partially automated service to external parties through various touch points. Typical characteristics of these touch points are · Pre-integrated self-service system, including stand-alone web framework or integration front end with a portal engine · Self services layer exposing atomic web services/APIs for reuse by multiple systems across the architectural environment · Portlets driven connectivity exposing data and services interoperability through a portal engine or web application These touch points mostly interact with the CRM systems for requests, inquiries, and responses. 7. Middleware The component will be primarily responsible for integrating the different systems components under a common platform. It should provide a Standards-Based Platform for building Service Oriented Architecture and Composite Applications. The following lists the high-level roles and responsibilities executed by the Middleware component in the end-to-end solution. · As an integration framework, covering to and fro interfaces · Provide a web service framework with service registry. · Support SOA framework with SOA service registry. · Each of the interfaces from / to Middleware to other components would handle data transformation, translation, and mapping of data points. · Receive data from the caller / activate and/or forward the data to the recipient system in XML format. · Use standard XML for data exchange. · Provide the response back to the service/call initiator. · Provide a tracking until the response completion. · Keep a store transitional data against each call/transaction. · Interface through Middleware to get any information that is possible and allowed from the existing systems to enterprise systems; e.g., customer profile and customer history, etc. · Provide the data in a common unified format to the SOA calls across systems, and follow the Enterprise Architecture directive. · Provide an audit trail for all transactions being handled by the component. 8. Network Elements The term Network Element means a facility or equipment used in the provision of a telecommunications service. Such terms also includes features, functions, and capabilities that are provided by means of such facility or equipment, including subscriber numbers, databases, signaling systems, and information sufficient for billing and collection or used in the transmission, routing, or other provision of a telecommunications service. Typical network elements in a GSM network are Home Location Register (HLR), Intelligent Network (IN), Mobile Switching Center (MSC), SMS Center (SMSC), and network elements for other value added services like Push-to-talk (PTT), Ring Back Tone (RBT), etc. Network elements are invoked when subscribers use their telecom devices for any kind of usage. These elements generate usage data and pass it on to downstream systems like mediation and billing system for rating and billing. They also integrate with provisioning systems for order/service fulfillment. 9. 3rd Party Applications 3rd Party systems are applications like content providers, payment gateways, point of sale terminals, and databases/applications maintained by the Government. Depending on applicability and the type of functionality provided by 3rd party applications, the integration with different telecom systems like CRM, provisioning, and billing will be done. 10. Service Delivery Platform A service delivery platform (SDP) provides the architecture for the rapid deployment, provisioning, execution, management, and billing of value added telecom services. SDPs are based on the concept of SOA and layered architecture. They support the delivery of voice, data services, and content in network and device-independent fashion. They allow application developers to aggregate network capabilities, services, and sources of content. SDPs typically contain layers for web services exposure, service application development, and network abstraction. SOA Reference Architecture SOA concept is based on the principle of developing reusable business service and building applications by composing those services, instead of building monolithic applications in silos. It’s about bridging the gap between business and IT through a set of business-aligned IT services, using a set of design principles, patterns, and techniques. In an SOA, resources are made available to participants in a value net, enterprise, line of business (typically spanning multiple applications within an enterprise or across multiple enterprises). It consists of a set of business-aligned IT services that collectively fulfill an organization’s business processes and goals. We can choreograph these services into composite applications and invoke them through standard protocols. SOA, apart from agility and reusability, enables: · The business to specify processes as orchestrations of reusable services · Technology agnostic business design, with technology hidden behind service interface · A contractual-like interaction between business and IT, based on service SLAs · Accountability and governance, better aligned to business services · Applications interconnections untangling by allowing access only through service interfaces, reducing the daunting side effects of change · Reduced pressure to replace legacy and extended lifetime for legacy applications, through encapsulation in services · A Cloud Computing paradigm, using web services technologies, that makes possible service outsourcing on an on-demand, utility-like, pay-per-usage basis The following section represents the Reference Architecture of logical view for the Telecom Solution. The new custom built application needs to align with this logical architecture in the long run to achieve EA benefits. Packaged implementation applications, such as ERP billing applications, need to expose their functions as service providers (as other applications consume) and interact with other applications as service consumers. COT applications need to expose services through wrappers such as adapters to utilize existing resources and at the same time achieve Enterprise Architecture goal and objectives. The following are the various layers for Enterprise level deployment of SOA. This diagram captures the abstract view of Enterprise SOA layers and important components of each layer. Layered architecture means decomposition of services such that most interactions occur between adjacent layers. However, there is no strict rule that top layers should not directly communicate with bottom layers. The diagram below represents the important logical pieces that would result from overall SOA transformation. @font-face { font-family: "Arial"; }@font-face { font-family: "Courier New"; }@font-face { font-family: "Wingdings"; }@font-face { font-family: "Cambria"; }p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: rgb(79, 129, 189); font-weight: bold; }p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast { margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }ol { margin-bottom: 0cm; }ul { margin-bottom: 0cm; } Figure 3. Enterprise SOA Reference Architecture 1. Operational System Layer: This layer consists of all packaged applications like CRM, ERP, custom built applications, COTS based applications like Billing, Revenue Management, Fulfilment, and the Enterprise databases that are essential and contribute directly or indirectly to the Enterprise OSS/BSS Transformation. ERP holds the data of Asset Lifecycle Management, Supply Chain, and Advanced Procurement and Human Capital Management, etc. CRM holds the data related to Order, Sales, and Marketing, Customer Care, Partner Relationship Management, Loyalty, etc. Content Management handles Enterprise Search and Query. Billing application consists of the following components: · Collections Management, Customer Billing Management, Invoices, Real-Time Rating, Discounting, and Applying of Charges · Enterprise databases will hold both the application and service data, whether structured or unstructured. MDM - Master data majorly consists of Customer, Order, Product, and Service Data. 2. Enterprise Component Layer: This layer consists of the Application Services and Common Services that are responsible for realizing the functionality and maintaining the QoS of the exposed services. This layer uses container-based technologies such as application servers to implement the components, workload management, high availability, and load balancing. Application Services: This Service Layer enables application, technology, and database abstraction so that the complex accessing logic is hidden from the other service layers. This is a basic service layer, which exposes application functionalities and data as reusable services. The three types of the Application access services are: · Application Access Service: This Service Layer exposes application level functionalities as a reusable service between BSS to BSS and BSS to OSS integration. This layer is enabled using disparate technology such as Web Service, Integration Servers, and Adaptors, etc. · Data Access Service: This Service Layer exposes application data services as a reusable reference data service. This is done via direct interaction with application data. and provides the federated query. · Network Access Service: This Service Layer exposes provisioning layer as a reusable service from OSS to OSS integration. This integration service emphasizes the need for high performance, stateless process flows, and distributed design. Common Services encompasses management of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data such as information services, portal services, interaction services, infrastructure services, and security services, etc. 3. Integration Layer: This consists of service infrastructure components like service bus, service gateway for partner integration, service registry, service repository, and BPEL processor. Service bus will carry the service invocation payloads/messages between consumers and providers. The other important functions expected from it are itinerary based routing, distributed caching of routing information, transformations, and all qualities of service for messaging-like reliability, scalability, and availability, etc. Service registry will hold all contracts (wsdl) of services, and it helps developers to locate or discover service during design time or runtime. • BPEL processor would be useful in orchestrating the services to compose a complex business scenario or process. • Workflow and business rules management are also required to support manual triggering of certain activities within business process. based on the rules setup and also the state machine information. Application, data, and service mediation layer typically forms the overall composite application development framework or SOA Framework. 4. Business Process Layer: These are typically the intermediate services layer and represent Shared Business Process Services. At Enterprise Level, these services are from Customer Management, Order Management, Billing, Finance, and Asset Management application domains. 5. Access Layer: This layer consists of portals for Enterprise and provides a single view of Enterprise information management and dashboard services. 6. Channel Layer: This consists of various devices; applications that form part of extended enterprise; browsers through which users access the applications. 7. Client Layer: This designates the different types of users accessing the enterprise applications. The type of user typically would be an important factor in determining the level of access to applications. 8. Vertical pieces like management, monitoring, security, and development cut across all horizontal layers Management and monitoring involves all aspects of SOA-like services, SLAs, and other QoS lifecycle processes for both applications and services surrounding SOA governance. 9. EA Governance, Reference Architecture, Roadmap, Principles, and Best Practices: EA Governance is important in terms of providing the overall direction to SOA implementation within the enterprise. This involves board-level involvement, in addition to business and IT executives. At a high level, this involves managing the SOA projects implementation, managing SOA infrastructure, and controlling the entire effort through all fine-tuned IT processes in accordance with COBIT (Control Objectives for Information Technology). Devising tools and techniques to promote reuse culture, and the SOA way of doing things needs competency centers to be established in addition to training the workforce to take up new roles that are suited to SOA journey. Conclusions Reference Architectures can serve as the basis for disparate architecture efforts throughout the organization, even if they use different tools and technologies. Reference architectures provide best practices and approaches in the independent way a vendor deals with technology and standards. Reference Architectures model the abstract architectural elements for an enterprise independent of the technologies, protocols, and products that are used to implement an SOA. Telecom enterprises today are facing significant business and technology challenges due to growing competition, a multitude of services, and convergence. Adopting architectural best practices could go a long way in meeting these challenges. The use of SOA-based architecture for communication to each of the external systems like Billing, CRM, etc., in OSS/BSS system has made the architecture very loosely coupled, with greater flexibility. Any change in the external systems would be absorbed at the Integration Layer without affecting the rest of the ecosystem. The use of a Business Process Management (BPM) tool makes the management and maintenance of the business processes easy, with better performance in terms of lead time, quality, and cost. Since the Architecture is based on standards, it will lower the cost of deploying and managing OSS/BSS applications over their lifecycles.

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EXC_BAD_ACCESS and KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS after intiating a print sequence.

- by Edward M. Bergmann

MAC G4/1.5GHz/2GB/1TB+ OS10.4.11 Start up Volume has been erased/complete reinstall with updated software. Current problem only occurs when printing to an Epson Artisan 800 [USB as well as Ethernet connected] when using Macromedia FreeHand 10.0.1.67. All other apps/printers work fine. Memory has been removed/swapped/reinstalled several times, CPU was changed from 1.5GB to 1.3GB. Page(s) will print, but application quits within a second or two after selecting "print." Apple has never replied, Epson hasn't a clue, and I am befuddled!! Perhaps there is GURU out their who and see a bigger-better picture and understands how to interpret all of this stuff. If so, it would be a terrific pleasure to get a handle on how to cure this problem or get some A M M U N I T I O N to fire in the right direction. I thank you in advance. FreeHand 10 MAC OS10.4.11 unexpectedly quits after invoking a print command, the result: Date/Time: 2010-04-20 14:23:18.371 -0700 OS Version: 10.4.11 (Build 8S165) Report Version: 4 Command: FreeHand 10 Path: /Applications/Macromedia FreeHand 10.0.1.67/FreeHand 10 Parent: WindowServer [1060] Version: 10.0.1.67 (10.0.1.67, Copyright © 1988-2002 Macromedia Inc. and its licensors. All rights reserved.) PID: 1217 Thread: 0 Exception: EXC_BAD_ACCESS (0x0001) Codes: KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS (0x0001) at 0x07d7e000 Thread 0 Crashed: 0 <<00000000>> 0xffff8a60 __memcpy + 704 (cpu_capabilities.h:189) 1 FreeHand X 0x011d2994 0x1008000 + 1878420 2 FreeHand X 0x01081da4 0x1008000 + 499108 3 FreeHand X 0x010f5474 0x1008000 + 971892 4 FreeHand X 0x010d0278 0x1008000 + 819832 5 FreeHand X 0x010fa808 0x1008000 + 993288 6 FreeHand X 0x01113608 0x1008000 + 1095176 7 FreeHand X 0x01113748 0x1008000 + 1095496 8 FreeHand X 0x01099ebc 0x1008000 + 597692 9 FreeHand X 0x010fa358 0x1008000 + 992088 10 FreeHand X 0x010fa170 0x1008000 + 991600 11 FreeHand X 0x010f9830 0x1008000 + 989232 12 FreeHand X 0x01098678 0x1008000 + 591480 13 FreeHand X 0x010f7a5c 0x1008000 + 981596 Thread 1: 0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x90005dec syscall + 12 1 com.apple.OpenTransport 0x9ad015a0 BSD_waitevent + 44 2 com.apple.OpenTransport 0x9ad06360 CarbonSelectThreadFunc + 176 3 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96 Thread 2: 0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002bfc8 semaphore_wait_signal_trap + 8 1 libSystem.B.dylib 0x90030aac pthread_cond_wait + 480 2 com.apple.OpenTransport 0x9ad01e94 CarbonOperationThreadFunc + 80 3 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96 Thread 3: 0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002bfc8 semaphore_wait_signal_trap + 8 1 libSystem.B.dylib 0x90030aac pthread_cond_wait + 480 2 com.apple.OpenTransport 0x9ad11df0 CarbonInetOperThreadFunc + 80 3 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96 Thread 4: 0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x90053f88 semaphore_timedwait_signal_trap + 8 1 libSystem.B.dylib 0x900707e8 pthread_cond_timedwait_relative_np + 556 2 ...ple.CoreServices.CarbonCore 0x90bf9330 TSWaitOnSemaphoreCommon + 176 3 ...ple.CoreServices.CarbonCore 0x90c012d0 TimerThread + 60 4 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96 Thread 5: 0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9001f48c select + 12 1 com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x907f1240 __CFSocketManager + 472 2 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96 Thread 6: 0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002188c access + 12 1 ...e.print.framework.PrintCore 0x9169a620 CreateProxyURL(__CFURL const*) + 192 2 ...e.print.framework.PrintCore 0x9169a4f8 CreateOriginalPrinterProxyURL() + 80 3 ...e.print.framework.PrintCore 0x9169a034 CheckPrinterProxyVersion(OpaquePMPrinter*, __CFURL const*) + 192 4 ...e.print.framework.PrintCore 0x91699d94 PJCPrinterProxyCreateURL + 932 5 ...e.print.framework.PrintCore 0x916997bc PJCLaunchPrinterProxy(OpaquePMPrinter*, PMLaunchPCReason) + 32 6 ...e.print.framework.PrintCore 0x91699730 PJCLaunchPrinterProxyThread(void*) + 136 7 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96 Thread 0 crashed with PPC Thread State 64: srr0: 0x00000000ffff8a60 srr1: 0x000000000200f030 vrsave: 0x00000000ff000000 cr: 0x24002244 xer: 0x0000000020000002 lr: 0x00000000011d2994 ctr: 0x00000000000003f6 r0: 0x0000000000000000 r1: 0x00000000bfffea60 r2: 0x0000000000000000 r3: 0x00000000083bb000 r4: 0x00000000083c0040 r5: 0x0000000000014d84 r6: 0x0000000000000010 r7: 0x0000000000000020 r8: 0x0000000000000030 r9: 0x0000000000000000 r10: 0x0000000000000060 r11: 0x0000000000000080 r12: 0x0000000007d7e000 r13: 0x0000000000000000 r14: 0x00000000005cbd26 r15: 0x0000000000000001 r16: 0x00000000017b03a0 r17: 0x0000000000000000 r18: 0x000000000068fa80 r19: 0x0000000000000001 r20: 0x0000000006c639c4 r21: 0x00000000006900f8 r22: 0x0000000006e09480 r23: 0x0000000006e0a250 r24: 0x0000000000000002 r25: 0x0000000000000000 r26: 0x00000000bfffed2c r27: 0x0000000006e05ce0 r28: 0x0000000000014d84 r29: 0x0000000000000000 r30: 0x0000000000014d84 r31: 0x00000000083bb000 Binary Images Description: 0x1000 - 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0x942b9fff com.apple.audio.toolbox.AudioToolbox 1.4.7 /System/Library/Frameworks/AudioToolbox.framework/Versions/A/AudioToolbox 0x9430c000 - 0x9430cfff com.apple.audio.units.AudioUnit 1.4 /System/Library/Frameworks/AudioUnit.framework/Versions/A/AudioUnit 0x9430e000 - 0x944cefff com.apple.QuartzCore 1.4.12 /System/Library/Frameworks/QuartzCore.framework/Versions/A/QuartzCore 0x94518000 - 0x94555fff libsqlite3.0.dylib /usr/lib/libsqlite3.0.dylib 0x9455d000 - 0x945adfff libGLImage.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/Versions/A/Libraries/libGLImage.dylib 0x945b6000 - 0x945cffff com.apple.CoreVideo 1.4.2 /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreVideo.framework/Versions/A/CoreVideo 0x9477d000 - 0x9478cfff libCGATS.A.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreGraphics.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libCGATS.A.dylib 0x94794000 - 0x947a1fff libCSync.A.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreGraphics.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libCSync.A.dylib 0x947a7000 - 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0x9505afff libssl.0.9.7.dylib /usr/lib/libssl.0.9.7.dylib 0x9506a000 - 0x95087fff libresolv.9.dylib /usr/lib/libresolv.9.dylib 0x9acff000 - 0x9ad1dfff com.apple.OpenTransport 2.0 /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/OpenTransport.framework/OpenTransport 0x9ad98000 - 0x9ad99fff com.apple.iokit.dvcomponentglue 1.7.9 /System/Library/Frameworks/DVComponentGlue.framework/Versions/A/DVComponentGlue 0x9b1db000 - 0x9b1f2fff libCFilter.A.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreGraphics.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libCFilter.A.dylib 0x9c69b000 - 0x9c6bdfff libmx.A.dylib /usr/lib/libmx.A.dylib 0xeab00000 - 0xeab25fff libConverter.dylib /System/Library/Printers/Libraries/libConverter.dylib Model: PowerMac3,1, BootROM 4.2.8f1, 1 processors, PowerPC G4 (3.3), 1.3 GHz, 2 GB Graphics: ATI Radeon 7500, ATY,RV200, AGP, 32 MB Memory Module: DIMM0/J21, 512 MB, SDRAM, PC133-333 Memory Module: DIMM1/J22, 512 MB, SDRAM, PC133-333 Memory Module: DIMM2/J23, 512 MB, SDRAM, PC133-333 Memory Module: DIMM3/J24, 512 MB, SDRAM, PC133-333 Modem: Spring, UCJ, V.90, 3.0F, APPLE VERSION 0001, 4/7/1999 Network Service: Built-in Ethernet, Ethernet, en0 PCI Card: SeriTek/1V2E2 v.5.1.3,11/22/05, 23:47:18, ata, SLOT-B PCI Card: pci-bridge, pci, SLOT-C PCI Card: firewire, ieee1394, 2x8 PCI Card: usb, usb, 2x9 PCI Card: usb, usb, 2x9 PCI Card: pcie55,2928, 2x9 PCI Card: ATTO,ExpressPCIPro, scsi, SLOT-D Parallel ATA Device: MATSHITADVD-ROM SR-8585 Parallel ATA Device: IOMEGA ZIP 100 ATAPI USB Device: Hub, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: Hub, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: USB2.0 Hub, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: iMic USB audio system, Griffin Technology, Inc, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: USB Storage Device, Generic, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: USB2.0 MFP, EPSON, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: DYMO LabelWriter Twin Turbo, DYMO, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: USB 2.0 CD + HDD, DMI, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: USB2.0 Hub, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: USB2.0 Hub, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: iMate, USB To ADB Adaptor, Griffin Technology, Inc., Up to 1.5 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: Hub in Apple Pro Keyboard, Alps Electric, Up to 12 Mb/sec, 500 mA USB Device: Griffin PowerMate, Griffin Technology, Inc., Up to 1.5 Mb/sec, 100 mA

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How to use onSensorChanged sensor data in combination with OpenGL

- by Sponge

I have written a TestSuite to find out how to calculate the rotation angles from the data you get in SensorEventListener.onSensorChanged(). I really hope you can complete my solution to help people who will have the same problems like me. Here is the code, i think you will understand it after reading it. Feel free to change it, the main idea was to implement several methods to send the orientation angles to the opengl view or any other target which would need it. method 1 to 4 are working, they are directly sending the rotationMatrix to the OpenGl view. all other methods are not working or buggy and i hope someone knows to get them working. i think the best method would be method 5 if it would work, because it would be the easiest to understand but i'm not sure how efficient it is. the complete code isn't optimized so i recommend to not use it as it is in your project. here it is: import java.nio.ByteBuffer; import java.nio.ByteOrder; import java.nio.FloatBuffer; import javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGL10; import javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGLConfig; import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10; import static javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10.*; import android.app.Activity; import android.content.Context; import android.content.pm.ActivityInfo; import android.hardware.Sensor; import android.hardware.SensorEvent; import android.hardware.SensorEventListener; import android.hardware.SensorManager; import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView; import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView.Renderer; import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Log; import android.view.WindowManager; /** * This class provides a basic demonstration of how to use the * {@link android.hardware.SensorManager SensorManager} API to draw a 3D * compass. */ public class SensorToOpenGlTests extends Activity implements Renderer, SensorEventListener { private static final boolean TRY_TRANSPOSED_VERSION = false; /* * MODUS overview: * * 1 - unbufferd data directly transfaired from the rotation matrix to the * modelview matrix * * 2 - buffered version of 1 where both acceleration and magnetometer are * buffered * * 3 - buffered version of 1 where only magnetometer is buffered * * 4 - buffered version of 1 where only acceleration is buffered * * 5 - uses the orientation sensor and sets the angles how to rotate the * camera with glrotate() * * 6 - uses the rotation matrix to calculate the angles * * 7 to 12 - every possibility how the rotationMatrix could be constructed * in SensorManager.getRotationMatrix (see * http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_anglestoaxes.html#anglestoaxes for all * possibilities) */ private static int MODUS = 2; private GLSurfaceView openglView; private FloatBuffer vertexBuffer; private ByteBuffer indexBuffer; private FloatBuffer colorBuffer; private SensorManager mSensorManager; private float[] rotationMatrix = new float[16]; private float[] accelGData = new float[3]; private float[] bufferedAccelGData = new float[3]; private float[] magnetData = new float[3]; private float[] bufferedMagnetData = new float[3]; private float[] orientationData = new float[3]; // private float[] mI = new float[16]; private float[] resultingAngles = new float[3]; private int mCount; final static float rad2deg = (float) (180.0f / Math.PI); private boolean mirrorOnBlueAxis = false; private boolean landscape; public SensorToOpenGlTests() { } /** Called with the activity is first created. */ @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); mSensorManager = (SensorManager) getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE); openglView = new GLSurfaceView(this); openglView.setRenderer(this); setContentView(openglView); } @Override protected void onResume() { // Ideally a game should implement onResume() and onPause() // to take appropriate action when the activity looses focus super.onResume(); openglView.onResume(); if (((WindowManager) getSystemService(WINDOW_SERVICE)) .getDefaultDisplay().getOrientation() == 1) { landscape = true; } else { landscape = false; } mSensorManager.registerListener(this, mSensorManager .getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER), SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); mSensorManager.registerListener(this, mSensorManager .getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD), SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); mSensorManager.registerListener(this, mSensorManager .getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION), SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); } @Override protected void onPause() { // Ideally a game should implement onResume() and onPause() // to take appropriate action when the activity looses focus super.onPause(); openglView.onPause(); mSensorManager.unregisterListener(this); } public int[] getConfigSpec() { // We want a depth buffer, don't care about the // details of the color buffer. int[] configSpec = { EGL10.EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, 16, EGL10.EGL_NONE }; return configSpec; } public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { // clear screen and color buffer: gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL10.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // set target matrix to modelview matrix: gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_MODELVIEW); // init modelview matrix: gl.glLoadIdentity(); // move camera away a little bit: if ((MODUS == 1) || (MODUS == 2) || (MODUS == 3) || (MODUS == 4)) { if (landscape) { // in landscape mode first remap the rotationMatrix before using // it with glMultMatrixf: float[] result = new float[16]; SensorManager.remapCoordinateSystem(rotationMatrix, SensorManager.AXIS_Y, SensorManager.AXIS_MINUS_X, result); gl.glMultMatrixf(result, 0); } else { gl.glMultMatrixf(rotationMatrix, 0); } } else { //in all other modes do the rotation by hand: gl.glRotatef(resultingAngles[1], 1, 0, 0); gl.glRotatef(resultingAngles[2], 0, 1, 0); gl.glRotatef(resultingAngles[0], 0, 0, 1); if (mirrorOnBlueAxis) { //this is needed for mode 6 to work gl.glScalef(1, 1, -1); } } //move the axis to simulate augmented behaviour: gl.glTranslatef(0, 2, 0); // draw the 3 axis on the screen: gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertexBuffer); gl.glColorPointer(4, GL_FLOAT, 0, colorBuffer); gl.glDrawElements(GL_LINES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, indexBuffer); } public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int width, int height) { gl.glViewport(0, 0, width, height); float r = (float) width / height; gl.glMatrixMode(GL10.GL_PROJECTION); gl.glLoadIdentity(); gl.glFrustumf(-r, r, -1, 1, 1, 10); } public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 gl, EGLConfig config) { gl.glDisable(GL10.GL_DITHER); gl.glClearColor(1, 1, 1, 1); gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE); gl.glShadeModel(GL10.GL_SMOOTH); gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_DEPTH_TEST); gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_COLOR_ARRAY); // load the 3 axis and there colors: float vertices[] = { 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 }; float colors[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 }; byte indices[] = { 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3 }; ByteBuffer vbb; vbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(vertices.length * 4); vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); vertexBuffer = vbb.asFloatBuffer(); vertexBuffer.put(vertices); vertexBuffer.position(0); vbb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(colors.length * 4); vbb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()); colorBuffer = vbb.asFloatBuffer(); colorBuffer.put(colors); colorBuffer.position(0); indexBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(indices.length); indexBuffer.put(indices); indexBuffer.position(0); } public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) { } public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) { // load the new values: loadNewSensorData(event); if (MODUS == 1) { SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, magnetData); } if (MODUS == 2) { rootMeanSquareBuffer(bufferedAccelGData, accelGData); rootMeanSquareBuffer(bufferedMagnetData, magnetData); SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, bufferedAccelGData, bufferedMagnetData); } if (MODUS == 3) { rootMeanSquareBuffer(bufferedMagnetData, magnetData); SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, bufferedMagnetData); } if (MODUS == 4) { rootMeanSquareBuffer(bufferedAccelGData, accelGData); SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, bufferedAccelGData, magnetData); } if (MODUS == 5) { // this mode uses the sensor data recieved from the orientation // sensor resultingAngles = orientationData.clone(); if ((-90 > resultingAngles[1]) || (resultingAngles[1] > 90)) { resultingAngles[1] = orientationData[0]; resultingAngles[2] = orientationData[1]; resultingAngles[0] = orientationData[2]; } } if (MODUS == 6) { SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, magnetData); final float[] anglesInRadians = new float[3]; SensorManager.getOrientation(rotationMatrix, anglesInRadians); if ((-90 < anglesInRadians[2] * rad2deg) && (anglesInRadians[2] * rad2deg < 90)) { // device camera is looking on the floor // this hemisphere is working fine mirrorOnBlueAxis = false; resultingAngles[0] = anglesInRadians[0] * rad2deg; resultingAngles[1] = anglesInRadians[1] * rad2deg; resultingAngles[2] = anglesInRadians[2] * -rad2deg; } else { mirrorOnBlueAxis = true; // device camera is looking in the sky // this hemisphere is mirrored at the blue axis resultingAngles[0] = (anglesInRadians[0] * rad2deg); resultingAngles[1] = (anglesInRadians[1] * rad2deg); resultingAngles[2] = (anglesInRadians[2] * rad2deg); } } if (MODUS == 7) { SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, magnetData); rotationMatrix = transpose(rotationMatrix); /* * this assumes that the rotation matrices are multiplied in x y z * order Rx*Ry*Rz */ resultingAngles[2] = (float) (Math.asin(rotationMatrix[2])); final float cosB = (float) Math.cos(resultingAngles[2]); resultingAngles[2] = resultingAngles[2] * rad2deg; resultingAngles[0] = -(float) (Math.acos(rotationMatrix[0] / cosB)) * rad2deg; resultingAngles[1] = (float) (Math.acos(rotationMatrix[10] / cosB)) * rad2deg; } if (MODUS == 8) { SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, magnetData); rotationMatrix = transpose(rotationMatrix); /* * this assumes that the rotation matrices are multiplied in z y x */ resultingAngles[2] = (float) (Math.asin(-rotationMatrix[8])); final float cosB = (float) Math.cos(resultingAngles[2]); resultingAngles[2] = resultingAngles[2] * rad2deg; resultingAngles[1] = (float) (Math.acos(rotationMatrix[9] / cosB)) * rad2deg; resultingAngles[0] = (float) (Math.asin(rotationMatrix[4] / cosB)) * rad2deg; } if (MODUS == 9) { SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, magnetData); rotationMatrix = transpose(rotationMatrix); /* * this assumes that the rotation matrices are multiplied in z x y * * note z axis looks good at this one */ resultingAngles[1] = (float) (Math.asin(rotationMatrix[9])); final float minusCosA = -(float) Math.cos(resultingAngles[1]); resultingAngles[1] = resultingAngles[1] * rad2deg; resultingAngles[2] = (float) (Math.asin(rotationMatrix[8] / minusCosA)) * rad2deg; resultingAngles[0] = (float) (Math.asin(rotationMatrix[1] / minusCosA)) * rad2deg; } if (MODUS == 10) { SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, magnetData); rotationMatrix = transpose(rotationMatrix); /* * this assumes that the rotation matrices are multiplied in y x z */ resultingAngles[1] = (float) (Math.asin(-rotationMatrix[6])); final float cosA = (float) Math.cos(resultingAngles[1]); resultingAngles[1] = resultingAngles[1] * rad2deg; resultingAngles[2] = (float) (Math.asin(rotationMatrix[2] / cosA)) * rad2deg; resultingAngles[0] = (float) (Math.acos(rotationMatrix[5] / cosA)) * rad2deg; } if (MODUS == 11) { SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, magnetData); rotationMatrix = transpose(rotationMatrix); /* * this assumes that the rotation matrices are multiplied in y z x */ resultingAngles[0] = (float) (Math.asin(rotationMatrix[4])); final float cosC = (float) Math.cos(resultingAngles[0]); resultingAngles[0] = resultingAngles[0] * rad2deg; resultingAngles[2] = (float) (Math.acos(rotationMatrix[0] / cosC)) * rad2deg; resultingAngles[1] = (float) (Math.acos(rotationMatrix[5] / cosC)) * rad2deg; } if (MODUS == 12) { SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(rotationMatrix, null, accelGData, magnetData); rotationMatrix = transpose(rotationMatrix); /* * this assumes that the rotation matrices are multiplied in x z y */ resultingAngles[0] = (float) (Math.asin(-rotationMatrix[1])); final float cosC = (float) Math.cos(resultingAngles[0]); resultingAngles[0] = resultingAngles[0] * rad2deg; resultingAngles[2] = (float) (Math.acos(rotationMatrix[0] / cosC)) * rad2deg; resultingAngles[1] = (float) (Math.acos(rotationMatrix[5] / cosC)) * rad2deg; } logOutput(); } /** * transposes the matrix because it was transposted (inverted, but here its * the same, because its a rotation matrix) to be used for opengl * * @param source * @return */ private float[] transpose(float[] source) { final float[] result = source.clone(); if (TRY_TRANSPOSED_VERSION) { result[1] = source[4]; result[2] = source[8]; result[4] = source[1]; result[6] = source[9]; result[8] = source[2]; result[9] = source[6]; } // the other values in the matrix are not relevant for rotations return result; } private void rootMeanSquareBuffer(float[] target, float[] values) { final float amplification = 200.0f; float buffer = 20.0f; target[0] += amplification; target[1] += amplification; target[2] += amplification; values[0] += amplification; values[1] += amplification; values[2] += amplification; target[0] = (float) (Math .sqrt((target[0] * target[0] * buffer + values[0] * values[0]) / (1 + buffer))); target[1] = (float) (Math .sqrt((target[1] * target[1] * buffer + values[1] * values[1]) / (1 + buffer))); target[2] = (float) (Math .sqrt((target[2] * target[2] * buffer + values[2] * values[2]) / (1 + buffer))); target[0] -= amplification; target[1] -= amplification; target[2] -= amplification; values[0] -= amplification; values[1] -= amplification; values[2] -= amplification; } private void loadNewSensorData(SensorEvent event) { final int type = event.sensor.getType(); if (type == Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER) { accelGData = event.values.clone(); } if (type == Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD) { magnetData = event.values.clone(); } if (type == Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION) { orientationData = event.values.clone(); } } private void logOutput() { if (mCount++ > 30) { mCount = 0; Log.d("Compass", "yaw0: " + (int) (resultingAngles[0]) + " pitch1: " + (int) (resultingAngles[1]) + " roll2: " + (int) (resultingAngles[2])); } } }

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Simple Self Join Query Bad Performance

- by user1514042

Could anyone advice on how do I improve the performance of the following query. Note, the problem seems to be caused by where clause. Data (table contains a huge set of rows - 500K+, the set of parameters it's called with assums the return of 2-5K records per query, which takes 8-10 minutes currently): USE [SomeDb] GO SET ANSI_NULLS ON GO SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON GO CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Data]( [x] [money] NOT NULL, [y] [money] NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT [PK_Data] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [x] ASC )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY] ) ON [PRIMARY] GO The Query select top 10000 s.x as sx, e.x as ex, s.y as sy, e.y as ey, e.y - s.y as y_delta, e.x - s.x as x_delta from Data s inner join Data e on e.x > s.x and e.x - s.x between xFrom and xTo --where e.y - s.y > @yDelta -- when uncommented causes a huge delay Update 1 - Execution Plan <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?> <ShowPlanXML xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" Version="1.2" Build="11.0.2100.60" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2004/07/showplan"> <BatchSequence> <Batch> <Statements> <StmtSimple StatementCompId="1" StatementEstRows="100" StatementId="1" StatementOptmLevel="FULL" StatementOptmEarlyAbortReason="GoodEnoughPlanFound" StatementSubTreeCost="0.0263655" StatementText="select top 100
s.x as sx,
e.x as ex,
s.y as sy,
e.y as ey,
e.y - s.y as y_delta,
e.x - s.x as x_delta
from Data s 
 inner join Data e
 on e.x > s.x and e.x - s.x between 100 and 105
where e.y - s.y > 0.01
" StatementType="SELECT" QueryHash="0xAAAC02AC2D78CB56" QueryPlanHash="0x747994153CB2D637" RetrievedFromCache="true"> <StatementSetOptions ANSI_NULLS="true" ANSI_PADDING="true" ANSI_WARNINGS="true" ARITHABORT="true" CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL="true" NUMERIC_ROUNDABORT="false" QUOTED_IDENTIFIER="true" /> <QueryPlan DegreeOfParallelism="0" NonParallelPlanReason="NoParallelPlansInDesktopOrExpressEdition" CachedPlanSize="24" CompileTime="13" CompileCPU="13" CompileMemory="424"> <MemoryGrantInfo SerialRequiredMemory="0" SerialDesiredMemory="0" /> <OptimizerHardwareDependentProperties EstimatedAvailableMemoryGrant="52199" EstimatedPagesCached="14561" EstimatedAvailableDegreeOfParallelism="4" /> <RelOp AvgRowSize="55" EstimateCPU="1E-05" EstimateIO="0" EstimateRebinds="0" EstimateRewinds="0" EstimatedExecutionMode="Row" EstimateRows="100" LogicalOp="Compute Scalar" NodeId="0" Parallel="false" PhysicalOp="Compute Scalar" EstimatedTotalSubtreeCost="0.0263655"> <OutputList> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="y" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="y" /> <ColumnReference Column="Expr1004" /> <ColumnReference Column="Expr1005" /> </OutputList> <ComputeScalar> <DefinedValues> <DefinedValue> <ColumnReference Column="Expr1004" /> <ScalarOperator ScalarString="[SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[y] as [e].[y]-[SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[y] as [s].[y]"> <Arithmetic Operation="SUB"> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="y" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="y" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> </Arithmetic> </ScalarOperator> </DefinedValue> <DefinedValue> <ColumnReference Column="Expr1005" /> <ScalarOperator ScalarString="[SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[x] as [e].[x]-[SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[x] as [s].[x]"> <Arithmetic Operation="SUB"> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> </Arithmetic> </ScalarOperator> </DefinedValue> </DefinedValues> <RelOp AvgRowSize="39" EstimateCPU="1E-05" EstimateIO="0" EstimateRebinds="0" EstimateRewinds="0" EstimatedExecutionMode="Row" EstimateRows="100" LogicalOp="Top" NodeId="1" Parallel="false" PhysicalOp="Top" EstimatedTotalSubtreeCost="0.0263555"> <OutputList> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="y" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="y" /> </OutputList> <RunTimeInformation> <RunTimeCountersPerThread Thread="0" ActualRows="100" ActualEndOfScans="1" ActualExecutions="1" /> </RunTimeInformation> <Top RowCount="false" IsPercent="false" WithTies="false"> <TopExpression> <ScalarOperator ScalarString="(100)"> <Const ConstValue="(100)" /> </ScalarOperator> </TopExpression> <RelOp AvgRowSize="39" EstimateCPU="151828" EstimateIO="0" EstimateRebinds="0" EstimateRewinds="0" EstimatedExecutionMode="Row" EstimateRows="100" LogicalOp="Inner Join" NodeId="2" Parallel="false" PhysicalOp="Nested Loops" EstimatedTotalSubtreeCost="0.0263455"> <OutputList> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="y" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="y" /> </OutputList> <RunTimeInformation> <RunTimeCountersPerThread Thread="0" ActualRows="100" ActualEndOfScans="0" ActualExecutions="1" /> </RunTimeInformation> <NestedLoops Optimized="false"> <OuterReferences> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="y" /> </OuterReferences> <RelOp AvgRowSize="23" EstimateCPU="1.80448" EstimateIO="3.76461" EstimateRebinds="0" EstimateRewinds="0" EstimatedExecutionMode="Row" EstimateRows="1" LogicalOp="Clustered Index Scan" NodeId="3" Parallel="false" PhysicalOp="Clustered Index Scan" EstimatedTotalSubtreeCost="0.0032831" TableCardinality="1640290"> <OutputList> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="y" /> </OutputList> <RunTimeInformation> <RunTimeCountersPerThread Thread="0" ActualRows="15225" ActualEndOfScans="0" ActualExecutions="1" /> </RunTimeInformation> <IndexScan Ordered="false" ForcedIndex="false" ForceScan="false" NoExpandHint="false"> <DefinedValues> <DefinedValue> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> </DefinedValue> <DefinedValue> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="y" /> </DefinedValue> </DefinedValues> <Object Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Index="[PK_Data]" Alias="[e]" IndexKind="Clustered" /> </IndexScan> </RelOp> <RelOp AvgRowSize="23" EstimateCPU="0.902317" EstimateIO="1.88387" EstimateRebinds="1" EstimateRewinds="0" EstimatedExecutionMode="Row" EstimateRows="100" LogicalOp="Clustered Index Seek" NodeId="4" Parallel="false" PhysicalOp="Clustered Index Seek" EstimatedTotalSubtreeCost="0.0263655" TableCardinality="1640290"> <OutputList> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="y" /> </OutputList> <RunTimeInformation> <RunTimeCountersPerThread Thread="0" ActualRows="100" ActualEndOfScans="15224" ActualExecutions="15225" /> </RunTimeInformation> <IndexScan Ordered="true" ScanDirection="FORWARD" ForcedIndex="false" ForceSeek="false" ForceScan="false" NoExpandHint="false" Storage="RowStore"> <DefinedValues> <DefinedValue> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> </DefinedValue> <DefinedValue> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="y" /> </DefinedValue> </DefinedValues> <Object Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Index="[PK_Data]" Alias="[s]" IndexKind="Clustered" /> <SeekPredicates> <SeekPredicateNew> <SeekKeys> <EndRange ScanType="LT"> <RangeColumns> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> </RangeColumns> <RangeExpressions> <ScalarOperator ScalarString="[SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[x] as [e].[x]"> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> </RangeExpressions> </EndRange> </SeekKeys> </SeekPredicateNew> </SeekPredicates> <Predicate> <ScalarOperator ScalarString="([SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[x] as [e].[x]-[SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[x] as [s].[x])>=($100.0000) AND ([SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[x] as [e].[x]-[SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[x] as [s].[x])<=($105.0000) AND ([SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[y] as [e].[y]-[SomeDb].[dbo].[Data].[y] as [s].[y])>(0.01)"> <Logical Operation="AND"> <ScalarOperator> <Compare CompareOp="GE"> <ScalarOperator> <Arithmetic Operation="SUB"> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> </Arithmetic> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Const ConstValue="($100.0000)" /> </ScalarOperator> </Compare> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Compare CompareOp="LE"> <ScalarOperator> <Arithmetic Operation="SUB"> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="x" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="x" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> </Arithmetic> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Const ConstValue="($105.0000)" /> </ScalarOperator> </Compare> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Compare CompareOp="GT"> <ScalarOperator> <Arithmetic Operation="SUB"> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[e]" Column="y" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Identifier> <ColumnReference Database="[SomeDb]" Schema="[dbo]" Table="[Data]" Alias="[s]" Column="y" /> </Identifier> </ScalarOperator> </Arithmetic> </ScalarOperator> <ScalarOperator> <Const ConstValue="(0.01)" /> </ScalarOperator> </Compare> </ScalarOperator> </Logical> </ScalarOperator> </Predicate> </IndexScan> </RelOp> </NestedLoops> </RelOp> </Top> </RelOp> </ComputeScalar> </RelOp> </QueryPlan> </StmtSimple> </Statements> </Batch> </BatchSequence> </ShowPlanXML>

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?Exadata??????DBFS

- by Liu Maclean(???)

?Exadata???DBFS ??????? 1. ??fuse RPM [root@dm01db01 ~]# yum install fuse Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security This system is not registered with ULN. ULN support will be disabled. Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package fuse.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ======================================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ======================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: fuse x86_64 2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 el5_latest 85 k Transaction Summary ======================================================================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package(s) Upgrade 0 Package(s) Total download size: 85 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: fuse-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.x86_64.rpm | 85 kB 00:00 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : fuse 1/1 Installed: fuse.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 [root@dm01db01 ~]# yum install fuse-libs Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security This system is not registered with ULN. ULN support will be disabled. Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package fuse-libs.i386 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated ---> Package fuse-libs.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ======================================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ======================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: fuse-libs i386 2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 el5_latest 71 k fuse-libs x86_64 2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 el5_latest 70 k Transaction Summary ======================================================================================================================================================================== Install 2 Package(s) Upgrade 0 Package(s) Total download size: 141 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): fuse-libs-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.x86_64.rpm | 70 kB 00:00 (2/2): fuse-libs-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.i386.rpm | 71 kB 00:00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total 71 kB/s | 141 kB 00:01 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : fuse-libs 1/2 Installing : fuse-libs 2/2 Installed: fuse-libs.i386 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 fuse-libs.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 Complete! [root@dm01db01 ~]# yum install fuse-devel Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security This system is not registered with ULN. ULN support will be disabled. Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package fuse-devel.i386 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated ---> Package fuse-devel.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ======================================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ======================================================================================================================================================================== Installing: fuse-devel i386 2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 el5_latest 28 k fuse-devel x86_64 2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 el5_latest 28 k Transaction Summary ======================================================================================================================================================================== Install 2 Package(s) Upgrade 0 Package(s) Total download size: 57 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): fuse-devel-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.x86_64.rpm | 28 kB 00:00 (2/2): fuse-devel-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.i386.rpm | 28 kB 00:00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total 21 kB/s | 57 kB 00:02 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : fuse-devel 1/2 Installing : fuse-devel 2/2 Installed: fuse-devel.i386 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 fuse-devel.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 Complete! 2. ?? DBFS??? ?????? cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin sqlplus / as sysdba Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options SQL> @prvtfspi.plb Package body created. No errors. Package body created. No errors. ?????dbms_dbfs_sfs package SQL> create tablespace dbfstbs datafile size 20g; Tablespace created. SQL> create user maclean_dbfs identified by oracle; User created. SQL> grant dba to maclean_dbfs; Grant succeeded. @@!!! SQL> grant dbfs_role to maclean_dbfs; Grant succeeded. 3. ??DBFS SQL> conn maclean_dbfs/oracle Connected. SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/dbfs_create_filesystem.sql dbfstbs mac_dbfs No errors. -------- CREATE STORE: begin dbms_dbfs_sfs.createFilesystem(store_name => 'FS_MAC_DBFS', tbl_name => 'T_MAC_DBFS', tbl_tbs => 'dbfstbs', lob_tbs => 'dbfstbs', do_partition => false, partition_key => 1, do_compress => false, compression => '', do_dedup => false, do_encrypt => false); end; -------- REGISTER STORE: begin dbms_dbfs_content.registerStore(store_name=> 'FS_MAC_DBFS', provider_name => 'sample1', provider_package => 'dbms_dbfs_sfs'); end; -------- MOUNT STORE: begin dbms_dbfs_content.mountStore(store_name=>'FS_MAC_DBFS', store_mount=>'mac_dbfs'); end; -------- CHMOD STORE: declare m integer; begin m := dbms_fuse.fs_chmod('/mac_dbfs', 16895); end; No errors. 4. ??mount point [root@dm01db01 ~]# mkdir /dbfs [root@dm01db01 ~]# chown oracle:oinstall /dbfs 5. ??library path ?OS # echo "/usr/local/lib" >> /etc/ld.so.conf.d/usr_local_lib.conf 6. ?????? export ORACLE_HOME=/s01/orabase/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1 [root@dm01db01 ~]# ln -s $ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.so.11.1 /usr/local/lib/libclntsh.so.11.1 [root@dm01db01 ~]# ln -s $ORACLE_HOME/lib/libnnz11.so /usr/local/lib/libnnz11.so [root@dm01db01 ~]# ln -s /lib64/libfuse.so.2 /usr/local/lib/libfuse.so.2 7. ??ldconfig [root@dm01db01 ~]# ldconfig [root@dm01db01 ~]# 8. ??fusermount??????? [root@dm01db01 ~]# chmod +x /usr/bin/fusermount [root@dm01db01 ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/fusermount lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Sep 7 03:06 /usr/bin/fusermount -> /bin/fusermount [root@dm01db01 ~]# ls -l /bin/fusermount -rwsr-x--x 1 root fuse 27072 Oct 17 2011 /bin/fusermount 9. ???????OS dbfs_client maclean_dbfs@dm01db01:1521/orcl /dbfs 10. ????nohup + &?????mount DBFS,???????????? [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ echo "oracle" >> dbfs_pw [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ nohup dbfs_client maclean_dbfs@dm01db01:1521/orcl /dbfs < dbfs_pw & [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbSys1 30G 15G 14G 53% / /dev/sda1 502M 30M 447M 7% /boot /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbOra1 99G 20G 75G 21% /u01 tmpfs 81G 0 81G 0% /dev/shm dbfs-maclean_dbfs@orcl:/ 20G 120K 20G 1% /dbfs [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ mount /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbSys1 on / type ext3 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw,nodev) /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbOra1 on /u01 type ext3 (rw,nodev) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,size=82052m) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) dbfs-maclean_dbfs@orcl:/ on /dbfs type fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,max_read=1048576,default_permissions,user=oracle) [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ ls -l /dbfs/ total 0 drwxrwxrwx 3 root root 0 Sep 14 05:11 mac_dbfs [oracle@nas ~]$ dbfs_client --------MOUNT mode: usage: dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> [options] <mountpoint> db_user: Name of Database user that owns DBFS content repository filesystem(s) db_server: A valid connect string for Oracle database server (for example, hrdb_host:1521/hrservice) mountpoint: Path to mount Database File System(s) All the file systems owned by the database user will be seen at the mountpoint. DBFS options: -o direct_io Bypass the Linux page cache. Gives much better performance for large files. Programs in the file system cannot be executed with this option. This option is recommended when DBFS is used as an ETL staging area. -o wallet Run dbfs_client in background. Wallet must be configured to get credentials. -o failover dbfs_client fails over to surviving database instance with no data loss. Some performance cost on writes, especially for small files. -o allow_root Allows root access to the filesystem. This option requires setting 'user_allow_other' parameter in '/etc/fuse.conf'. -o allow_other Allows other users access to the file system. This option requires setting 'user_allow_other' parameter in '/etc/fuse.conf'. -o rw Mount the filesystem read-write. [Default] -o ro Mount the filesystem read-only. Files cannot be modified. -o trace_file=STR Tracing <filename> | 'syslog' -o trace_level=N Trace Level: 1->DEBUG, 2->INFO, 3->WARNING, 4->ERROR, 5->CRITICAL [Default: 4] -h help -V version --------COMMAND mode: Usage: dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command command [switches] [arguments] command: Command to be executed, e.g., ls, cp, mkdir, rm switches: Switches are described below for each command. arguments: File names or directory names NOTE: All database pathnames must be absolute and preceded by dbfs:/ Commands ls dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command ls [switches] target Switches: -a Show all files including those starting with '.' -l Use a long listing format. In addition to the name of each file print the file type, permissions, size, user and group information -R List subdirectories recursively cp dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command cp [switches] source destination Switches: -r, -R Copy a directory and its contents recursively into the destination directory rm dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command rm [switches] target Switches: -r, -R Removes a directory and its contents recursively mkdir dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command mkdir directory_name Examples dbfs_client ETLUser@DBConnectString --command ls -l -a dbfs:/staging_area/directory1 dbfs_client ETLUser@DBConnectString --command cp -R /tmp/1-Jan-2009-dump dbfs:/staging_area dbfs_client ETLUser@DBConnectString --command rm dbfs:/staging_area/hello.txt dbfs_client ETLUser@DBConnectString --command mkdir dbfs:/staging_area/directory2 [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ ls -lh /tmp/largefile -rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 2.0G Sep 14 08:50 /tmp/largefile [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ time dbfs_client maclean_dbfs@dm01db01:1521/orcl --command cp /tmp/largefile dbfs:/mac_dbfs Password: /tmp/largefile -> dbfs:/mac_dbfs/largefile real 0m11.802s user 0m0.580s sys 0m2.375s ?Exadata?????2G?????? DBFS???11s => 200MB/s

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WMI/VBS/HTML System Information Script

- by Methical

Hey guys; havin' a problem with this code here; can't seem to work out whats goin' wrong with it. All other variables seem to print fine in the HTML ouput; but I get an error that relates to the cputype variable. I get the following error C:\Users\Methical\Desktop\sysinfo.vbs(235,1) Microsoft VBScript runtime error: Invalid procedure call or argument I think it has somethin' to do with this line here fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>CPU</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & cputype & "</i></td></tr>" If i delete this line; the script compiles and outputs with no errors. Here is the full code below Dim strComputer, objWMIService, propValue, objItem Dim strUserName, strPassword, colItems, SWBemlocator ' This section querries for the workstation to be scanned. UserName = "" Password = "" strComputer = "127.1.1.1" ImgDir = "C:\Scripts\images\" 'Sets up the connections and opjects to be used throughout the script. Set SWBemlocator = CreateObject("WbemScripting.SWbemLocator") Set objWMIService = SWBemlocator.ConnectServer(,"root\CIMV2",strUserName,strPassword) 'This determines the current date and time of the PC being scanned. Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("SELECT * FROM Win32_LocalTime", "WQL", wbemFlagReturnImmediately + wbemFlagForwardOnly) For Each objItem in colItems If objItem.Minute < 10 Then theMinutes = "0" & objItem.Minute Else theMinutes = objItem.Minute End If If objItem.Second < 10 Then theSeconds = "0" & objItem.Second Else theSeconds = objItem.Second End If DateTime = objItem.Month & "/" & objItem.Day & "/" & objItem.Year & " - " & objItem.Hour & ":" & theMinutes & ":" & theSeconds Next 'Gets some ingomation about the Operating System including Service Pack level. Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_OperatingSystem",,48) For Each objItem in colItems WKID = objItem.CSName WKOS = objItem.Caption CSD = objItem.CSDVersion Architecture = objItem.OSArchitecture SysDir = objItem.SystemDirectory SysDrive = objItem.SystemDrive WinDir = objItem.WindowsDirectory ServicePack = objItem.ServicePackMajorVersion & "." & objItem.ServicePackMinorVersion Next 'This section returns the Time Zone Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_TimeZone") For Each objItem in colItems Zone = objItem.Description Next 'This section displays the Shadow Storage information Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_ShadowStorage") For Each objItem in colItems Allocated = int((objItem.AllocatedSpace/1024)/1024+1) UsedSpace = int((objItem.UsedSpace/1024)/1024+1) MaxSpace = int((objItem.MaxSpace/1024)/1024+1) Next 'This section returns the InstallDate of the OS Set objSWbemDateTime = _ CreateObject("WbemScripting.SWbemDateTime") Set colOperatingSystems = _ objWMIService.ExecQuery _ ("Select * from Win32_OperatingSystem") For Each objOperatingSystem _ in colOperatingSystems objSWbemDateTime.Value = _ objOperatingSystem.InstallDate InstallDate = _ objSWbemDateTime.GetVarDate(False) Next 'This section returns the Video card and current resolution. Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_DisplayConfiguration",,48) For Each objItem in colItems VideoCard = objItem.DeviceName Resolution = objItem.PelsWidth & " x " & objItem.PelsHeight & " x " & objItem.BitsPerPel & " bits" Next 'This section returns the Video card memory. Set objWMIService = GetObject("winmgmts:root\cimv2") Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery ("Select * from Win32_VideoController") For Each objItem in colItems VideoMemory = objItem.AdapterRAM/1024/1024 Next 'This returns various system information including current logged on user, domain, memory, manufacture and model. Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_ComputerSystem",,48) For Each objItem in colItems UserName = objItem.UserName Domain = objItem.Domain TotalMemory = int((objItem.TotalPhysicalMemory/1024)/1024+1) Manufacturer = objItem.Manufacturer Model = objItem.Model SysType = objItem.SystemType Next 'This determines the total hard drive space and free hard drive space. Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_LogicalDisk Where Name='C:'",,48) For Each objItem in colItems FreeHDSpace = Fix(((objItem.FreeSpace/1024)/1024)/1024) TotalHDSpace = Fix(((objItem.Size/1024)/1024)/1024) Next 'This section returns the default printer and printer port. Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("SELECT * FROM Win32_Printer where Default=True", "WQL", wbemFlagReturnImmediately + wbemFlagForwardOnly) For Each objItem in colItems Printer = objItem.Name PortName = objItem.PortName Next 'This returns the CPU information. Set colItems = objWMIService.ExecQuery("SELECT * FROM Win32_Processor", "WQL", wbemFlagReturnImmediately + wbemFlagForwardOnly) For Each objItem in colItems CPUDesc = LTrim(objItem.Name) Next '// CPU Info For each objCPU in GetObject("winmgmts:{impersonationLevel=impersonate}\\" & strComputer & "\root\cimv2").InstancesOf("Win32_Processor") Select Case objCPU.Family Case 2 cputype = "Unknown" Case 11 cputype = "Pentium brand" Case 12 cputype = "Pentium Pro" Case 13 cputype = "Pentium II" Case 14 cputype = "Pentium processor with MMX technology" Case 15 cputype = "Celeron " Case 16 cputype = "Pentium II Xeon" Case 17 cputype = "Pentium III" Case 28 cputype = "AMD Athlon Processor Family" Case 29 cputype = "AMD Duron Processor" Case 30 cputype = "AMD2900 Family" Case 31 cputype = "K6-2+" Case 130 cputype = "Itanium Processor" Case 176 cputype = "Pentium III Xeon" Case 177 cputype = "Pentium III Processor with Intel SpeedStep Technology" Case 178 cputype = "Pentium 4" Case 179 cputype = "Intel Xeon" Case 181 cputype = "Intel Xeon processor MP" Case 182 cputype = "AMD AthlonXP Family" Case 183 cputype = "AMD AthlonMP Family" Case 184 cputype = "Intel Itanium 2" Case 185 cputype = "AMD Opteron? Family" End Select Next 'This returns the current uptime (time since last reboot) of the system. Set colOperatingSystems = objWMIService.ExecQuery ("Select * from Win32_OperatingSystem") For Each objOS in colOperatingSystems dtmBootup = objOS.LastBootUpTime dtmLastBootupTime = WMIDateStringToDate(dtmBootup) dtmSystemUptime = DateDiff("h", dtmLastBootUpTime, Now) Uptime = dtmSystemUptime Next Function WMIDateStringToDate(dtmBootup) WMIDateStringToDate = CDate(Mid(dtmBootup, 5, 2) & "/" & Mid(dtmBootup, 7, 2) & "/" & Left(dtmBootup, 4) & " " & Mid (dtmBootup, 9, 2) & ":" & Mid(dtmBootup, 11, 2) & ":" & Mid(dtmBootup,13, 2)) End Function dim objFSO Set objFSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") ' -- The heart of the create file script ----------------------- ' -- Creates the file using the value of strFile on Line 11 ' -------------------------------------------------------------- Set fileOutput = objFSO.CreateTextFile( "x.html", true ) 'Set fileOutput = objExplorer.Document 'This is the code for the web page to be displayed. fileOutput.WriteLine "<html>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <head>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <title>System Information for '" & WKID & "' </title>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </head>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <body bgcolor='#FFFFFF' text='#000000' link='#0000FF' vlink='000099' alink='#00FF00'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <center>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <h1>System Information for " & WKID & "</h1>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <table border='0' cellspacing='1' cellpadding='1' width='95%'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <tr><td background='" & ImgDir & "blue_spacer.gif'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <table border='0' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0' width='100%'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <tr><td>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <table border='0' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0' width='100%'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <td width='5%' align='left' valign='middle' background='" & ImgDir & "blue_spacer.gif'><img src='" & ImgDir & "write.gif'></td>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <td width='95%' align='left' valign='middle' background='" & ImgDir & "blue_spacer.gif'> <font color='#FFFFFF' size='5'>WKInfo - </font><font color='#FFFFFF' size='3'>General information on the Workstation.</font></td>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <tr><td colspan='2' bgcolor='#FFFFFF'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TABLE width='100%' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='2' border='1' bordercolor='#c0c0c0' bordercolordark='#ffffff' bordercolorlight='#c0c0c0'>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='center' bgcolor='#d0d0d0' colspan='2'><b><h3>Date and Time</h3></b></TD></TR>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Date/Time</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & DateTime & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>System Uptime</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & Uptime & " hours</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Time Zone</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & Zone & " </i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='center' bgcolor='#d0d0d0' colspan='2'><b><h3>General Computer Information</h3></b></TD></TR>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Manufacturer</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & Manufacturer & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Model</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & Model & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>System Based</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & SysType & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Operating System</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & WKOS & " " & CSD & " " & Architecture & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Operating System Install Date</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & InstallDate & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>UserName</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & UserName & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Workstation Name</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & WKID & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Domain</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & Domain & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>System Drive</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & SysDrive & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>System Directory</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & SysDir & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Windows Directory</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & WinDir & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>ShadowStorage Allocated Space</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & Allocated & " MB</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>ShadowStorage Used Space</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & UsedSpace & " MB</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>ShadowStorage Max Space</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & MaxSpace & " MB</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='center' bgcolor='#d0d0d0' colspan='2'><b><h3>General Hardware Information</h3></b></TD></TR>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>CPU</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & cputype & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Memory</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & TotalMemory & " MB</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Total HDD Space</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & TotalHDSpace & " GB</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Free HDD Space</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & FreeHDSpace & " GB</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='center' bgcolor='#d0d0d0' colspan='2'><b><h3>General Video Card Information</h3></b></TD></TR>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Video Card</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & VideoCard & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Resolution</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & Resolution & "</i></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='30%' align='left' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'>Memory</TD><td width='70%' bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=left><i>" & VideoMemory & " MB</i></td></tr>" 'This section lists all the current services and their status. fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='center' bgcolor='#d0d0d0' colspan='2'><b><h3>Current Service Information</h3></b></TD></TR>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <tr><td colspan='2' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TABLE width='100%' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='2' border='1' bordercolor='#c0c0c0' bordercolordark='#ffffff' bordercolorlight='#c0c0c0'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='70%' align='center' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>Service Name</b></td><TD width='30%' align='center' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>Service State</b></td><tr>" Set colRunningServices = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_Service") For Each objService in colRunningServices fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='left' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" & objService.DisplayName & "</TD><td bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=center><i>" & objService.State & "</i></td></tr>" wscript.echo " <TR><TD align='left' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" & objService.DisplayName & "</TD><td bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align=center><i>" & objService.State & "</i></td></tr>" Next fileOutput.WriteLine " </table>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </td></tr>" 'This section lists all the current running processes and some information. fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='center' bgcolor='#d0d0d0' colspan='2'><b><h3>Current Process Information</h3></b></TD></TR>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <tr><td colspan='2' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TABLE width='100%' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='2' border='1' bordercolor='#c0c0c0' bordercolordark='#ffffff' bordercolorlight='#c0c0c0'>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD width='10%' align='center' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>PID</b></td><TD width='35%' align='center' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>Process Name</b></td><TD width='40%' align='center' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>Owner</b></td><TD width='15%' align='center' bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>Memory</b></td></tr>" Set colProcessList = objWMIService.ExecQuery("Select * from Win32_Process") For Each objProcess in colProcessList colProperties = objProcess.GetOwner(strNameOfUser,strUserDomain) fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='center' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" & objProcess.Handle & "</td><TD align='center' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" & objProcess.Name & "</td><TD align='center' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" & strUserDomain & "\" & strNameOfUser & "</td><TD align='center' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" & objProcess.WorkingSetSize/1024 & " kb</td><tr>" Next fileOutput.WriteLine " </table>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </td></tr>" 'This section lists all the currently installed software on the machine. fileOutput.WriteLine " <TR><TD align='center' bgcolor='#d0d0d0' colspan='2'><b><i>Installed Software</i></b></TD></TR>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <tr><td colspan='2' bgcolor='#f0f0f0'>" Set colSoftware = objWMIService.ExecQuery ("Select * from Win32_Product") For Each objSoftware in colSoftware fileOutput.WriteLine" <TABLE width='100%' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='2' border='1' bordercolor='#c0c0c0' bordercolordark='#ffffff' bordercolorlight='#c0c0c0'>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr><td width=30% align=center bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>Name</b></td><td width=30% align=center bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>Vendor</b></td><td width=30% align=center bgcolor='#e0e0e0'><b>Version</b></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr><td align=center bgcolor=#f0f0f0>" & objSoftware.Name & "</td><td align=center bgcolor=#f0f0f0>" & objSoftware.Vendor & "</td><td align=center bgcolor=#f0f0f0>" & objSoftware.Version & "</td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine" <tr height=2><td height=10 align=center bgcolor=midnightblue colspan=3></td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine" </table>" Next fileOutput.WriteLine " </td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </table>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </table>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </table>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </td></tr>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </table>" fileOutput.WriteLine " <p><small></small></p>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </center>" fileOutput.WriteLine " </body>" fileOutput.WriteLine "<html>" fileOutput.close WScript.Quit

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Java code optimization on matrix windowing computes in more time

- by rano

I have a matrix which represents an image and I need to cycle over each pixel and for each one of those I have to compute the sum of all its neighbors, ie the pixels that belong to a window of radius rad centered on the pixel. I came up with three alternatives: The simplest way, the one that recomputes the window for each pixel The more optimized way that uses a queue to store the sums of the window columns and cycling through the columns of the matrix updates this queue by adding a new element and removing the oldes The even more optimized way that does not need to recompute the queue for each row but incrementally adjusts a previously saved one I implemented them in c++ using a queue for the second method and a combination of deques for the third (I need to iterate through their elements without destructing them) and scored their times to see if there was an actual improvement. it appears that the third method is indeed faster. Then I tried to port the code to Java (and I must admit that I'm not very comfortable with it). I used ArrayDeque for the second method and LinkedLists for the third resulting in the third being inefficient in time. Here is the simplest method in C++ (I'm not posting the java version since it is almost identical): void normalWindowing(int mat[][MAX], int cols, int rows, int rad){ int i, j; int h = 0; for (i = 0; i < rows; ++i) { for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) { h = 0; for (int ry =- rad; ry <= rad; ry++) { int y = i + ry; if (y >= 0 && y < rows) { for (int rx =- rad; rx <= rad; rx++) { int x = j + rx; if (x >= 0 && x < cols) { h += mat[y][x]; } } } } } } } Here is the second method (the one optimized through columns) in C++: void opt1Windowing(int mat[][MAX], int cols, int rows, int rad){ int i, j, h, y, col; queue<int>* q = NULL; for (i = 0; i < rows; ++i) { if (q != NULL) delete(q); q = new queue<int>(); h = 0; for (int rx = 0; rx <= rad; rx++) { if (rx < cols) { int mem = 0; for (int ry =- rad; ry <= rad; ry++) { y = i + ry; if (y >= 0 && y < rows) { mem += mat[y][rx]; } } q->push(mem); h += mem; } } for (j = 1; j < cols; j++) { col = j + rad; if (j - rad > 0) { h -= q->front(); q->pop(); } if (j + rad < cols) { int mem = 0; for (int ry =- rad; ry <= rad; ry++) { y = i + ry; if (y >= 0 && y < rows) { mem += mat[y][col]; } } q->push(mem); h += mem; } } } } And here is the Java version: public static void opt1Windowing(int [][] mat, int rad){ int i, j = 0, h, y, col; int cols = mat[0].length; int rows = mat.length; ArrayDeque<Integer> q = null; for (i = 0; i < rows; ++i) { q = new ArrayDeque<Integer>(); h = 0; for (int rx = 0; rx <= rad; rx++) { if (rx < cols) { int mem = 0; for (int ry =- rad; ry <= rad; ry++) { y = i + ry; if (y >= 0 && y < rows) { mem += mat[y][rx]; } } q.addLast(mem); h += mem; } } j = 0; for (j = 1; j < cols; j++) { col = j + rad; if (j - rad > 0) { h -= q.peekFirst(); q.pop(); } if (j + rad < cols) { int mem = 0; for (int ry =- rad; ry <= rad; ry++) { y = i + ry; if (y >= 0 && y < rows) { mem += mat[y][col]; } } q.addLast(mem); h += mem; } } } } I recognize this post will be a wall of text. Here is the third method in C++: void opt2Windowing(int mat[][MAX], int cols, int rows, int rad){ int i = 0; int j = 0; int h = 0; int hh = 0; deque< deque<int> *> * M = new deque< deque<int> *>(); for (int ry = 0; ry <= rad; ry++) { if (ry < rows) { deque<int> * q = new deque<int>(); M->push_back(q); for (int rx = 0; rx <= rad; rx++) { if (rx < cols) { int val = mat[ry][rx]; q->push_back(val); h += val; } } } } deque<int> * C = new deque<int>(M->front()->size()); deque<int> * Q = new deque<int>(M->front()->size()); deque<int> * R = new deque<int>(M->size()); deque< deque<int> *>::iterator mit; deque< deque<int> *>::iterator mstart = M->begin(); deque< deque<int> *>::iterator mend = M->end(); deque<int>::iterator rit; deque<int>::iterator rstart = R->begin(); deque<int>::iterator rend = R->end(); deque<int>::iterator cit; deque<int>::iterator cstart = C->begin(); deque<int>::iterator cend = C->end(); for (mit = mstart, rit = rstart; mit != mend, rit != rend; ++mit, ++rit) { deque<int>::iterator pit; deque<int>::iterator pstart = (* mit)->begin(); deque<int>::iterator pend = (* mit)->end(); for(cit = cstart, pit = pstart; cit != cend && pit != pend; ++cit, ++pit) { (* cit) += (* pit); (* rit) += (* pit); } } for (i = 0; i < rows; ++i) { j = 0; if (i - rad > 0) { deque<int>::iterator cit; deque<int>::iterator cstart = C->begin(); deque<int>::iterator cend = C->end(); deque<int>::iterator pit; deque<int>::iterator pstart = (M->front())->begin(); deque<int>::iterator pend = (M->front())->end(); for(cit = cstart, pit = pstart; cit != cend; ++cit, ++pit) { (* cit) -= (* pit); } deque<int> * k = M->front(); M->pop_front(); delete k; h -= R->front(); R->pop_front(); } int row = i + rad; if (row < rows && i > 0) { deque<int> * newQ = new deque<int>(); M->push_back(newQ); deque<int>::iterator cit; deque<int>::iterator cstart = C->begin(); deque<int>::iterator cend = C->end(); int rx; int tot = 0; for (rx = 0, cit = cstart; rx <= rad; rx++, ++cit) { if (rx < cols) { int val = mat[row][rx]; newQ->push_back(val); (* cit) += val; tot += val; } } R->push_back(tot); h += tot; } hh = h; copy(C->begin(), C->end(), Q->begin()); for (j = 1; j < cols; j++) { int col = j + rad; if (j - rad > 0) { hh -= Q->front(); Q->pop_front(); } if (j + rad < cols) { int val = 0; for (int ry =- rad; ry <= rad; ry++) { int y = i + ry; if (y >= 0 && y < rows) { val += mat[y][col]; } } hh += val; Q->push_back(val); } } } } And finally its Java version: public static void opt2Windowing(int [][] mat, int rad){ int cols = mat[0].length; int rows = mat.length; int i = 0; int j = 0; int h = 0; int hh = 0; LinkedList<LinkedList<Integer>> M = new LinkedList<LinkedList<Integer>>(); for (int ry = 0; ry <= rad; ry++) { if (ry < rows) { LinkedList<Integer> q = new LinkedList<Integer>(); M.addLast(q); for (int rx = 0; rx <= rad; rx++) { if (rx < cols) { int val = mat[ry][rx]; q.addLast(val); h += val; } } } } int firstSize = M.getFirst().size(); int mSize = M.size(); LinkedList<Integer> C = new LinkedList<Integer>(); LinkedList<Integer> Q = null; LinkedList<Integer> R = new LinkedList<Integer>(); for (int k = 0; k < firstSize; k++) { C.add(0); } for (int k = 0; k < mSize; k++) { R.add(0); } ListIterator<LinkedList<Integer>> mit; ListIterator<Integer> rit; ListIterator<Integer> cit; ListIterator<Integer> pit; for (mit = M.listIterator(), rit = R.listIterator(); mit.hasNext();) { Integer r = rit.next(); int rsum = 0; for (cit = C.listIterator(), pit = (mit.next()).listIterator(); cit.hasNext();) { Integer c = cit.next(); Integer p = pit.next(); rsum += p; cit.set(c + p); } rit.set(r + rsum); } for (i = 0; i < rows; ++i) { j = 0; if (i - rad > 0) { for(cit = C.listIterator(), pit = M.getFirst().listIterator(); cit.hasNext();) { Integer c = cit.next(); Integer p = pit.next(); cit.set(c - p); } M.removeFirst(); h -= R.getFirst(); R.removeFirst(); } int row = i + rad; if (row < rows && i > 0) { LinkedList<Integer> newQ = new LinkedList<Integer>(); M.addLast(newQ); int rx; int tot = 0; for (rx = 0, cit = C.listIterator(); rx <= rad; rx++) { if (rx < cols) { Integer c = cit.next(); int val = mat[row][rx]; newQ.addLast(val); cit.set(c + val); tot += val; } } R.addLast(tot); h += tot; } hh = h; Q = new LinkedList<Integer>(); Q.addAll(C); for (j = 1; j < cols; j++) { int col = j + rad; if (j - rad > 0) { hh -= Q.getFirst(); Q.pop(); } if (j + rad < cols) { int val = 0; for (int ry =- rad; ry <= rad; ry++) { int y = i + ry; if (y >= 0 && y < rows) { val += mat[y][col]; } } hh += val; Q.addLast(val); } } } } I guess that most is due to the poor choice of the LinkedList in Java and to the lack of an efficient (not shallow) copy method between two LinkedList. How can I improve the third Java method? Am I doing some conceptual error? As always, any criticisms is welcome. UPDATE Even if it does not solve the issue, using ArrayLists, as being suggested, instead of LinkedList improves the third method. The second one performs still better (but when the number of rows and columns of the matrix is lower than 300 and the window radius is small the first unoptimized method is the fastest in Java)

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What are good design practices when working with Entity Framework

- by AD

This will apply mostly for an asp.net application where the data is not accessed via soa. Meaning that you get access to the objects loaded from the framework, not Transfer Objects, although some recommendation still apply. This is a community post, so please add to it as you see fit. Applies to: Entity Framework 1.0 shipped with Visual Studio 2008 sp1. Why pick EF in the first place? Considering it is a young technology with plenty of problems (see below), it may be a hard sell to get on the EF bandwagon for your project. However, it is the technology Microsoft is pushing (at the expense of Linq2Sql, which is a subset of EF). In addition, you may not be satisfied with NHibernate or other solutions out there. Whatever the reasons, there are people out there (including me) working with EF and life is not bad.make you think. EF and inheritance The first big subject is inheritance. EF does support mapping for inherited classes that are persisted in 2 ways: table per class and table the hierarchy. The modeling is easy and there are no programming issues with that part. (The following applies to table per class model as I don't have experience with table per hierarchy, which is, anyway, limited.) The real problem comes when you are trying to run queries that include one or many objects that are part of an inheritance tree: the generated sql is incredibly awful, takes a long time to get parsed by the EF and takes a long time to execute as well. This is a real show stopper. Enough that EF should probably not be used with inheritance or as little as possible. Here is an example of how bad it was. My EF model had ~30 classes, ~10 of which were part of an inheritance tree. On running a query to get one item from the Base class, something as simple as Base.Get(id), the generated SQL was over 50,000 characters. Then when you are trying to return some Associations, it degenerates even more, going as far as throwing SQL exceptions about not being able to query more than 256 tables at once. Ok, this is bad, EF concept is to allow you to create your object structure without (or with as little as possible) consideration on the actual database implementation of your table. It completely fails at this. So, recommendations? Avoid inheritance if you can, the performance will be so much better. Use it sparingly where you have to. In my opinion, this makes EF a glorified sql-generation tool for querying, but there are still advantages to using it. And ways to implement mechanism that are similar to inheritance. Bypassing inheritance with Interfaces First thing to know with trying to get some kind of inheritance going with EF is that you cannot assign a non-EF-modeled class a base class. Don't even try it, it will get overwritten by the modeler. So what to do? You can use interfaces to enforce that classes implement some functionality. For example here is a IEntity interface that allow you to define Associations between EF entities where you don't know at design time what the type of the entity would be. public enum EntityTypes{ Unknown = -1, Dog = 0, Cat } public interface IEntity { int EntityID { get; } string Name { get; } Type EntityType { get; } } public partial class Dog : IEntity { // implement EntityID and Name which could actually be fields // from your EF model Type EntityType{ get{ return EntityTypes.Dog; } } } Using this IEntity, you can then work with undefined associations in other classes // lets take a class that you defined in your model. // that class has a mapping to the columns: PetID, PetType public partial class Person { public IEntity GetPet() { return IEntityController.Get(PetID,PetType); } } which makes use of some extension functions: public class IEntityController { static public IEntity Get(int id, EntityTypes type) { switch (type) { case EntityTypes.Dog: return Dog.Get(id); case EntityTypes.Cat: return Cat.Get(id); default: throw new Exception("Invalid EntityType"); } } } Not as neat as having plain inheritance, particularly considering you have to store the PetType in an extra database field, but considering the performance gains, I would not look back. It also cannot model one-to-many, many-to-many relationship, but with creative uses of 'Union' it could be made to work. Finally, it creates the side effet of loading data in a property/function of the object, which you need to be careful about. Using a clear naming convention like GetXYZ() helps in that regards. Compiled Queries Entity Framework performance is not as good as direct database access with ADO (obviously) or Linq2SQL. There are ways to improve it however, one of which is compiling your queries. The performance of a compiled query is similar to Linq2Sql. What is a compiled query? It is simply a query for which you tell the framework to keep the parsed tree in memory so it doesn't need to be regenerated the next time you run it. So the next run, you will save the time it takes to parse the tree. Do not discount that as it is a very costly operation that gets even worse with more complex queries. There are 2 ways to compile a query: creating an ObjectQuery with EntitySQL and using CompiledQuery.Compile() function. (Note that by using an EntityDataSource in your page, you will in fact be using ObjectQuery with EntitySQL, so that gets compiled and cached). An aside here in case you don't know what EntitySQL is. It is a string-based way of writing queries against the EF. Here is an example: "select value dog from Entities.DogSet as dog where dog.ID = @ID". The syntax is pretty similar to SQL syntax. You can also do pretty complex object manipulation, which is well explained [here][1]. Ok, so here is how to do it using ObjectQuery< string query = "select value dog " + "from Entities.DogSet as dog " + "where dog.ID = @ID"; ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>(query, EntityContext.Instance)); oQuery.Parameters.Add(new ObjectParameter("ID", id)); oQuery.EnablePlanCaching = true; return oQuery.FirstOrDefault(); The first time you run this query, the framework will generate the expression tree and keep it in memory. So the next time it gets executed, you will save on that costly step. In that example EnablePlanCaching = true, which is unnecessary since that is the default option. The other way to compile a query for later use is the CompiledQuery.Compile method. This uses a delegate: static readonly Func<Entities, int, Dog> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, Dog>((ctx, id) => ctx.DogSet.FirstOrDefault(it => it.ID == id)); or using linq static readonly Func<Entities, int, Dog> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, Dog>((ctx, id) => (from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.ID == id select dog).FirstOrDefault()); to call the query: query_GetDog.Invoke( YourContext, id ); The advantage of CompiledQuery is that the syntax of your query is checked at compile time, where as EntitySQL is not. However, there are other consideration... Includes Lets say you want to have the data for the dog owner to be returned by the query to avoid making 2 calls to the database. Easy to do, right? EntitySQL string query = "select value dog " + "from Entities.DogSet as dog " + "where dog.ID = @ID"; ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>(query, EntityContext.Instance)).Include("Owner"); oQuery.Parameters.Add(new ObjectParameter("ID", id)); oQuery.EnablePlanCaching = true; return oQuery.FirstOrDefault(); CompiledQuery static readonly Func<Entities, int, Dog> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, Dog>((ctx, id) => (from dog in ctx.DogSet.Include("Owner") where dog.ID == id select dog).FirstOrDefault()); Now, what if you want to have the Include parametrized? What I mean is that you want to have a single Get() function that is called from different pages that care about different relationships for the dog. One cares about the Owner, another about his FavoriteFood, another about his FavotireToy and so on. Basicly, you want to tell the query which associations to load. It is easy to do with EntitySQL public Dog Get(int id, string include) { string query = "select value dog " + "from Entities.DogSet as dog " + "where dog.ID = @ID"; ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>(query, EntityContext.Instance)) .IncludeMany(include); oQuery.Parameters.Add(new ObjectParameter("ID", id)); oQuery.EnablePlanCaching = true; return oQuery.FirstOrDefault(); } The include simply uses the passed string. Easy enough. Note that it is possible to improve on the Include(string) function (that accepts only a single path) with an IncludeMany(string) that will let you pass a string of comma-separated associations to load. Look further in the extension section for this function. If we try to do it with CompiledQuery however, we run into numerous problems: The obvious static readonly Func<Entities, int, string, Dog> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, Dog>((ctx, id, include) => (from dog in ctx.DogSet.Include(include) where dog.ID == id select dog).FirstOrDefault()); will choke when called with: query_GetDog.Invoke( YourContext, id, "Owner,FavoriteFood" ); Because, as mentionned above, Include() only wants to see a single path in the string and here we are giving it 2: "Owner" and "FavoriteFood" (which is not to be confused with "Owner.FavoriteFood"!). Then, let's use IncludeMany(), which is an extension function static readonly Func<Entities, int, string, Dog> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, Dog>((ctx, id, include) => (from dog in ctx.DogSet.IncludeMany(include) where dog.ID == id select dog).FirstOrDefault()); Wrong again, this time it is because the EF cannot parse IncludeMany because it is not part of the functions that is recognizes: it is an extension. Ok, so you want to pass an arbitrary number of paths to your function and Includes() only takes a single one. What to do? You could decide that you will never ever need more than, say 20 Includes, and pass each separated strings in a struct to CompiledQuery. But now the query looks like this: from dog in ctx.DogSet.Include(include1).Include(include2).Include(include3) .Include(include4).Include(include5).Include(include6) .[...].Include(include19).Include(include20) where dog.ID == id select dog which is awful as well. Ok, then, but wait a minute. Can't we return an ObjectQuery< with CompiledQuery? Then set the includes on that? Well, that what I would have thought so as well: static readonly Func<Entities, int, ObjectQuery<Dog>> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, ObjectQuery<Dog>>((ctx, id) => (ObjectQuery<Dog>)(from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.ID == id select dog)); public Dog GetDog( int id, string include ) { ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = query_GetDog(id); oQuery = oQuery.IncludeMany(include); return oQuery.FirstOrDefault; } That should have worked, except that when you call IncludeMany (or Include, Where, OrderBy...) you invalidate the cached compiled query because it is an entirely new one now! So, the expression tree needs to be reparsed and you get that performance hit again. So what is the solution? You simply cannot use CompiledQueries with parametrized Includes. Use EntitySQL instead. This doesn't mean that there aren't uses for CompiledQueries. It is great for localized queries that will always be called in the same context. Ideally CompiledQuery should always be used because the syntax is checked at compile time, but due to limitation, that's not possible. An example of use would be: you may want to have a page that queries which two dogs have the same favorite food, which is a bit narrow for a BusinessLayer function, so you put it in your page and know exactly what type of includes are required. Passing more than 3 parameters to a CompiledQuery Func is limited to 5 parameters, of which the last one is the return type and the first one is your Entities object from the model. So that leaves you with 3 parameters. A pitance, but it can be improved on very easily. public struct MyParams { public string param1; public int param2; public DateTime param3; } static readonly Func<Entities, MyParams, IEnumerable<Dog>> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, MyParams, IEnumerable<Dog>>((ctx, myParams) => from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.Age == myParams.param2 && dog.Name == myParams.param1 and dog.BirthDate > myParams.param3 select dog); public List<Dog> GetSomeDogs( int age, string Name, DateTime birthDate ) { MyParams myParams = new MyParams(); myParams.param1 = name; myParams.param2 = age; myParams.param3 = birthDate; return query_GetDog(YourContext,myParams).ToList(); } Return Types (this does not apply to EntitySQL queries as they aren't compiled at the same time during execution as the CompiledQuery method) Working with Linq, you usually don't force the execution of the query until the very last moment, in case some other functions downstream wants to change the query in some way: static readonly Func<Entities, int, string, IEnumerable<Dog>> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, IEnumerable<Dog>>((ctx, age, name) => from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.Age == age && dog.Name == name select dog); public IEnumerable<Dog> GetSomeDogs( int age, string name ) { return query_GetDog(YourContext,age,name); } public void DataBindStuff() { IEnumerable<Dog> dogs = GetSomeDogs(4,"Bud"); // but I want the dogs ordered by BirthDate gridView.DataSource = dogs.OrderBy( it => it.BirthDate ); } What is going to happen here? By still playing with the original ObjectQuery (that is the actual return type of the Linq statement, which implements IEnumerable), it will invalidate the compiled query and be force to re-parse. So, the rule of thumb is to return a List< of objects instead. static readonly Func<Entities, int, string, IEnumerable<Dog>> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, int, string, IEnumerable<Dog>>((ctx, age, name) => from dog in ctx.DogSet where dog.Age == age && dog.Name == name select dog); public List<Dog> GetSomeDogs( int age, string name ) { return query_GetDog(YourContext,age,name).ToList(); //<== change here } public void DataBindStuff() { List<Dog> dogs = GetSomeDogs(4,"Bud"); // but I want the dogs ordered by BirthDate gridView.DataSource = dogs.OrderBy( it => it.BirthDate ); } When you call ToList(), the query gets executed as per the compiled query and then, later, the OrderBy is executed against the objects in memory. It may be a little bit slower, but I'm not even sure. One sure thing is that you have no worries about mis-handling the ObjectQuery and invalidating the compiled query plan. Once again, that is not a blanket statement. ToList() is a defensive programming trick, but if you have a valid reason not to use ToList(), go ahead. There are many cases in which you would want to refine the query before executing it. Performance What is the performance impact of compiling a query? It can actually be fairly large. A rule of thumb is that compiling and caching the query for reuse takes at least double the time of simply executing it without caching. For complex queries (read inherirante), I have seen upwards to 10 seconds. So, the first time a pre-compiled query gets called, you get a performance hit. After that first hit, performance is noticeably better than the same non-pre-compiled query. Practically the same as Linq2Sql When you load a page with pre-compiled queries the first time you will get a hit. It will load in maybe 5-15 seconds (obviously more than one pre-compiled queries will end up being called), while subsequent loads will take less than 300ms. Dramatic difference, and it is up to you to decide if it is ok for your first user to take a hit or you want a script to call your pages to force a compilation of the queries. Can this query be cached? { Dog dog = from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == id select dog; } No, ad-hoc Linq queries are not cached and you will incur the cost of generating the tree every single time you call it. Parametrized Queries Most search capabilities involve heavily parametrized queries. There are even libraries available that will let you build a parametrized query out of lamba expressions. The problem is that you cannot use pre-compiled queries with those. One way around that is to map out all the possible criteria in the query and flag which one you want to use: public struct MyParams { public string name; public bool checkName; public int age; public bool checkAge; } static readonly Func<Entities, MyParams, IEnumerable<Dog>> query_GetDog = CompiledQuery.Compile<Entities, MyParams, IEnumerable<Dog>>((ctx, myParams) => from dog in ctx.DogSet where (myParams.checkAge == true && dog.Age == myParams.age) && (myParams.checkName == true && dog.Name == myParams.name ) select dog); protected List<Dog> GetSomeDogs() { MyParams myParams = new MyParams(); myParams.name = "Bud"; myParams.checkName = true; myParams.age = 0; myParams.checkAge = false; return query_GetDog(YourContext,myParams).ToList(); } The advantage here is that you get all the benifits of a pre-compiled quert. The disadvantages are that you most likely will end up with a where clause that is pretty difficult to maintain, that you will incur a bigger penalty for pre-compiling the query and that each query you run is not as efficient as it could be (particularly with joins thrown in). Another way is to build an EntitySQL query piece by piece, like we all did with SQL. protected List<Dod> GetSomeDogs( string name, int age) { string query = "select value dog from Entities.DogSet where 1 = 1 "; if( !String.IsNullOrEmpty(name) ) query = query + " and dog.Name == @Name "; if( age > 0 ) query = query + " and dog.Age == @Age "; ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>( query, YourContext ); if( !String.IsNullOrEmpty(name) ) oQuery.Parameters.Add( new ObjectParameter( "Name", name ) ); if( age > 0 ) oQuery.Parameters.Add( new ObjectParameter( "Age", age ) ); return oQuery.ToList(); } Here the problems are: - there is no syntax checking during compilation - each different combination of parameters generate a different query which will need to be pre-compiled when it is first run. In this case, there are only 4 different possible queries (no params, age-only, name-only and both params), but you can see that there can be way more with a normal world search. - Noone likes to concatenate strings! Another option is to query a large subset of the data and then narrow it down in memory. This is particularly useful if you are working with a definite subset of the data, like all the dogs in a city. You know there are a lot but you also know there aren't that many... so your CityDog search page can load all the dogs for the city in memory, which is a single pre-compiled query and then refine the results protected List<Dod> GetSomeDogs( string name, int age, string city) { string query = "select value dog from Entities.DogSet where dog.Owner.Address.City == @City "; ObjectQuery<Dog> oQuery = new ObjectQuery<Dog>( query, YourContext ); oQuery.Parameters.Add( new ObjectParameter( "City", city ) ); List<Dog> dogs = oQuery.ToList(); if( !String.IsNullOrEmpty(name) ) dogs = dogs.Where( it => it.Name == name ); if( age > 0 ) dogs = dogs.Where( it => it.Age == age ); return dogs; } It is particularly useful when you start displaying all the data then allow for filtering. Problems: - Could lead to serious data transfer if you are not careful about your subset. - You can only filter on the data that you returned. It means that if you don't return the Dog.Owner association, you will not be able to filter on the Dog.Owner.Name So what is the best solution? There isn't any. You need to pick the solution that works best for you and your problem: - Use lambda-based query building when you don't care about pre-compiling your queries. - Use fully-defined pre-compiled Linq query when your object structure is not too complex. - Use EntitySQL/string concatenation when the structure could be complex and when the possible number of different resulting queries are small (which means fewer pre-compilation hits). - Use in-memory filtering when you are working with a smallish subset of the data or when you had to fetch all of the data on the data at first anyway (if the performance is fine with all the data, then filtering in memory will not cause any time to be spent in the db). Singleton access The best way to deal with your context and entities accross all your pages is to use the singleton pattern: public sealed class YourContext { private const string instanceKey = "On3GoModelKey"; YourContext(){} public static YourEntities Instance { get { HttpContext context = HttpContext.Current; if( context == null ) return Nested.instance; if (context.Items[instanceKey] == null) { On3GoEntities entity = new On3GoEntities(); context.Items[instanceKey] = entity; } return (YourEntities)context.Items[instanceKey]; } } class Nested { // Explicit static constructor to tell C# compiler // not to mark type as beforefieldinit static Nested() { } internal static readonly YourEntities instance = new YourEntities(); } } NoTracking, is it worth it? When executing a query, you can tell the framework to track the objects it will return or not. What does it mean? With tracking enabled (the default option), the framework will track what is going on with the object (has it been modified? Created? Deleted?) and will also link objects together, when further queries are made from the database, which is what is of interest here. For example, lets assume that Dog with ID == 2 has an owner which ID == 10. Dog dog = (from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == 2 select dog).FirstOrDefault(); //dog.OwnerReference.IsLoaded == false; Person owner = (from o in YourContext.PersonSet where o.ID == 10 select dog).FirstOrDefault(); //dog.OwnerReference.IsLoaded == true; If we were to do the same with no tracking, the result would be different. ObjectQuery<Dog> oDogQuery = (ObjectQuery<Dog>) (from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == 2 select dog); oDogQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking; Dog dog = oDogQuery.FirstOrDefault(); //dog.OwnerReference.IsLoaded == false; ObjectQuery<Person> oPersonQuery = (ObjectQuery<Person>) (from o in YourContext.PersonSet where o.ID == 10 select o); oPersonQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking; Owner owner = oPersonQuery.FirstOrDefault(); //dog.OwnerReference.IsLoaded == false; Tracking is very useful and in a perfect world without performance issue, it would always be on. But in this world, there is a price for it, in terms of performance. So, should you use NoTracking to speed things up? It depends on what you are planning to use the data for. Is there any chance that the data your query with NoTracking can be used to make update/insert/delete in the database? If so, don't use NoTracking because associations are not tracked and will causes exceptions to be thrown. In a page where there are absolutly no updates to the database, you can use NoTracking. Mixing tracking and NoTracking is possible, but it requires you to be extra careful with updates/inserts/deletes. The problem is that if you mix then you risk having the framework trying to Attach() a NoTracking object to the context where another copy of the same object exist with tracking on. Basicly, what I am saying is that Dog dog1 = (from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == 2).FirstOrDefault(); ObjectQuery<Dog> oDogQuery = (ObjectQuery<Dog>) (from dog in YourContext.DogSet where dog.ID == 2 select dog); oDogQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking; Dog dog2 = oDogQuery.FirstOrDefault(); dog1 and dog2 are 2 different objects, one tracked and one not. Using the detached object in an update/insert will force an Attach() that will say "Wait a minute, I do already have an object here with the same database key. Fail". And when you Attach() one object, all of its hierarchy gets attached as well, causing problems everywhere. Be extra careful. How much faster is it with NoTracking It depends on the queries. Some are much more succeptible to tracking than other. I don't have a fast an easy rule for it, but it helps. So I should use NoTracking everywhere then? Not exactly. There are some advantages to tracking object. The first one is that the object is cached, so subsequent call for that object will not hit the database. That cache is only valid for the lifetime of the YourEntities object, which, if you use the singleton code above, is the same as the page lifetime. One page request == one YourEntity object. So for multiple calls for the same object, it will load only once per page request. (Other caching mechanism could extend that). What happens when you are using NoTracking and try to load the same object multiple times? The database will be queried each time, so there is an impact there. How often do/should you call for the same object during a single page request? As little as possible of course, but it does happens. Also remember the piece above about having the associations connected automatically for your? You don't have that with NoTracking, so if you load your data in multiple batches, you will not have a link to between them: ObjectQuery<Dog> oDogQuery = (ObjectQuery<Dog>)(from dog in YourContext.DogSet select dog); oDogQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking; List<Dog> dogs = oDogQuery.ToList(); ObjectQuery<Person> oPersonQuery = (ObjectQuery<Person>)(from o in YourContext.PersonSet select o); oPersonQuery.MergeOption = MergeOption.NoTracking; List<Person> owners = oPersonQuery.ToList(); In this case, no dog will have its .Owner property set. Some things to keep in mind when you are trying to optimize the performance. No lazy loading, what am I to do? This can be seen as a blessing in disguise. Of course it is annoying to load everything manually. However, it decreases the number of calls to the db and forces you to think about when you should load data. The more you can load in one database call the better. That was always true, but it is enforced now with this 'feature' of EF. Of course, you can call if( !ObjectReference.IsLoaded ) ObjectReference.Load(); if you want to, but a better practice is to force the framework to load the objects you know you will need in one shot. This is where the discussion about parametrized Includes begins to make sense. Lets say you have you Dog object public class Dog { public Dog Get(int id) { return YourContext.DogSet.FirstOrDefault(it => it.ID == id ); } } This is the type of function you work with all the time. It gets called from all over the place and once you have that Dog object, you will do very different things to it in different functions. First, it should be pre-compiled, because you will call that very often. Second, each different pages will want to have access to a different subset of the Dog data. Some will want the Owner, some the FavoriteToy, etc. Of course, you could call Load() for each reference you need anytime you need one. But that will generate a call to the database each time. Bad idea. So instead, each page will ask for the data it wants to see when it first request for the Dog object: static public Dog Get(int id) { return GetDog(entity,"");} static public Dog Get(int id, string includePath) { string query = "select value o " + " from YourEntities.DogSet as o " +

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