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• HP to Cisco spanning tree root flapping

  - by Tim Brigham

  Per a recent question I recently configured both my HP (2x 2900) and Cisco (1x 3750) hardware to use MSTP for interoperability. I thought this was functional until I applied the change to the third device (HP switch 1 below) at which time the spanning tree root started flapping causing performance issues (5% packet loss) between my two HP switches. I'm not sure why. HP Switch 1 A4 connected to Cisco 1/0/1. HP Switch 2 B2 connected to Cisco 2/0/1. HP Switch 1 A2 connected to HP Switch 2 A1. I'd prefer the Cisco stack to act as the root. EDIT: There is one specific line - 'spanning-tree 1 path-cost 500000' in the HP switch 2 that I didn't add and was preexisting. I'm not sure if it could have the kind of impact that I'm describing. I'm more a security and monitoring guy then networking. EDIT 2: I'm starting to believe the problem lies in the fact that the value for my MST 0 instance on the Cisco is still at the default 32768. I worked up a diagram: This is based on every show command I could find for STP. I'll make this change after hours and see if it helps. Cisco 3750 Config: version 12.2 spanning-tree mode mst spanning-tree extend system-id spanning-tree mst configuration name mstp revision 1 instance 1 vlan 1, 40, 70, 100, 250 spanning-tree mst 1 priority 0 vlan internal allocation policy ascending interface TenGigabitEthernet1/1/1 switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport mode trunk ! interface TenGigabitEthernet2/1/1 switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport mode trunk ! interface Vlan1 no ip address ! interface Vlan100 ip address 192.168.100.253 255.255.255.0 ! Cisco 3750 show spanning tree: show spanning-tree MST0 Spanning tree enabled protocol mstp Root ID Priority 32768 Address 0004.ea84.5f80 Cost 200000 Port 53 (TenGigabitEthernet1/1/1) Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Bridge ID Priority 32768 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 0) Address a44c.11a6.7c80 Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type ------------------- ---- --- --------- -------- -------------------------------- Te1/1/1 Root FWD 2000 128.53 P2p MST1 Spanning tree enabled protocol mstp Root ID Priority 1 Address a44c.11a6.7c80 This bridge is the root Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Bridge ID Priority 1 (priority 0 sys-id-ext 1) Address a44c.11a6.7c80 Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type ------------------- ---- --- --------- -------- -------------------------------- Te1/1/1 Desg FWD 2000 128.53 P2p Cisco 3750 show logging: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to down %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan100, changed state to down %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan100, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to down %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to up HP Switch 1: ; J9049A Configuration Editor; Created on release #T.13.71 vlan 1 name "DEFAULT_VLAN" untagged 1-8,10,13-16,18-23,A1-A4 ip address 100.100.100.17 255.255.255.0 no untagged 9,11-12,17,24 exit vlan 100 name "192.168.100" untagged 9,11-12,17,24 tagged 1-8,10,13-16,18-23,A1-A4 no ip address exit vlan 21 name "Users_2" tagged 1,A1-A4 no ip address exit vlan 40 name "Cafe" tagged 1,4,7,A1-A4 no ip address exit vlan 250 name "Firewall" tagged 1,4,7,A1-A4 no ip address exit vlan 70 name "DMZ" tagged 1,4,7-8,13,A1-A4 no ip address exit spanning-tree spanning-tree config-name "mstp" spanning-tree config-revision 1 spanning-tree instance 1 vlan 1 40 70 100 250 password manager password operator HP Switch 1 show spanning tree: show spanning-tree Multiple Spanning Tree (MST) Information STP Enabled : Yes Force Version : MSTP-operation IST Mapped VLANs : 2-39,41-69,71-99,101-249,251-4094 Switch MAC Address : 0021f7-126580 Switch Priority : 32768 Max Age : 20 Max Hops : 20 Forward Delay : 15 Topology Change Count : 363,490 Time Since Last Change : 14 hours CST Root MAC Address : 0004ea-845f80 CST Root Priority : 32768 CST Root Path Cost : 200000 CST Root Port : 1 IST Regional Root MAC Address : 0021f7-126580 IST Regional Root Priority : 32768 IST Regional Root Path Cost : 0 IST Remaining Hops : 20 Root Guard Ports : TCN Guard Ports : BPDU Protected Ports : BPDU Filtered Ports : PVST Protected Ports : PVST Filtered Ports : | Prio | Designated Hello Port Type | Cost rity State | Bridge Time PtP Edge ----- --------- + --------- ---- ---------- + ------------- ---- --- ---- A1 | Auto 128 Disabled | A2 10GbE-CX4 | 2000 128 Forwarding | 0021f7-126580 2 Yes No A3 10GbE-CX4 | Auto 128 Disabled | A4 10GbE-SR | Auto 128 Disabled | HP Switch 1 Logging: I removed the date / time fields since they are inaccurate (no NTP configured on these switches) 00839 stp: MSTI 1 Root changed from 0:a44c11-a67c80 to 32768:0021f7-126580 00839 stp: MSTI 1 Root changed from 32768:0021f7-126580 to 0:a44c11-a67c80 00842 stp: MSTI 1 starved for an MSTI Msg Rx on port A4 from 0:a44c11-a67c80 00839 stp: MSTI 1 Root changed from 0:a44c11-a67c80 to 32768:0021f7-126580 00839 stp: MSTI 1 Root changed from 32768:0021f7-126580 to 0:a44c11-a67c80 00839 stp: MSTI 1 Root changed from 0:a44c11-a67c80 to ... HP Switch 2 Configuration: ; J9146A Configuration Editor; Created on release #W.14.49 vlan 1 name "DEFAULT_VLAN" untagged 1,3-17,21-24,A1-A2,B2 ip address 100.100.100.36 255.255.255.0 no untagged 2,18-20,B1 exit vlan 100 name "192.168.100" untagged 2,18-20 tagged 1,3-17,21-24,A1-A2,B1-B2 no ip address exit vlan 21 name "Users_2" tagged 1,A1-A2,B2 no ip address exit vlan 40 name "Cafe" tagged 1,13-14,16,A1-A2,B2 no ip address exit vlan 250 name "Firewall" tagged 1,13-14,16,A1-A2,B2 no ip address exit vlan 70 name "DMZ" tagged 1,13-14,16,A1-A2,B2 no ip address exit logging 192.168.100.18 spanning-tree spanning-tree 1 path-cost 500000 spanning-tree config-name "mstp" spanning-tree config-revision 1 spanning-tree instance 1 vlan 1 40 70 100 250 HP Switch 2 Spanning Tree: show spanning-tree Multiple Spanning Tree (MST) Information STP Enabled : Yes Force Version : MSTP-operation IST Mapped VLANs : 2-39,41-69,71-99,101-249,251-4094 Switch MAC Address : 0024a8-cd6000 Switch Priority : 32768 Max Age : 20 Max Hops : 20 Forward Delay : 15 Topology Change Count : 21,793 Time Since Last Change : 14 hours CST Root MAC Address : 0004ea-845f80 CST Root Priority : 32768 CST Root Path Cost : 200000 CST Root Port : A1 IST Regional Root MAC Address : 0021f7-126580 IST Regional Root Priority : 32768 IST Regional Root Path Cost : 2000 IST Remaining Hops : 19 Root Guard Ports : TCN Guard Ports : BPDU Protected Ports : BPDU Filtered Ports : PVST Protected Ports : PVST Filtered Ports : | Prio | Designated Hello Port Type | Cost rity State | Bridge Time PtP Edge ----- --------- + --------- ---- ---------- + ------------- ---- --- ---- A1 10GbE-CX4 | 2000 128 Forwarding | 0021f7-126580 2 Yes No A2 10GbE-CX4 | Auto 128 Disabled | B1 SFP+SR | 2000 128 Forwarding | 0024a8-cd6000 2 Yes No B2 | Auto 128 Disabled | HP Switch 2 Logging: I removed the date / time fields since they are inaccurate (no NTP configured on these switches) 00839 stp: CST Root changed from 32768:0021f7-126580 to 32768:0004ea-845f80 00839 stp: IST Root changed from 32768:0021f7-126580 to 32768:0024a8-cd6000 00839 stp: CST Root changed from 32768:0004ea-845f80 to 32768:0024a8-cd6000 00839 stp: CST Root changed from 32768:0024a8-cd6000 to 32768:0004ea-845f80 00839 stp: CST Root changed from 32768:0004ea-845f80 to 32768:0024a8-cd6000 00435 ports: port B1 is Blocked by STP 00839 stp: CST Root changed from 32768:0024a8-cd6000 to 32768:0021f7-126580 00839 stp: IST Root changed from 32768:0024a8-cd6000 to 32768:0021f7-126580 00839 stp: CST Root changed from 32768:0021f7-126580 to 32768:0004ea-845f80

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• Postfix email forwarding

  - by Gary

  Is it possible for Postfix (on FC7) to recieve an email at [email protected] and automatically forward a copy to [email protected] and [email protected] and [email protected]? I can't use .forward files because this is a virtual server with virtual domains, there are no /home/user directorys for email accounts.

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• Spanning-tree setup with incompatible switches

  - by wfaulk

  I have a set of eight HP ProCurve 2910al-48G Ethernet switches at my datacenter that are set up in a star topology with no physical loops. I want to partially mesh the switches for redundancy and manage the loops with a spanning-tree protocol. However, our connection to the datacenter is provided by two uplinks, each to a Cisco 3750. The datacenter's switches are handling the redundant connection using PVST spanning-tree, which is a Cisco-proprietary spanning-tree implementation that my HP switches do not support. It appears that my switches are not participating in the datacenter's spanning-tree domain, but are blindly passing the BPDUs between the two switchports on my side, which enables the datacenter's switches to recognize the loop and put one of the uplinks into the Blocking state. This is somewhat supposition, but I can confirm that, while my switches say that both of the uplink ports are forwarding, only one is passing any real quantity of data. (I am assuming that I cannot get the datacenter to move away from PVST. I don't know that I'd want them to make that significant of a change anyway.) The datacenter has also sent me this output from their switches (which I have expurgated of any identifiable info): 3750G-1#sh spanning-tree vlan nnn VLAN0nnn Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee Root ID Priority 10 Address 00d0.0114.xxxx Cost 4 Port 5 (GigabitEthernet1/0/5) Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Bridge ID Priority 32mmm (priority 32768 sys-id-ext nnn) Address 0018.73d3.yyyy Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Aging Time 300 sec Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type ------------------- ---- --- --------- -------- -------------------------------- Gi1/0/5 Root FWD 4 128.5 P2p Gi1/0/6 Altn BLK 4 128.6 P2p Gi1/0/8 Altn BLK 4 128.8 P2p and: 3750G-2#sh spanning-tree vlan nnn VLAN0nnn Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee Root ID Priority 10 Address 00d0.0114.xxxx Cost 4 Port 6 (GigabitEthernet1/0/6) Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Bridge ID Priority 32mmm (priority 32768 sys-id-ext nnn) Address 000f.f71e.zzzz Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Aging Time 300 sec Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type ------------------- ---- --- --------- -------- -------------------------------- Gi1/0/1 Desg FWD 4 128.1 P2p Gi1/0/5 Altn BLK 4 128.5 P2p Gi1/0/6 Root FWD 4 128.6 P2p Gi1/0/8 Desg FWD 4 128.8 P2p The uplinks to my switches are on Gi1/0/8 on both of their switches. The uplink ports are configured with a single tagged VLAN. I am also using a number of other tagged VLANs in my switch infrastructure. And, to be clear, I am passing the tagged VLAN I'm receiving from the datacenter to other ports on other switches in my infrastructure. My question is: how do I configure my switches so that I can use a spanning tree protocol inside my switch infrastructure without breaking the datacenter's spanning tree that I cannot participate in?

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• How to connect from Visual Studio to firewalled SQL Server 2008?

  - by abatishchev

  Because my development computer is located into another subnet than SQL Server 2008, I have to forward custom ports on firewall. What ports have I to forward to be able to connect from Visual Studio Server Explorer to remote server?

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• Making hosts accessible between LAN subnets

  - by nixnotwin

  I have two inerfaces on my router with tomato firmwre: br0 and vlan4. br0 is on 192.168.0.0/16 subnet and vlan4 on 10.0.1.0/24 subnet. As I don't want the different network services on br0 available on vlan4, I have added this firewall rule: iptables -I INPUT -i vlan4 -j ACCEPT; iptables -I FORWARD -i vlan4 -o vlan2 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT; iptables -I FORWARD -i br0 -o vlan4 -j DROP; vlan2 is my WAN (internet acess). The issue that I want to solve is that I want to make one host from 192.168.0.0/16 network (br0), which has ip 192.168.0.50, available on vlan4 (10.0.1.0/24). Only that host should be available on vlan4 (and all other hosts on br0 should be inaccessible). What firewall rules can be used to do it? Edit 1: Output of iptables -nvL FORWARD: Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 4 packets, 204 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- vlan4 192.168.0.50 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- vlan4 ppp0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW 229 13483 ACCEPT all -- vlan4 vlan2 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW 0 0 DROP all -- br0 vlan3 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- vlan3 ppp0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW 67 3405 ACCEPT all -- vlan3 vlan2 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW 0 0 ACCEPT all -- br0 br0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 34 1360 DROP all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID 758 40580 TCPMSS tcp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp flags:0x06/0x02 TCPMSS clamp to PMTU 11781 2111K restrict all -- * vlan2 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 26837 19M ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 wanin all -- vlan2 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 287 15927 wanout all -- * vlan2 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 283 15723 ACCEPT all -- br0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 upnp all -- vlan2 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Output of iptables -t nat -nvL PREROUTING: Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 6887 packets, 526K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 855 83626 WANPREROUTING all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 222.228.137.223 0 0 DROP all -- vlan2 * 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.0/16 0 0 DNAT udp -- * * 192.168.0.0/16 !192.168.0.0/16 udp dpt:53 to:192.168.0.1

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• FTP could not connect after applying local DNS(private DNS)

  - by Rahul

  I made a software router in CentOS linux and in that made a DNS server. I am using centOS 6..4 for making DNS i applied following steps: changed the host name = abc.zoom.com and domain name = zoom.com. then did changes in the named.rfc.1912 file as per rename named.localhost = forward and named.loopback = reverse in forward lookups i changed zone "zoom.com" IN { type master; file "forward"; allow-update { none; }; and in reverse lookups i changed zone "x.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN { type master; file "reverse"; allow-update { none; }; and then did changes in the named.conf file options { listen-on port 53 {192.168.x.x;}; listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; }; directory "/var/named"; dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db"; statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt"; memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt"; allow-query {any;}; recursion yes; 192.168.x.x is my local DNS address. then i copied lookups file in /var/named and edited the file "forward" $TTL 1D @ IN SOA abc.zoom.com. rahul.abc.zoom.com. ( 0 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum NS abc.zoom.com. abc A 192.168.x.x and for " reverse" $TTL 1D @ IN SOA abc.zoom.com. rahul.abc.zoom.com.( 0 ; serial 1D ; refresh 1H ; retry 1W ; expire 3H ) ; minimum NS abc.zoom.com. x PTR abc.zoom.com. when i put the public ip details in the Eth0 it was automatically redirect in to the resolve.conf when i checked through dig command the answer, query all were 1. my system is itself a Software router.In gateway of my all local machine i give my system ip address. however my DNS and Gateway IP is same. Now the problem is that. i gave the static ips to all my local machines when i give the DNS which i made i.e 192.168.x.x that time my ftp is not connect in filezilla software E.g: host : pqr.zoom.com ("zoom.com" is my local domain name) username : pqr password : pqr gives an error: Error: Connection timed out Error: Could not connect to server but if i give the public DNS address it get connected. i want to solve this problem please give solution on this.

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• Focus issues in OS X Spaces

  - by AK

  Spaces rarely returns focus to my last used window. Haven't been able to peg universally reproducible steps, but spend any time switching among spaces and windows and you'll come across this. It often happens with Finder windows. I'm thinking this is because Mac OS X treats Finder as a single app, so bringing Finder forward in one space brings it forward in all spaces. Extremely annoying! Anyone have a fix for this?

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• Meaning of iptables filter restriction

  - by Gnanam

  Hi, My server is Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5. I'm not an expert in Linux iptables firewall. After installation, I find the following entries in /etc/sysconfig/iptables. *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] -A INPUT -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT COMMIT What does this iptable filter restriction rule mean?

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• Win 2k3 - DNS query ?

  - by nXqd

  I'm learning about network and I configured DNS in 2k3. In forward zone : cntt.edu www.cntt.edu [ 192.168.188.4 ] . [ All IP / DNS configuration is right ] After that I use wireshark to catch packet when I enter www.cntt.edu in IE . I see there's no DNS here, I forward directly to 192.168.188.4, there's no query . Any problem ? Thanks for reading this :)

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• How do I enable TUN/TAP forwarding?

  - by rafal

  I have a program which writes packets (destination address 10.3.0.2) to the TUN/TAP interface. Network: host1|tun0----eth1(10.3.0.1)|-------------------host2|eth1(10.3.0.2)| Wireshark captures these packets from interface tun0 but they are not forwarded to interface eth1. Commands: sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 sysctl -p iptables -A INPUT -i tun+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tun+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT /etc/init.d/networking restart /etc/init.d/openvpn restart

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• Configure spanning tree from HP to Cisco hardware

  - by Tim Brigham

  I have three switches I'd like to configure in a loop - a Cisco stack (3750s) and two HP 2900 series. Each is connected to the next with a 10 gig backplane of one form or another. How do I configure the spanning tree on these systems to make this function correctly? From the documents I've looked at it looks like I need to set both sets of hardware to use MST mode but I'm not sure past that point. The trunking, etc is all set up as needed. HP Switch 1 A4 connected to Cisco 1/0/1. HP Switch 2 B2 connected to Cisco 2/0/1. HP Switch 1 A2 connected to HP Switch 2 A1. HP Switch 1 show spanning-tree Multiple Spanning Tree (MST) Information STP Enabled : Yes Force Version : MSTP-operation IST Mapped VLANs : 1-4094 Switch MAC Address : 0021f7-126580 Switch Priority : 32768 Max Age : 20 Max Hops : 20 Forward Delay : 15 Topology Change Count : 352,485 Time Since Last Change : 2 secs CST Root MAC Address : 0018ba-c74268 CST Root Priority : 1 CST Root Path Cost : 200000 CST Root Port : 1 IST Regional Root MAC Address : 0021f7-126580 IST Regional Root Priority : 32768 IST Regional Root Path Cost : 0 IST Remaining Hops : 20 Root Guard Ports : TCN Guard Ports : BPDU Protected Ports : BPDU Filtered Ports : PVST Protected Ports : PVST Filtered Ports : | Prio | Designated Hello Port Type | Cost rity State | Bridge Time PtP Edge ----- --------- + --------- ---- ---------- + ------------- ---- --- ---- ... A1 | Auto 128 Disabled | A2 10GbE-CX4 | 2000 128 Forwarding | 0021f7-126580 2 Yes No A3 10GbE-CX4 | Auto 128 Disabled | A4 10GbE-SR | 2000 128 Forwarding | 0021f7-126580 2 Yes No HP Switch 2 show spanning-tree Multiple Spanning Tree (MST) Information STP Enabled : Yes Force Version : MSTP-operation IST Mapped VLANs : 1-4094 Switch MAC Address : 0024a8-cd6000 Switch Priority : 32768 Max Age : 20 Max Hops : 20 Forward Delay : 15 Topology Change Count : 19,623 Time Since Last Change : 32 secs CST Root MAC Address : 0018ba-c74268 CST Root Priority : 1 CST Root Path Cost : 202000 CST Root Port : A1 IST Regional Root MAC Address : 0024a8-cd6000 IST Regional Root Priority : 32768 IST Regional Root Path Cost : 0 IST Remaining Hops : 20 Root Guard Ports : TCN Guard Ports : BPDU Protected Ports : BPDU Filtered Ports : PVST Protected Ports : PVST Filtered Ports : | Prio | Designated Hello Port Type | Cost rity State | Bridge Time PtP Edge ----- --------- + --------- ---- ---------- + ------------- ---- --- ---- ... A1 10GbE-CX4 | 2000 128 Forwarding | 0021f7-126580 2 Yes No A2 10GbE-CX4 | Auto 128 Disabled | B1 SFP+SR | 2000 128 Blocking | a44c11-a67c80 2 Yes No B2 | Auto 128 Disabled | Cisco Stack 1 show spanning-tree ... (additional VLANs) VLAN0100 Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee Root ID Priority 1 Address 0018.bac7.426e Cost 2 Port 107 (TenGigabitEthernet2/1/1) Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Bridge ID Priority 32868 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 100) Address a44c.11a6.7c80 Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Aging Time 300 sec Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type ------------------- ---- --- --------- -------- -------------------------------- Te1/1/1 Desg FWD 2 128.53 P2p Te2/1/1 Root FWD 2 128.107 P2p

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• iptables: Allow only HTTP access for web browsing

  - by user1448260

  Have a linux box, want it locked down but just be able to surf internet on it. Why is this script blocking http too? #!/bin/sh # # iptables -F # #Set default policies for INPUT, FORWARD and OUTPUT chains # iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P FORWARD DROP iptables -P OUTPUT DROP # # Allow TCP connections on tcp port 80 # iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -p tcp --sport 80 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # # Set access for localhost # iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # # List rules # iptables -L -v

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• IIS serving locally, but not remotely

  - by cinqoTimo

  There is a router between the modem and the server. In the admin panel, I use single-port forward Internal Port External Port IP 80 80 to 192.168.1.100 (Web Server) Basically, I'm not on site, and there is a local IT person who is supposed to have this ready. I saw the port forward page, and it was configured as described above. So my question is, the only other thing it could be is firewall software, or some other device on the network that their not telling me about, right?

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• How to setup RAID partitions with parted?

  - by psycketom

  I'm going through the https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/RAID guide in here, but I'm stuck on Partition Tables. Since my drives are 3TB, fdisk and cfdisk won't cut it due to their 2GB limit, but they are straight forward when managing partitions - adding da or fd as types. But, there is not that straight forward guide for RAID partition setup with parted. So, how do I make Non-FS or RAID partition with parted?

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• using Intellimouse in Parallels 5

  - by nobody

  I'm running Win7 in Parallels 5 and have a five button USB mouse (Microsoft Intellimouse). I have my mouse's side buttons mapped to the Forward and Back (browser) commands. However, Parallel's Mouse Synchronization Service seems to be intercepting the mouse keypress event for these two buttons, and remapping them to the Windows Start Menu command. Any way to undo this? i.e. get my Back/Forward buttons working again?

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• DD-WRT firewall rule configuration

  - by ddobie

  I'm using DD-WRT on my linksys router. I want to limit each user on my network to 200 connections at any given time. Does anyone know the rules I enter the firewall in DD-WRT admit panel. I tried the following with no luck: iptables -I FORWARD -s -d 192.168.1.0/24 -p tcp -m connlimit --connlimit-above 150 -j DROP iptables -I FORWARD -s -d 192.168.1.0/24 -p udp -m connlimit --connlimit-above 50 -j DROP

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• problem with google chrome

  - by user365559

  hi. i have javscript file for history management.IT is not supported by chrome when i am trying to navigate to back page with backbutton in the browser.I can see the url change but it doesnt go to preceeding page. BrowserHistoryUtils = { addEvent: function(elm, evType, fn, useCapture) { useCapture = useCapture || false; if (elm.addEventListener) { elm.addEventListener(evType, fn, useCapture); return true; } else if (elm.attachEvent) { var r = elm.attachEvent('on' + evType, fn); return r; } else { elm['on' + evType] = fn; } } } BrowserHistory = (function() { // type of browser var browser = { ie: false, firefox: false, safari: false, opera: false, version: -1 }; // if setDefaultURL has been called, our first clue // that the SWF is ready and listening //var swfReady = false; // the URL we'll send to the SWF once it is ready //var pendingURL = ''; // Default app state URL to use when no fragment ID present var defaultHash = ''; // Last-known app state URL var currentHref = document.location.href; // Initial URL (used only by IE) var initialHref = document.location.href; // Initial URL (used only by IE) var initialHash = document.location.hash; // History frame source URL prefix (used only by IE) var historyFrameSourcePrefix = 'history/historyFrame.html?'; // History maintenance (used only by Safari) var currentHistoryLength = -1; var historyHash = []; var initialState = createState(initialHref, initialHref + '#' + initialHash, initialHash); var backStack = []; var forwardStack = []; var currentObjectId = null; //UserAgent detection var useragent = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); if (useragent.indexOf("opera") != -1) { browser.opera = true; } else if (useragent.indexOf("msie") != -1) { browser.ie = true; browser.version = parseFloat(useragent.substring(useragent.indexOf('msie') + 4)); } else if (useragent.indexOf("safari") != -1) { browser.safari = true; browser.version = parseFloat(useragent.substring(useragent.indexOf('safari') + 7)); } else if (useragent.indexOf("gecko") != -1) { browser.firefox = true; } if (browser.ie == true && browser.version == 7) { window["_ie_firstload"] = false; } // Accessor functions for obtaining specific elements of the page. function getHistoryFrame() { return document.getElementById('ie_historyFrame'); } function getAnchorElement() { return document.getElementById('firefox_anchorDiv'); } function getFormElement() { return document.getElementById('safari_formDiv'); } function getRememberElement() { return document.getElementById("safari_remember_field"); } // Get the Flash player object for performing ExternalInterface callbacks. // Updated for changes to SWFObject2. function getPlayer(id) { if (id && document.getElementById(id)) { var r = document.getElementById(id); if (typeof r.SetVariable != "undefined") { return r; } else { var o = r.getElementsByTagName("object"); var e = r.getElementsByTagName("embed"); if (o.length > 0 && typeof o[0].SetVariable != "undefined") { return o[0]; } else if (e.length > 0 && typeof e[0].SetVariable != "undefined") { return e[0]; } } } else { var o = document.getElementsByTagName("object"); var e = document.getElementsByTagName("embed"); if (e.length > 0 && typeof e[0].SetVariable != "undefined") { return e[0]; } else if (o.length > 0 && typeof o[0].SetVariable != "undefined") { return o[0]; } else if (o.length > 1 && typeof o[1].SetVariable != "undefined") { return o[1]; } } return undefined; } function getPlayers() { var players = []; if (players.length == 0) { var tmp = document.getElementsByTagName('object'); players = tmp; } if (players.length == 0 || players[0].object == null) { var tmp = document.getElementsByTagName('embed'); players = tmp; } return players; } function getIframeHash() { var doc = getHistoryFrame().contentWindow.document; var hash = String(doc.location.search); if (hash.length == 1 && hash.charAt(0) == "?") { hash = ""; } else if (hash.length >= 2 && hash.charAt(0) == "?") { hash = hash.substring(1); } return hash; } /* Get the current location hash excluding the '#' symbol. */ function getHash() { // It would be nice if we could use document.location.hash here, // but it's faulty sometimes. var idx = document.location.href.indexOf('#'); return (idx >= 0) ? document.location.href.substr(idx+1) : ''; } /* Get the current location hash excluding the '#' symbol. */ function setHash(hash) { // It would be nice if we could use document.location.hash here, // but it's faulty sometimes. if (hash == '') hash = '#' document.location.hash = hash; } function createState(baseUrl, newUrl, flexAppUrl) { return { 'baseUrl': baseUrl, 'newUrl': newUrl, 'flexAppUrl': flexAppUrl, 'title': null }; } /* Add a history entry to the browser. * baseUrl: the portion of the location prior to the '#' * newUrl: the entire new URL, including '#' and following fragment * flexAppUrl: the portion of the location following the '#' only */ function addHistoryEntry(baseUrl, newUrl, flexAppUrl) { //delete all the history entries forwardStack = []; if (browser.ie) { //Check to see if we are being asked to do a navigate for the first //history entry, and if so ignore, because it's coming from the creation //of the history iframe if (flexAppUrl == defaultHash && document.location.href == initialHref && window['_ie_firstload']) { currentHref = initialHref; return; } if ((!flexAppUrl || flexAppUrl == defaultHash) && window['_ie_firstload']) { newUrl = baseUrl + '#' + defaultHash; flexAppUrl = defaultHash; } else { // for IE, tell the history frame to go somewhere without a '#' // in order to get this entry into the browser history. getHistoryFrame().src = historyFrameSourcePrefix + flexAppUrl; } setHash(flexAppUrl); } else { //ADR if (backStack.length == 0 && initialState.flexAppUrl == flexAppUrl) { initialState = createState(baseUrl, newUrl, flexAppUrl); } else if(backStack.length > 0 && backStack[backStack.length - 1].flexAppUrl == flexAppUrl) { backStack[backStack.length - 1] = createState(baseUrl, newUrl, flexAppUrl); } if (browser.safari) { // for Safari, submit a form whose action points to the desired URL if (browser.version <= 419.3) { var file = window.location.pathname.toString(); file = file.substring(file.lastIndexOf("/")+1); getFormElement().innerHTML = '<form name="historyForm" action="'+file+'#' + flexAppUrl + '" method="GET"></form>'; //get the current elements and add them to the form var qs = window.location.search.substring(1); var qs_arr = qs.split("&"); for (var i = 0; i < qs_arr.length; i++) { var tmp = qs_arr[i].split("="); var elem = document.createElement("input"); elem.type = "hidden"; elem.name = tmp[0]; elem.value = tmp[1]; document.forms.historyForm.appendChild(elem); } document.forms.historyForm.submit(); } else { top.location.hash = flexAppUrl; } // We also have to maintain the history by hand for Safari historyHash[history.length] = flexAppUrl; _storeStates(); } else { // Otherwise, write an anchor into the page and tell the browser to go there addAnchor(flexAppUrl); setHash(flexAppUrl); } } backStack.push(createState(baseUrl, newUrl, flexAppUrl)); } function _storeStates() { if (browser.safari) { getRememberElement().value = historyHash.join(","); } } function handleBackButton() { //The "current" page is always at the top of the history stack. var current = backStack.pop(); if (!current) { return; } var last = backStack[backStack.length - 1]; if (!last && backStack.length == 0){ last = initialState; } forwardStack.push(current); } function handleForwardButton() { //summary: private method. Do not call this directly. var last = forwardStack.pop(); if (!last) { return; } backStack.push(last); } function handleArbitraryUrl() { //delete all the history entries forwardStack = []; } /* Called periodically to poll to see if we need to detect navigation that has occurred */ function checkForUrlChange() { if (browser.ie) { if (currentHref != document.location.href && currentHref + '#' != document.location.href) { //This occurs when the user has navigated to a specific URL //within the app, and didn't use browser back/forward //IE seems to have a bug where it stops updating the URL it //shows the end-user at this point, but programatically it //appears to be correct. Do a full app reload to get around //this issue. if (browser.version < 7) { currentHref = document.location.href; document.location.reload(); } else { if (getHash() != getIframeHash()) { // this.iframe.src = this.blankURL + hash; var sourceToSet = historyFrameSourcePrefix + getHash(); getHistoryFrame().src = sourceToSet; } } } } if (browser.safari) { // For Safari, we have to check to see if history.length changed. if (currentHistoryLength >= 0 && history.length != currentHistoryLength) { //alert("did change: " + history.length + ", " + historyHash.length + "|" + historyHash[history.length] + "|>" + historyHash.join("|")); // If it did change, then we have to look the old state up // in our hand-maintained array since document.location.hash // won't have changed, then call back into BrowserManager. currentHistoryLength = history.length; var flexAppUrl = historyHash[currentHistoryLength]; if (flexAppUrl == '') { //flexAppUrl = defaultHash; } //ADR: to fix multiple if (typeof BrowserHistory_multiple != "undefined" && BrowserHistory_multiple == true) { var pl = getPlayers(); for (var i = 0; i < pl.length; i++) { pl[i].browserURLChange(flexAppUrl); } } else { getPlayer().browserURLChange(flexAppUrl); } _storeStates(); } } if (browser.firefox) { if (currentHref != document.location.href) { var bsl = backStack.length; var urlActions = { back: false, forward: false, set: false } if ((window.location.hash == initialHash || window.location.href == initialHref) && (bsl == 1)) { urlActions.back = true; // FIXME: could this ever be a forward button? // we can't clear it because we still need to check for forwards. Ugg. // clearInterval(this.locationTimer); handleBackButton(); } // first check to see if we could have gone forward. We always halt on // a no-hash item. if (forwardStack.length > 0) { if (forwardStack[forwardStack.length-1].flexAppUrl == getHash()) { urlActions.forward = true; handleForwardButton(); } } // ok, that didn't work, try someplace back in the history stack if ((bsl >= 2) && (backStack[bsl - 2])) { if (backStack[bsl - 2].flexAppUrl == getHash()) { urlActions.back = true; handleBackButton(); } } if (!urlActions.back && !urlActions.forward) { var foundInStacks = { back: -1, forward: -1 } for (var i = 0; i < backStack.length; i++) { if (backStack[i].flexAppUrl == getHash() && i != (bsl - 2)) { arbitraryUrl = true; foundInStacks.back = i; } } for (var i = 0; i < forwardStack.length; i++) { if (forwardStack[i].flexAppUrl == getHash() && i != (bsl - 2)) { arbitraryUrl = true; foundInStacks.forward = i; } } handleArbitraryUrl(); } // Firefox changed; do a callback into BrowserManager to tell it. currentHref = document.location.href; var flexAppUrl = getHash(); if (flexAppUrl == '') { //flexAppUrl = defaultHash; } //ADR: to fix multiple if (typeof BrowserHistory_multiple != "undefined" && BrowserHistory_multiple == true) { var pl = getPlayers(); for (var i = 0; i < pl.length; i++) { pl[i].browserURLChange(flexAppUrl); } } else { getPlayer().browserURLChange(flexAppUrl); } } } //setTimeout(checkForUrlChange, 50); } /* Write an anchor into the page to legitimize it as a URL for Firefox et al. */ function addAnchor(flexAppUrl) { if (document.getElementsByName(flexAppUrl).length == 0) { getAnchorElement().innerHTML += "<a name='" + flexAppUrl + "'>" + flexAppUrl + "</a>"; } } var _initialize = function () { if (browser.ie) { var scripts = document.getElementsByTagName('script'); for (var i = 0, s; s = scripts[i]; i++) { if (s.src.indexOf("history.js") > -1) { var iframe_location = (new String(s.src)).replace("history.js", "historyFrame.html"); } } historyFrameSourcePrefix = iframe_location + "?"; var src = historyFrameSourcePrefix; var iframe = document.createElement("iframe"); iframe.id = 'ie_historyFrame'; iframe.name = 'ie_historyFrame'; //iframe.src = historyFrameSourcePrefix; try { document.body.appendChild(iframe); } catch(e) { setTimeout(function() { document.body.appendChild(iframe); }, 0); } } if (browser.safari) { var rememberDiv = document.createElement("div"); rememberDiv.id = 'safari_rememberDiv'; document.body.appendChild(rememberDiv); rememberDiv.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="safari_remember_field" style="width: 500px;">'; var formDiv = document.createElement("div"); formDiv.id = 'safari_formDiv'; document.body.appendChild(formDiv); var reloader_content = document.createElement('div'); reloader_content.id = 'safarireloader'; var scripts = document.getElementsByTagName('script'); for (var i = 0, s; s = scripts[i]; i++) { if (s.src.indexOf("history.js") > -1) { html = (new String(s.src)).replace(".js", ".html"); } } reloader_content.innerHTML = '<iframe id="safarireloader-iframe" src="about:blank" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe>'; document.body.appendChild(reloader_content); reloader_content.style.position = 'absolute'; reloader_content.style.left = reloader_content.style.top = '-9999px'; iframe = reloader_content.getElementsByTagName('iframe')[0]; if (document.getElementById("safari_remember_field").value != "" ) { historyHash = document.getElementById("safari_remember_field").value.split(","); } } if (browser.firefox) { var anchorDiv = document.createElement("div"); anchorDiv.id = 'firefox_anchorDiv'; document.body.appendChild(anchorDiv); } //setTimeout(checkForUrlChange, 50); } return { historyHash: historyHash, backStack: function() { return backStack; }, forwardStack: function() { return forwardStack }, getPlayer: getPlayer, initialize: function(src) { _initialize(src); }, setURL: function(url) { document.location.href = url; }, getURL: function() { return document.location.href; }, getTitle: function() { return document.title; }, setTitle: function(title) { try { backStack[backStack.length - 1].title = title; } catch(e) { } //if on safari, set the title to be the empty string. if (browser.safari) { if (title == "") { try { var tmp = window.location.href.toString(); title = tmp.substring((tmp.lastIndexOf("/")+1), tmp.lastIndexOf("#")); } catch(e) { title = ""; } } } document.title = title; }, setDefaultURL: function(def) { defaultHash = def; def = getHash(); //trailing ? is important else an extra frame gets added to the history //when navigating back to the first page. Alternatively could check //in history frame navigation to compare # and ?. if (browser.ie) { window['_ie_firstload'] = true; var sourceToSet = historyFrameSourcePrefix + def; var func = function() { getHistoryFrame().src = sourceToSet; window.location.replace("#" + def); setInterval(checkForUrlChange, 50); } try { func(); } catch(e) { window.setTimeout(function() { func(); }, 0); } } if (browser.safari) { currentHistoryLength = history.length; if (historyHash.length == 0) { historyHash[currentHistoryLength] = def; var newloc = "#" + def; window.location.replace(newloc); } else { //alert(historyHash[historyHash.length-1]); } //setHash(def); setInterval(checkForUrlChange, 50); } if (browser.firefox || browser.opera) { var reg = new RegExp("#" + def + "$"); if (window.location.toString().match(reg)) { } else { var newloc ="#" + def; window.location.replace(newloc); } setInterval(checkForUrlChange, 50); //setHash(def); } }, /* Set the current browser URL; called from inside BrowserManager to propagate * the application state out to the container. */ setBrowserURL: function(flexAppUrl, objectId) { if (browser.ie && typeof objectId != "undefined") { currentObjectId = objectId; } //fromIframe = fromIframe || false; //fromFlex = fromFlex || false; //alert("setBrowserURL: " + flexAppUrl); //flexAppUrl = (flexAppUrl == "") ? defaultHash : flexAppUrl ; var pos = document.location.href.indexOf('#'); var baseUrl = pos != -1 ? document.location.href.substr(0, pos) : document.location.href; var newUrl = baseUrl + '#' + flexAppUrl; if (document.location.href != newUrl && document.location.href + '#' != newUrl) { currentHref = newUrl; addHistoryEntry(baseUrl, newUrl, flexAppUrl); currentHistoryLength = history.length; } return false; }, browserURLChange: function(flexAppUrl) { var objectId = null; if (browser.ie && currentObjectId != null) { objectId = currentObjectId; } pendingURL = ''; if (typeof BrowserHistory_multiple != "undefined" && BrowserHistory_multiple == true) { var pl = getPlayers(); for (var i = 0; i < pl.length; i++) { try { pl[i].browserURLChange(flexAppUrl); } catch(e) { } } } else { try { getPlayer(objectId).browserURLChange(flexAppUrl); } catch(e) { } } currentObjectId = null; } } })(); // Initialization // Automated unit testing and other diagnostics function setURL(url) { document.location.href = url; } function backButton() { history.back(); } function forwardButton() { history.forward(); } function goForwardOrBackInHistory(step) { history.go(step); } //BrowserHistoryUtils.addEvent(window, "load", function() { BrowserHistory.initialize(); }); (function(i) { var u =navigator.userAgent;var e=/*@cc_on!@*/false; var st = setTimeout; if(/webkit/i.test(u)){ st(function(){ var dr=document.readyState; if(dr=="loaded"||dr=="complete"){i()} else{st(arguments.callee,10);}},10); } else if((/mozilla/i.test(u)&&!/(compati)/.test(u)) || (/opera/i.test(u))){ document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",i,false); } else if(e){ (function(){ var t=document.createElement('doc:rdy'); try{t.doScroll('left'); i();t=null; }catch(e){st(arguments.callee,0);}})(); } else{ window.onload=i; } })( function() {BrowserHistory.initialize();} );

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• Must I call super when I implement -scrollViewDidScroll: of UIScrollViewDelegate in an UITableView?

  - by mystify

  I made a custom UITableView subclass and implemented this: - (void)scrollViewDidScroll:(UIScrollView *)scrollView { // scrolled... } Now, what I think is that UITableView may also love to get this message for some obvious reasons. However, when I don't forward that to super, for some reason, everything still works fine. Must I forward that guy to super? I mean...it's a delegate method implementation, but as far as I'm aware of, this would still override anything implemented in UITableView, or not? Edit: I see...the delegate could be anyone. Never mind about this. BUT: What I have such a thing in a superclass, and make a subclass. How would I even know that the superclass does implement that method and I must forward it to super?

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• Python recursion , Sierpinski triangle with color at each depth

  - by ???? ???

  import turtle w=turtle.Screen() def Tri(t, order, size): if order==0: t.forward(size) t.left(120) t.forward(size) t.left(120) t.forward(size) t.left(120) else: t.pencolor('red') Tri(t, order-1, size/2, color-1) t.fd(size/2) t.pencolor('blue') Tri(t, order-1, size/2, color-1) t.fd(size/2) t.lt(120) t.fd(size) t.lt(120) t.fd(size/2) t.lt(120) t.pencolor('green') Tri(t, order-1, size/2,color-1) t.rt(120) t.fd(size/2) t.lt(120) can anyone help with this problem ? i want to a sierpinski triangle that have color at specific depth like this http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/_images/sierpinski_color.png i dont know how to make the the triangle color change at specific depth

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• OpenGL basics: calling glDrawElements once per object

  - by Bethor

  Hi all, continuing on from my explorations of the basics of OpenGL (see this question), I'm trying to figure out the basic principles of drawing a scene with OpenGL. I am trying to render a simple cube repeated n times in every direction. My method appears to yield terrible performance : 1000 cubes brings performance below 50fps (on a QuadroFX 1800, roughly a GeForce 9600GT). My method for drawing these cubes is as follows: done once: set up a vertex buffer and array buffer containing my cube vertices in model space set up an array buffer indexing the cube for drawing as 12 triangles done for each frame: update uniform values used by the vertex shader to move all cubes at once done for each cube, for each frame: update uniform values used by the vertex shader to move each cube to its position call glDrawElements to draw the positioned cube Is this a sane method ? If not, how does one go about something like this ? I'm guessing I need to minimize calls to glUniform, glDrawElements, or both, but I'm not sure how to do that. Full code for my little test : (depends on gletools and pyglet) I'm aware that my init code (at least) is really ugly; I'm concerned with the rendering code for each frame right now, I'll move to something a little less insane for the creation of the vertex buffers and such later on. import pyglet from pyglet.gl import * from pyglet.window import key from numpy import deg2rad, tan from gletools import ShaderProgram, FragmentShader, VertexShader, GeometryShader vertexData = [-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0, -0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, -0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, -0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0] elementArray = [2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,## back face 4, 7, 6, 4, 5, 7,## front face 1, 3, 5, 3, 7, 5,## top face 2, 0, 4, 2, 4, 6,## bottom face 1, 5, 4, 0, 1, 4,## left face 6, 7, 3, 6, 3, 2]## right face def toGLArray(input): return (GLfloat*len(input))(*input) def toGLushortArray(input): return (GLushort*len(input))(*input) def initPerspectiveMatrix(aspectRatio = 1.0, fov = 45): frustumScale = 1.0 / tan(deg2rad(fov) / 2.0) fzNear = 0.5 fzFar = 300.0 perspectiveMatrix = [frustumScale*aspectRatio, 0.0 , 0.0 , 0.0 , 0.0 , frustumScale, 0.0 , 0.0 , 0.0 , 0.0 , (fzFar+fzNear)/(fzNear-fzFar) , -1.0, 0.0 , 0.0 , (2*fzFar*fzNear)/(fzNear-fzFar), 0.0 ] return perspectiveMatrix class ModelObject(object): vbo = GLuint() vao = GLuint() eao = GLuint() initDone = False verticesPool = [] indexPool = [] def __init__(self, vertices, indexing): super(ModelObject, self).__init__() if not ModelObject.initDone: glGenVertexArrays(1, ModelObject.vao) glGenBuffers(1, ModelObject.vbo) glGenBuffers(1, ModelObject.eao) glBindVertexArray(ModelObject.vao) initDone = True self.numIndices = len(indexing) self.offsetIntoVerticesPool = len(ModelObject.verticesPool) ModelObject.verticesPool.extend(vertices) self.offsetIntoElementArray = len(ModelObject.indexPool) ModelObject.indexPool.extend(indexing) glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, ModelObject.vbo) glEnableVertexAttribArray(0) #position glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0) glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ModelObject.eao) glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, len(ModelObject.verticesPool)*4, toGLArray(ModelObject.verticesPool), GL_STREAM_DRAW) glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, len(ModelObject.indexPool)*2, toGLushortArray(ModelObject.indexPool), GL_STREAM_DRAW) def draw(self): glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, self.numIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, self.offsetIntoElementArray) class PositionedObject(object): def __init__(self, mesh, pos, objOffsetUf): super(PositionedObject, self).__init__() self.mesh = mesh self.pos = pos self.objOffsetUf = objOffsetUf def draw(self): glUniform3f(self.objOffsetUf, self.pos[0], self.pos[1], self.pos[2]) self.mesh.draw() w = 800 h = 600 AR = float(h)/float(w) window = pyglet.window.Window(width=w, height=h, vsync=False) window.set_exclusive_mouse(True) pyglet.clock.set_fps_limit(None) ## input forward = [False] left = [False] back = [False] right = [False] up = [False] down = [False] inputs = {key.Z: forward, key.Q: left, key.S: back, key.D: right, key.UP: forward, key.LEFT: left, key.DOWN: back, key.RIGHT: right, key.PAGEUP: up, key.PAGEDOWN: down} ## camera camX = 0.0 camY = 0.0 camZ = -1.0 def simulate(delta): global camZ, camX, camY scale = 10.0 move = scale*delta if forward[0]: camZ += move if back[0]: camZ += -move if left[0]: camX += move if right[0]: camX += -move if up[0]: camY += move if down[0]: camY += -move pyglet.clock.schedule(simulate) @window.event def on_key_press(symbol, modifiers): global forward, back, left, right, up, down if symbol in inputs.keys(): inputs[symbol][0] = True @window.event def on_key_release(symbol, modifiers): global forward, back, left, right, up, down if symbol in inputs.keys(): inputs[symbol][0] = False ## uniforms for shaders camOffsetUf = GLuint() objOffsetUf = GLuint() perspectiveMatrixUf = GLuint() camRotationUf = GLuint() program = ShaderProgram( VertexShader(''' #version 330 layout(location = 0) in vec4 objCoord; uniform vec3 objOffset; uniform vec3 cameraOffset; uniform mat4 perspMx; void main() { mat4 translateCamera = mat4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, cameraOffset.x, cameraOffset.y, cameraOffset.z, 1.0f); mat4 translateObject = mat4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, objOffset.x, objOffset.y, objOffset.z, 1.0f); vec4 modelCoord = objCoord; vec4 positionedModel = translateObject*modelCoord; vec4 cameraPos = translateCamera*positionedModel; gl_Position = perspMx * cameraPos; }'''), FragmentShader(''' #version 330 out vec4 outputColor; const vec4 fillColor = vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); void main() { outputColor = fillColor; }''') ) shapes = [] def init(): global camOffsetUf, objOffsetUf with program: camOffsetUf = glGetUniformLocation(program.id, "cameraOffset") objOffsetUf = glGetUniformLocation(program.id, "objOffset") perspectiveMatrixUf = glGetUniformLocation(program.id, "perspMx") glUniformMatrix4fv(perspectiveMatrixUf, 1, GL_FALSE, toGLArray(initPerspectiveMatrix(AR))) obj = ModelObject(vertexData, elementArray) nb = 20 for i in range(nb): for j in range(nb): for k in range(nb): shapes.append(PositionedObject(obj, (float(i*2), float(j*2), float(k*2)), objOffsetUf)) glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE) glCullFace(GL_BACK) glFrontFace(GL_CW) glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) glDepthMask(GL_TRUE) glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL) glDepthRange(0.0, 1.0) glClearDepth(1.0) def update(dt): print pyglet.clock.get_fps() pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1.0) @window.event def on_draw(): with program: pyglet.clock.tick() glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) glUniform3f(camOffsetUf, camX, camY, camZ) for shape in shapes: shape.draw() init() pyglet.app.run()

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• Python turtle module confusion

  - by John

  Hi, I'm trying to to add more lines to the triangle, so instead of 3 leading off there will be 5 depending on the parameter given but I really have no idea what to do at this stage and any help would be very welcome. Thanks in advance!:) def draw_sierpinski_triangle(tracer_on, colour, initial_modulus, line_width, initial_heading,initial_x, initial_y, steps): turtle=Turtle() turtle.name = 'Mother of all turtles' turtle.reset () turtle.tracer (tracer_on) turtle.speed ('fastest') turtle.color (colour) turtle.width (line_width) turtle.up() turtle.goto (initial_x, initial_y) turtle.down() turtle.set_heading (initial_heading) draw_sub_pattern (tracer_on, turtle, initial_modulus, 0, steps) def draw_sub_pattern (tracer_on, turtle, modulus, depth, steps): if (depth >= steps): return; x, y = turtle.position () heading = turtle.heading () # draw the pattern turtle.up() turtle.down() turtle.forward (modulus) draw_sub_pattern(tracer_on, turtle, modulus * 0.5, depth + 1, steps) turtle.up() turtle.goto(x, y) turtle.down() turtle.set_heading (heading + 120) turtle.forward (modulus) draw_sub_pattern(tracer_on, turtle, modulus * 0.5, depth + 1, steps) turtle.up() turtle.goto(x, y) turtle.down() turtle.set_heading (heading + 240) turtle.forward (modulus) draw_sub_pattern(tracer_on, turtle, modulus * 0.5, depth + 1, steps)

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• simple regex to splice out text in ruby

  - by user141146

  I'm using ruby and I want to splice out a piece of a string that matches a regex (I think this is relatively easy, but I'm having difficulty) I have several thousand strings that look like this (to varying degrees) my_string = "adfa <b>weru</b> orua fklajdfqwieru ofaslkdfj alrjeowur woer woeriuwe <img src=\"/images/abcde_111-222-333/111-222-333.xml/blahblahblah.jpg\" />" I would like to splice out the /111-222-333.xml (the value of this changes from string to string, but suffice it to say is that I want to remove the piece between 2 forward slashes that contains something.xml. my hope was to find a match like this my_match = my_string.match(/\/.+?\.xml\//) but this actually captures "/b> orua fklajdfqwieru ofaslkdfj alrjeowur woer woeriuwe <img src=\"/images/abcde_111-222-333/111-222-333.xml/" I assumed that .+? would match what I am looking for, but it seems like it starts with the first forward slash that it finds (even though it's non-greedy) and then expands forward to the ".xml"). Any thoughts on what I'm doing wrong? TKS!!

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• Reverse proxy for Tomcat

  - by aauser

  I got following infrastructure. Site A - Tomcat. Can be access by url www.sitea.com Site B - php backend( or probably it will be just static html pages ). Can't be access directly. I want to forward all request comming to www.sitea.com/doforward/... (Tomcat) to php backend. And all other requests with other urls should be handled by Tomcat itself. I know i can add another web server in front of tomcat, for example nginx, and based on url forward request to php backed or tomcat backend. But i want tomcat to serve requests itself and forward it to another backend. Probably there are ready implementations for servlet containers like mod_proxy for apache. Thank you

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• Building Awesome WM

  - by Dragan Chupacabrovic

  Hello, I am following these steps in order to build Awesome window manager on 10.04 I am building 3.4 while the tutorial is for 3.1 I installed all of the specified dependencies including cairo. EDIT I ran: sudo apt-get install libxcb-xtest0-dev libxcb-property1-dev libxdg-basedir-dev libstartup-notification0-dev and now it looks like I'm missing a library Please advise: >awesome-3.4$ make Running cmake… -- cat -> /bin/cat -- ln -> /bin/ln -- grep -> /bin/grep -- git -> /usr/bin/git -- hostname -> /bin/hostname -- gperf -> /usr/bin/gperf -- asciidoc -> /usr/bin/asciidoc -- xmlto -> /usr/bin/xmlto -- gzip -> /bin/gzip -- lua -> /usr/bin/lua -- luadoc -> /usr/bin/luadoc -- convert -> /usr/bin/convert -- Configuring lib/naughty.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/tooltip.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/init.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/titlebar.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/key.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/mouse/init.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/mouse/finder.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/autofocus.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/screen.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/rules.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/init.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/taglist.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/graph.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/tasklist.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/common.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/prompt.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/launcher.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/button.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/layoutbox.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/layout/init.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/layout/vertical.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/layout/horizontal.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/layout/default.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/progressbar.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/widget/textclock.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/dbus.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/remote.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/client.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/prompt.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/completion.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/tag.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/util.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/button.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/menu.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/hooks.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/wibox.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/layout/init.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/layout/suit/init.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/layout/suit/floating.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/layout/suit/fair.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/layout/suit/spiral.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/layout/suit/magnifier.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/layout/suit/tile.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/layout/suit/max.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/placement.lua -- Configuring lib/awful/startup_notification.lua -- Configuring lib/beautiful.lua -- Configuring themes/zenburn//theme.lua -- Configuring themes/default//theme.lua -- Configuring themes/sky//theme.lua -- Configuring config.h -- Configuring awesomerc.lua -- Configuring awesome-version-internal.h -- Configuring awesome.doxygen -- Configuring done -- Generating done -- Build files have been written to: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/.build-vedroid-i486-linux-gnu-4.4.3 Running make Makefile… Building… [ 4%] Built target generated_sources [ 5%] Building C object CMakeFiles/awesome.dir/awesome.c.o In file included from /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/spawn.h:25, from /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:33: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/globalconf.h:57: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘xcb_event_handlers_t’ In file included from /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:34: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/client.h: In function ‘client_stack’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/client.h:212: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘client_need_stack_refresh’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/client.h: In function ‘client_raise’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/client.h:227: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘stack’ In file included from /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:42: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/titlebar.h: In function ‘titlebar_update_geometry’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/titlebar.h:150: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘L’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/titlebar.h:151: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘L’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/titlebar.h:152: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘L’ In file included from /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:47: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/common/xutil.h: In function ‘xutil_get_text_property_from_reply’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/common/xutil.h:39: warning: ‘STRING’ is deprecated (declared at /usr/local/include/xcb/xcb_atom.h:83) /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/common/xutil.h: At top level: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/common/xutil.h:60: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c: In function ‘awesome_atexit’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:65: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘hooks’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:66: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘L’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:66: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘hooks’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:68: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘L’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:73: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘embedded’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:76: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘embedded’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:77: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘embedded’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:89: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘clients’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:89: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘clients’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:89: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘clients’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:89: warning: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘c’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:89: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘clients’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:89: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘clients’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:89: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘clients’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:91: error: invalid type argument of ‘unary *’ (have ‘int’) /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:92: error: invalid type argument of ‘unary *’ (have ‘int’) /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:96: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘L’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c: In function ‘a_xcb_check_cb’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:223: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘xcb_event_handle’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:223: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘evenths’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:230: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘evenths’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c: In function ‘awesome_restart’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:277: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘argv’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c: In function ‘xerror’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:305: error: ‘XCB_EVENT_ERROR_BAD_WINDOW’ undeclared (first use in this function) /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:305: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:305: error: for each function it appears in.) /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:306: error: ‘XCB_EVENT_ERROR_BAD_MATCH’ undeclared (first use in this function) /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:308: error: ‘XCB_EVENT_ERROR_BAD_VALUE’ undeclared (first use in this function) /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c: In function ‘main’: /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:369: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘keygrabber’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:370: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘mousegrabber’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:376: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘argv’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:377: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘argv’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:381: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘argv’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:382: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘argv’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:424: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:425: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘timer’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:425: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘timer’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:425: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘timer’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:425: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘timer’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:425: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘timer’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:425: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘timer’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:431: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:432: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:433: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:434: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:435: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:436: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:443: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘default_screen’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:450: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘have_xtest’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:462: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:464: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:465: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:467: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:468: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:471: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘xcb_event_handlers_init’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:471: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘evenths’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:472: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘xutil_error_handler_catch_all_set’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:472: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘evenths’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:490: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘xcb_event_poll_for_event_loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:490: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘evenths’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:493: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘evenths’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:496: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘keysyms’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:507: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘colors’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:510: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘colors’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:513: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘font’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:519: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘keysyms’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:519: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘numlockmask’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:520: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘shiftlockmask’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:520: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘capslockmask’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:521: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘modeswitchmask’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:563: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘evenths’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:572: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:575: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:576: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:577: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:578: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:579: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ /home/druden/util/awesome-3.4/awesome.c:580: error: ‘awesome_t’ has no member named ‘loop’ make[3]: *** [CMakeFiles/awesome.dir/awesome.c.o] Error 1 make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/awesome.dir/all] Error 2 make[1]: *** [all] Error 2 make: *** [cmake-build] Error 2

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• Puppet - Possible to use software design patterns in modules?

  - by Mike Purcell

  As I work with puppet, I find myself wanting to automate more complex setups, for example vhosts for X number of websites. As my puppet manifests get more complex I find it difficult to apply the DRY (don't repeat yourself) principle. Below is a simplified snippet of what I am after, but doesn't work because puppet throws various errors depending up whether I use classes or defines. I'd like to get some feed back from some seasoned puppetmasters on how they might approach this solution. # site.pp import 'nodes' # nodes.pp node nodes_dev { $service_env = 'dev' } node nodes_prod { $service_env = 'prod' } import 'nodes/dev' import 'nodes/prod' # nodes/dev.pp node 'service1.ownij.lan' inherits nodes_dev { httpd::vhost::package::site { 'foo': } httpd::vhost::package::site { 'bar': } } # modules/vhost/package.pp class httpd::vhost::package { class manage($port) { # More complex stuff goes here like ensuring that conf paths and uris exist # As well as log files, which is I why I want to do the work once and use many notify { $service_env: } notify { $port: } } define site { case $name { 'foo': { class 'httpd::vhost::package::manage': port => 20000 } } 'bar': { class 'httpd::vhost::package::manage': port => 20001 } } } } } That code snippet gives me a Duplicate declaration: Class[Httpd::Vhost::Package::Manage] error, and if I switch the manage class to a define, and attempt to access a global or pass in a variable common to both foo and bar, I get a Duplicate declaration: Notify[dev] error. Any suggestions how I can implement the DRY principle and still get puppet to work? -- UPDATE -- I'm still having a problem trying to ensure that some of my vhosts, which may share a parent directory, are setup correctly. Something like this: node 'service1.ownij.lan' inherits nodes_dev { httpd::vhost::package::site { 'foo_sitea': } httpd::vhost::package::site { 'foo_siteb': } httpd::vhost::package::site { 'bar': } } What I need to happen is that sitea and siteb have the same parent "foo" folder. The problem I am having is when I call a define to ensure the "foo" folder exists. Below is the site define as I have it, hopefully it will make sense what I am trying to accomplish. class httpd::vhost::package { File { owner => root, group => root, mode => 0660 } define site() { $app_parts = split($name, '[_]') $app_primary = $app_parts[0] if ($app_parts[1] == '') { $tpl_path_partial_app = "${app_primary}" $app_sub = '' } else { $tpl_path_partial_app = "${app_primary}/${app_parts[1]}" $app_sub = $app_parts[1] } include httpd::vhost::log::base httpd::vhost::log::app { $name: app_primary => $app_primary, app_sub => $app_sub } } } class httpd::vhost::log { class base { $paths = [ '/tmp', '/tmp/var', '/tmp/var/log', '/tmp/var/log/httpd', "/tmp/var/log/httpd/${service_env}" ] file { $paths: ensure => directory } } define app($app_primary, $app_sub) { $paths = [ "/tmp/var/log/httpd/${service_env}/${app_primary}", "/tmp/var/log/httpd/${service_env}/${app_primary}/${app_sub}" ] file { $paths: ensure => directory } } } The include httpd::vhost::log::base works fine, because it is "included", which means it is only implemented once, even though site is called multiple times. The error I am getting is: Duplicate declaration: File[/tmp/var/log/httpd/dev/foo]. I looked into using exec, but not sure this is the correct route, surely others have had to deal with this before and any insight is appreciated as I have been grappling with this for a few weeks. Thanks.

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