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  • Tail the filename, not the file

    - by Craig Walker
    In UNIX (OS X BSD to be precise), I have a "tail -f" command on a log file. From time to time I want to delete this log file so I can more easily review it in my text editor. I delete the file, and then my program recreates it after new activity. However, my tail command (and anything else that was watching the old log file) doesn't update; it's still watching the old, deleted log file. I think I understand why this is (file names simply being pointers to blocks of file data). I'd like to know how I can work around this. Ideally, my tail command (and anything else I point to the file) would be able to read the data from the new file when the file name has been deleted and recreated. How would I do this?

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  • rsync to EC2: Identity file not accessible

    - by Richard
    I'm trying to rsync a file over to my EC2 instance: rsync -Paz --rsh "ssh -i ~/.ssh/myfile.pem" --rsync-path "sudo rsync" file.pdf [email protected]:/home/ubuntu/ This gives the following error message: Warning: Identity file ~/.ssh/myfile.pem not accessible: No such file or directory. [email protected]'s password: The pem file is definitely located at the path ~/.ssh/myfile.pem, though: vi ~/.ssh/myfile.pem shows me the file. If I remove the remote path from the very end of the rsync command: rsync -Paz --rsh "ssh -i ~/.ssh/myfile.pem" --rsync-path "sudo rsync" file.pdf [email protected] Then the command appears to work... building file list ... 1 file to consider file.pdf 41985 100% 8.79MB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#1, to-check=0/1) sent 41795 bytes received 42 bytes 83674.00 bytes/sec total size is 41985 speedup is 1.00 ...but when I go to the remote server, nothing has actually been transferred. What am I doing wrong?

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  • Command to find the source package of a binary?

    - by Delan Azabani
    I know there's a which command, that echoes the full name of a binary (e.g. which sh). However, I'm fairly sure there's a command that echoes the package that provides a particular binary. Is there such a command? If so, what is it? I'd like to be able to run this: commandName ls and get coreutils for example.

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  • Viewing file: protocol requests made from a swf

    - by Erik Vold
    I've got a swf file in a index.html file, the swf is basically loading images, but it requests a xml file which details where the image/asset files are located. Now the index file (which is just html, js, and css) works (ie: the swf file is working) when used on this url: http://localhost:8500/core/index.html which I'm able to do with Coldfusion 8 single server development environment. But when I access the file directly with this url: file:///C:/ColdFusion8/wwwroot/core/index.html the swf file does not work. So I'm guessing that the swf is having trouble locating the files that it needs. The problem is I have no idea what file urls it is try to access atm, and both Firebug and Fiddler are not able to inform me what requests are made on the file: protocol. So is there another tool that I can use?

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  • Why does starting a process in the background prevent me from recalling previous commands in the command prompt?

    - by leeand00
    I'm running asynchronous command prompt commands in cmd on Windows 7 64-bit and for some reason it effects my ability to recall previous commands just after I run them; for example: I might run something like: start /B rmdir /Q /S .\some_massive_directory And next I try to press the up arrow to recall the text of the previous command..but nothing happens...is this because whatever data structure is holding my commands is locked by the process I sent to the background, or is it because I am using a network mapped drive to run my command on?

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  • How to set the default command prompt properties in Windows 7?

    - by Tom
    I have a command prompt shortcut which I customized to have a different font, etc. than the default. It works well, but when I start a batch file with the task scheduler then it uses the default command prompt settings to display batch progress. How can I customize the default command prompt which the system uses to have the same settings as my customized shortcut?

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  • How do I change the output line length from the "top" linux command running in batch mode

    - by Tom
    The following command is useful to capture the current processes that are taking up the most CPU in a file: top -c -b -n 1 > top.log The -c flag is particularly useful because it gives you the command line arguments of each process rather than just the process name. The problem is that each line of output is truncated to fit on the current terminal window. This is ok if you can have a wide terminal because you have a lot of the output but if your terminal is only 165 characters wide, you only get 165 characters of information per process and it is often not enough characters to show the full process command. This is a particular problem when the command is executed without a terminal, for example if you do it via a cron job. Does anyone know how to stop top truncating data or force top to display a certain number of characters per line? This is not urgent because there is an alternative method of getting the top 10 CPU using processes: ps -eo pcpu,pmem,user,args | sort -r -k1 | head -n 10

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  • Why doesn't the Windows command prompt window maximize to the full screen size?

    - by Antoni
    Anyone know why doesn't the Windows command prompt window maximize to the full screen size? To the best of my knowledge, even in the new Windows 7 the command prompt window(cmd.exe) doesn't maximize to the full screen size like all other windows. This behavior is quite annoying for me, and I'm sure to many others as well. Note: The size of the command prompt window can be changed, but the size remains fixed regardless of the screen size.

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  • How do I escape spaces in command line in Windows without using quotation marks?

    - by David
    For example what is the alternative to this command without quotation marks: CD "c:\Documents and Settings" The full reason I don't want to use quotation marks is that this command DOES work: SVN add mypathname\*.* but this command DOES NOT work : SVN add "mypathname\*.*" The problem being when I change mypathname for a path with spaces in it I need to quote the whole thing. For example: SVN add "c:\Documents and Settings\username\svn\*.*" But when I try this I get the following error message: svn: warning: 'c:\Documents and Settings\username\svn\*.*' not found

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  • Batch file to open multiple cmd prompts

    - by JHarris
    I am trying to write a batch file that will automate the following manual process: Open a new cmd prompt (prompt1) Run a bat file (b1) Run a program (that will continue to run) Minimize prompt1 Open a new cmd prompt (prompt2) Run a bat file (b1) Run a different program (that will continue to run) Minimize prompt2 I've found ways to open multiple instances of cmd to run different things, but after I've run the first thing (b1), I then need to run a program in that same cmd window. I currently have start /min cmd /k C:\Users\db2admin\python_environment\Scripts\activate.bat start /min cmd /k C:\Users\db2admin\python_environment\Scripts\activate.bat This opens the two windows and runs the bat, great, but now I need to execute another command (running a python file) in each of the cmd windows. How do I send commands to each prompt?

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  • .htaccess file size causes 500 Internal Server Error

    - by moobot
    As soon as my .htaccess goes over approx 8410 bytes, I get a 500 Internal Server Error. I don't think this is due to a bad redirect, as I have experimented with redirects in the .htaccess and then with just text that is commented out #. (no actual commands in the .htaccess file) Is there anything obvious that can cause this? Update: The site is on WordPress. Here are the redirects I was originally trying to add: RewriteEngine On ## 301 Redirects of old URLs to new # 301 Redirect 1 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^accesseries/underlay/prod_37\.html$ /product-category/accessories/underlays? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 2 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^accessories/acoustic-underlay/prod_29\.html$ /product/acoustic-underlay/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 3 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^accessories/cat_4\.html$ /product-category/accessories/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 4 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-bamboo-flooring/accessories/cat_8\.html$ /product-category/accessories/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 5 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-bamboo-flooring/bamboo-floor/natural-strandwoven-bamboo-semi-gloss-wide-board-135mm-click/prod_151\.html$ /product/natural-strand-woven-bamboo-semi-gloss-wide-board-135mm-click/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 6 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-bamboo-flooring/bamboo-floor/strandwoven-chocolate-135mm-bamboo-flooring/prod_174\.html$ /product/strand-woven-chocolate-135mm-bamboo-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 7 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-bamboo-flooring/bamboo-floor/strand-woven-kempas-bamboo-flooring/prod_173\.html$ /product/strand-woven-kempas-bamboo-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 8 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-bamboo-flooring/bamboo-floor/strandwoven-walnut-wired-135mm-bamboo-flooring/prod_176\.html$ /product/strand-woven-walnut-wired-135mm-bamboo-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 9 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-bamboo-flooring/cat_7\.html$ /product-category/bamboo-floor/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 10 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-bamboo-installation/info_8\.html$ /bamboo-installation/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 11 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=cart$ [NC] RewriteRule ^cart\.php$ /cart/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 12 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^contact-us/info_2\.html$ /contact-us/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 13 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^faqs/info_9\.html$ /faqs/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 14 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-floating-timber-floor/black-butt-engineered-floating-timber/prod_213\.html$ /product/black-butt-engineered-floating-timber/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 15 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-floating-timber-floor/doussie-engineered-floating-timber/prod_208\.html$ /product/doussie-engineered-floating-timber/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 16 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-floating-timber-floor/smoked-oak-engineered-floating-timber/prod_217\.html$ /product/smoked-oak-engineered-floating-timber/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 17 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=thanks$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ http://www.xxxxxxxxxx.com/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 18 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewCat&catId=13$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product-category/samples/bamboo-flooring-samples/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 19 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewCat&catId=18$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/bamboo-plastic-composite/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 20 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewCat&catId=2$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product-category/bamboo-floor/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 21 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewCat&catId=20$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /products/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 22 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewCat&catId=3$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product-category/floating-timber-floor/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 23 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewCat&catId=5$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product-category/laminate-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 24 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewCat&catId=6$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product-category/accessories/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 25 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewCat&catId=saleItems$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product-category/clearance-sale/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 26 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewDoc&docId=3$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /faqs/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 27 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewDoc&docId=4$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /faqs/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 28 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=137$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/laminate-flooring-goustein-wood/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 29 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=164$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/modern-black-brushed-finish-strand-woven-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 30 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=165$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/lime-wash-strand-woven-bamboo-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 31 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=168$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/country-bark/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 32 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=173$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product-category/bamboo-floor/14mm-bamboo-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 33 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=178$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/blue-gum-136-floating-timber/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 34 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=199$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/jarrah-laminate-floor-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 35 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=205$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/elm-12mm-laminate-floor-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 36 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=209$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/iroko-engineered-floating-timber/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 37 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=222$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/european-oak-engineered-floating-timber-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 38 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=236$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/black-forest-5mm-vinyl-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 39 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=65$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/stair-nose/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 40 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^act=viewProd&productId=83$ [NC] RewriteRule ^index\.php$ /product/laminate-flooring-warm-teak/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 41 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-laminate-flooring/12mm-laminate-flooring/blackbutt/prod_156\.html$ /product/blackbutt-12mm-laminate-floor/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 42 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-laminate-flooring/12mm-laminate-flooring/tasmanian-oak/prod_171\.html$ /product/tasmanian-oak/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 43 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-laminate-flooring/8-3mm-laminate-flooring/laminate-flooring-warm-teak/prod_8\.html$ /product/laminate-flooring-warm-teak/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 44 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-laminate-flooring/accessories/cat_6\.html$ /product-category/accessories/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 45 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-laminate-flooring/cat_5\.html$ /product-category/laminate-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 46 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-laminate-flooring/country-classic-12mm-laminate/cat_19\.html$ /product-category/laminate-flooring/12mm-country-classic-laminate-floor/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 47 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-laminate-installation/info_7\.html$ /laminate-installation/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 48 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^privacy-policy/info_4\.html$ /faqs/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 49 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^-quotation-request/info_5\.html$ /quotation-request/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 50 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^rainbow-flooring/cat_16\.html$ /product-category/rainbow-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 51 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^rainbow-flooring/walnut-rainbow-flooring/prod_112\.html$ /product/walnut-rainbow-flooring/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 52 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/12mm-laminate-floor-samples/kempas-laminate-floor-sample/prod_195\.html$ /product/kempas-laminate-floor-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 53 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/12mm-laminate-floor-samples/spotted-gum-laminate-floor-sample/prod_196\.html$ /product/spotted-gum-laminate-floor-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 54 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/12mm-laminate-floor-samples/tasmanian-oak-laminate-floor-sample/prod_197\.html$ /product/tasmanian-oak-laminate-floor-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 55 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/bamboo-flooring-samples/cat_13\.html$ /product-category/samples/bamboo-flooring-samples/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 56 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/bamboo-flooring-samples/rosewood-strandwoven-bamboo-floor-135mm-click-sample/prod_191\.html$ /product/rosewood-strand-woven-bamboo-floor-135mm-click-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 57 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/cat_9\.html$ /samples/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 58 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/floating-timber-floor-samples/iroko-engineered-floating-timber-floor-sample/prod_223\.html$ /product/iroko-engineered-floating-timber-floor-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 59 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/floating-timber-floor-samples/jarrah-engineered-floating-timber-sample/prod_224\.html$ /product/jarrah-engineered-floating-timber-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 60 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/floating-timber-floor-samples/merbau-engineered-floating-timber-sample/prod_226\.html$ /product/merbau-engineered-floating-timber-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 61 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/floating-timber-floor-samples/spotted-gum-engineered-floating-timber-sample/prod_228\.html$ /product/spotted-gum-engineered-floating-timber-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 62 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^samples/floating-timber-floor-samples/sydney-blue-gum-engineered-floating-timber-sample/prod_220\.html$ /product/sydney-blue-gum-engineered-floating-timber-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 63 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^shop\.php/-laminate-flooring/accessories/laminate-flooring-accessories-click-stairnose/prod_251\.html$ /product/stair-nose/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 64 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^shop\.php/-laminate-flooring/country-classic-12mm-laminate/country-classic-polar-white/prod_243\.html$ /product/country-classic-polar-white/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 65 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^shop\.php/samples/12mm-laminate-floor-samples/country-classic-polar-white/prod_244\.html$ /product/country-classic-polar-white-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 66 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^shop\.php/samples/12mm-laminate-floor-samples/rustic-oak-12mm-laminate-floor/prod_248\.html$ /product/rustic-oak-12mm-laminate-floor-sample/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 67 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^shop\.php/samples/vinyl-flooring-samples/cat_25\.html$ /product-category/samples/vinyl-flooring-samples/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 68 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^shop\.php/vinyl-flooring/cat_24\.html$ /product-category/vinyl-floor/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 69 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^solardeck-tiles/cat_22\.html$ /product-category/solardeck-tiles/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 70 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^solardeck-tiles/solardeck-tiles/prod_206\.html$ /product/solardeck-tiles/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] # 301 Redirect 71 RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ^$ RewriteRule ^terms-conditions/info_3\.html$ /faqs/? [R=301,NE,NC,L] I'm getting errors like this in my log: Invalid command 'aminate-flooring/tasmanian-oak/prod_171\\.html$', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration, referer: http://www.xxxxxxxx.com/laminate-installation/ Invalid command ',NE,NC,L]', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration Invalid command ',L]#', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration

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  • Making a Case For The Command Line

    - by Jesse Taber
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/GruffCode/archive/2013/06/30/making-a-case-for-the-command-line.aspxI have had an idea percolating in the back of my mind for over a year now that I’ve just recently started to implement. This idea relates to building out “internal tools” to ease the maintenance and on-going support of a software system. The system that I currently work on is (mostly) web-based, so we traditionally we have built these internal tools in the form of pages within the app that are only accessible by our developers and support personnel. These pages allow us to perform tasks within the system that, for one reason or another, we don’t want to let our end users perform (e.g. mass create/update/delete operations on data, flipping switches that turn paid modules of the system on or off, etc). When we try to build new tools like this we often struggle with the level of effort required to build them. Effort Required Creating a whole new page in an existing web application can be a fairly large undertaking. You need to create the page and ensure it will have a layout that is consistent with the other pages in the app. You need to decide what types of input controls need to go onto the page. You need to ensure that everything uses the same style as the rest of the site. You need to figure out what the text on the page should say. Then, when you figure out that you forgot about an input that should really be present you might have to go back and re-work the entire thing. Oh, and in addition to all of that, you still have to, you know, write the code that actually performs the task. Everything other than the code that performs the task at hand is just overhead. We don’t need a fancy date picker control in a nicely styled page for the vast majority of our internal tools. We don’t even really need a page, for that matter. We just need a way to issue a command to the application and have it, in turn, execute the code that we’ve written to accomplish a given task. All we really need is a simple console application! Plumbing Problems A former co-worker of mine, John Sonmez, always advocated the Unix philosophy for building internal tools: start with something that runs at the command line, and then build a UI on top of that if you need to. John’s idea has a lot of merit, and we tried building out some internal tools as simple Console applications. Unfortunately, this was often easier said that done. Doing a “File –> New Project” to build out a tool for a mature system can be pretty daunting because that new project is totally empty.  In our case, the web application code had a lot of of “plumbing” built in: it managed authentication and authorization, it handled database connection management for our multi-tenanted architecture, it managed all of the context that needs to follow a user around the application such as their timezone and regional/language settings. In addition, the configuration file for the web application  (a web.config in our case because this is an ASP .NET application) is large and would need to be reproduced into a similar configuration file for a Console application. While most of these problems are could be solved pretty easily with some refactoring of the codebase, building Console applications for internal tools still potentially suffers from one pretty big drawback: you’d have to execute them on a machine with network access to all of the needed resources. Obviously, our web servers can easily communicate the the database servers and can publish messages to our service bus, but the same is not true for all of our developer and support personnel workstations. We could have everyone run these tools remotely via RDP or SSH, but that’s a bit cumbersome and certainly a lot less convenient than having the tools built into the web application that is so easily accessible. Mix and Match So we need a way to build tools that are easily accessible via the web application but also don’t require the overhead of creating a user interface. This is where my idea comes into play: why not just build a command line interface into the web application? If it’s part of the web application we get all of the plumbing that comes along with that code, and we’re executing everything on the web servers which means we’ll have access to any external resources that we might need. Rather than having to incur the overhead of creating a brand new page for each tool that we want to build, we can create one new page that simply accepts a command in text form and executes it as a request on the web server. In this way, we can focus on writing the code to accomplish the task. If the tool ends up being heavily used, then (and only then) should we consider spending the time to build a better user experience around it. To be clear, I’m not trying to downplay the importance of building great user experiences into your system; we should all strive to provide the best UX possible to our end users. I’m only advocating this sort of bare-bones interface for internal consumption by the technical staff that builds and supports the software. This command line interface should be the “back end” to a highly polished and eye-pleasing public face. Implementation As I mentioned at the beginning of this post, this is an idea that I’ve had for awhile but have only recently started building out. I’ve outlined some general guidelines and design goals for this effort as follows: Text in, text out: In the interest of keeping things as simple as possible, I want this interface to be purely text-based. Users will submit commands as plain text, and the application will provide responses in plain text. Obviously this text will be “wrapped” within the context of HTTP requests and responses, but I don’t want to have to think about HTML or CSS when taking input from the user or displaying responses back to the user. Task-oriented code only: After building the initial “harness” for this interface, the only code that should need to be written to create a new internal tool should be code that is expressly needed to accomplish the task that the tool is intended to support. If we want to encourage and enable ourselves to build good tooling, we need to lower the barriers to entry as much as possible. Built-in documentation: One of the great things about most command line utilities is the ‘help’ switch that provides usage guidelines and details about the arguments that the utility accepts. Our web-based command line utility should allow us to build the documentation for these tools directly into the code of the tools themselves. I finally started trying to implement this idea when I heard about a fantastic open-source library called CLAP (Command Line Auto Parser) that lets me meet the guidelines outlined above. CLAP lets you define classes with public methods that can be easily invoked from the command line. Here’s a quick example of the code that would be needed to create a new tool to do something within your system: 1: public class CustomerTools 2: { 3: [Verb] 4: public void UpdateName(int customerId, string firstName, string lastName) 5: { 6: //invoke internal services/domain objects/hwatever to perform update 7: } 8: } This is just a regular class with a single public method (though you could have as many methods as you want). The method is decorated with the ‘Verb’ attribute that tells the CLAP library that it is a method that can be invoked from the command line. Here is how you would invoke that code: Parser.Run(args, new CustomerTools()); Note that ‘args’ is just a string[] that would normally be passed passed in from the static Main method of a Console application. Also, CLAP allows you to pass in multiple classes that define [Verb] methods so you can opt to organize the code that CLAP will invoke in any way that you like. You can invoke this code from a command line application like this: SomeExe UpdateName -customerId:123 -firstName:Jesse -lastName:Taber ‘SomeExe’ in this example just represents the name of .exe that is would be created from our Console application. CLAP then interprets the arguments passed in order to find the method that should be invoked and automatically parses out the parameters that need to be passed in. After a quick spike, I’ve found that invoking the ‘Parser’ class can be done from within the context of a web application just as easily as it can from within the ‘Main’ method entry point of a Console application. There are, however, a few sticking points that I’m working around: Splitting arguments into the ‘args’ array like the command line: When you invoke a standard .NET console application you get the arguments that were passed in by the user split into a handy array (this is the ‘args’ parameter referenced above). Generally speaking they get split by whitespace, but it’s also clever enough to handle things like ignoring whitespace in a phrase that is surrounded by quotes. We’ll need to re-create this logic within our web application so that we can give the ‘args’ value to CLAP just like a console application would. Providing a response to the user: If you were writing a console application, you might just use Console.WriteLine to provide responses to the user as to the progress and eventual outcome of the command. We can’t use Console.WriteLine within a web application, so I’ll need to find another way to provide feedback to the user. Preferably this approach would allow me to use the same handler classes from both a Console application and a web application, so some kind of strategy pattern will likely emerge from this effort. Submitting files: Often an internal tool needs to support doing some kind of operation in bulk, and the easiest way to submit the data needed to support the bulk operation is in a file. Getting the file uploaded and available to the CLAP handler classes will take a little bit of effort. Mimicking the console experience: This isn’t really a requirement so much as a “nice to have”. To start out, the command-line interface in the web application will probably be a single ‘textarea’ control with a button to submit the contents to a handler that will pass it along to CLAP to be parsed and run. I think it would be interesting to use some javascript and CSS trickery to change that page into something with more of a “shell” interface look and feel. I’ll be blogging more about this effort in the future and will include some code snippets (or maybe even a full blown example app) as I progress. I also think that I’ll probably end up either submitting some pull requests to the CLAP project or possibly forking/wrapping it into a more web-friendly package and open sourcing that.

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  • How can I make a permanently updated copy of a file in a different place to the original file?

    - by Mark
    I use two computers, a Linux one for coding and building and a Windows one which has the programming application to load the built program onto the hardware. Both computers have access to a network drive which I use to pass the files from Linux to Windows. My problem is, that every time I build I have to copy the files from where the are created to the network drive. How can I make some sort of file in the network drive on Ubuntu that always mirrors the file which is built in the different location, like a pointer? Thanks!

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  • Cannot access system after deleting passwd file

    - by joao rodrigo leao
    I was trying to change my user name and also my /home/username and my system started to crash. I deleted the passwd file but I had a backup named passwd_bkp. I tried to rename this passwd_bkp as passwd and it did not work. No commands were being executed... I was in a terminal window. I re-started my system and now I cannot login. The GRub loads two options: Linux and recovery mode. I tried to open a sessions as root but it says the file system is corrupted. I cannot access my files. Did I lose all my files?

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  • build command by concatenating string in bash

    - by Lennart Rolland
    I have a bash script that builds a command-line in a string based on some parameters before executing it in one go. The parts that are concatenated to the command string are supposed to be separated by pipes to facilitate a "streaming" of data through each component. A very simplified example: #!/bin/bash part1=gzip -c part2=some_other_command cmd="cat infile" if [ ! "$part1" = "" ] then cmd+=" | $part1" fi if [ ! "$part2" = "" ] then cmd+=" | $part2" fi cmd+="> outfile" #show command. It looks ok echo $cmd #run the command. fails with pipes $cmd For some reason the pipes don't seem to work. When I run this script i get different error messages relating usually to the first part of the command (before the first pipe). So my question is whether or not it is possible to build a command in this way, and what is the best way to do it?

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  • Run a .sql script file in C#

    - by SAMIR BHOGAYTA
    using System.Data.SqlClient; using System.IO; using Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Common; using Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo; namespace ConsoleApplication1 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { string sqlConnectionString = "Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=AdventureWorks;Integrated Security=True"; FileInfo file = new FileInfo("C:\\myscript.sql"); string script = file.OpenText().ReadToEnd(); SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(sqlConnectionString); Server server = new Server(new ServerConnection(conn)); server.ConnectionContext.ExecuteNonQuery(script); } } }

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  • Custom extensible file format for 2d tiled maps

    - by Christian Ivicevic
    I have implemented much of my game logic right now, but still create my maps with nasty for-loops on-the-fly to be able to work with something. Now I wanted to move on and to do some research on how to (un)serialize this data. (I do not search for a map editor - I am speaking of the map file itself) For now I am looking for suggestions and resources, how to implement a custom file format for my maps which should provide the following functionality (based on MoSCoW method): Must have Extensibility and backward compatibility Handling of different layers Metadata on whether a tile is solid or can be passed through Special serialization of entities/triggers with associated properties/metadata Could have Some kind of inclusion of the tileset to prevent having scattered files/tilesets I am developing with C++ (using SDL) and targetting only Windows. Any useful help, tips, suggestions, ... would be appreciated!

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  • Considerations when designing a file type

    - by AndyBursh
    I'm about to start writing a process for saving some data structure from code in to a file of some proprietary, as-yet-undefined type. However, I've never designed a file type or structure before. Are there any things, generally speaking, that I should consider before starting my design? Are there any accepted good practices here? Bad practices I should avoid? Any absolute do's and don'ts? Can anybody recommend any good reading on this topic?

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  • How to structure reading of commands given at a(n interactive) CLI prompt?

    - by Anto
    Let's say I have a program called theprogram (the marketing team was on strike when the product was to be named). I start that program by typing, perhaps not surprisingly, the program name as a command into a command prompt. After that, I get into a loop (from the users standpoint, an interactive command-line prompt), where one command will be read from the user, and depending on what command was given, the program will execute some instructions. I have been doing something like the following (in C-like pseudocode): main_loop{ in=read_input(); if(in=="command 1") do_something(); else if(in=="command 2") do_something_else(); ... } (In a real program, I would probably encapsulate more things into different procedures, this is just an example.) This works well for a small amount of commands, but let's say you have 100, 1000 or even 10 000 of them (the manual would be huge!). It is clearly a bad idea to have 10 000 ifs and else ifs after each other, for instance, the program would be hard to read, hard to maintain, contain a lot of boilerplate code... Yeah, you don't want to do that, so what approach would you recommend me to use (I will probably never use 10 000 commands in a program, but the solution should, at least preferably, be able to scale to that kind of massive (?) problems. The solution doesn't have to allow for arguments to the commands)?

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  • Upgrading MySQL causes errors

    - by user1032531
    I am running Centos 5.8 (Linux 2.6.18-308.13.1.el5 on x86_64), and wish to upgrade MySQL version 5.0.95. I am using a tutorial found at http://www.if-not-true-then-false.com/2010/install-mysql-on-fedora-centos-red-hat-rhel/. When I get to the following, I get the host of errors. Seems to have something to do with going from 386 to 86x64. Can anyone help? Thanks yum --enablerepo=remi,remi-test update mysql mysql-server Transaction Check Error: file /etc/my.cnf from install of mysql50-5.0.96-2.ius.el5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/info/mysql.info.gz from install of mysql50-5.0.96-2.ius.el5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysql.1.gz from install of mysql50-5.0.96-2.ius.el5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysqlaccess.1.gz from install of mysql50-5.0.96-2.ius.el5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysqladmin.1.gz from install of mysql50-5.0.96-2.ius.el5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysqldump.1.gz from install of mysql50-5.0.96-2.ius.el5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysqlshow.1.gz from install of mysql50-5.0.96-2.ius.el5.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /etc/my.cnf from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/charsets/Index.xml from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/charsets/cp1250.xml from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/charsets/cp1251.xml from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/czech/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/danish/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/dutch/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/english/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/estonian/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/french/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/german/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/greek/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/hungarian/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/italian/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/japanese/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/korean/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/norwegian-ny/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/norwegian/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/polish/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/portuguese/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/romanian/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/russian/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/serbian/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/slovak/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/spanish/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/swedish/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/mysql/ukrainian/errmsg.sys from install of mysql-libs-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/bin/mysqlaccess from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/my_print_defaults.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysql.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysql_config.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysql_find_rows.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysql_waitpid.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysqlaccess.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysqladmin.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysqldump.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386 file /usr/share/man/man1/mysqlshow.1.gz from install of mysql-5.5.28-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package mysql-5.0.95-1.el5_7.1.i386

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  • SQL Server 2008 Express w/Adv Services Command Line Install

    - by RobC
    I'm attempting to include an install of SQL Server 2008 Express w/Adv. Services with an installation package, but am having a heck of a time getting the installation to complete. Typically, this installation will take place on brand-new servers that get shipped to new customers, but this won't always be the case: Sometimes, the installation will take place on machines already in use, and so I've been told the installer has to work for XP x86 and x64 and Win 7 x32 and x64. The command line I'm passing in is: setup.exe /ACTION=INSTALL /INSTANCENAME="MSSQLSERVER" /HIDECONSOLE /QS /FEATURES="SQLENGINE" "REPLICATION" "FULLTEXT" "RS" "BIDS" "SSMS" "SNAC_SDK" "OCS" /SECURITYMODE=SQL /SAPWD="aStrongPassword" /NPENABLED=1 /TCPENABLED=1 /SQLSYSADMINACCOUNTS="%USERDOMAIN%\Administrator" SQLSVCACCOUNT="NT AUTHORITY\Network Service" (This is only my most recent attempt, in which I used a SQLSYSADMINACCOUNTS value that I saw in a posting elsewhere on this site. I've tried lots of combinations from various sites.) The SQL installer's Summary.txt begins: Exit code (Decimal): -2068578304 Exit facility code: 1204 Exit error code: 0 Exit message: The specified credentials that were provided for the SQL Server service are not valid. To continue, provide a valid account and password for the SQL Server service. This seems simple enough to fix (and maybe I"m overlooking something obvious), which is why it's driving me nuts. If any of you have any suggestions, I'd appreciate it. (I've got to take off for the weekend, so don't interpret my delayed response as a lack of interest.) Thanks.

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  • System.IO.IOException: file used by another process

    - by Srodriguez
    Dear all, I've been working in this small piece of code that seems trivial but still i cannot really see where is the problem. My functions does a pretty simple thing. Opens a file, copy its contents, replace a string inside and copy it back to the original file (a simple search and replace inside a text file then). I didn't really know how to do that as I'm adding lines to the original file, so i just create a copy of the file, (file.temp) copy also a backup (file.temp) then delete the original file(file) and copy the file.temp to file. I get an exception while doing the delete of the file. Here is the sample code: private static bool modifyFile(FileInfo file, string extractedMethod, string modifiedMethod) { Boolean result = false; FileStream fs = new FileStream(file.FullName + ".tmp", FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write); StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(fs); StreamReader streamreader = file.OpenText(); String originalPath = file.FullName; string input = streamreader.ReadToEnd(); Console.WriteLine("input : {0}", input); String tempString = input.Replace(extractedMethod, modifiedMethod); Console.WriteLine("replaced String {0}", tempString); try { sw.Write(tempString); sw.Flush(); sw.Close(); sw.Dispose(); fs.Close(); fs.Dispose(); streamreader.Close(); streamreader.Dispose(); File.Copy(originalPath, originalPath + ".old", true); FileInfo newFile = new FileInfo(originalPath + ".tmp"); File.Delete(originalPath); File.Copy(fs., originalPath, true); result = true; } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine(ex); } return result; }` And the related exception System.IO.IOException: The process cannot access the file 'E:\mypath\myFile.cs' because it is being used by another process. at System.IO.__Error.WinIOError(Int32 errorCode, String maybeFullPath) at System.IO.File.Delete(String path) at callingMethod.modifyFile(FileInfo file, String extractedMethod, String modifiedMethod) Normally these errors come from unclosed file streams, but I've taken care of that. I guess I've forgotten an important step but cannot figure out where. Thank you very much for your help,

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  • x86_64 Assembly Command Line Arguments

    - by Brandon oubiub
    I'm new to assembly, and I just got familiar with the call stack, so bare with me. To get the command line arguments in x86_64 on Mac OS X, I can do the following: _main: sub rsp, 8 ; 16 bit stack alignment mov rax, 0 mov rdi, format mov rsi, [rsp + 32] call _printf Where format is "%s". rsi gets set to argv[0]. So, from this, I drew out what (I think) the stack looks like initially: top of stack <- rsp after alignment return address <- rsp at beginning (aligned rsp + 8) [something] <- rsp + 16 argc <- rsp + 24 argv[0] <- rsp + 32 argv[1] <- rsp + 40 ... ... bottom of stack And so on. Sorry if that's hard to read. I'm wondering what [something] is. After a few tests, I find that it is usually just 0. However, occasionally, it is some (seemingly) random number. EDIT: Also, could you tell me if the rest of my stack drawing is correct?

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  • Controlling shell command line wildcard expansion in C or C++

    - by Adrian McCarthy
    I'm writing a program, foo, in C++. It's typically invoked on the command line like this: foo *.txt My main() receives the arguments in the normal way. On many systems, argv[1] is literally *.txt, and I have to call system routines to do the wildcard expansion. On Unix systems, however, the shell expands the wildcard before invoking my program, and all of the matching filenames will be in argv. Suppose I wanted to add a switch to foo that causes it to recurse into subdirectories. foo -a *.txt would process all text files in the current directory and all of its subdirectories. I don't see how this is done, since, by the time my program gets a chance to see the -a, then shell has already done the expansion and the user's *.txt input is lost. Yet there are common Unix programs that work this way. How do they do it? In Unix land, how can I control the wildcard expansion? (Recursing through subdirectories is just one example. Ideally, I'm trying to understand the general solution to controlling the wildcard expansion.)

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