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  • Linux Kernel not upgraded (from Ubuntu 12.04 to 12.10) - can't remove old kernels and can't install new apps

    - by Tony Breyal
    Question: How do I remove old kernel images which refuse to be removed? Context: Yesterday I upgraded Ubuntu from 12.04 to 12.10. However, the linux kernel has not upgraded from 3.2 to 3.5 as I would have expected. $ uname -r 3.2.0-32-generic $ uname -a Linux tony-b 3.2.0-32-generic #51-Ubuntu SMP Wed Sep 26 21:33:09 UTC 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux $ cat /proc/version Linux version 3.2.0-32-generic (buildd@batsu) (gcc version 4.6.3 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) ) #51-Ubuntu SMP Wed Sep 26 21:33:09 UTC 2012 Not sure why that happened there. I wanted to install Audacity (v2.0.1-1_amd64) to edit a lecture audio file. When trying this operation through Ubuntu Software Center, it says that to install audacity, four items will need to be removed: linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic So I click "Install Anyway" but it fails with the following output: installArchives() failed: (Reading database ... (Reading database ... 5% (Reading database ... 10% (Reading database ... 15% (Reading database ... 20% (Reading database ... 25% (Reading database ... 30% (Reading database ... 35% (Reading database ... 40% (Reading database ... 45% (Reading database ... 50% (Reading database ... 55% (Reading database ... 60% (Reading database ... 65% (Reading database ... 70% (Reading database ... 75% (Reading database ... 80% (Reading database ... 85% (Reading database ... 90% (Reading database ... 95% (Reading database ... 100% (Reading database ... 259675 files and directories currently installed.) Removing linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.2.0-27-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-27-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-27-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.2.0-27-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-27-generic Generating grub.cfg ... run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 1 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic (--remove): subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Removing linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.2.0-29-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-29-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-29-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.2.0-29-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-29-generic Generating grub.cfg ... run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 1 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic (--remove): subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Removing linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.2.0-30-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-30-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-30-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.2.0-30-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-30-generic Generating grub.cfg ... run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 1 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic (--remove): subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Removing linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.2.0-31-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-31-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-31-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.2.0-31-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-31-generic Generating grub.cfg ... run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 1 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic (--remove): subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already Errors were encountered while processing: linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic Error in function: Setting up grub-pc (2.00-7ubuntu11) ... /usr/sbin/grub-bios-setup: warning: Sector 32 is already in use by the program `FlexNet'; avoiding it. This software may cause boot or other problems in future. Please ask its authors not to store data in the boot track. Installation finished. No error reported. Generating grub.cfg ... dpkg: error processing grub-pc (--configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1 It seems I need to remove the old linux images somehow. I have tried this through (1) Synaptic, (2) Ubuntu Tweak, and (3) Computer Janitor. The first two fail, whilst Computer Janitor won't even open. The output from Synaptic is: E: linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic: subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 E: linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic: subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 E: linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic: subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 E: linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic: subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 How do I remove these old images? Thank you kindly in advance for any help on this matter. P.S. Further information: $ dpkg --list | grep linux-image rH linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic 3.2.0-27.43 amd64 Linux kernel image for version 3.2.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP rH linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic 3.2.0-29.46 amd64 Linux kernel image for version 3.2.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP rH linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic 3.2.0-30.48 amd64 Linux kernel image for version 3.2.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP rH linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic 3.2.0-31.50 amd64 Linux kernel image for version 3.2.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-image-3.2.0-32-generic 3.2.0-32.51 amd64 Linux kernel image for version 3.2.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic 3.5.0-17.28 amd64 Linux kernel image for version 3.5.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-image-extra-3.5.0-17-generic 3.5.0-17.28 amd64 Linux kernel image for version 3.5.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-image-generic 3.5.0.17.19 amd64 Generic Linux kernel image But trying to remove using the command line fails too e.g.: $ sudo apt-get purge linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1 not upgraded. 5 not fully installed or removed. After this operation, 597 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y (Reading database ... 259675 files and directories currently installed.) Removing linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.2.0-27-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-27-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-27-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.2.0-27-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-27-generic Generating grub.cfg ... run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 1 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic (--remove): subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports has already been reached Removing linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.2.0-29-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-29-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-29-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.2.0-29-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-29-generic Generating grub.cfg ... run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 1 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic (--remove): subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports has already been reached Removing linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.2.0-30-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-30-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-30-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.2.0-30-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-30-generic Generating grub.cfg ... run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 1 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic (--remove): subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports has already been reached Removing linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic ... Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.2.0-31-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-31-generic update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-31-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.2.0-31-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-31-generic Generating grub.cfg ... run-parts: /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub exited with return code 1 Failed to process /etc/kernel/postrm.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic.postrm line 328. dpkg: error processing linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic (--remove): subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 No apport report written because MaxReports has already been reached Errors were encountered while processing: linux-image-3.2.0-27-generic linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic linux-image-3.2.0-30-generic linux-image-3.2.0-31-generic E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

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  • PHP Suhosin extension is not loading

    - by wintercounter
    For some reason i have to adjust the suhosin.request.max_vars and suhosin.post.max_vars directives. I'm using ispCP, and it has default the suhosin patch, but as i read, i need to install the extension too. I've did this with apt-get install php5-suhosin and the suhosin.ini appeared in conf.d, and suhosin.so exists too in /usr/lib/php5. After the Apache restart the extension isn't loading. phpinfo() says: Scan this dir for additional .ini files /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d additional .ini files parsed /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/adodb.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/curl.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/eAccelerator.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/gd.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/idn.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/imagick.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/imap.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/mcrypt.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/memcache.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/mhash.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/ming.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/mysql.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/mysqli.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/pdo.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/pdo_mysql.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/pdo_sqlite.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/ps.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/pspell.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/recode.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/snmp.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/sqlite.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/tidy.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/xmlrpc.ini, /etc/php5/cgi/conf.d/xsl.ini As you can see, it doesn't loads the suhosin.ini. What can be the problem?

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  • IIS 7 - The virtual path 'null' maps to another application, which is not allowed

    - by Miro
    I have run into issue when set up IIS 7 Farm for Load balancing. Add 4 server to IIS Farm with appropriate ports(8080,8081,8082,8083). Also add Inbound rule for IIS Farm. The Tomcat instances listens these ports. When i'm opening url(which i set on inbound rule), i got the following exception: The virtual path 'null' maps to another application, which is not allowed. Source Error: An unhandled exception was generated during the execution of the current web request. Information regarding the origin and location of the exception can be identified using the exception stack trace below. Stack Trace: [ArgumentException: The virtual path 'null' maps to another application, which is not allowed.] System.Web.CachedPathData.GetVirtualPathData(VirtualPath virtualPath, Boolean permitPathsOutsideApp) +8839122 System.Web.HttpContext.GetFilePathData() +36 System.Web.HttpContext.GetConfigurationPathData() +26 System.Web.Configuration.RuntimeConfig.GetConfig(HttpContext context) +43 System.Web.Configuration.CustomErrorsSection.GetSettings(HttpContext context, Boolean canThrow) +41 System.Web.HttpResponse.ReportRuntimeError(Exception e, Boolean canThrow, Boolean localExecute) +101 System.Web.HttpContext.ReportRuntimeErrorIfExists(RequestNotificationStatus& status) +538 How can i solve this issue?

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  • LFD always stops working after ~30 days, until I give /etc/csf/csf.pl -r

    - by gus
    When I give /etc/csf/csf.pl -r , I see lots of lines flushing, then I begin to get the notification emails again, (several emails per day), for example: Time: Wed Sep 12 08:39:47 2012 +0800 IP: 221.13.104.162 (CN/China/-) Failures: 5 (sshd) Interval: 300 seconds Blocked: Permanent Block Log entries: Sep 12 08:39:25 MyHost sshd[9677]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 51106 ssh2 Sep 12 08:39:28 MyHost sshd[9712]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 51690 ssh2 Sep 12 08:39:32 MyHost sshd[9739]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 52128 ssh2 Sep 12 08:39:36 MyHost sshd[9778]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 52670 ssh2 Sep 12 08:39:40 MyHost sshd[9821]: Failed password for root from 221.13.104.162 port 53155 ssh2 And then after about 30 days, the emails stop coming, it is as if something has filled up, and requires flushing again. I don't know much about CSF/LFD, but I would have imagined that this would work in a FIFO manner, so it should be able to run indefinitely within finite space. My /etc/csf/version.txt says 4.83 My cat /proc/version says Linux version 2.6.18-028stab066.8 (root@rhel5-64-build) (gcc version 4.1.2 20070626 (Red Hat 4.1.2-14)) #1 SMP Fri Nov 27 20:19:25 MSK 2009

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  • Need help tuning Mysql and linux server

    - by Newtonx
    We have multi-user application (like MailChimp,Constant Contact) . Each of our customers has it's own contact's list (from 5 to 100.000 contacts). Everything is stored in one BIG database (currently 25G). Since we released our product we have the following data history. 5 years of data history : - users/customers (200+) - contacts (40 million records) - campaigns - campaign_deliveries (73.843.764 records) - campaign_queue ( 8 millions currently ) As we get more users and table records increase our system/web app is getting slower and slower . Some queries takes too long to execute . SCHEMA Table contacts --------------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | contact_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | client_id | int(10) unsigned | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(60) | YES | | NULL | | | mail | varchar(60) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | verified | int(1) | YES | | 0 | | | owner | int(10) unsigned | NO | MUL | 0 | | | date_created | date | YES | MUL | NULL | | | geolocation | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | | ip | varchar(20) | YES | MUL | NULL | | +---------------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ Table campaign_deliveries +---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | newsletter_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | MUL | 0 | | | contact_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | MUL | 0 | | | sent_date | date | YES | MUL | NULL | | | sent_time | time | YES | MUL | NULL | | | smtp_server | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | owner | int(5) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | ip | varchar(20) | YES | MUL | NULL | | +---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ Table campaign_queue +---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | queue_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | newsletter_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | MUL | 0 | | | owner | int(10) unsigned | NO | MUL | 0 | | | date_to_send | date | YES | | NULL | | | contact_id | int(11) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | date_created | date | YES | | NULL | | +---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ Slow queries LOG -------------------------------------------- Query_time: 350 Lock_time: 1 Rows_sent: 1 Rows_examined: 971004 SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM contacts WHERE (contacts.owner = 70 AND contacts.verified = 1); Query_time: 235 Lock_time: 1 Rows_sent: 1 Rows_examined: 4455209 SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM contacts WHERE (contacts.owner = 2); How can we optimize it ? Queries should take no more than 30 secs to execute? Can we optimize it and keep all data in one BIG database or should we change app's structure and set one single database to each user ? Thanks

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  • How to start vim without executing /etc/vimrc?

    - by florin
    On my Linux server at work, the admins did not install cscope, and I installed it from source in my home directory and added it to the $PATH. The trouble is, the /etc/vimrc has a reference to /usr/bin/cscope which does not exist and everytime I start vim, it complains about that and I have to press for that message to go away. It is interesting that if I remove cscope from my $PATH, I don't get that behavior - so it is possible that vim is testing that cscope exists somewhere, and only then executing the cscope configuration - but then it gets it wrong! So my question is: can I set something up in my .vimrc so it does not source the global /etc/vimrc? I don't want to move cscope out of PATH, as I don't want to type the full directory name every time I run it from the command line.

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  • Use trackball to scroll, zoom, etc

    - by filledvoid
    I've got a Logitech Marble Trackball (which is great, btw). By setting one of the extra buttons as a "middle" mouse button, when I click it, many apps (like browsers) will start "scrolling mode" so that moving the trackball will scroll up and down. Most of the time, this is sufficient, but I figure it would be way cooler if I could have several "modes" to do different things like zooming, panning, rotating (particularly in GIMP). Then when I hold CTRL, CTRL+SHIFT, or some such, it would enter a new mode, and the trackball would behave differently. I found a couple questions similar to this that suggest using AutoHotKey, but I haven't found an example script to do this, nor can I find out to track mouse movements within AHK. Any pointers? hotkey for scrollwheel remedy for a no scroll wheel trackball? Thanks!

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  • quick look at: dm_db_index_physical_stats

    - by fatherjack
    A quick look at the key data from this dmv that can help a DBA keep databases performing well and systems online as the users need them. When the dynamic management views relating to index statistics became available in SQL Server 2005 there was much hype about how they can help a DBA keep their servers running in better health than ever before. This particular view gives an insight into the physical health of the indexes present in a database. Whether they are use or unused, complete or missing some columns is irrelevant, this is simply the physical stats of all indexes; disabled indexes are ignored however. In it’s simplest form this dmv can be executed as:   The results from executing this contain a record for every index in every database but some of the columns will be NULL. The first parameter is there so that you can specify which database you want to gather index details on, rather than scan every database. Simply specifying DB_ID() in place of the first NULL achieves this. In order to avoid the NULLS, or more accurately, in order to choose when to have the NULLS you need to specify a value for the last parameter. It takes one of 4 values – DEFAULT, ‘SAMPLED’, ‘LIMITED’ or ‘DETAILED’. If you execute the dmv with each of these values you can see some interesting details in the times taken to complete each step. DECLARE @Start DATETIME DECLARE @First DATETIME DECLARE @Second DATETIME DECLARE @Third DATETIME DECLARE @Finish DATETIME SET @Start = GETDATE() SELECT * FROM [sys].[dm_db_index_physical_stats](DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, DEFAULT) AS ddips SET @First = GETDATE() SELECT * FROM [sys].[dm_db_index_physical_stats](DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, 'SAMPLED') AS ddips SET @Second = GETDATE() SELECT * FROM [sys].[dm_db_index_physical_stats](DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED') AS ddips SET @Third = GETDATE() SELECT * FROM [sys].[dm_db_index_physical_stats](DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, 'DETAILED') AS ddips SET @Finish = GETDATE() SELECT DATEDIFF(ms, @Start, @First) AS [DEFAULT] , DATEDIFF(ms, @First, @Second) AS [SAMPLED] , DATEDIFF(ms, @Second, @Third) AS [LIMITED] , DATEDIFF(ms, @Third, @Finish) AS [DETAILED] Running this code will give you 4 result sets; DEFAULT will have 12 columns full of data and then NULLS in the remainder. SAMPLED will have 21 columns full of data. LIMITED will have 12 columns of data and the NULLS in the remainder. DETAILED will have 21 columns full of data. So, from this we can deduce that the DEFAULT value (the same one that is also applied when you query the view using a NULL parameter) is the same as using LIMITED. Viewing the final result set has some details that are worth noting: Running queries against this view takes significantly longer when using the SAMPLED and DETAILED values in the last parameter. The duration of the query is directly related to the size of the database you are working in so be careful running this on big databases unless you have tried it on a test server first. Let’s look at the data we get back with the DEFAULT value first of all and then progress to the extra information later. We know that the first parameter that we supply has to be a database id and for the purposes of this blog we will be providing that value with the DB_ID function. We could just as easily put a fixed value in there or a function such as DB_ID (‘AnyDatabaseName’). The first columns we get back are database_id and object_id. These are pretty explanatory and we can wrap those in some code to make things a little easier to read: SELECT DB_NAME([ddips].[database_id]) AS [DatabaseName] , OBJECT_NAME([ddips].[object_id]) AS [TableName] … FROM [sys].[dm_db_index_physical_stats](DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL) AS ddips  gives us   SELECT DB_NAME([ddips].[database_id]) AS [DatabaseName] , OBJECT_NAME([ddips].[object_id]) AS [TableName], [i].[name] AS [IndexName] , ….. FROM [sys].[dm_db_index_physical_stats](DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL) AS ddips INNER JOIN [sys].[indexes] AS i ON [ddips].[index_id] = [i].[index_id] AND [ddips].[object_id] = [i].[object_id]     These handily tie in with the next parameters in the query on the dmv. If you specify an object_id and an index_id in these then you get results limited to either the table or the specific index. Once again we can place a  function in here to make it easier to work with a specific table. eg. SELECT * FROM [sys].[dm_db_index_physical_stats] (DB_ID(), OBJECT_ID(‘AdventureWorks2008.Person.Address’) , 1, NULL, NULL) AS ddips   Note: Despite me showing that functions can be placed directly in the parameters for this dmv, best practice recommends that functions are not used directly in the function as it is possible that they will fail to return a valid object ID. To be certain of not passing invalid values to this function, and therefore setting an automated process off on the wrong path, declare variables for the OBJECT_IDs and once they have been validated, use them in the function: DECLARE @db_id SMALLINT; DECLARE @object_id INT; SET @db_id = DB_ID(N’AdventureWorks_2008′); SET @object_id = OBJECT_ID(N’AdventureWorks_2008.Person.Address’); IF @db_id IS NULL BEGINPRINT N’Invalid database’; ENDELSE IF @object_id IS NULL BEGINPRINT N’Invalid object’; ENDELSE BEGINSELECT * FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats (@db_id, @object_id, NULL, NULL , ‘LIMITED’); END; GO In cases where the results of querying this dmv don’t have any effect on other processes (i.e. simply viewing the results in the SSMS results area)  then it will be noticed when the results are not consistent with the expected results and in the case of this blog this is the method I have used. So, now we can relate the values in these columns to something that we recognise in the database lets see what those other values in the dmv are all about. The next columns are: We’ll skip partition_number, index_type_desc, alloc_unit_type_desc, index_depth and index_level  as this is a quick look at the dmv and they are pretty self explanatory. The final columns revealed by querying this view in the DEFAULT mode are avg_fragmentation_in_percent. This is the amount that the index is logically fragmented. It will show NULL when the dmv is queried in SAMPLED mode. fragment_count. The number of pieces that the index is broken into. It will show NULL when the dmv is queried in SAMPLED mode. avg_fragment_size_in_pages. The average size, in pages, of a single fragment in the leaf level of the IN_ROW_DATA allocation unit. It will show NULL when the dmv is queried in SAMPLED mode. page_count. Total number of index or data pages in use. OK, so what does this give us? Well, there is an obvious correlation between fragment_count, page_count and avg_fragment_size-in_pages. We see that an index that takes up 27 pages and is in 3 fragments has an average fragment size of 9 pages (27/3=9). This means that for this index there are 3 separate places on the hard disk that SQL Server needs to locate and access to gather the data when it is requested by a DML query. If this index was bigger than 72KB then having it’s data in 3 pieces might not be too big an issue as each piece would have a significant piece of data to read and the speed of access would not be too poor. If the number of fragments increases then obviously the amount of data in each piece decreases and that means the amount of work for the disks to do in order to retrieve the data to satisfy the query increases and this would start to decrease performance. This information can be useful to keep in mind when considering the value in the avg_fragmentation_in_percent column. This is arrived at by an internal algorithm that gives a value to the logical fragmentation of the index taking into account the multiple files, type of allocation unit and the previously mentioned characteristics if index size (page_count) and fragment_count. Seeing an index with a high avg_fragmentation_in_percent value will be a call to action for a DBA that is investigating performance issues. It is possible that tables will have indexes that suffer from rapid increases in fragmentation as part of normal daily business and that regular defragmentation work will be needed to keep it in good order. In other cases indexes will rarely become fragmented and therefore not need rebuilding from one end of the year to another. Keeping this in mind DBAs need to use an ‘intelligent’ process that assesses key characteristics of an index and decides on the best, if any, defragmentation method to apply should be used. There is a simple example of this in the sample code found in the Books OnLine content for this dmv, in example D. There are also a couple of very popular solutions created by SQL Server MVPs Michelle Ufford and Ola Hallengren which I would wholly recommend that you review for much further detail on how to care for your SQL Server indexes. Right, let’s get back on track then. Querying the dmv with the fifth parameter value as ‘DETAILED’ takes longer because it goes through the index and refreshes all data from every level of the index. As this blog is only a quick look a we are going to skate right past ghost_record_count and version_ghost_record_count and discuss avg_page_space_used_in_percent, record_count, min_record_size_in_bytes, max_record_size_in_bytes and avg_record_size_in_bytes. We can see from the details below that there is a correlation between the columns marked. Column 1 (Page_Count) is the number of 8KB pages used by the index, column 2 is how full each page is (how much of the 8KB has actual data written on it), column 3 is how many records are recorded in the index and column 4 is the average size of each record. This approximates to: ((Col1*8) * 1024*(Col2/100))/Col3 = Col4*. avg_page_space_used_in_percent is an important column to review as this indicates how much of the disk that has been given over to the storage of the index actually has data on it. This value is affected by the value given for the FILL_FACTOR parameter when creating an index. avg_record_size_in_bytes is important as you can use it to get an idea of how many records are in each page and therefore in each fragment, thus reinforcing how important it is to keep fragmentation under control. min_record_size_in_bytes and max_record_size_in_bytes are exactly as their names set them out to be. A detail of the smallest and largest records in the index. Purely offered as a guide to the DBA to better understand the storage practices taking place. So, keeping an eye on avg_fragmentation_in_percent will ensure that your indexes are helping data access processes take place as efficiently as possible. Where fragmentation recurs frequently then potentially the DBA should consider; the fill_factor of the index in order to leave space at the leaf level so that new records can be inserted without causing fragmentation so rapidly. the columns used in the index should be analysed to avoid new records needing to be inserted in the middle of the index but rather always be added to the end. * – it’s approximate as there are many factors associated with things like the type of data and other database settings that affect this slightly.  Another great resource for working with SQL Server DMVs is Performance Tuning with SQL Server Dynamic Management Views by Louis Davidson and Tim Ford – a free ebook or paperback from Simple Talk. Disclaimer – Jonathan is a Friend of Red Gate and as such, whenever they are discussed, will have a generally positive disposition towards Red Gate tools. Other tools are often available and you should always try others before you come back and buy the Red Gate ones. All code in this blog is provided “as is” and no guarantee, warranty or accuracy is applicable or inferred, run the code on a test server and be sure to understand it before you run it on a server that means a lot to you or your manager.

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  • Applocker custom extension (Java, CPL, MSC etc.)

    - by test1839
    We have a Terminal server and want to prevent users from running inappropriate software. Previously we used Software Restriction Policies for this purpose. Now, Microsoft seems to recommend Applocker instead. However we found no possibilities to add custom extensions like JAR, CPL, MSC etc. which was possible in Software Restriction Policies. Do you know how to add custom extensions to the Applocker policies in Windows 2008? Or how can we block custom script interpreters like Perl etc.?

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  • Use apt-get source on a debian repo without using /etc/apt/source.list

    - by Erwan Queffélec
    I'm trying to use apt-get source as a regular user on a debian squeeze system. I want to retrieve the sources for cyrus-imapd-2.4 from the testing/wheezy repository. apt-get source works without root privileges; however, it seems there is no way to get apt-get to fetch anything from a repository that is not in /etc/apt/sources.list. Is there any command line option, alternate sources.list file, environment variable that will get apt to work with a custom repository ? I do have root access so I could change the /etc/apt/sources.list, however I really do not want to do that for a number of reason.

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  • Automatically generated /etc/hosts is wrong

    - by Niels Basjes
    I've created a kickstart script to install CentOS 5.5 (32bit) in a fully automated way. The DNS/DHCP setup correctly gives the system the right hostname in both the forward and reverse lookups. dig node4.mydomain.com. +short 10.10.10.64 dig -x 10.10.10.64 +short node4.mydomain.com. In the state the installed system is right after the installation completed is as follows: cat /etc/sysconfig/network NETWORKING=yes NETWORKING_IPV6=yes GATEWAY=10.10.10.1 HOSTNAME=node4.mydomain.com echo ${HOSTNAME} node4.mydomain.com cat /etc/hosts # Do not remove the following line, or various programs # that require network functionality will fail. 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 10.10.10.64 node4 My problem is that this automatically generated hosts file is slightly different from the way I want it (or better: the way Hadoop wants it). The last line should look like this: 10.10.10.64 node4.mydomain.com node4 What do I modify where to fix this? Thanks.

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  • Exploratory Question for Security Admins (/etc/passwd + PHP)

    - by JPerkSter
    Hi everyone, I've been seeing a few issues lately on a few of my servers where an account gets hacked via outdated scripts, and the hacker uploads a cPanel / FTP Brute forcing PHP script inside the account. The PHP File reads /etc/passwd to get the usernames, and than uses a passwd.txt file to try and brute force it's way in to 127.0.0.1:2082. I'm trying to think of a way to block this. It doesn't POST anything except "GET /path/phpfile.php", so I can't use mod_security to block this. I've been thinking of maybe changing permissions on /etc/passwd to 600, however I'm unsure how this will result in regards to my users. I was also thinking of rate-limiting localhost connections to :2082, however I'm worried about mod_proxy being affected. Any suggestions?

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  • setting nproc in /etc/security/limit.conf prevents ssh login

    - by omry
    I am trying to use /etc/security/limit.conf on Linux (Debian) to limit the number of processes per user. for starters, I tried to limit my own user processes by adding this to /etc/security/limit.conf: omry hard nproc 100 this locked my user out of ssh. I could open new processes (verified with su omry), but could not log into ssh with that user : sshd reported this in it's log: fatal: setreuid 1000: Resource temporarily unavailable also, I am certain my user is not running anything near 100 processes (actually 6). what can be the reason for this?

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  • Using Gentoo's `ebegin`, `eend` etc under Ubuntu

    - by Marcus Downing
    We're quite fond of the style of the ebegin, eend, eerror, eindent etc commands used by Portage and other tools on Gentoo. The green-yellow-red bullets and standard layout make for very quick spotting of errors, on what would otherwise be very grey command line output. #!/bin/sh source /etc/init.d/functions.sh ebegin "Copying data" rsync .... eend $? Producing output similar to: * Copying data... [ OK ] As a result we're using these commands in some of our common shell scripts, which is a problem for the people using Ubuntu and other linuxes. (linuces? linuxen? linucae? other distros) On Gentoo these functions are provided by OpenRC, and imported with functions.sh file (whose exact position seems to vary slightly). But is there a simple way of getting these commands on Ubuntu? In theory we could replace them all with dull echos, but we'd rather not?

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  • Editing notepad C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts file from within windows 7

    - by Ruvi
    I would like to add an address to C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts. I am running Windows 7 (Hebrew edition). I am the system administrator. I have tried the command "notepad C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts" to edit the file. I can write into the file but the system does not allow me to save into the file. What can be done to be able to make the addition? What is the correct format for this type of file? All lines in the existing file begin with "#". Does this mean anything?

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  • how to change interface ip in ifconfig with /etc/network/interfaces

    - by user2478348
    Hi everybody when modifiying /etc/network/interfaces, saving it and then executing ifconfig i can't see the modification i made..for example here is part of my /etc/network/interfaces: auto wlan1 iface wlan1 inet static address 192.168.0.60 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.0.61 you can see that the IP address of my wlan1 is 192.168.0.60 but when typing ifconfig i have this: wlan1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:19:70:0f:c2:9c inet adr:192.168.0.1 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Masque:255.255.255.0 adr inet6: fe80::219:70ff:fe0f:c29c/64 Scope:Lien UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Packets reçus:758 erreurs:0 :0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:610 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 lg file transmission:1000 Octets reçus:73490 (73.4 KB) Octets transmis:127883 (127.8 KB) (the inet adr:192.168.0.1 and not 198.168.0.60)..if someone can help me I'll be very thankful :)

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  • Unable to edit/delete/move /etc/my.cnf - Permission denied

    - by FlourishDNA
    I am trying to edit /etc/my.cnf as root user via ssh and I get following error while trying to save it I ma making changes to my.cnf as I want to tweak some values in my.cnf to meet Magento requirement like changing key_buffer_size= to higher value (128M). I assigned the value 128M to key_buffer_size= and tried to save it and then got an error. "Error writing /etc/my.cnf: Permission denied" I cant even restart MySQL successfully. [root@flourish ~]# service mysqld restart Stopping mysqld: [ OK ] MySQL Daemon failed to start. Starting mysqld: [FAILED] I can even delete or replace it with the fresh one. I tried uninstalling MySQL and re-installing but nothing worked. Permission -rw-r--r-- and Owner/Group root/root I hope there is some answer to this problem.

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  • Using sudo /etc/init.d/httpd start complains for log file rights

    - by SCO
    I created a custom log directory with the root account, and chmoded it to 777 teporarily. ls -la /var/mylogs/log/ total 16 drwxrwxrwx 2 root root 4096 Jun 24 06:27 . drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Jun 24 06:25 .. When I try to start the service from a user (lets say "myuser", which is in the sudoers files as myuser ALL=(ALL) ALL), it fails because of the permissions : sudo /etc/init.d/httpd start Starting httpd: (13)Permission denied: httpd: could not open error log file /var/mylogs/log/httpd_error.log. Unable to open logs However, the following is successfull : sudo bash /etc/init.d/http start So I guess these two methods are not equivalent, although to me doing sudo was the same than logging into the root account and issuing the commands. Any clue ? Thank you !

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  • /etc/rc.local doesn't execute apache tomcat startup script on boot

    - by user119720
    I'm having some problem with my centOS machine.I want to insert a line inside the rc.local to execute apache tomcat on startup. Below are the configuration for /etc/rc.local #!/bin/sh # # This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts. # You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't # want to do the full Sys V style init stuff. touch /var/lock/subsys/local /opt/apache-jakarta/bin/startup.sh Unfortunately,the apache tomcat does not start on the boot time. I've already execute the script manually and it is working without any issues. Is there any specific syntax to put script inside the rc.local?Or did I forgetting something?Please Advice.Thanks. EDIT: My boot.log only show this output: Dec 17 21:04:53 localhost NET[2969]: /sbin/dhclient-script : updated /etc/resolv.conf

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  • Best Practice: What can be the hashCode() method implementation if custom field used in equals() method are null?

    - by goodspeed
    What is the best practice to return a value for hashCode() method if custom field used in equals are null ? I have a situation, where equals() override is implemented using custom fields. Usually it it is better to override hashCode() also using that custom fields used in equals(). But if all the custom fields used in equals() are null, then what would be the best implementation for hashCode()? Example: class Person { private String firstName; private String lastName; public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } @Override public boolean equals(Object object) { boolean result = false; if (object == null || object.getClass() != getClass()) { result = false; } else { Person person = (Person) object; if (this.firstName == person.getFirstName() && this.lastName == tiger.getLastName()) { result = true; } } return result; } @Override public int hashCode() { int hash = 3; if(this.firstName == null || this.lastName == null) { // <b>What is the best practice here, </b> // <b>is return super.hashCode() better ?</b> } hash = 7 * hash + this.firstName.hashCode(); hash = 7 * hash + this.lastName.hashCode(); return hash; } } is it required to check for null in hashCode() ? If yes, what should be returned if custom values are null ?

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  • Is it better to return NULL or empty values from functions/methods where the return value is not present?

    - by P B
    I am looking for a recommendation here. I am struggling with whether it is better to return NULL or an empty value from a method when the return value is not present or cannot be determined. Take the following two methods as an examples: string ReverseString(string stringToReverse) // takes a string and reverses it. Person FindPerson(int personID) // finds a Person with a matching personID. In ReverseString(), I would say return an empty string because the return type is string, so the caller is expecting that. Also, this way, the caller would not have to check to see if a NULL was returned. In FindPerson(), returning NULL seems like a better fit. Regardless of whether or not NULL or an empty Person Object (new Person()) is returned the caller is going to have to check to see if the Person Object is NULL or empty before doing anything to it (like calling UpdateName()). So why not just return NULL here and then the caller only has to check for NULL. Does anyone else struggle with this? Any help or insight is appreciated.

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  • how to save poiner in C

    - by JosiP
    Hi In my app, for debugging i want to save pointer, before i do other operations on it eg: void foo(...) { /* suppose ptr1 points to one of my strcuts */ ptr1 = NULL; /* before that ptr1=NULL i want to save value of that pointer - how to do it ? */ } thx for any help

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  • Setting the first two bytes of a block of memory

    - by idealistikz
    Suppose I have a block of memory as such: void *block = malloc(sizeof(void *) + size); How do I set the first two bytes of the block as NULL or have it point somewhere? I do not want to simply assign 'block' to NULL or to another pointer because I want to access the rest of the memory I malloc'ed.

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  • Could I ever want to access the address zero?

    - by Joel
    The constant 0 is used as the null pointer in C and C++. But as in http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2389251/pointer-to-a-specific-fixed-address there seems to be some possible use of assigning fixed addresses. Is there ever any conceivable need, in any system, for whatever low level task, for accessing the address 0? If there is, how is that solved with 0 being the null pointer and all? If not, what makes it certain that there is not such a need?

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