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• How to make iPhone Cisco VPN client work with ASA with certificate authentication

  - by Ben Jencks

  I have an ASA that's providing IPsec VPN services using certificate authentication (no xauth, just the certs). It works perfectly with the Cisco IPsec VPN Client. Now I'm trying to let iPhones connect. I've installed the CA cert and a client certificate on the iPhone with a profile using iPCU, along with the VPN configuration. Then connecting gives the error "Could not validate the server certificate". Additionally, the ASA logs the error "Received encrypted Oakley Informational packet with invalid payloads". FWIW, I receive the same invalid payload error when trying to use the Snow Leopard IPsec client to connect. Has anyone successfully gotten the iPhone IPsec client to work with certificate auth?

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• Junos custom-attack signature pattern syntax

  - by James Hawkwind

  I am stuck at a point with the configuration of a custom-attack signature in Junos. According to the Junos Custom Attack Definition documentation page, I can set up a custom attack based upon a signature in the packet. In the documentation you can specify a "pattern" to match, but it fails to describe what the pattern syntax should be. Particularly, I want to match the HEX values of 8C 00 13 00 in the first four bytes of the TCP data payload. Does anyone know how to accomplish this correctly?

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• Windows 7 Machine Makes Router Drop -All- Wireless Connections

  - by Hammer Bro.

  Some background: My home network consists of my Desktop, a two-month old Windows 7 (x64) machine which is online most frequently (N-spec), as well as three other Windows XP laptops (all G) that only connect every now and then (one for work, one for Netflix, and the other for infrequent regular laptop uses). I used to have a Belkin F5D8236-4 wireless router, and everything worked great. A week ago, however, I found out that the Belkin absolutely in no way would establish a VPN connection, something that has become important for work. So I bought a Netgear WNR3500v2/U/L. The wireless was acting a little sketchy at first for just the Windows 7 machine, but I thought it had something to do with 802.11N and I was in a hurry so I just fished up an ethernet cable and disabled the computer's wireless. It has now become apparent, though, that whenever the Windows 7 machine is connected to the router, all wireless connections become unstable. I was using my work laptop for a solid six hours today with no trouble, having multiple SSH connections open over VPN and streaming internet radio in the background. Then, within two minutes of turning on this Windows 7 box, I had lost all connectivity over the wireless. And I was two feet away from the router. The same sort of thing happens on all of the other laptops -- Netflix can be playing stuff all weekend, but if I come up here and do things on this (W7) computer, the streaming will be dead within ten minutes. So here are my basic observations: If the Windows 7 machine is off, then all connections will have a Signal Strength of Very Good or Excellent and a Speed of 48-54 Mbps for an indefinite amount of time. Shortly after the Windows 7 machine is turned on, all wireless connections will experience a consistent decline in Speed down to 1.0 Mbps, eventually losing their connection entirely. These machines will continue to maintain 70% signal strength, as observed by themselves and router. Once dropped, a wireless connection will have difficulty reconnecting. And, if a connection manages to become established, it will quickly drop off again. The Windows 7 machine itself will continue to function just fine if it's using a wired connection, although it will experience these same issues over the wireless. All of the drivers and firmwares are up to date, and this happened both with the stock Netgear firmware as well as the (current) DD-WRT. What I've tried: Making sure each computer is being assigned a distinct IP. (They are.) Disabling UPnP and Stateful Packet Inspection on the router. Disabling Network Sharing, SSDP Discovery, TCP/IP NetBios Helper and Computer Browser services on the Windows 7 machine. Disabling QoS Packet Scheduler, IPv6, and Link Layer Topology Discovery options on my ethernet controller (leaving only Client for Microsoft Networks, File and Printer Sharing, and IPv4 enabled). What I think: It seems awfully similar to the problems discussed in detail at http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en/wsk/thread/1064e397-9d9b-4ae2-bc8e-c8798e591915 (which was both the most relevant and concrete information I could dig up on the internet). I still think that something the Windows 7 IP stack (or just Operating System itself) is doing is giving the router fits. However, I could be wrong, because I have two key differences. One is that most instances of this problem are reported as the entire router dying or restarting, and mine still works just fine over the wired connection. The other is that it's a new router, tested with both the factory firmware and the (I assume) well-maintained DD-WRT project. Even if Windows 7 is still secretly sending IPv6 packets or the TCP Window Scaling implementation that I hear Vista caused some trouble with (even though I've tried my best to disable anything fancy), this router should support those functions. I don't want to get a new or a replacement router unless someone can convince me that this is a defective unit. But the problem seems too specific and predictable by my instincts to be a hardware hiccup. And I don't want to deal with the inevitable problems that always seem to take half a day to resolve when getting a new router, since I'm frantically working (including tomorrow) to complete a project by next week's deadline. Plus, I think in the worst case scenario, I could keep this router connected directly to the modem, disable its wireless entirely, and connect the old Belkin to it directly. That should allow me to still use VPN (although I'll have to plug my work laptop directly into that router), and then maintain wireless connections for all of the other computers. But that feels so wrong to me. Anyone have any ideas what the cause and possible solution could be? Clarifications: The Windows 7 machine is directly connected via an ethernet cable to the router for everything above. But while it is online, all other computers' wireless connections become unusable. It is not an issue of signal strength or interference -- no other devices within scanning range are using Channel 1, and the problem will affect computers that are literally feet away from the router with 95% signal strength.

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• Radius Authorization against ActiveDirectory and the users file

  - by mohrphium

  I have a problem with my freeradius server configuration. I want to be able to authenticate users against Windows ActiveDirectory (2008 R2) and the users file, because some of my co-workers are not listed in AD. We use the freeradius server to authenticate WLAN users. (PEAP/MSCHAPv2) AD Authentication works great, but I still have problems with the /etc/freeradius/users file When I run freeradius -X -x I get the following: Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++++[chap] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++++[mschap] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] No '@' in User-Name = "testtest", looking up realm NULL Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] Found realm "NULL" Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] Adding Stripped-User-Name = "testtest" Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] Adding Realm = "NULL" Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] Authentication realm is LOCAL. Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++++[suffix] returns ok Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] EAP packet type response id 1 length 13 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] No EAP Start, assuming it's an on-going EAP conversation Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++++[eap] returns updated Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [files] users: Matched entry testtest at line 1 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++++[files] returns ok Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++++[expiration] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++++[logintime] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [pap] WARNING: Auth-Type already set. Not setting to PAP Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++++[pap] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: +++- else else returns updated Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++- else else returns updated Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: Found Auth-Type = EAP Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: # Executing group from file /etc/freeradius/sites-enabled/default Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: +- entering group authenticate {...} Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] EAP Identity Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] processing type tls Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [tls] Initiate Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [tls] Start returned 1 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[eap] returns handled Sending Access-Challenge of id 199 to 192.168.61.11 port 3072 EAP-Message = 0x010200061920 Message-Authenticator = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000 State = 0x85469e2a854487589fb1196910cb8ae3 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: Finished request 125. Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Debug: Going to the next request Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Debug: Waking up in 2.4 seconds. After that it repeats the login attempt and at some point tries to authenticate against ActiveDirectory with ntlm, which doesn't work since the user exists only in the users file. Can someone help me out here? Thanks. PS: Hope this helps, freeradius trying to auth against AD: Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[chap] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[mschap] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] No '@' in User-Name = "testtest", looking up realm NULL Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] Found realm "NULL" Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] Adding Stripped-User-Name = "testtest" Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] Adding Realm = "NULL" Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [suffix] Authentication realm is LOCAL. Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[suffix] returns ok Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[control] returns ok Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] EAP packet type response id 7 length 67 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] No EAP Start, assuming it's an on-going EAP conversation Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[eap] returns updated Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [files] users: Matched entry testtest at line 1 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[files] returns ok Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[smbpasswd] returns notfound Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[expiration] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[logintime] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [pap] WARNING: Auth-Type already set. Not setting to PAP Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[pap] returns noop Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: Found Auth-Type = EAP Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: # Executing group from file /etc/freeradius/sites-enabled/inner-tunnel Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: +- entering group authenticate {...} Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] Request found, released from the list Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] EAP/mschapv2 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] processing type mschapv2 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschapv2] # Executing group from file /etc/freeradius/sites-enabled/inner-tunnel Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschapv2] +- entering group MS-CHAP {...} Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] Creating challenge hash with username: testtest Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] Told to do MS-CHAPv2 for testtest with NT-Password Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] expand: --username=%{mschap:User-Name:-None} -> --username=testtest Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] No NT-Domain was found in the User-Name. Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] expand: %{mschap:NT-Domain} -> Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] ... expanding second conditional Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] expand: --domain=%{%{mschap:NT-Domain}:-AD.CXO.NAME} -> --domain=AD.CXO.NAME Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] mschap2: 82 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] Creating challenge hash with username: testtest Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] expand: --challenge=%{mschap:Challenge:-00} -> --challenge=dd441972f987d68b Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] expand: --nt-response=%{mschap:NT-Response:-00} -> --nt-response=7e6c537cd5c26093789cf7831715d378e16ea3e6c5b1f579 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Debug: Exec-Program output: Logon failure (0xc000006d) Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Debug: Exec-Program-Wait: plaintext: Logon failure (0xc000006d) Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Debug: Exec-Program: returned: 1 Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] External script failed. Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [mschap] FAILED: MS-CHAP2-Response is incorrect Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[mschap] returns reject Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: [eap] Freeing handler Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: ++[eap] returns reject Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Info: Failed to authenticate the user. Mon Jul 2 09:15:58 2012 : Auth: Login incorrect (mschap: External script says Logon failure (0xc000006d)): [testtest] (from client techap01 port 0 via TLS tunnel) PPS: Maybe the problem is located here: In /etc/freeradius/modules/ntlm_auth I have set ntlm to: program = "/usr/bin/ntlm_auth --request-nt-key --domain=AD.CXO.NAME --username=%{mschap:User-Name} --password=%{User-Password}" I need this, so users can login without adding @ad.cxo.name to their usernames. But how can I tell freeradius to try both logins, [email protected] (should fail) testtest (against users file - should work)

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• How to enable "Sleep" for Windows 2012 server

  - by Ramesh

  I recently installed Windows Server 2012. This will serve as the dev-instance for our engineers and will be accessed in multiple time zones. I therefore plan to run this 24x7 but want to conserve energy by going to sleep mode when not in use & enable Wake-On-Magic-Packet. Based on the previous post it appears that there is no option to sleep Win Server 2012 with Hyper-V. Since I don't care much about virtualization now, I uninstalled Hyper-V. In addition to this, I have done the following 1) Ran powercfg -a. Don't find sleep. 2) Added [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\hvboot] "Start"=dword:00000003 to try gaining sleep - no luck! 3) Only see Shutdown and Restart in power options. Please help me sleep and save the planet :-) Thanks, Ramesh

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• My IIS server won't serve SSL sites to some browsers

  - by sbleon

  (Update: This is now cross-posted at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3355000. This is the more appropriate forum, but StackOverflow gets a lot more traffic.) I've got an IIS 6.0 server that won't serve pages over SSL to some browsers. In Webkit-based browsers on OS X 10.6, I can't load pages at all. In MSIE 8 on Windows XP SP3, I can load pages, but it will sometimes hang downloading images or sending POSTs. Working: Firefox 3.6 (OS X + Windows) Chrome (Windows) Partially Working: MSIE 8 (works sometimes, but hangs up, especially on POSTs) Not Working: Chrome 5 (OS X) Safari 5 (OS X) Mobile Safari (iOS 4) On OS X (the easiest platform for me to test on), Chrome and Firefox both negotiate the same TLS Cipher, but Chrome hangs on or after the post-negotiation handshake. Chrome packet capture (via ssldump): 1 1 0.0485 (0.0485) C>S Handshake ClientHello Version 3.1 cipher suites Unknown value 0xc00a Unknown value 0xc009 Unknown value 0xc007 Unknown value 0xc008 Unknown value 0xc013 Unknown value 0xc014 Unknown value 0xc011 Unknown value 0xc012 Unknown value 0xc004 Unknown value 0xc005 Unknown value 0xc002 Unknown value 0xc003 Unknown value 0xc00e Unknown value 0xc00f Unknown value 0xc00c Unknown value 0xc00d Unknown value 0x2f TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 Unknown value 0x35 TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA Unknown value 0x32 Unknown value 0x33 Unknown value 0x38 Unknown value 0x39 TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA compression methods NULL 1 2 0.3106 (0.2620) S>C Handshake ServerHello Version 3.1 session_id[32]= bb 0e 00 00 7a 7e 07 50 5e 78 48 cf 43 5a f7 4d d2 ed 72 8f ff 1d 9e 74 66 74 03 b3 bb 92 8d eb cipherSuite TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 compressionMethod NULL Certificate ServerHelloDone 1 3 0.3196 (0.0090) C>S Handshake ClientKeyExchange 1 4 0.3197 (0.0000) C>S ChangeCipherSpec 1 5 0.3197 (0.0000) C>S Handshake [hang, no more data transmitted] Firefox packet capture: 1 1 0.0485 (0.0485) C>S Handshake ClientHello Version 3.1 resume [32]= 14 03 00 00 4e 28 de aa da 7a 25 87 25 32 f3 a7 ae 4c 2d a0 e4 57 cc dd d7 0e d7 82 19 f7 8f b9 cipher suites Unknown value 0xff Unknown value 0xc00a Unknown value 0xc014 Unknown value 0x88 Unknown value 0x87 Unknown value 0x39 Unknown value 0x38 Unknown value 0xc00f Unknown value 0xc005 Unknown value 0x84 Unknown value 0x35 Unknown value 0xc007 Unknown value 0xc009 Unknown value 0xc011 Unknown value 0xc013 Unknown value 0x45 Unknown value 0x44 Unknown value 0x33 Unknown value 0x32 Unknown value 0xc00c Unknown value 0xc00e Unknown value 0xc002 Unknown value 0xc004 Unknown value 0x96 Unknown value 0x41 TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA Unknown value 0x2f Unknown value 0xc008 Unknown value 0xc012 TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA Unknown value 0xc00d Unknown value 0xc003 Unknown value 0xfeff TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA compression methods NULL 1 2 0.0983 (0.0497) S>C Handshake ServerHello Version 3.1 session_id[32]= 14 03 00 00 4e 28 de aa da 7a 25 87 25 32 f3 a7 ae 4c 2d a0 e4 57 cc dd d7 0e d7 82 19 f7 8f b9 cipherSuite TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 compressionMethod NULL 1 3 0.0983 (0.0000) S>C ChangeCipherSpec 1 4 0.0983 (0.0000) S>C Handshake 1 5 0.1019 (0.0035) C>S ChangeCipherSpec 1 6 0.1019 (0.0000) C>S Handshake 1 7 0.1019 (0.0000) C>S application_data 1 8 0.2460 (0.1440) S>C application_data 1 9 0.3108 (0.0648) S>C application_data 1 10 0.3650 (0.0542) S>C application_data 1 11 0.4188 (0.0537) S>C application_data 1 12 0.4580 (0.0392) S>C application_data 1 13 0.4831 (0.0251) S>C application_data [etc] Update: Here's a Wireshark capture from the server end. What's going on with those two much-delayed RST packets? Is that just IIS terminating what it perceives as a non-responsive connection? 19 10.129450 67.249.xxx.xxx 10.100.xxx.xx TCP 50653 > https [SYN] Seq=0 Win=65535 Len=0 MSS=1460 WS=3 TSV=699250189 TSER=0 20 10.129517 10.100.xxx.xx 67.249.xxx.xxx TCP https > 50653 [SYN, ACK] Seq=0 Ack=1 Win=16384 Len=0 MSS=1460 WS=0 TSV=0 TSER=0 21 10.168596 67.249.xxx.xxx 10.100.xxx.xx TCP 50653 > https [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=1 Win=524280 Len=0 TSV=699250189 TSER=0 22 10.172950 67.249.xxx.xxx 10.100.xxx.xx TLSv1 Client Hello 23 10.173267 10.100.xxx.xx 67.249.xxx.xxx TCP [TCP segment of a reassembled PDU] 24 10.173297 10.100.xxx.xx 67.249.xxx.xxx TCP [TCP segment of a reassembled PDU] 25 10.385180 67.249.xxx.xxx 10.100.xxx.xx TCP 50653 > https [ACK] Seq=148 Ack=2897 Win=524280 Len=0 TSV=699250191 TSER=163006 26 10.385235 10.100.xxx.xx 67.249.xxx.xxx TLSv1 Server Hello, Certificate, Server Hello Done 27 10.424682 67.249.xxx.xxx 10.100.xxx.xx TCP 50653 > https [ACK] Seq=148 Ack=4215 Win=524280 Len=0 TSV=699250192 TSER=163008 28 10.435245 67.249.xxx.xxx 10.100.xxx.xx TLSv1 Client Key Exchange 29 10.438522 67.249.xxx.xxx 10.100.xxx.xx TLSv1 Change Cipher Spec 30 10.438553 10.100.xxx.xx 67.249.xxx.xxx TCP https > 50653 [ACK] Seq=4215 Ack=421 Win=65115 Len=0 TSV=163008 TSER=699250192 31 10.449036 67.249.xxx.xxx 10.100.xxx.xx TLSv1 Encrypted Handshake Message 32 10.580652 10.100.xxx.xx 67.249.xxx.xxx TCP https > 50653 [ACK] Seq=4215 Ack=458 Win=65078 Len=0 TSV=163010 TSER=699250192 7312 57.315338 10.100.xxx.xx 67.249.xxx.xxx TCP https > 50644 [RST, ACK] Seq=1 Ack=1 Win=0 Len=0 19531 142.316425 10.100.xxx.xx 67.249.xxx.xxx TCP https > 50653 [RST, ACK] Seq=4215 Ack=458 Win=0 Len=0

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• How to troubleshoot a remote wmi query/access failure?

  - by Roman

  Hi I'm using Powershell to query a remote computer in a domain for a wmi object, eg: "gwmi -computer test -class win32_bios". I get this error message: Value does not fall within the expected range Executing the query local under the same user works fine. It seems to happen on both windows 2003 and also 2008 systems. The user that runs the shell has admin rights on the local and remote server. I checked wmi and dcom permissions as far as I know how to do this, they seem to be the same on a server where it works, and another where it does not. I think it is not a network issue, all ports are open that are needed, and it also happens within the same subnet. When sniffing the traffic we see the following errors: RPC: c/o Alter Cont Resp: Call=0x2 Assoc Grp=0x4E4E Xmit=0x16D0 Recv=0x16D0 Warning: GssAPIMechanism is not found, either caused by not reassembled, conversation off or filtering. And an errormessage from Kerberos: Kerberos: KRB_ERROR - KDC_ERR_BADOPTION (13) The option code in the packet is 0x40830000 Any idea what I should look into?

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• pcap stream rotation and pruning

  - by pilcrow

  Some of my servers collect a lot of packet data. Is there a utility (or patch to tcpdump(1)) to log a pcap stream to disk which: Rotates based on size of data written Prunes written files, keeping only the N most recent Does not re-use output filenames Is self-contained (Ruling out, e.g., a rotation with external pruning via crond(8)+tmpwatch(8)) Basically I want a multilog or svlogd that groks the pcap record format. The -W filecount option of tcpdump-4.0.0 "prunes" by recycling old filenames, which violates #3 above, forcing me to consult mtimes to determine recency and providing no guarantees against surprise truncation of the log file. The -G option introduces strftime(2)-specifier support in output filenames, which would give me at least second-precision in file names, but I can't figure out how to get pruning to work with this scheme.

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• Server Security

  - by mahatmanich

  I want to run my own root server (directly accessible from the web without a hardware firewall) with debian lenny, apache2, php5, mysql, postfix MTA, sftp (based on ssh) and maybe dns server. What measures/software would you recomend, and why, to secure this server down and minimalize the attack vector? Webapplications aside ... This is what I have so far: iptables (for gen. packet filtering) fail2ban (brute force attack defense) ssh (chang default, port disable root access) modsecurity - is really clumsy and a pain (any alternative here?) ?Sudo why should I use it? what is the advantage to normal user handling thinking about greensql for mysql www.greensql.net is tripwire worth looking at? snort? What am I missing? What is hot and what is not? Best practices? I like "KISS" - Keep it simple secure, I know it would be nice! Thanks in advance ...

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• nginx terminates connection after 65k bytes

  - by David Wolever

  I've got nginx configured as a front-end to a Python application running under gunicorn, but nginx is terminating connections after about 65k of data have been sent. For example, I've got a view which looks like this: def debug_big_file(request): return HttpResponse("x" * 500000) But when I access that URL through nginx, I only get 65283 bytes: $ curl https://example.com/debug/big-file | wc … curl: (18) transfer closed with outstanding read data remaining 0 1 65283 Note that everything works as expected when accessing gunicorn directly: $ curl http://localhost:1234/debug/big-file | wc … 0 1 500000 The relevant nginx config: location / { proxy_pass http://localhost:1234/; proxy_redirect off; proxy_headers_hash_bucket_size 96; } And nginx version 1.7.0 Some other facts: The number of bytes is consistent from request to request, but it varies based on the content (I first noticed it with a large PNG file, which was cut off after 65,372 bytes, not 65,283) 110k bytes are sent correctly (ie, "x" * 110000 returns all 110,000 bytes), but 120k bytes are not tcpdump suggests that nginx is sending a RST packet to gunicorn:

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• Linux, some packets are not being NAT

  - by user70932

  Hi, I'm trying to NAT HTTP traffic, I'm new to this and facing some issues. What i'm trying to do is NAT client HTTP requests to a webserver. CLIENT - NAT BOX - WEBSERVER When the client open the IP of the NAT BOX, the request should be pass to the web server. But I'm getting "HTTP request sent, awaiting response..." and then wait serveral minutes before the request is done. Looking at the tcpdump output, it looks like the first Syn packet on (10:48:54) is being NAT but not the second, third, fourth... ACK or PSH packets, and wait until (10:52:04) it starts NAT again on the ACK packet. The iptables command I'm using is: iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 80 \ -j DNAT --to-destination WEBSERVER I'm wondering what could have caused this behavior? Thanks alot. 10:48:54.907861 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16395, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 48) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: S, cksum 0x6019 (correct), 1589600740:1589600740(0) win 5840 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 8> 10:48:54.907874 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 48, id 16395, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 48) CLIENT.61736 > WEBSERVER.http: S, cksum 0xb5d7 (correct), 1589600740:1589600740(0) win 5840 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 8> 10:48:55.102696 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16397, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x2727 (correct), ack 2950613896 win 23 10:48:55.102963 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16399, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 160) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: P 0:120(120) ack 1 win 23 10:48:58.103078 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16401, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 160) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: P 0:120(120) ack 1 win 23 10:48:58.366344 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16403, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x26af (correct), ack 1 win 23 10:49:04.103204 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16405, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 160) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: P 0:120(120) ack 1 win 23 10:49:04.363943 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16407, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x26af (correct), ack 1 win 23 10:49:16.101583 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16409, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 160) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: P 0:120(120) ack 1 win 23 10:49:16.363475 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16411, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x26af (correct), ack 1 win 23 10:49:40.100796 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16413, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 160) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: P 0:120(120) ack 1 win 23 10:49:40.563898 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16415, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x26af (correct), ack 1 win 23 10:50:28.099396 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16417, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 160) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: P 0:120(120) ack 1 win 23 10:50:28.761678 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16419, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x26af (correct), ack 1 win 23 10:52:04.093668 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16421, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 160) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: P 0:120(120) ack 1 win 23 10:52:04.093678 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 48, id 16421, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 160) CLIENT.61736 > WEBSERVER.http: P 1589600741:1589600861(120) ack 2950613896 win 23 10:52:04.291021 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16423, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x25d3 (correct), ack 217 win 27 10:52:04.291028 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 48, id 16423, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > WEBSERVER.http: ., cksum 0x7b91 (correct), ack 217 win 27 10:52:04.300708 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16425, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x253c (correct), ack 368 win 27 10:52:04.300714 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 48, id 16425, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > WEBSERVER.http: ., cksum 0x7afa (correct), ack 368 win 27 10:52:04.301417 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16427, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: F, cksum 0x253b (correct), 120:120(0) ack 368 win 27 10:52:04.301438 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 48, id 16427, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > WEBSERVER.http: F, cksum 0x7af9 (correct), 120:120(0) ack 368 win 27 10:52:04.498875 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 49, id 16429, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > NATBOX.http: ., cksum 0x253a (correct), ack 369 win 27 10:52:04.498881 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 48, id 16429, offset 0, flags [DF], proto: TCP (6), length: 40) CLIENT.61736 > WEBSERVER.http: ., cksum 0x7af8 (correct), ack 369 win 27

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• Sleep/Suspend and WOL on FreeNAS

  - by Timothy R. Butler

  I am trying to figure out how to get FreeNAS 8 to sleep when inactive and, ideally, wake on lan activity (or, less ideally, wake on a WOL magic packet). However, as I've tried to search for information on how to do this, almost all discussions seem to be centered on FreeNAS 7. Also, the tools included in FreeBSD to do this seem to be missing (i.e. acpiconf, etc.). Is there a way to get FreeNAS 8 to sleep and wake so that I don't have to leave the server running all the time? Given its usage level, it seems a waste to have the server running constantly.

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• Understanding how Tracert works

  - by iridescent

  From what I gathered so far, Tracert works by sending 3 ICMP echo messages. Starting with a TTL value of 1. For each router the packet encounters, the TTL value will be decremented. For the 1st router, 1-1 = 0, so an ICMP "time exceeded" message will be sent back to the sender machine. Next, the TTL value will be incremented to 2 by the sender machine and the cycle repeats for the 2nd router (2--1--0) and so on. Please correct me if my undestanding is flawed. I am curious as to why the ICMP "time exceeded" message isn't displayed by Tracert in Command Prompt since it is in fact an error message ? The cycle simply proceeds on. Thanks.

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• Static NAT in AWS's Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)

  - by user1050797

  Currently in a VPC with a public and a private subnet, all internet bound traffic from the private subnet could be routed via an NAT instance. The NAT instance will port address translate the packet's source IP to use the NAT instance's elastic IP, so the public server can reply to this public address. This is a PAT mechanism. My question is there a way for me to do a static NAT on my NAT instance -- Using the same NAT instance to static NAT an unassociated but reserved elastic IP to a private subnet host. This NAT instance will behave like a physical firewall doing static nat'ing for a bunch of private ip's.

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• Debian Unstable + Postfix 2.6.5 + dkim-filter 2.8.2 issue

  - by kura

  I have Postfix installed on Debian Unstable, as the title states, the system is completely up-to-date, I have tried to get DKIM signatures working on outgoing mail using dkim-filter 2.8.2. I couldn't use the default Debian way of doing things with sockets, instead I used the Ubuntu way: SOCKET="inet:12345@localhost"` I have the following in my postfix/main.cf milter_default_action = accept milter_protocol = 6 smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:12345 non_smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:12345 All is fine except I get the following message I start DKIM in mail.log: dkim-filter[22029]: can't configure DKIM library; continuing And when it tries to sign mails I get the following error: postfix/cleanup[22042]: warning: milter inet:localhost:12345: can't read SMFIC_EOH reply packet header: Success And then dkim-filter daemon stops. I've looked through Google but found no actual way to fix this that works for me. I have this working fine on an Ubuntu server but would love to get it working on Debian too.

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• Duplicate IP address detection with multiple NICs

  - by sfink

  I am using arping -D to detect duplicate IP addresses within a network when setting up servers. (The network is controlled by someone else, and we have had many issues with IP allocation in the past.) It works fine as long as my host has a single NIC on a given VLAN, but when my host has more than one (I have one with 9 NICs on one VLAN and 1 on the other), arping -D always returns false collisions. The problem is that all 9 of my NICs respond to an ARP request for any of the IPs on those NICs. (These are real physical NICs, not aliases or anything.) I send out one ARP request packet, and get 9 ARP is-at ARP replies, one for each MAC address. I could implement my own solution by sniffing packets and checking for any replies with a MAC address other than the local NICs', but it seems like there ought to be an easier way.

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• Gre Tunnel Cisco Linux traffic forwarding

  - by mezgani

  I setup a gre tunnel a cisco router and a Linux machine, the tunnel interface in the Linux box named pic. Well i have to forward traffic coming from cisco through the Linux box. the rules i've set in the Linux box is described as follow: echo "1" /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -A INPUT -p 47 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i ppp0 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i pic -o ppp0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i ppp0 -o pic -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE I see the traffic coming from tunnel and forwarded to internet but no reply from sent packet. May i miss something like a routing rule.

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• Rsyslog mail module not working

  - by Henry-Nicolas Tourneur

  Hi *, I would like to email snort alerts from my Debian Lenny fw. Syslog is sending log messages from the firewalls to a central rsyslog. On my central rsyslog, I got something like : $ModLoad ommail $ActionMailSMTPServer server.company.local $ActionMailFrom [email protected] $ActionMailTo [email protected] $ActionExecOnlyOnceEveryInterval 1 $template mailSubject,"[SNORT] Alert from %hostname%" $template mailBody,"Snort message\r\nmsg='%msg%'" $ActionMailSubject mailSubject if $msg regexp 'snort[[0-9]]: [[0-9]:[0-9]:[0-9]].*' then ommail:;mailBody But I doesn't get any mails, I even can trigger snort with something like ping -s 1400, it logs things like following but still no mail ! 2010-01-08T09:25:58+00:00 Hostname snort[4429]: [1:499:4] ICMP Large ICMP Packet [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2]: {ICMP} ip_dest - ip_src Any idea ?

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• TCP/IP- what is it exactly?

  - by OckhamsRazor

  I know that this question sounds stupid, but over all these years, I still have difficulty explaining TCP/IP to people. I don't completely get it myself, and even after reading up on it, the distinction is not very clear. What I get so far is that IP deals with networks while TCP involves delivery of messages over that network. I'm not totally convinced though. Also, they reside on different layers of the Internet architecture. Could anyone disambiguate this distinction using a simple analogy or examples? Also, I read this somewhere The difference is that TCP is responsible for the data delivery of a packet and IP is responsible for the logical addressing. In other words, IP obtains the address and TCP guarantees delivery of data to that address. Is this correct? Thanks for helping me out. One last thing- Where does the ethernet come in all of this?

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• how I can Specifying tcpreplay speed

  - by herzl shemuelian

  I am tring to Specify tcpreplay speed but I can't do it this is my detail of test: $tcpreplay -V tcpreplay version: 3.4.4 (build 2450) 1)$ tcpreplay -i %0 -p 100 -L 500 _udp_only.pcap Actual: 500 packets (42247 bytes) sent in 5.05 seconds.Rated: 8365.7 bps, 0.06 Mbps, 99.01 pps s 2)$ tcpreplay -i %0 -p 1000 -L 5000 _udp_only.pcap Actual: 5000 packets (427710 bytes) sent in 5.19 seconds. Rated: 82410.4 bps, 0.63 Mbps, 963.39 pps //here is problem I stay in 966.00 pps 3)$ tcpreplay -i %0 -p 10000 -L 50000 _udp_only.pcap Actual: 50000 packets (4322559 bytes) sent in 51.76 seconds.Rated: 83511.6 bps, 0.64 Mbps, 966.00 pps I have same problem when I try to Specify --mbps for 8600 packets 86 byte avg for each packet -M0.086 -L 860 ---- Rated: 10812.9 bps, 0.08 Mbps, 127.22 pps -M0.86 -L 860 ---- Rated: 83062.5 bps, 0.63 Mbps, 977.27 pps -M0.86 -L 8600 ---- Rated: 82554.9 bps, 0.63 Mbps, 965.21 pps why and how I can to Specify speed? I use OS windows7

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• ICMP - TTL - Trace Route

  - by dbasnett

  I asked this question at Stack Overflow and then thought this may be the better place to ask. Given the following situation: PC --- |aa RTR1 bb| --- |aa RTR2 bb| --- |aa RTR3 bb| etc Each of the |aa rtr bb| is meant to be a router with two ports aa and bb. My question is this. When you do a trace route from PC which router port address should respond with time to live exceeded in transit message? I seem to remember being taught to think of the router as being in as many parts as ports, so that in my scenario when aa is forwarding the packet to bb and decrements the ttl to 0, it will be the address of the aa port in the failure message. I am trying to find the definitive answer. Thanks.

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• dhcpd: varying vendor-class-identifier

  - by jessicah

  I'm having trouble selectively sending parameters in response to a DHCP Inform packet using groups (or even without, just using host declarations) for bootp stuff. My configuration file right now looks like: subnet 130.123.131.128 netmask 255.255.255.128 { allow unknown-clients; } host dev-mac-09 { option vendor-class-identifier "example-identifier"; hardware ethernet 10:9a:dd:51:ff:83; } If I put vendor-class-identifier in the global scope, using tcpdump I can see that the client receives the vendor class option successfully. If I take it out, and just keep it in the host scope (or group scope), the client never receives the option. Specifying option dhcp-parameter-request list 60 doesn't help either. I did try using a class definition inside a group, but then it applied even if the host wasn't a part of the group. As an aside, how do I get detailed logging? At least something to indicate what groups and things got used to generate the response to the client.

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• Windows DNS Server 2008 R2 fallaciously returns SERVFAIL

  - by Easter Sunshine

  I have a Windows 2008 R2 domain controller which is also a DNS server. When resolving certain TLDs, it returns a SERVFAIL: $ dig bogus. ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1 <<>> bogus. ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: SERVFAIL, id: 31919 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;bogus. IN A I get the same result for a real TLD like com. when querying the DC as shown above. Compare to a BIND server that is working as expected: $ dig bogus. @128.59.59.70 ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1 <<>> bogus. @128.59.59.70 ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 30141 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;bogus. IN A ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: . 10800 IN SOA a.root-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2012012501 1800 900 604800 86400 ;; Query time: 18 msec ;; SERVER: 128.59.59.70#53(128.59.59.70) ;; WHEN: Wed Jan 25 14:09:14 2012 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 98 Similarly, when I query my Windows DNS server with dig . any, I get a SERVFAIL but the BIND servers return the root zone as expected. This sounds similar to the issue described in http://support.microsoft.com/kb/968372 except I am using two forwarders (128.59.59.70 from above as well as 128.59.62.10) and falling back to root hints so the preconditions to expose the issue are not the same. Nevertheless, I also applied the MaxCacheTTL registry fix as described and restarted DNS and the whole server as well but the problem persists. The problem occurs on all domain controllers in this domain and has occurred since half a year ago, even though the servers are getting automatic Windows updates. EDIT Here is a debug log. The client is 160.39.114.110, which is my workstation. 1/25/2012 2:16:01 PM 0E08 PACKET 000000001EA6BFD0 UDP Rcv 160.39.114.110 2e94 Q [0001 D NOERROR] A (5)bogus(0) UDP question info at 000000001EA6BFD0 Socket = 508 Remote addr 160.39.114.110, port 49710 Time Query=1077016, Queued=0, Expire=0 Buf length = 0x0fa0 (4000) Msg length = 0x0017 (23) Message: XID 0x2e94 Flags 0x0100 QR 0 (QUESTION) OPCODE 0 (QUERY) AA 0 TC 0 RD 1 RA 0 Z 0 CD 0 AD 0 RCODE 0 (NOERROR) QCOUNT 1 ACOUNT 0 NSCOUNT 0 ARCOUNT 0 QUESTION SECTION: Offset = 0x000c, RR count = 0 Name "(5)bogus(0)" QTYPE A (1) QCLASS 1 ANSWER SECTION: empty AUTHORITY SECTION: empty ADDITIONAL SECTION: empty 1/25/2012 2:16:01 PM 0E08 PACKET 000000001EA6BFD0 UDP Snd 160.39.114.110 2e94 R Q [8281 DR SERVFAIL] A (5)bogus(0) UDP response info at 000000001EA6BFD0 Socket = 508 Remote addr 160.39.114.110, port 49710 Time Query=1077016, Queued=0, Expire=0 Buf length = 0x0fa0 (4000) Msg length = 0x0017 (23) Message: XID 0x2e94 Flags 0x8182 QR 1 (RESPONSE) OPCODE 0 (QUERY) AA 0 TC 0 RD 1 RA 1 Z 0 CD 0 AD 0 RCODE 2 (SERVFAIL) QCOUNT 1 ACOUNT 0 NSCOUNT 0 ARCOUNT 0 QUESTION SECTION: Offset = 0x000c, RR count = 0 Name "(5)bogus(0)" QTYPE A (1) QCLASS 1 ANSWER SECTION: empty AUTHORITY SECTION: empty ADDITIONAL SECTION: empty Every option in the debug log box was checked except "filter by IP". By contrast, when I query, say, accounts.google.com, I can see the DNS server go out to its forwarder (128.59.59.70, for example). In this case, I didn't see any packets going out from my DNS server even though bogus. was not in the cache (the debug log was already running and this is the first time I queried this server for bogus. or any TLD). It just returned SERVFAIL without consulting any other DNS server, as in the Microsoft KB article linked above.

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• Data transfer to my own computer from a website host by the same computer

  - by gunbuster363

  Hi all, I have a question about using a web site host in my computer, say Computer A, using any web server hosting application e.g : apache. I connect to my website in my very same computer A, and request to download a file of size 1Mb, in otherwords, I am connecting to my own computer and want to download a file in my computer. In addition, my internet access is bound by a proxy server in a way of gateway. The questions are - does the file transfer really exist? Or is it a local file copying between 2 location? Will my data packet go through the proxy, to the internet, and go back to the proxy and return to me? Thanks everyone who are watching this question.

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• How well will ntpd work when the latency is highly variable?

  - by JP Anderson

  I have an application where we are using some non-standard networking equipment (cannot be changed) that goes into a dormant state between traffic bursts. The network latency is very high for the first packet since it's essentially waking the system, waiting for it to reconnect, and then making the first round-trip. Subsequent messages (provided they are within the next minute or so) are much faster, but still highly-latent. A typical set of pings will look like 2500ms, 900ms, 880ms, 885ms, 900ms, 890ms, etc. Given that NTP uses several round trips before computing the offset, how well can I expect ntpd to work over this kind of link? Will the initially slow first round trip be ignored based on the much different (and faster) following messages to/from the ntp server? Thanks and Regards.

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