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• Setting up Windows network on Xen

  - by samyboy

  I'm trying to install a Windows XP server in a Xen environment. The OS is booting fine. Unfortunately I can't figure out how to set up the network settings. Dom0 is a Debian Lenny currently hosting around 10 Linux virtual servers. Windows tells me I have a "limited connection". It can't get any DHCP response, nor access other hosts in the network Here is the Xen's client config file: kernel = '/usr/lib/xen-3.2-1/boot/hvmloader' builder = 'hvm' memory = '1024' device_model='/usr/lib/xen-3.2-1/bin/qemu-dm' acpi=1 apic=1 pae=1 vcpus=1 name = 'winexchange' # Disks disk = [ 'phy:/dev/wnghosts/exchange-disk,ioemu:hda,w', 'file:/mnt/freespace/ISO/DVD1_Installation.iso,ioemu:hdc:cdrom,r' ] # Networking vif = [ 'mac=00:16:3E:0A:D0:1B, type=ioemu, bridge=xenbr0'] # video stdvga=0 serial='pty' ne2000=0 # Behaviour boot='c' sdl=0 # VNC vfb = [ 'type=vnc' ] vnc=1 vncdisplay=1 vncunused=1 usbdevice='tablet' Server config (/etc/xen/xend-config.sxp) (network-script network-bridge) (network-script network-dummy) (vif-script vif-bridge) (dom0-min-mem 512) (dom0-cpus 0) (vnc-listen '0.0.0.0') Since I use Debian I had to create a link like this: /etc/xen/qemu-ifup - /etc/xen/scripts/qemu-ifup What did I do wrong? Please tell me if you want some more info (logs, etc)

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• MySQL Config on Large Machine

  - by Jonathon

  We have a Windows 2003 Enterprise Edition server (64bit) running only MySQL 5.1.45 64-bit. It has 16G RAM and 10T of hard-drive space in RAID 10. We are having horrible performance from mysqld (85-100% CPU utilization). We were running a smaller machine with better performance, so I am assuming our my.ini file is not correct for our current machine. The my.ini file is as follows: [client] port=3306 [mysql] default-character-set=latin1 [mysqld] port=3306 basedir="D:/MySQL/" datadir="D:/MySQL/data" default-character-set=latin1 default-storage-engine=MYISAM sql-mode="" skip-innodb skip-locking max_allowed_packet = 1M max_connections=800 myisam_max_sort_file_size=5G myisam_sort_buffer_size=500M table_open_cache = 512 table_cache=8000 tmp_table_size=30M query_cache_size=50M thread_cache_size=128 key_buffer_size=3072M read_buffer_size=2M read_rnd_buffer_size=16M sort_buffer_size=2M #replication settings (this is the master) log-bin=log server-id = 1 Does anyone see anything wrong with this setup? For a machine with this much RAM, why in the world would mysqld eat up so much CPU? I know we can optimize some queries, etc., but it did run okay on a smaller machine, so I am pretty sure it is the config. Thanks in advance for any help.

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• Maximum limit of filepointer in php reached and not changeable

  - by mlaug

  I have a server with the current 5.3.x version installed. Since we are running a really simple and small server in php using sockets, that connects to a lot clients using sockets we need to raise the open file limit that has been already done on the server for the user, that runs the server #ulimit -a core file size (blocks, -c) 0 data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited scheduling priority (-e) 0 file size (blocks, -f) unlimited pending signals (-i) 29879 max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64 max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited open files (-n) 8192 pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 real-time priority (-r) 0 stack size (kbytes, -s) 8192 cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited max user processes (-u) 29879 virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited file locks (-x) unlimited and we compiled php with --enable-fd-setsize=8192 still we are getting [19-Nov-2012 09:24:23 Europe/Berlin] PHP Warning: socket_select(): You MUST recompile PHP with a larger value of FD_SETSIZE. It is set to 1024, but you have descriptors numbered at least as high as 1024. --enable-fd-setsize=2048 is recommended, but you may want to set it to equal the maximum number of open files supported by your system, in order to avoid seeing this error again at a later date. once in a while in our logs. Anyone knows who to configure the unix server and php correctly to have that working? I found a bug, but that is related to 2006 and marked as "not a bug" https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=37025&edit=1

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• Linux - real-world hardware RAID controller tuning (scsi and cciss)

  - by ewwhite

  Most of the Linux systems I manage feature hardware RAID controllers (mostly HP Smart Array). They're all running RHEL or CentOS. I'm looking for real-world tunables to help optimize performance for setups that incorporate hardware RAID controllers with SAS disks (Smart Array, Perc, LSI, etc.) and battery-backed or flash-backed cache. Assume RAID 1+0 and multiple spindles (4+ disks). I spend a considerable amount of time tuning Linux network settings for low-latency and financial trading applications. But many of those options are well-documented (changing send/receive buffers, modifying TCP window settings, etc.). What are engineers doing on the storage side? Historically, I've made changes to the I/O scheduling elevator, recently opting for the deadline and noop schedulers to improve performance within my applications. As RHEL versions have progressed, I've also noticed that the compiled-in defaults for SCSI and CCISS block devices have changed as well. This has had an impact on the recommended storage subsystem settings over time. However, it's been awhile since I've seen any clear recommendations. And I know that the OS defaults aren't optimal. For example, it seems that the default read-ahead buffer of 128kb is extremely small for a deployment on server-class hardware. The following articles explore the performance impact of changing read-ahead cache and nr_requests values on the block queues. http://zackreed.me/articles/54-hp-smart-array-p410-controller-tuning http://www.overclock.net/t/515068/tuning-a-hp-smart-array-p400-with-linux-why-tuning-really-matters http://yoshinorimatsunobu.blogspot.com/2009/04/linux-io-scheduler-queue-size-and.html For example, these are suggested changes for an HP Smart Array RAID controller: echo "noop" > /sys/block/cciss\!c0d0/queue/scheduler blockdev --setra 65536 /dev/cciss/c0d0 echo 512 > /sys/block/cciss\!c0d0/queue/nr_requests echo 2048 > /sys/block/cciss\!c0d0/queue/read_ahead_kb What else can be reliably tuned to improve storage performance? I'm specifically looking for sysctl and sysfs options in production scenarios.

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• /etc/security/limits.conf for setting program limits in Linux

  - by Flavius Akerele

  I have the following inside /etc/security/limits.conf (I have specified root separately because * will not include it.) user2 - core unlimited * - core 0 root - core 0 * - rss 512000 root - rss 512000 * - nproc 100 root - nproc 100 * - maxlogins 1 root - maxlogins 1 I run a program as user2 (./programname) but /proc/3498/limits says cores are disabled: Limit Soft Limit Hard Limit Units Max cpu time unlimited unlimited seconds Max file size unlimited unlimited bytes Max data size unlimited unlimited bytes Max stack size 8388608 unlimited bytes Max core file size 0 0 bytes Max resident set 524288000 524288000 bytes Max processes 100 100 processes Max open files 1024 1024 files Max locked memory 65536 65536 bytes Max address space unlimited unlimited bytes Max file locks unlimited unlimited locks Max pending signals 14001 14001 signals Max msgqueue size 819200 819200 bytes Max nice priority 0 0 Max realtime priority 0 0 Max realtime timeout unlimited unlimited us Both ulimit -Sa and ulimit -Ha output that cores are disabled: core file size (blocks, -c) 0 data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited scheduling priority (-e) 0 file size (blocks, -f) unlimited pending signals (-i) 14001 max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64 max memory size (kbytes, -m) 512000 open files (-n) 1024 pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 real-time priority (-r) 0 stack size (kbytes, -s) unlimited cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited max user processes (-u) 100 virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited file locks (-x) unlimited Why are cores disabled ?

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• Cannot set video resolution above 640x480 after installing Windows XP SP2

  - by waanders

  I've installed Windows XP SP2 on a computer (there was not SP at all). Now the display settings are set back to 640x480 and 4 bits colors. And I can't change it, it's the only option in Settings tab of the Display dialog of Windows. The screen look awful now, how can I solve this problem? UPDATE: Seems to be a problem with the video driver (thanks @Karan and @Hennes). I did run Speccy (PC-Wizard freezes the computer) and this is a part of the log file: Summary Operating System Microsoft Windows XP Professional 32-bit SP3 CPU Intel Celeron Willamette 0.18um Technology RAM 512 MB DDR @ 133MHz (2.5-3-3-6) Motherboard COMPAQ 0838h (FC-478) Graphics Standard Monitor (640x480@1Hz) Hard Drives 19.0GB Maxtor 2B020H1 (PATA) Optical Drives No optical disk drives detected Audio No audio card detected ... Graphics Monitor Name Standard Monitor on Current Resolution 640x480 pixels Work Resolution 640x450 pixels State enabled, primary Monitor Width 640 Monitor Height 480 Monitor BPP 4 bits per pixel Monitor Frequency 1 Hz Device \\.\DISPLAY1 OpenGL Version 1.1.0 Vendor Microsoft Corporation Renderer GDI Generic GLU Version 1.2.2.0 Microsoft Corporation Values GL_MAX_LIGHTS 8 GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE 1024 GL_MAX_TEXTURE_STACK_DEPTH 10 GL Extensions GL_WIN_swap_hint GL_EXT_bgra GL_EXT_paletted_texture GL_EXT_bgra

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• My home box as my own host?

  - by Majid

  Hi all, I have a 512 kb/s DSL service at home. I do not have a static IP but I can get one if I pay some extra to my ISP. Now, if I get the static IP, can I make my home box act as my internet host? What else do I need? Thanks P.S. I know that if at all possible, the site I make available this way might be slow, that is alright, my question is if it is possible at all. Edit: I need this for very small traffic. I am a php developer and for my projects I am often asked to provide a demo. I currently use a free hosting for this purpose but it is down most of the time and support is non-existent. So I thought to set-up my home computer as my test server. With this please note that: I will only occasionally have 'visitors' and that will be one or possibly two visitors at any time. These demos, are to showcase functionality, so no big images are served and page views will normally generate under 100KB of traffic.

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• KVM error with device pass through

  - by javano

  I am running the following command booting a Debian live CD passing a host PCI device to the guest as a test and KVM errors out; kvm -m 512 -boot c -net none -hda /media/AA502592502565F3/debian.iso -device pci-assign,host=07:00.0 PCI region 1 at address 0xf7920000 has size 0x80, which is not a multiple of 4K. You might experience some performance hit due to that. No IOMMU found. Unable to assign device "(null)" kvm: -device pci-assign,host=07:00.0: Device 'pci-assign' could not be initialized lspci | grep 07 07:00.0 Ethernet controller: 3Com Corporation 3c905C-TX/TX-M [Tornado] (rev 74) I shoved an old spare NIC into my motherboard to test PCI pass through. I have searched the Internet with Goolge and found that errors relating to "No IOMMU found" often mean the PCI device is not supported by KVM. Does KVM have to support the device being "passed-through"? I though the point was to pass the device through and let the guest worry about it? Ultimately I want to pass-through a PCI random number generator, is this not going to be possible with KVM? Thank you.

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• Determining the Source of a Given File System Mount on Unix [migrated]

  - by phobos51594

  Background Recently I have run into a bit of a snag on my home FreeBSD server. I recently upgraded it to the latest stable release, and I have noticed some strange behavior with the /var partition. Originally, I had the system configured such that /var had its own partition with /var/run and /var/log in memory disks (/tmp, too). After the upgrade, I notice there is a new, fourth memory disk mounting directly to /var that I had not set up manually and is not in my fstab. It is only 28 megs or so in size and is causing problems when trying to update my ports collection. The ramdisk mounts atuomagically at boot and cannot be unmounted while in multi-user mode. If I drop to single user mode, I am able to unmount it without issue, however rebooting causes it to pop right back up. System specifications have been included at the end of the post. Question Is there any way to determine exactly what is mounting a given memory disk (or any filesystem, for that matter) after it has been mounted? Alternately, does anybody have any ideas what might have caused the new /var ramdisk to pop up? System Specification # uname -a FreeBSD sarge 9.1-PRERELEASE FreeBSD 9.1-PRERELEASE #0: Thu Nov 22 14:02:13 PST 2012 donut@sarge:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386 # df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1a 515612 410728 63636 87% / devfs 1 1 0 100% /dev /dev/da0s1d 515612 287616 186748 61% /var /dev/da0s1e 6667808 2292824 3841560 37% /usr /dev/md0 63004 32 57932 0% /tmp /dev/md1 3484 8 3200 0% /var/run /dev/md2 31260 8 28752 0% /var/log /dev/md3 31260 512 28248 2% /var <-- This # cat /etc/fstab # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/da0s1a / ufs rw,noatime 1 1 /dev/da0s1d /var ufs rw,noatime 2 2 /dev/da0s1e /usr ufs rw,noatime 2 2 md /tmp mfs rw,-s64M,noatime 0 0 md /var/run mfs rw,-s4M,noatime 0 0 md /var/log mfs rw,-s32M,noatime 0 0 Thank you in advance for any assistance.

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• Ext3 fs: Block bitmap for group 1 not in group (block 0). is fs dead?

  - by ip

  My company has a server with one big partition with Mysql database and php files. Now this partition seems to be corrupted, as reported from kernel messages when I tried to mount it manually: [329862.817837] EXT3-fs error (device loop1): ext3_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for group 1 not in group (block 0)! [329862.817846] EXT3-fs: group descriptors corrupted! I've tried to recovery it running tools from a PLD livecd. These are the tools I have tested: - e2retrieve - testdisk - photorec - dd_rescue/dd_rhelp - ddrescue - fsck.ext2 - e2salvage without any success. dumpe2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008) Filesystem volume name: /dev/sda3 Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: dd51610b-6de0-4392-a6f3-67160dbc0343 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal filetype sparse_super Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: not clean with errors Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 9502720 Block count: 18987570 Reserved block count: 949378 Free blocks: 11555345 Free inodes: 11858398 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 16384 Inode blocks per group: 512 Last mount time: Wed Mar 24 09:31:03 2010 Last write time: Mon Apr 12 11:46:32 2010 Mount count: 10 Maximum mount count: 30 Last checked: Thu Jan 1 01:00:00 1970 Check interval: 0 (<none>) Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 128 Journal inode: 8 Journal backup: inode blocks dumpe2fs: A block group is missing an inode table while reading journal inode e2fsck 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008) fsck.ext3: Group descriptors look bad... trying backup blocks... fsck.ext3: A block group is missing an inode table while checking ext3 journal for /dev/sda3 I tried also backup superblocks, same error result. There's any other tools I have to test before considering these disk definitely unrecoverable? Many thanks, ip

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• How to resolve virtual disk degraded in Windows Server 2012

  - by harrydev

  I am using the new Storage Spaces feature in Windows Server 2012. I have the following disks: FriendlyName CanPool OperationalStatus HealthStatus Usage Size ------------ ------- ----------------- ------------ ----- ---- PhysicalDisk2 False OK Healthy Auto-Select 2.73 TB PhysicalDisk3 False OK Healthy Auto-Select 2.73 TB PhysicalDisk4 False OK Healthy Auto-Select 2.73 TB PhysicalDisk5 False OK Healthy Auto-Select 2.73 TB There is also a separate OS disk. The above disks are part of a single storage pool: FriendlyName OperationalStatus HealthStatus IsPrimordial IsReadOnly ------------ ----------------- ------------ ------------ ---------- Pool OK Healthy False False Within this storage pool some virtual disks are defined, see below: FriendlyName ResiliencySettingNa OperationalStatus HealthStatus IsManualAttach Size me ------------ ------------------- ----------------- ------------ -------------- ---- Docs Mirror OK Healthy False 500 GB Data Mirror Degraded Warning False 500 GB Work Mirror Degraded Warning False 2 TB Now the virtual disks are all running normal 2-way mirror, but two of the virtual disks are degraded. This is probably because one of the physical disks was offline for a short period of time. However, now the virtual disk cannot be repaired, even though, all physical disks are healthy. There is plenty of available space in the storage pool. This I cannot understand so I was hoping for some help, on how to resolve this? Below I have listed the full output from the Get-VirtualDisk CmdLet for the "Work" disk: ObjectId : {XXXXXXXX} PassThroughClass : PassThroughIds : PassThroughNamespace : PassThroughServer : UniqueId : XXXXXXXX Access : Read/Write AllocatedSize : 412316860416 DetachedReason : None FootprintOnPool : 824633720832 FriendlyName : Work HealthStatus : Warning Interleave : 262144 IsDeduplicationEnabled : False IsEnclosureAware : False IsManualAttach : False IsSnapshot : False LogicalSectorSize : 512 Name : NameFormat : NumberOfAvailableCopies : 0 NumberOfColumns : 2 NumberOfDataCopies : 2 OperationalStatus : Degraded OtherOperationalStatusDescription : OtherUsageDescription : Disk for data being worked on (not backed up) ParityLayout : PhysicalDiskRedundancy : 1 PhysicalSectorSize : 4096 ProvisioningType : Thin RequestNoSinglePointOfFailure : True ResiliencySettingName : Mirror Size : 2199023255552 UniqueIdFormat : Vendor Specific UniqueIdFormatDescription : Usage : Other PSComputerName :

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• heavy load on mysql

  - by payal

  i have dedicated server with very good configuation like 16 gb ram etc but i am facing heavy load from mysql i am running a music wesbite however only one database is running and 5-10 pages are only running.when i click on whm show processlist it shows only 2-3 processes However whm load is always less than one but when i click on whm load it shows 20% of cpu usage by mysql and after some time it starts saying can not connect to mysql . mysql server has gone away 1691 (Trace) (Kill) mysql 0 19.2 2.7 /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/ --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --user=mysql --log- error=/var/lib/mysql/server.xyz.com.err --pid-file=/var/lib/mysql/server.xyz.com.pid i have tested static pages they are coming blezing fast but all dynamic pages which are using mysql is coming damn slow it takes years to open.. my.conf file is [mysqld] key_buffer = 1536M max_allowed_packet = 1M max_connections = 250 max_user_connections = 15 wait_timeout=40 connect_timeout=10 table_cache = 512 sort_buffer_size = 2M read_buffer_size = 2M read_rnd_buffer_size = 8M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M thread_cache_size = 8 query_cache_size = 32M server-id = 14 old-passwords = 1 [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 16M [mysql] no-auto-rehash [myisamchk] key_buffer = 256M sort_buffer_size = 256M read_buffer = 2M write_buffer = 2M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout ihave checked log error file it says nothing.i have increased maximum connnection also to 1000 but still same problem is there .if i disconnect that one databasejust by changing the name of database i can see withing half hour the load of server and mysql goes down to negliglble .i have tested everything and if there are some query which can cause heavy load to server can you please list which type of query can cause heavy load on server then also for 5-10 pages it will never cause that much heavy load. i have seen server with 500 websites but was working just fine.

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• big cpu load on vmware server / linux

  - by dezfafara

  Hi, I currently using a server 2.x hosting 4 virtual machines on a linux system Today, on my physical server, I saw an enormous load average: this is the "top" of the server, illustrating my 4 virtual guests. top - 11:02:02 up 194 days, 23:09, 5 users, load average: 18.78, 12.05, 13.55 Tasks: 113 total, 4 running, 109 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu0 : 71.6%us, 19.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 8.8%id, 0.0%wa, 0.3%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Cpu1 : 74.3%us, 10.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 15.3%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu2 : 72.5%us, 17.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 9.8%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu3 : 79.5%us, 4.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 16.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8178884k total, 8129980k used, 48904k free, 134904k buffers Swap: 10490436k total, 148k used, 10490288k free, 6129728k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 7312 root 6 -10 1149m 921m 559m R 97 11.5 107947:09 vmware-vmx 6995 root 6 -10 779m 687m 317m R 92 8.6 107374:31 vmware-vmx 6693 root 6 -10 880m 659m 409m S 85 8.3 76947:33 vmware-vmx 12937 root 6 -10 960m 719m 523m S 75 9.0 67219:49 vmware-vmx In bold are the cpu usage for my 4 virtuals guests These guests are running on a linux system, and the appropriate process are usually 5% - 15% of cpu I don't understang why , since a few days I have this big problem. This is the "top" on a virtual guest which is at 95% of cpu load top - 11:23:15 up 194 days, 23:13, 4 users, load average: 0.25, 0.47, 0.59 Tasks: 92 total, 2 running, 90 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 1.4%us, 7.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 90.5%id, 0.5%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 382296k total, 369732k used, 12564k free, 145156k buffers Swap: 979924k total, 13956k used, 965968k free, 86988k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3691 root 20 0 23948 1148 960 S 13.0 0.3 15339:23 vmware-guestd 3840 root 20 0 19880 584 512 S 7.7 0.2 1729:17 hald-addon-stor This virtual guest state is ok ... If anyone has any ideas .. Thanks

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• GUI interfaces to ATI card behave weirdly out of the box and after updates.

  - by jdk

  My Lenovo W500 came with an ATI Mobility FireGL V5700 and both the Catalyst control center software and Vista display manager display four monitors. What's really annoying is the behaviour. My two active displays (laptop display + my external monitor) are always #s 3 and 4 respectively which doesn't make sense. This is out of the box. Additionally dragging & dropping is jumpy and displays #1 and 2 (always inactive because they don't exist to the software) are often preventing me from dragging #3 and 4 to the rightmost side. They also auto-snap to weird positions and certain sensible positions like position one directly over top of the other are not possible. The exact same annoyances are present when using the Windows Display manager too. In other words the interface is crap and I'm looking for a fix that's not wishing I had gone with nVidia instead. I've updated drivers, and Catalyst control centre. Have latest Windows and AMD/ATI updates. Any thoughts? Graphics Software Driver Packaging Version 8.563.2.1-090401a-079160C-Lenovo Provider ATI Technologies Inc. 2D Driver Version 7.01.01.849 2D Driver File Path /REGISTRY/MACHINE/SYSTEM/ControlSet001/Control/Class/{4D36E968-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}/0001 Direct3D Version 7.14.10.0630 OpenGL Version 6.14.10.8306 Catalyst® Control Center Version 2009.0401.1328.22301 Graphics Hardware Primary Adapter Graphics Card Manufacturer Powered by ATI Graphics Chipset ATI Mobility FireGL V5700 Device ID 9591 Vendor 1002 Subsystem ID 2126 Subsystem Vendor ID 17AA Graphics Bus Capability PCI Express 2.0 Maximum Bus Setting PCI Express 2.0 x16 BIOS Version 010.088.000.021 BIOS Part Number BK-ATI VER010.088.000.021.034663 BIOS Date 2009/09/30 Memory Size 512 MB Memory Type DDR3 Core Clock in MHz 600 MHz Memory Clock in MHz 700 MHz

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• Partitioning & Linux

  - by Zac

  Every tutorial on Linux-based partitioning schemes (or, just partitioning in general) will tell you that a PC can have either 4 primary partitions, or 3 primaries and 1 extended. They will all also tell you that Linux (in my case, Ubuntu) can be installed on either. It's also come to my attention that it is not too atypical for FHS directories, such as usr/, tmp/, etc/, home/ or var/ to be mounted separately on other partitions. Several questions I am unable to find the answers to, purely for my own edification: (1) By "PC", are we really talking about common PC disk types, like IDE or SATA? I guess I'm wondering why PC uses are limited to 4 primaries or 3 primaries + 1 extended (2) I'm choking on some basic OS concepts: it is said that a partition can be mounted by a file system or an OS. So I assume this means I can somehow instruct Ubuntu to mount to 1 partition, and then any part of, say, ReiserFS, to be mounted to another partition? How? (3)(a) What about creating swap partitions? Is there too much of a good thing with swap partitioning? If I have 4GB RAM over 320GB disk, what should my swap partition size be, and why? (3)(b) Are swap files the only way to create swap partitions? Wouldn't a Linux partitioning utility allow me to define a partition as being for virtual memory only? (4) Why are partitions limited to being "mounted" by just OSes and file systems? Why couldn't I write a program to take up its own, say, 512 MB partition, and then have it invoked or uses by an OS installed on another partition? Thanks for shedding any light here... not critical that I know this stuff, but it's got me thinking incessantly. And when I think incessantly, I...can't......sleep....

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• Reading log files from web application

  - by Egorinsk

  I want to write a small PHP application for monitoring logs on a Debian server, including syslog logs and Apache/PHP messages. The problem here is that Apache user (www-data) has no access to /var/log directory. What would be the best way to grant an access to logs for PHP application? Let's assume that log files can be really large, like hundreds of megabytes. I have some ideas: Write a shell script that would be run via sudo and tail last 512 Kb of log into a separate file that can be read by application - that's ineffective, because of forking a new process and having to read data twice Add www-data to adm group (that can read logs) - that's insecure Start a PHP process via cron every minute to read logs — that's not very good, because it doesn't allow real-time monitoring. Also, this script will be started even when I don't read logs, and consume CPU time (server is in the cloud, and I'll have to pay for it) Create a hardlink for all log files with lowered permissions - I guess, that won't work because logrotate could recreate log files and they'll change inode number. Start a separate nginx/Apache server under privileged user that may read logs. Maybe anyone got a better solution?

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• Linux kernel - can't access sda16 & sda17

  - by osgx

  I can't access sda16 sda17 and higher partitions from my linux. This linux is rather debian (very old); kernel 2.6.23. So, I know that so old linux kernel can't access 16 partitions on single sata disk. What version of kernel should I use to be able access sda16, sda17 etc? I want to update only a kernel, not a whole Linux distribution. PS. There is an WindowsNT kernel which can access and format 16, 17 or higher partition, but my intention is to use sda16 and sda17 from linux (I want Linux Kernel). PPS: dmesg: sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sda: sda1 sda2 sda3 sda4 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 sda9 sda10 sda11 sda12 sda13 sda14 sda15 > sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] xxx 512-byte hardware sectors ... So, there is no mapping of sda16, sda17, ... to sdb. Sdb is the second physical hard drive.

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• Winamp has slow /skipping video playback on Windows 7

  - by Roy Rico

  Hello, I have Windows 7 x64 (7600 90-day trial version) and Winamp 5.6 installed. When I play a video in Windows Media Player, the video plays smooth, however when I play a video in winamp, the video is mostly ok when played back at the original size (but not completely), but if I play it back in fullscreen, the playback gets really slow. The video's audio track plays just fine. I have a DELL XPS 420 computer (8GB of RAM) with a Nvidia GeForce 8800 CTS 512 video card. I've updated to the latest drivers. I have the default Windows 7 codecs, and the CCCP codec pack which used to be all I needed under Windows XP to play all types of videos. Are the codecs needed for Windows Y the same? What's going on? UPDATE: As suggested, I turned off Aero and winamp ran just fine again. So I just have to wait for winamp to be rewritten to work with the way Vista/Windows 7 runs? UPDATE 2: Winamp has updated their player, and it works great with Windows 7 now.

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• How to effectively have less php-cgi processes running?

  - by João Pinto Jerónimo

  My server is a Linode 512, and on it I run a Wordpress MU with 3 websites (they don't get a lot of visitors) and a couple of NodeJS apps. I need to switch to Lighttpd because Apache 2 was using about 59% of the server's RAM, and now I have the php-cgi processes taking up about 43.6% of the server's RAM: most often 2 processes use 16.5% of the RAM each, 4 processes use 1.8% of the RAM each, and 4 more processes use 0,8% of the RAM, each How can I have less of these processes ? I'm almost sure they're not all needed for the trafic this server gets... I tried only allowing 2 children, but I still have those 10... This is my fastcgi.server section in lighttpd.conf. fastcgi.server = ( ".php" => ( "localhost" => ( "socket" => "/var/run/lighttpd/php-fastcgi.socket", "bin-path" => "/usr/bin/php-cgi", "bin-environment" => ( "PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN" => "2", "PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS" => "4000" ) ) ) ) What else can I do to tune lighttpd to use less RAM ?

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• Need a place to store a few bytes of meta information on storage media

  - by Jason C

  I'm working on an embedded project. I need a place to store some filesystem-independent meta information on a storage device. The device has an MSDOS partition table. The device also may have unallocated space (depending on its size) but it will be TRIMmed (and also may be blown away by new partitions in the future). I need a location on the device that is not unallocated and that has a low risk of being touched (outside of completely erasing the device). The device is only guaranteed to have an MBR at the point the meta data needs to first be written; meaning there are no EBRs/VBRs present that I could use. There are 446 bytes at the very start of the device available for MBR bootstrap code. Currently my only idea is to store data at the end of this block. However, the device is bootable and I have no way of knowing if I'd be blowing away bootstrap code or not. The sector size is 512 bytes and the MBR is the first sector, I'm pretty sure (correct me if I'm wrong) that that means the second sector is available for use by partition data, so I can't use that either. Does anybody have any ideas? I need 4 bytes of space.

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• which grabber is good enough to get 1000fps?

  - by user261002

  I have two framegrabber with a fast camera (1800+ fps). can anybody who understand the hardware, explain to me which of the following grabbers can help me more to grab 1000fps ? here are the the features of the two grabbers : Inspecta-5 Full Camera Link® Version: · Support for line scan and area cameras. · Video data rate of up to 660 Mbytes/sec. · PCI – X bus interface for 64 Bit data width and 66 MHz clock frequency. · PCI bus interface for 32 Bit data width and 33 MHz clock frequency. · 2 Gigabyte Onboard Memory for fast video streams. · Four opt coupled input- output ports for external trigger and encoder signals. · 528 Mbytes/sec. maximum data rate on the PCI–X Bus. · SDK for Windows 2000/XP SILICONSOFTWARE V-Series Camera Link : “microEnable IV VD4-CL” · Camera Pixel Clock Support 85 MHz · Area Scan Cameras 32k * 64k max. image size · Line Scan Cameras 64k max. image width · Acquisition Buffer: 512 MB DDR-RAM · Sustainable Transfer Rate (max.) 850 MBytes/sec. · microEnable SDK for Windows XP/Vista/ 7/ Linux

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• What games work well on MacBook Pro (i7/GeForce GT 330M) within VMWare Fusion?

  - by webworm

  I have a 15" MacBook Pro (2.66 i7 with 8 GB RAM) with the GeForce GT 330M 512 MB graphics card. I use it primarily for development (Mac/Web/Windows) though I would like to play the occasional game with my son who uses a desktop PC system at home. I prefer to use VMWare Fusion for virtualization rather than BootCamp for a number of reasons. Heat/Fan issues with i7 under BootCamp Prefer to retain virtual machine as single file rather than dedicated partition (easier to move a nd backup) I have heard that Windows support of the GeForce GT 330 in BootCamp is not all that good. So that being said I was wondering what sort of games I would be able to play within the Fusion environment running Windows 7. I have 8 GB RAM and usually dedicate 4 GB to the virtual machine. I don't expect to be able to play the latest FPS games such as BattleField: Bad Company 2 or Call of Duty, rather I am looking at games such a Total War II, Civilizations IV, Supreme Commander, and other RTS type games. I should mention the native screen resolution of my MacBook Pro is 1680x1050, which is what I would be most likely running the VM at (fullscreen). Thank you for any advice.

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• how can i move ext3 partition to the beginning of drive without losing data?

  - by Felipe Alvarez

  I have a 500GB external drive. It had two partitions, each around 250GB. I removed the first partition. I'd like to move the 2nd to the left, so it consumes 100% of the drive. How can this be accomplished without any GUI tools (CLI only)? fdisk Disk /dev/sdd: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc80b1f3d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd2 29374 60801 252445410 83 Linux parted Model: ST350032 0AS (scsi) Disk /dev/sdd: 500GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 2 242GB 500GB 259GB primary ext3 type=83 dumpe2fs Filesystem volume name: extstar Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: f0b1d2bc-08b8-4f6e-b1c6-c529024a777d Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 15808608 Block count: 63111168 Reserved block count: 0 Free blocks: 2449985 Free inodes: 15799302 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8208 Inode blocks per group: 513 Filesystem created: Mon Feb 15 08:07:01 2010 Last mount time: Fri May 21 19:31:30 2010 Last write time: Fri May 21 19:31:30 2010 Mount count: 5 Maximum mount count: 29 Last checked: Mon May 17 14:52:47 2010 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) Next check after: Sat Nov 13 14:52:47 2010 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: d0363517-c095-4f53-baa7-7428c02fbfc6 Journal backup: inode blocks Journal size: 128M

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• Linux arp cache timeout values

  - by Jak

  I'm trying to configure sane values for the Linux kernel arp cache timeout, but I can't find a detailed explanation as to how they work anywhere. Even the kernel.org documentation doesn't give a good explanation, I can only find recommended values to alleviate overflow. Here is an example of the values I have: net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh1 = 128 net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh2 = 512 net.ipv4.neigh.default.gc_thresh3 = 1024 Now, from what I've gathered so far: gc_thresh1 is the number of arp entries allowed before the garbage collector starts removing any entries at all. gc_thresh2 is the soft-limit, which is the number of entries allowed before the garbage collector actively removes arp entries. gc_thresh3 is the hard limit, where entries above this number are aggressively removed. Now, if I understand correctly, if the number of arp entries goes beyond gc_thresh1 but remains below gc_thresh2, the excess will be removed periodically with an interval set by gc_interval. My question is, if the number of entries goes beyond gc_thresh2 but below gc_thresh3, or if the number goes beyond gc_thresh3, how are the entries removed? In other words, what does "actively" and "aggressively" removed mean exactly? I assume it means they are removed more frequently than what is defined in gc_interval, but I can't find by how much.

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• VPS goes slow at more than 20 users online at the same time

  - by hachiari

  I have 512 MB VPS (brustable to 1GB) Somehow, the site goes slow when there are about 10 users, and becomes impossible to load at 20 users online at the same time. I wonder what could be the problem for this. The bandwidth connection of the VPS is 1Gbps. Here is some settings in my VPS: KeepAlive Off <IfModule prefork.c> StartServers 7 MinSpareServers 7 MaxSpareServers 10 ServerLimit 64 MaxClients 64 MaxRequestsPerChild 0 </IfModule> my.cnf settings - calculated Max Memory 300MB Output from UNIXBENCH INDEX VALUES TEST BASELINE RESULT INDEX Dhrystone 2 using register variables 376783.7 13429727.4 356.4 Double-Precision Whetstone 83.1 1137.5 136.9 Execl Throughput 188.3 1637.4 87.0 File Copy 1024 bufsize 2000 maxblocks 2672.0 148868.0 557.1 File Copy 256 bufsize 500 maxblocks 1077.0 79430.0 737.5 File Read 4096 bufsize 8000 maxblocks 15382.0 1410009.0 916.7 Pipe Throughput 111814.6 4419722.0 395.3 Pipe-based Context Switching 15448.6 561505.1 363.5 Process Creation 569.3 10272.7 180.4 Shell Scripts (8 concurrent) 44.8 514.3 114.8 System Call Overhead 114433.5 3537373.8 309.1 ========= FINAL SCORE 295.0 I am afraid that the VPS company limit the number of connection to the VPS... is it possible? The server is in Japan, but the site has global traffic (some of the traffic are from countries with low speed connection). Could this be the problem? This is a serious problem :( my site just cant grow if this keeps on happening... please tell me if you have any idea. Thank You, Bryant

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