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  • spring annotation configuration issue

    - by shrimpy
    I don't know why spring 2.5.6 keeps complaining, but I don't have any "orderBy" annotation. 2009-10-10 13:55:37.242::WARN: Nested in org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.context.annotation.internalPersiste nceAnnotationProcessor': Error setting property values; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.NotWritablePropertyException: Invalid property 'order' of bean class [org.springfra mework.orm.jpa.support.PersistenceAnnotationBeanPostProcessor]: Bean property 'order' is not writable or has an invalid setter method. Does the parameter type of the setter match the re turn type of the getter?: org.springframework.beans.NotWritablePropertyException: Invalid property 'order' of bean class [org.springframework.orm.jpa.support.PersistenceAnnotationBeanPostProcessor]: Bean propert y 'order' is not writable or has an invalid setter method. Does the parameter type of the setter match the return type of the getter? at org.springframework.beans.BeanWrapperImpl.setPropertyValue(BeanWrapperImpl.java:801) at org.springframework.beans.BeanWrapperImpl.setPropertyValue(BeanWrapperImpl.java:651) at org.springframework.beans.AbstractPropertyAccessor.setPropertyValues(AbstractPropertyAccessor.java:78) at org.springframework.beans.AbstractPropertyAccessor.setPropertyValues(AbstractPropertyAccessor.java:59) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyPropertyValues(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1276) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1010) or even when I swap to use lower version spring 2.5.1, it's still complaining: 2009-10-10 13:57:56.062::WARN: failed ContextHandlerCollection@5da0b94d java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/springframework/context/support/AbstractRefreshableConfigApplicationContext at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:621) at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:124) at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(URLClassLoader.java:260) at java.net.URLClassLoader.access$000(URLClassLoader.java:56) at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:195) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:188) at org.mortbay.jetty.webapp.WebAppClassLoader.loadClass(WebAppClassLoader.java:366) at org.mortbay.jetty.webapp.WebAppClassLoader.loadClass(WebAppClassLoader.java:337) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClassInternal(ClassLoader.java:320) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:621) at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:124) at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(URLClassLoader.java:260) at java.net.URLClassLoader.access$000(URLClassLoader.java:56) at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:195) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:188) at org.mortbay.jetty.webapp.WebAppClassLoader.loadClass(WebAppClassLoader.java:366) at org.mortbay.jetty.webapp.WebAppClassLoader.loadClass(WebAppClassLoader.java:337) at org.springframework.util.ClassUtils.forName(ClassUtils.java:230) at org.springframework.util.ClassUtils.forName(ClassUtils.java:183) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.determineContextClass(ContextLoader.java:283) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.createWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:243) If I do not use annotation, it works fine. No problem at all, Everything happened after this <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd" default-autowire="byName"> <context:component-scan base-package="demo.dao"> <context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository"/> </context:component-scan> </beans> and I am sure my spring is configured properly. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.5.xsd" default-autowire="byName"> <!-- For mail settings and future properties files --> <bean id="propertyConfigurer" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer"> <property name="locations"> <list> <value>classpath:jdbc.properties</value> </list> </property> </bean> <!-- Check all the beans managed by Spring for persistence-related annotations. e.g. PersistenceContext --> <bean class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.support.PersistenceAnnotationBeanPostProcessor" /> <bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"> <property name="driverClassName" value="${jdbc.driverClassName}"/> <property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/> <property name="username" value="${jdbc.username}"/> <property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/> </bean> <bean id="entityManagerFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean"> <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/> <!-- jpaVendorAdapter Hibernate, injected into emf --> <property name="jpaVendorAdapter"> <bean class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter"> <property name="showSql" value="${hibernate.show_sql}"/> <!-- Data Definition Language script is generated and executed for each run --> <property name="generateDdl" value="${jdbc.generateDdl}"/> </bean> </property> <!--<property name="hibernateProperties"> --> <property name="jpaProperties"> <props> <prop key="hibernate.dialect">${hibernate.dialect} </prop> <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">${hibernate.show_sql}</prop> <prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">${hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto} </prop> </props> </property> </bean> <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager" /> <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager"> <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="entityManagerFactory"/> <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/> </bean> </beans> Can anyone tell me what is wrong? How can I fix this?

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  • Random <hr/> that I don't know how to get rid of!

    - by Anonymous the Great
    There is no extra <hr/> on the page, and I cannot figure out why it is there. Do you see anything that is causing it? I am sorry for posting the whole thing, I do not know exactly where it starts. The <hr/> is at the top somewhere, but I'm not sure where. <?php print "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>"; ?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <font face="Segoe UI"> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> /*function detectBrowser() { var browser = navigator.appCodeName; if (browser!="Mozilla") {document.location.href="noaccess.php"; alert(browser);} } detectBrowser(); */ </script> <title>Second</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="allCSS.css"/> <center> <!--<img align="right" src="logo.png" id="headerimg"/>--> <input type="image" id="headerimg" src="logo.png" align="right" onclick="toggleh();"/> <ul align="center" class=""> <div class="menu"> <ul class="nav"> <li><strong><a href="index.php">Home</a></strong> <ul> <li><a href="games.php">Games</a></li> <li><a href="browse.php">Browse</a></li> <li><a href="catalogue.php">Catalogue</a></li> <li><a href="forum.php">Forums</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong><a href="games">Games</a></strong> <ul> <li><a href="profile.php">Profile</a></li> <li><a href="settings.php">Settings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong><a href="contact">Contact</a></strong> <ul> <li><a href="contact/index.php">Phone</a></li> <li><a href="contact/index.php">Email</a></li> <li><a href="contact/index.php">Mail</a></li> </ul> </li> </div> </center> </body> <center> <?php echo '<div id="msg">'; include 'message.txt'; echo '</div>'; //include 'hits.txt'; ?> <p> <?php function ChangeText($txt) { $txt='<script type="text/javascript">get();</script>'; echo '<script type="text/javascript">change();</script>'; $filename="message.txt"; $fp=fopen($filename,'w'); fwrite($fp,'<h4 class="hmsg">' . $txt . '</h4>'); fclose($fp); } ?> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- window.onload=enter; function enter() { //alert("Welcome!"); //hideCMD(); } function get(text) { text=document.getElementById("ta").value; return text; } function toggleh() { var element=document.getElementById("headerimg"); if (element.style.display!="none"){element.style.display="none";} else {element.style.display="";} } function change(text) { text=document.getElementById("ta").value; if (text=="toggle") {toggleh(); return;} if (text=="home") {document.location.href="index.html"; return;} if (text.match("goto:*")) {var loc=text.substring(5,text.length); document.location.href=loc; return;} if (text.match("ban:*")) {var loc=text.substring(4,text.length); document.location.href=loc; return;} document.getElementById("msg").innerHTML='<h2 class="hmsg">'+text+'</h2>'; } function hideCMD() { document.getElementById("cmd").style.display="none"; } //--> </script> </head> <body> <div id="msg"> </div> <p id="cmd"> <hr class="cmdbar"></hr> <input class="panela" type="text" value="" id="ta" maxLength="20"/> <input class="panelb" type="image" src="submit.png" alt="Submit" onclick='change();'/> </p> </center> <p class="hide">HELLO!</p> </font> </html>

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  • when rendering the page on different browsers layout changes

    - by user1776590
    I have create a website using asp.net and when I render the the website on firefox and IE the website look the same and when rendering it on Chrome it move the button lower and changes the location of it this is my master page code <%@ Master Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="UMSite.master.cs" Inherits="WebApplication4.UMSiteMaster" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"> <head runat="server"> <title></title> <link href="~/Styles/UM.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="HeadContent" runat="server"> </asp:ContentPlaceHolder> </head> <body> <form id="Form1" runat="server"> <div class="page"> <div class="header"> <div class="title"> <h1><img alt="" src="Styles/UMHeader.png" width= "950" height= "65" /></h1> <div class="clear hideSkiplink"> <asp:Menu ID="NavigationMenu" runat="server" CssClass="menu" EnableViewState="false" IncludeStyleBlock="false" Orientation="Horizontal"> <Items> <asp:MenuItem NavigateUrl="~/Home.aspx" Text="Home"/> </Items> </asp:Menu> </div> </div> </div></h1> <div class="main" runat="server"> <asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="MainContent" runat="server"/> </div> </form> </body> </html> the below is the css /* DEFAULTS ----------------------------------------------------------*/ body { background: #b6b7bc; font-size: .80em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", "Lucida Grande", "Segoe UI", Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: #696969; height: 192px; } a:link, a:visited { color: #034af3; } a:hover { color: #1d60ff; text-decoration: none; } a:active { color: #034af3; } p { margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 1.6em; } /* HEADINGS ----------------------------------------------------------*/ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { font-size: 1.5em; color: #666666; font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: none; font-weight: 200; margin-bottom: 0px; } h1 { font-size: 1.6em; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; } h2 { font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: 600; } h3 { font-size: 1.2em; } h4 { font-size: 1.1em; } h5, h6 { font-size: 1em; } /* this rule styles <h1> and <h2> tags that are the first child of the left and right table columns */ .rightColumn > h1, .rightColumn > h2, .leftColumn > h1, .leftColumn > h2 { margin-top: 0px; } /* PRIMARY LAYOUT ELEMENTS ----------------------------------------------------------*/ .page { width: 950px; height:auto; background-color: #fff; margin: 10px auto 5px auto; border: 1px solid #496077; } .header { position:relative; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: #E30613; width: 100%; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 90px; } .header h1 { font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; color: #E30613; border: none; line-height: 2em; font-size: 2em; } .main { padding: 0px 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; min-height: 630px; width:auto; background-image:url('UMBackground.png'); } .leftCol { padding: 6px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; width: 200px; min-height: 200px; width:auto; } .footer { color: #4e5766; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; margin: 0px auto; text-align: center; line-height: normal; } /* TAB MENU ----------------------------------------------------------*/ div.hideSkiplink { background-color:#E30613; width: 950px; height: 35px; margin-top: 0px; } div.menu { padding: 1px 0px 1px 2px; } div.menu ul { list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; width: auto; } div.menu ul li a, div.menu ul li a:visited { background-color: #E30613; border: 1.25px #00BFFF solid; color: #F5FFFA; display:inline; line-height: 1.35em; padding: 10px 30px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } div.menu ul li a:hover { background-color: #000000; color: #F5FFFA; text-decoration: none; } div.menu ul li a:active { background-color: #E30613; color: #cfdbe6; text-decoration: none; } /* FORM ELEMENTS ----------------------------------------------------------*/ fieldset { margin: 1em 0px; padding: 1em; border: 1px solid #ccc; } fieldset p { margin: 2px 12px 10px 10px; } fieldset.login label, fieldset.register label, fieldset.changePassword label { display: block; } fieldset label.inline { display: inline; } legend { font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 600; padding: 2px 4px 8px 4px; } input.textEntry { width: 320px; border: 1px solid #ccc; } input.passwordEntry { width: 320px; border: 1px solid #ccc; } div.accountInfo { width: 42%; } /* MISC ----------------------------------------------------------*/ .clear { clear: both; } .title { display: block; float: left; text-align: left; width: 947px; height: 132px; } .loginDisplay { font-size: 1.1em; display: block; text-align: right; padding: 10px; color: White; } .loginDisplay a:link { color: white; } .loginDisplay a:visited { color: white; } .loginDisplay a:hover { color: white; } .failureNotification { font-size: 1.2em; color: Red; } .bold { font-weight: bold; } .submitButton { text-align: right; padding-right: 10px; }

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  • Ruby on Rails DataTable now working.

    - by Nimroo
    [Ruby on Rails DataTable guide][1]https://github.com/phronos/rails_datatables/blob/master/README.md I"m following the above and have installed the git plugin as well. All i'm getting is the <%= datatable() % returning " <script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { $('#expenses').dataTable({ "oLanguage": { "sSearch": "Search", "sProcessing": 'Processing' }, "sPaginationType": "full_numbers", "iDisplayLength": 25, "bProcessing": true, "bServerSide": false, "bLengthChange": false, "bStateSave": true, "bFilter": true, "bAutoWidth": true, 'aaSorting': [[0, 'desc']], "aoColumns": [ { 'sType': 'html', 'bSortable':true, 'bSearchable':true ,'sClass':'first' },{ 'sType': 'html', 'bSortable':true, 'bSearchable':true },{ 'sType': 'html', 'bSortable':true, 'bSearchable':true },{ 'sType': 'string', 'bSortable':true, 'bSearchable':true ,'sClass':'last' } ], "fnServerData": function ( sSource, aoData, fnCallback ) { aoData.push( ); $.getJSON( sSource, aoData, function (json) { fnCallback(json); } ); } }); }); </script>". My .html.erb looks like this: <% @page_title="User Page"%> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/ui/1.9.2/themes/base/jquery-ui.css" /> <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.8.3.js"></script> <script src="http://code.jquery.com/ui/1.9.2/jquery-ui.js"></script> <%=javascript_include_tag "jquery.dataTables" %> <%=stylesheet_link_tag "jquery-ui-1.9.2.custom" %> <script> $(function() { $( "#tabs" ).tabs(); }); </script> <% if current_user %> <div id="tabs"> <ul> <li><a href="#tabs-1">Expenses</a></li> <li><a href="#tabs-2">Accountant</a></li> <li><a href="#tabs-3">Requests (<%[email protected]%>)</a></li> </ul> <div id="tabs-3"> <p> <% if @requests.count != 0 %> <h2> Accountant Requests </h2> <table > <tr> <thead> <th>First Name</th> <th>Last Name</th> <th>Email Address</th> <th>Accept</th> <th>Reject</th> </thead> </tr> <% @requests.each do |request| %> <tr> <td><%= request.accountant.first_name %></td> <td><%= request.accountant.last_name %></td> <td><%= request.accountant.email %></td> <td><%= link_to 'accept', confirm_accountant_path(:accountant_id => request.accountant_id) %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_expense_path(request) %></td> </tr> <% end %> </tbody> </table> <% else %> <h4> You have no pending requests <h4> <% end %> </p> </div> <div id="tabs-2"> <p> <% if @accountants.count != 0 %> <h2> Accountant Info </h2> <table> <tr> <th>First Name</th> <th>Last Name</th> <th>Email Address</th> </tr> <% @accountants.each do |accountant| %> <tr> <td><%= accountant.first_name %></td> <td><%= accountant.last_name %></td> <td><%= accountant.email %></td> </tr> <% end %> </table> <% else %> <h4> Add Accountant <h4> <p> You don't have an accountant yet, perhaps consider adding one by e-mail </p> <%= render 'add_accountant_form' %> <% end %> <% end %> </p> </div> <div id="tabs-1"> <p><% if current_user %> <h4> Submit new expense </h4> <%= render 'expenses/form' %> <% columns = [{:type => 'html', :class => "first"}, {:type => 'html'}, {:type => 'html'}, {:type => nil, :class => "last"}] %> <%= datatable(columns, {:sort_by => "[0, 'desc']", table_dom_id:"expenses" }) %> <table id="expenses" class="datatable"> <thead> <tr> <th>Entry Date</th> <th>Last Update</th> <th>Amount</th> <th>User</th> <th>Receipt</th> <th></th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <% @expenses.each do |user_expense| %> <tbody> <tr> <td><%= user_expense.created_at %></td> <td><%= user_expense.updated_at %></td> <td><%= user_expense.amount %></td> <td><%= user_expense.user.username %></td> <% if !user_expense.receipt_img.nil? %> <td><%= image_tag user_expense.receipt_img.url(:thumb) %></td> <% else %> <td>Future Button Here</td> <% end %> <td><%= link_to 'Show', user_expense %></td> <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_expense_path(user_expense) %></td> </tr> </tbody> <% end %> </table> <% end %></p> </div> </div>

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  • Handling inheritance with overriding efficiently

    - by Fyodor Soikin
    I have the following two data structures. First, a list of properties applied to object triples: Object1 Object2 Object3 Property Value O1 O2 O3 P1 "abc" O1 O2 O3 P2 "xyz" O1 O3 O4 P1 "123" O2 O4 O5 P1 "098" Second, an inheritance tree: O1 O2 O4 O3 O5 Or viewed as a relation: Object Parent O2 O1 O4 O2 O3 O1 O5 O3 O1 null The semantics of this being that O2 inherits properties from O1; O4 - from O2 and O1; O3 - from O1; and O5 - from O3 and O1, in that order of precedence. NOTE 1: I have an efficient way to select all children or all parents of a given object. This is currently implemented with left and right indexes, but hierarchyid could also work. This does not seem important right now. NOTE 2: I have tiggers in place that make sure that the "Object" column always contains all possible objects, even when they do not really have to be there (i.e. have no parent or children defined). This makes it possible to use inner joins rather than severely less effiecient outer joins. The objective is: Given a pair of (Property, Value), return all object triples that have that property with that value either defined explicitly or inherited from a parent. NOTE 1: An object triple (X,Y,Z) is considered a "parent" of triple (A,B,C) when it is true that either X = A or X is a parent of A, and the same is true for (Y,B) and (Z,C). NOTE 2: A property defined on a closer parent "overrides" the same property defined on a more distant parent. NOTE 3: When (A,B,C) has two parents - (X1,Y1,Z1) and (X2,Y2,Z2), then (X1,Y1,Z1) is considered a "closer" parent when: (a) X2 is a parent of X1, or (b) X2 = X1 and Y2 is a parent of Y1, or (c) X2 = X1 and Y2 = Y1 and Z2 is a parent of Z1 In other words, the "closeness" in ancestry for triples is defined based on the first components of the triples first, then on the second components, then on the third components. This rule establishes an unambigous partial order for triples in terms of ancestry. For example, given the pair of (P1, "abc"), the result set of triples will be: O1, O2, O3 -- Defined explicitly O1, O2, O5 -- Because O5 inherits from O3 O1, O4, O3 -- Because O4 inherits from O2 O1, O4, O5 -- Because O4 inherits from O2 and O5 inherits from O3 O2, O2, O3 -- Because O2 inherits from O1 O2, O2, O5 -- Because O2 inherits from O1 and O5 inherits from O3 O2, O4, O3 -- Because O2 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 O3, O2, O3 -- Because O3 inherits from O1 O3, O2, O5 -- Because O3 inherits from O1 and O5 inherits from O3 O3, O4, O3 -- Because O3 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 O3, O4, O5 -- Because O3 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 and O5 inherits from O3 O4, O2, O3 -- Because O4 inherits from O1 O4, O2, O5 -- Because O4 inherits from O1 and O5 inherits from O3 O4, O4, O3 -- Because O4 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 O5, O2, O3 -- Because O5 inherits from O1 O5, O2, O5 -- Because O5 inherits from O1 and O5 inherits from O3 O5, O4, O3 -- Because O5 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 O5, O4, O5 -- Because O5 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 and O5 inherits from O3 Note that the triple (O2, O4, O5) is absent from this list. This is because property P1 is defined explicitly for the triple (O2, O4, O5) and this prevents that triple from inheriting that property from (O1, O2, O3). Also note that the triple (O4, O4, O5) is also absent. This is because that triple inherits its value of P1="098" from (O2, O4, O5), because it is a closer parent than (O1, O2, O3). The straightforward way to do it is the following. First, for every triple that a property is defined on, select all possible child triples: select Children1.Id as O1, Children2.Id as O2, Children3.Id as O3, tp.Property, tp.Value from TriplesAndProperties tp -- Select corresponding objects of the triple inner join Objects as Objects1 on Objects1.Id = tp.O1 inner join Objects as Objects2 on Objects2.Id = tp.O2 inner join Objects as Objects3 on Objects3.Id = tp.O3 -- Then add all possible children of all those objects inner join Objects as Children1 on Objects1.Id [isparentof] Children1.Id inner join Objects as Children2 on Objects2.Id [isparentof] Children2.Id inner join Objects as Children3 on Objects3.Id [isparentof] Children3.Id But this is not the whole story: if some triple inherits the same property from several parents, this query will yield conflicting results. Therefore, second step is to select just one of those conflicting results: select * from ( select Children1.Id as O1, Children2.Id as O2, Children3.Id as O3, tp.Property, tp.Value, row_number() over( partition by Children1.Id, Children2.Id, Children3.Id, tp.Property order by Objects1.[depthInTheTree] descending, Objects2.[depthInTheTree] descending, Objects3.[depthInTheTree] descending ) as InheritancePriority from ... (see above) ) where InheritancePriority = 1 The window function row_number() over( ... ) does the following: for every unique combination of objects triple and property, it sorts all values by the ancestral distance from the triple to the parents that the value is inherited from, and then I only select the very first of the resulting list of values. A similar effect can be achieved with a GROUP BY and ORDER BY statements, but I just find the window function semantically cleaner (the execution plans they yield are identical). The point is, I need to select the closest of contributing ancestors, and for that I need to group and then sort within the group. And finally, now I can simply filter the result set by Property and Value. This scheme works. Very reliably and predictably. It has proven to be very powerful for the business task it implements. The only trouble is, it is awfuly slow. One might point out the join of seven tables might be slowing things down, but that is actually not the bottleneck. According to the actual execution plan I'm getting from the SQL Management Studio (as well as SQL Profiler), the bottleneck is the sorting. The problem is, in order to satisfy my window function, the server has to sort by Children1.Id, Children2.Id, Children3.Id, tp.Property, Parents1.[depthInTheTree] descending, Parents2.[depthInTheTree] descending, Parents3.[depthInTheTree] descending, and there can be no indexes it can use, because the values come from a cross join of several tables. EDIT: Per Michael Buen's suggestion (thank you, Michael), I have posted the whole puzzle to sqlfiddle here. One can see in the execution plan that the Sort operation accounts for 32% of the whole query, and that is going to grow with the number of total rows, because all the other operations use indexes. Usually in such cases I would use an indexed view, but not in this case, because indexed views cannot contain self-joins, of which there are six. The only way that I can think of so far is to create six copies of the Objects table and then use them for the joins, thus enabling an indexed view. Did the time come that I shall be reduced to that kind of hacks? The despair sets in.

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  • Problem with jquery ajax form on Codeigniter

    - by Code Burn
    Everytime I test the email is send correctly. (I have tested in PC: IE6, IE7, IE8, Safari, Firefox, Chrome. MAC: Safari, Firefox, Chrome.) The _POST done in jquery (javascript). Then when I turn off javascript in my browser nothing happens, because nothing is _POSTed. Nome: Jon Doe Empresa: Star Cargo: Developer Email: [email protected] Telefone: 090909222988 Assunto: Subject here.. But I keep recieving emails like this from costumers: Nome: Empresa: Cargo: Email: Telefone: Assunto: CONTACT_FORM.PHP <form name="frm" id="frm"> <div class="campoFormulario nomeDeCampo texto textocinzaescuro" >Nome<font style="color:#EE3063;">*</font></div> <div class="campoFormulario inputDeCampo" ><input class="texto textocinzaescuro" size="31" name="Cnome" id="Cnome" value=""/></div> <div class="campoFormulario nomeDeCampo texto textocinzaescuro" >Empresa<font style="color:#EE3063;">*</font></div> <div class="campoFormulario inputDeCampo" ><input class="texto textocinzaescuro" size="31" name="CEmpresa" id="CEmpresa" value=""/></div> <div class="campoFormulario nomeDeCampo texto textocinzaescuro" >Cargo</div> <div class="campoFormulario inputDeCampo" ><input class="texto textocinzaescuro" size="31" name="CCargo" id="CCargo" value=""/></div> <div class="campoFormulario nomeDeCampo texto textocinzaescuro" >Email<font style="color:#EE3063;">*</font></div> <div class="campoFormulario inputDeCampo" ><input class="texto textocinzaescuro" size="31" name="CEmail" id="CEmail" value=""/></div> <div class="campoFormulario nomeDeCampo texto textocinzaescuro" >Telefone</div> <div class="campoFormulario inputDeCampo" ><input class="texto textocinzaescuro" size="31" name="CTelefone" id="CTelefone" value=""/></div> <div class="campoFormulario nomeDeCampo texto textocinzaescuro" >Assunto<font style="color:#EE3063;">*</font></div> <div class="campoFormulario inputDeCampo" ><textarea class="texto textocinzaescuro" name="CAssunto" id="CAssunto" rows="2" cols="28"></textarea></div> <div class="campoFormulario nomeDeCampo texto textocinzaescuro" >&nbsp;</div> <div class="campoFormulario inputDeCampo" style="text-align:right;" ><input id="Cbutton" class="texto textocinzaescuro" type="submit" name="submit" value="Enviar" /></div> </form> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { $("#Cbutton").click(function() { if(validarForm()){ var Cnome = $("input#Cnome").val(); var CEmpresa = $("input#CEmpresa").val(); var CEmail = $("input#CEmail").val(); var CCargo = $("input#CCargo").val(); var CTelefone = $("input#CTelefone").val(); var CAssunto = $("textarea#CAssunto").val(); var dataString = 'nome='+ Cnome + '&Empresa=' + CEmpresa + '&Email=' + CEmail + '&Cargo=' + CCargo + '&Telefone=' + CTelefone + '&Assunto=' + CAssunto; //alert (dataString);return false; $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "http://www.myserver.com/index.php/pt/envia", data: dataString, success: function() { $('#frm').remove(); $('#blocoform').append("<br />Obrigado. <img id='checkmark' src='http://www.myserver.com/public/images/estrutura/ok.gif' /><br />Será contactado brevemente.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />") .hide() .fadeIn(1500); } }); } return false; }); }); function validarForm(){ var error = 0; if(!validateNome(document.getElementById("Cnome"))){ error = 1 ;} if(!validateNome(document.getElementById("CEmpresa"))){ error = 1 ;} if(!validateEmail(document.getElementById("CEmail"))){ error = 1 ;} if(!validateNome(document.getElementById("CAssunto"))){ error = 1 ;} if(error == 0){ //frm.submit(); return true; }else{ alert('Preencha os campos correctamente.'); return false; } } function validateNome(fld){ if( fld.value.length == 0 ){ fld.style.backgroundColor = '#FFFFCC'; //alert('Descrição é um campo obrigatório.'); return false; }else { fld.style.background = 'White'; return true; } } function trim(s) { return s.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/, ''); } function validateEmail(fld) { var tfld = trim(fld.value); var emailFilter = /^[^@]+@[^@.]+\.[^@]*\w\w$/ ; var illegalChars= /[\(\)\<\>\,\;\:\\\"\[\]]/ ; if (fld.value == "") { fld.style.background = '#FFFFCC'; //alert('Email é um campo obrigatório.'); return false; } else if (!emailFilter.test(tfld)) { //alert('Email inválido.'); fld.style.background = '#FFFFCC'; return false; } else if (fld.value.match(illegalChars)) { fld.style.background = '#FFFFCC'; //alert('Email inválido.'); return false; } else { fld.style.background = 'White'; return true; } } </script> FUNCTION ENVIA (email sender): function envia() { $this->load->helper(array('form', 'url')); $nome = $_POST['nome']; $empresa = $_POST['Empresa']; $cargo = $_POST['Cargo']; $email = $_POST['Email']; $telefone = $_POST['Telefone']; $assunto = $_POST['Assunto']; $mensagem = " Nome:".$nome." Empresa:".$empresa." Cargo:".$cargo." Email:".$email." Telefone:".$telefone." Assunto:".$assunto.""; $headers = 'From: [email protected]' . "\r\n" . 'Reply-To: no-reply' . "\r\n" . 'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion(); mail('[email protected]', $mensagem, $headers); }

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  • How to use data of one table in 'where' clause of another table?

    - by sahar
    hello, i need ur help guys..i m making website for 'home docor ideas'..i have a log in form(login-form.php) in which when 'log in' and 'password' is inserted,after verification through login-execute.php, redirected to viewOrder.php where user can view all of the orders ordered by clients.. all is fine up till here.. but what i want is,when user get logged in ,he view only that order which is ordered by him not all customer's orders.. two tables are there in database: members and order_insert.. in 'members' table, login and password is stored and in 'order_insert',orders of customers is stored.. codes of these three pages is as follows.. ......................... login-form.php ......................... <form id="loginForm" name="loginForm" method="post" action="login-exec.php"> <table width="300" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="112"><b>Login</b></td> <td width="188"><input name="login" type="text" class="textfield" id="login" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Password</b></td> <td><input name="password" type="password" class="textfield" id="password" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td><input type="submit" name="Submit" value="Login" /></td> </tr> </table> </form> ......................... login-execute.php ......................... <?php //Start session session_start(); //Include database connection details require_once('config.php'); //Array to store validation errors $errmsg_arr = array(); //Validation error flag $errflag = false; //Connect to mysql server $link = mysql_connect(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD); if(!$link) { die('Failed to connect to server: ' . mysql_error()); } //Select database $db = mysql_select_db(DB_DATABASE); if(!$db) { die("Unable to select database"); } //Function to sanitize values received from the form. Prevents SQL injection function clean($str) { $str = @trim($str); if(get_magic_quotes_gpc()) { $str = stripslashes($str); } return mysql_real_escape_string($str); } //Sanitize the POST values $login = clean($_POST['login']); $password = clean($_POST['password']); //Input Validations if($login == '') { $errmsg_arr[] = 'Login ID missing'; $errflag = true; } if($password == '') { $errmsg_arr[] = 'Password missing'; $errflag = true; } //If there are input validations, redirect back to the login form if($errflag) { $_SESSION['ERRMSG_ARR'] = $errmsg_arr; session_write_close(); header("location: login-form.php"); exit(); } //Create query $qry="SELECT * FROM members WHERE login='$login' AND passwd='".md5($_POST['password'])."'"; $result=mysql_query($qry); //Check whether the query was successful or not if($result) { if(mysql_num_rows($result) == 1) { //Login Successful session_regenerate_id(); $member = mysql_fetch_assoc($result); $_SESSION['SESS_MEMBER_ID'] = $member['member_id']; $_SESSION['SESS_FIRST_NAME'] = $member['firstname']; $_SESSION['SESS_LAST_NAME'] = $member['lastname']; session_write_close(); header("location: viewOrder.php"); exit(); }else { //Login failed header("location: login-failed.php"); exit(); } }else { die("Query failed"); } ?> ............................. viewOrder.php .............................. <html> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" > <? $host="localhost"; // Host name $username="root"; // Mysql username $password=""; // Mysql password $db_name="mydatabase"; // Database name $tbl_name="order_insert"; // Table name $tbl_name2="members"; // connect to server and databases mysql_connect("$host", "$username", "$password")or die("cannot connect"); mysql_select_db("$db_name")or die("cannot select DB"); $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM $tbl_name "); print "<center>"; $output .= "<table width=1100 border=1 bordercolor=black>"; $output .= "<tr align=center><td>ID</td><td>First Name</td><td>Last Name</td><td>E Mail</td><td> City </td><td> Country </td><td> Phone</td><td>Decoration Type</td><td>Service Description</td><td>Budget</td><td>Update</td><td>Delete</td></tr>"; $output .= "<th></th><th></th>"; $output .= "</tr>\n\n"; while ($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result)){ $output .= "<tr>\n"; foreach ($row as $col=>$val){ $output .= " <td>$val</td>\n"; } // end foreach $keyVal = $row["id"]; $output .= "<td><a href='update.php?ID=$row[orderId]' >Update </a></td>"; $output .= "<td><a href='delete.php?ID=$row[orderId]' >Delete </a></td>"; $output .= "</tr>\n\n"; }// end while $output .= "</table></center>"; print "$output"; ?>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br> <br> <center><table > <tr><td> <form action="home.php"><font color="#FF0000"><input type="submit" name="btn" style="color:#CC0000" value="<--Back" ></font></form></td></tr></table></center> </body> </html> ..... your help and suggestions will be appreciated

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  • PHP contact form sends empty data

    - by Alan Lawlessness
    I am trying to create a HTML5 contact form compatible with computer and mobile devices, when I clicked on send message it jumps into a blank white screen. I do get a email but it contains no information. I am quite new with PHP. For www.rare1.ca/test: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Responsive HTML5/CSS3 template</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name = "viewport" content = "width=device-width, maximum-scale = 1, minimum- scale=1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/default.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/flexslider.css" type="text/css" /> <link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min.js"> </script> <script src="js/jquery.flexslider.js"></script> <script src="js/default.js"></script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="http://html5shim.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script> <script src="js/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> </head> <body> <div id="pagewidth"> <header id="header"> <div class="center"> <nav id="mainNav"> <ul> <li class="active"><a href="#pagewidth"><span>gallery</span></a></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li><a href="#contactUs"><span>contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="content"> <section class="row"> <div class="center"> <h1><img src="img/logo.gif" width="142" height="78"></h1> <strong class="subHeading">Coming soon</strong> <div class="gallery"> <ul class="slides"> <li><img src="img/img-gallery.jpg" alt="image" /></li> <li><img src="img/img-gallery2.jpg" alt="image" /></li> <li><img src="img/img-gallery3.jpg" alt="image" /></li> </ul> </div> <div class="buttons"></div> </div> </section> <section id="contactUs" class="row grey"> <div class="center"> <h1>Contact Us</h1> <strong class="subHeading">lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit</strong> <div class="columns"> <div class="half"> <form action="sendemail.php" class="form"> <fieldset> <h2>Feedback form</h2> <div class="formRow"> <div class="textField"><input type="text" name="Name" id="name" placeholder="Your name ..." /></div> </div> <div class="formRow"> <div class="textField"><input type="text" name="Email" id="email" placeholder="Your Email ..." /></div> </div> <div class="formRow"> <div class="textField"><textarea name="Message" cols="20" rows="4" placeholder="Your message ..."></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="formRow"> <button class="btnSmall btn submit right"> <span>Send Message</span> </button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div class="half"> <h2>How to find us</h2> <div id="map"> <div class="imgHolder"><img src="img/map.jpg" alt="google map" /></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <footer id="footer"> <div class="center"> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html> <?php // This is the script for sending email. // change the email address below to your own email address. $mailTo = '[email protected]'; $name = htmlspecialchars($_POST['Name']); $mailFrom = htmlspecialchars($_POST['Email']); $message_text = htmlspecialchars($_POST['Message']); $headers = "From: $name <$mailFrom>\n"; $headers .= "Reply-To: $name <$mailFrom>\n"; $message = $message_text; mail($mailTo, $subject, $message, $headers ); ?>

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  • An Introduction to ASP.NET Web API

    - by Rick Strahl
    Microsoft recently released ASP.NET MVC 4.0 and .NET 4.5 and along with it, the brand spanking new ASP.NET Web API. Web API is an exciting new addition to the ASP.NET stack that provides a new, well-designed HTTP framework for creating REST and AJAX APIs (API is Microsoft’s new jargon for a service, in case you’re wondering). Although Web API ships and installs with ASP.NET MVC 4, you can use Web API functionality in any ASP.NET project, including WebForms, WebPages and MVC or just a Web API by itself. And you can also self-host Web API in your own applications from Console, Desktop or Service applications. If you're interested in a high level overview on what ASP.NET Web API is and how it fits into the ASP.NET stack you can check out my previous post: Where does ASP.NET Web API fit? In the following article, I'll focus on a practical, by example introduction to ASP.NET Web API. All the code discussed in this article is available in GitHub: https://github.com/RickStrahl/AspNetWebApiArticle [republished from my Code Magazine Article and updated for RTM release of ASP.NET Web API] Getting Started To start I’ll create a new empty ASP.NET application to demonstrate that Web API can work with any kind of ASP.NET project. Although you can create a new project based on the ASP.NET MVC/Web API template to quickly get up and running, I’ll take you through the manual setup process, because one common use case is to add Web API functionality to an existing ASP.NET application. This process describes the steps needed to hook up Web API to any ASP.NET 4.0 application. Start by creating an ASP.NET Empty Project. Then create a new folder in the project called Controllers. Add a Web API Controller Class Once you have any kind of ASP.NET project open, you can add a Web API Controller class to it. Web API Controllers are very similar to MVC Controller classes, but they work in any kind of project. Add a new item to this folder by using the Add New Item option in Visual Studio and choose Web API Controller Class, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: This is how you create a new Controller Class in Visual Studio   Make sure that the name of the controller class includes Controller at the end of it, which is required in order for Web API routing to find it. Here, the name for the class is AlbumApiController. For this example, I’ll use a Music Album model to demonstrate basic behavior of Web API. The model consists of albums and related songs where an album has properties like Name, Artist and YearReleased and a list of songs with a SongName and SongLength as well as an AlbumId that links it to the album. You can find the code for the model (and the rest of these samples) on Github. To add the file manually, create a new folder called Model, and add a new class Album.cs and copy the code into it. There’s a static AlbumData class with a static CreateSampleAlbumData() method that creates a short list of albums on a static .Current that I’ll use for the examples. Before we look at what goes into the controller class though, let’s hook up routing so we can access this new controller. Hooking up Routing in Global.asax To start, I need to perform the one required configuration task in order for Web API to work: I need to configure routing to the controller. Like MVC, Web API uses routing to provide clean, extension-less URLs to controller methods. Using an extension method to ASP.NET’s static RouteTable class, you can use the MapHttpRoute() (in the System.Web.Http namespace) method to hook-up the routing during Application_Start in global.asax.cs shown in Listing 1.using System; using System.Web.Routing; using System.Web.Http; namespace AspNetWebApi { public class Global : System.Web.HttpApplication { protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { RouteTable.Routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "AlbumVerbs", routeTemplate: "albums/{title}", defaults: new { symbol = RouteParameter.Optional, controller="AlbumApi" } ); } } } This route configures Web API to direct URLs that start with an albums folder to the AlbumApiController class. Routing in ASP.NET is used to create extensionless URLs and allows you to map segments of the URL to specific Route Value parameters. A route parameter, with a name inside curly brackets like {name}, is mapped to parameters on the controller methods. Route parameters can be optional, and there are two special route parameters – controller and action – that determine the controller to call and the method to activate respectively. HTTP Verb Routing Routing in Web API can route requests by HTTP Verb in addition to standard {controller},{action} routing. For the first examples, I use HTTP Verb routing, as shown Listing 1. Notice that the route I’ve defined does not include an {action} route value or action value in the defaults. Rather, Web API can use the HTTP Verb in this route to determine the method to call the controller, and a GET request maps to any method that starts with Get. So methods called Get() or GetAlbums() are matched by a GET request and a POST request maps to a Post() or PostAlbum(). Web API matches a method by name and parameter signature to match a route, query string or POST values. In lieu of the method name, the [HttpGet,HttpPost,HttpPut,HttpDelete, etc] attributes can also be used to designate the accepted verbs explicitly if you don’t want to follow the verb naming conventions. Although HTTP Verb routing is a good practice for REST style resource APIs, it’s not required and you can still use more traditional routes with an explicit {action} route parameter. When {action} is supplied, the HTTP verb routing is ignored. I’ll talk more about alternate routes later. When you’re finished with initial creation of files, your project should look like Figure 2.   Figure 2: The initial project has the new API Controller Album model   Creating a small Album Model Now it’s time to create some controller methods to serve data. For these examples, I’ll use a very simple Album and Songs model to play with, as shown in Listing 2. public class Song { public string AlbumId { get; set; } [Required, StringLength(80)] public string SongName { get; set; } [StringLength(5)] public string SongLength { get; set; } } public class Album { public string Id { get; set; } [Required, StringLength(80)] public string AlbumName { get; set; } [StringLength(80)] public string Artist { get; set; } public int YearReleased { get; set; } public DateTime Entered { get; set; } [StringLength(150)] public string AlbumImageUrl { get; set; } [StringLength(200)] public string AmazonUrl { get; set; } public virtual List<Song> Songs { get; set; } public Album() { Songs = new List<Song>(); Entered = DateTime.Now; // Poor man's unique Id off GUID hash Id = Guid.NewGuid().GetHashCode().ToString("x"); } public void AddSong(string songName, string songLength = null) { this.Songs.Add(new Song() { AlbumId = this.Id, SongName = songName, SongLength = songLength }); } } Once the model has been created, I also added an AlbumData class that generates some static data in memory that is loaded onto a static .Current member. The signature of this class looks like this and that's what I'll access to retrieve the base data:public static class AlbumData { // sample data - static list public static List<Album> Current = CreateSampleAlbumData(); /// <summary> /// Create some sample data /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static List<Album> CreateSampleAlbumData() { … }} You can check out the full code for the data generation online. Creating an AlbumApiController Web API shares many concepts of ASP.NET MVC, and the implementation of your API logic is done by implementing a subclass of the System.Web.Http.ApiController class. Each public method in the implemented controller is a potential endpoint for the HTTP API, as long as a matching route can be found to invoke it. The class name you create should end in Controller, which is how Web API matches the controller route value to figure out which class to invoke. Inside the controller you can implement methods that take standard .NET input parameters and return .NET values as results. Web API’s binding tries to match POST data, route values, form values or query string values to your parameters. Because the controller is configured for HTTP Verb based routing (no {action} parameter in the route), any methods that start with Getxxxx() are called by an HTTP GET operation. You can have multiple methods that match each HTTP Verb as long as the parameter signatures are different and can be matched by Web API. In Listing 3, I create an AlbumApiController with two methods to retrieve a list of albums and a single album by its title .public class AlbumApiController : ApiController { public IEnumerable<Album> GetAlbums() { var albums = AlbumData.Current.OrderBy(alb => alb.Artist); return albums; } public Album GetAlbum(string title) { var album = AlbumData.Current .SingleOrDefault(alb => alb.AlbumName.Contains(title)); return album; }} To access the first two requests, you can use the following URLs in your browser: http://localhost/aspnetWebApi/albumshttp://localhost/aspnetWebApi/albums/Dirty%20Deeds Note that you’re not specifying the actions of GetAlbum or GetAlbums in these URLs. Instead Web API’s routing uses HTTP GET verb to route to these methods that start with Getxxx() with the first mapping to the parameterless GetAlbums() method and the latter to the GetAlbum(title) method that receives the title parameter mapped as optional in the route. Content Negotiation When you access any of the URLs above from a browser, you get either an XML or JSON result returned back. The album list result for Chrome 17 and Internet Explorer 9 is shown Figure 3. Figure 3: Web API responses can vary depending on the browser used, demonstrating Content Negotiation in action as these two browsers send different HTTP Accept headers.   Notice that the results are not the same: Chrome returns an XML response and IE9 returns a JSON response. Whoa, what’s going on here? Shouldn’t we see the same result in both browsers? Actually, no. Web API determines what type of content to return based on Accept headers. HTTP clients, like browsers, use Accept headers to specify what kind of content they’d like to see returned. Browsers generally ask for HTML first, followed by a few additional content types. Chrome (and most other major browsers) ask for: Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml,application/xml; q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 IE9 asks for: Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */* Note that Chrome’s Accept header includes application/xml, which Web API finds in its list of supported media types and returns an XML response. IE9 does not include an Accept header type that works on Web API by default, and so it returns the default format, which is JSON. This is an important and very useful feature that was missing from any previous Microsoft REST tools: Web API automatically switches output formats based on HTTP Accept headers. Nowhere in the server code above do you have to explicitly specify the output format. Rather, Web API determines what format the client is requesting based on the Accept headers and automatically returns the result based on the available formatters. This means that a single method can handle both XML and JSON results.. Using this simple approach makes it very easy to create a single controller method that can return JSON, XML, ATOM or even OData feeds by providing the appropriate Accept header from the client. By default you don’t have to worry about the output format in your code. Note that you can still specify an explicit output format if you choose, either globally by overriding the installed formatters, or individually by returning a lower level HttpResponseMessage instance and setting the formatter explicitly. More on that in a minute. Along the same lines, any content sent to the server via POST/PUT is parsed by Web API based on the HTTP Content-type of the data sent. The same formats allowed for output are also allowed on input. Again, you don’t have to do anything in your code – Web API automatically performs the deserialization from the content. Accessing Web API JSON Data with jQuery A very common scenario for Web API endpoints is to retrieve data for AJAX calls from the Web browser. Because JSON is the default format for Web API, it’s easy to access data from the server using jQuery and its getJSON() method. This example receives the albums array from GetAlbums() and databinds it into the page using knockout.js.$.getJSON("albums/", function (albums) { // make knockout template visible $(".album").show(); // create view object and attach array var view = { albums: albums }; ko.applyBindings(view); }); Figure 4 shows this and the next example’s HTML output. You can check out the complete HTML and script code at http://goo.gl/Ix33C (.html) and http://goo.gl/tETlg (.js). Figu Figure 4: The Album Display sample uses JSON data loaded from Web API.   The result from the getJSON() call is a JavaScript object of the server result, which comes back as a JavaScript array. In the code, I use knockout.js to bind this array into the UI, which as you can see, requires very little code, instead using knockout’s data-bind attributes to bind server data to the UI. Of course, this is just one way to use the data – it’s entirely up to you to decide what to do with the data in your client code. Along the same lines, I can retrieve a single album to display when the user clicks on an album. The response returns the album information and a child array with all the songs. The code to do this is very similar to the last example where we pulled the albums array:$(".albumlink").live("click", function () { var id = $(this).data("id"); // title $.getJSON("albums/" + id, function (album) { ko.applyBindings(album, $("#divAlbumDialog")[0]); $("#divAlbumDialog").show(); }); }); Here the URL looks like this: /albums/Dirty%20Deeds, where the title is the ID captured from the clicked element’s data ID attribute. Explicitly Overriding Output Format When Web API automatically converts output using content negotiation, it does so by matching Accept header media types to the GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Formatters and the SupportedMediaTypes of each individual formatter. You can add and remove formatters to globally affect what formats are available and it’s easy to create and plug in custom formatters.The example project includes a JSONP formatter that can be plugged in to provide JSONP support for requests that have a callback= querystring parameter. Adding, removing or replacing formatters is a global option you can use to manipulate content. It’s beyond the scope of this introduction to show how it works, but you can review the sample code or check out my blog entry on the subject (http://goo.gl/UAzaR). If automatic processing is not desirable in a particular Controller method, you can override the response output explicitly by returning an HttpResponseMessage instance. HttpResponseMessage is similar to ActionResult in ASP.NET MVC in that it’s a common way to return an abstract result message that contains content. HttpResponseMessage s parsed by the Web API framework using standard interfaces to retrieve the response data, status code, headers and so on[MS2] . Web API turns every response – including those Controller methods that return static results – into HttpResponseMessage instances. Explicitly returning an HttpResponseMessage instance gives you full control over the output and lets you mostly bypass WebAPI’s post-processing of the HTTP response on your behalf. HttpResponseMessage allows you to customize the response in great detail. Web API’s attention to detail in the HTTP spec really shows; many HTTP options are exposed as properties and enumerations with detailed IntelliSense comments. Even if you’re new to building REST-based interfaces, the API guides you in the right direction for returning valid responses and response codes. For example, assume that I always want to return JSON from the GetAlbums() controller method and ignore the default media type content negotiation. To do this, I can adjust the output format and headers as shown in Listing 4.public HttpResponseMessage GetAlbums() { var albums = AlbumData.Current.OrderBy(alb => alb.Artist); // Create a new HttpResponse with Json Formatter explicitly var resp = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK); resp.Content = new ObjectContent<IEnumerable<Album>>( albums, new JsonMediaTypeFormatter()); // Get Default Formatter based on Content Negotiation //var resp = Request.CreateResponse<IEnumerable<Album>>(HttpStatusCode.OK, albums); resp.Headers.ConnectionClose = true; resp.Headers.CacheControl = new CacheControlHeaderValue(); resp.Headers.CacheControl.Public = true; return resp; } This example returns the same IEnumerable<Album> value, but it wraps the response into an HttpResponseMessage so you can control the entire HTTP message result including the headers, formatter and status code. In Listing 4, I explicitly specify the formatter using the JsonMediaTypeFormatter to always force the content to JSON.  If you prefer to use the default content negotiation with HttpResponseMessage results, you can create the Response instance using the Request.CreateResponse method:var resp = Request.CreateResponse<IEnumerable<Album>>(HttpStatusCode.OK, albums); This provides you an HttpResponse object that's pre-configured with the default formatter based on Content Negotiation. Once you have an HttpResponse object you can easily control most HTTP aspects on this object. What's sweet here is that there are many more detailed properties on HttpResponse than the core ASP.NET Response object, with most options being explicitly configurable with enumerations that make it easy to pick the right headers and response codes from a list of valid codes. It makes HTTP features available much more discoverable even for non-hardcore REST/HTTP geeks. Non-Serialized Results The output returned doesn’t have to be a serialized value but can also be raw data, like strings, binary data or streams. You can use the HttpResponseMessage.Content object to set a number of common Content classes. Listing 5 shows how to return a binary image using the ByteArrayContent class from a Controller method. [HttpGet] public HttpResponseMessage AlbumArt(string title) { var album = AlbumData.Current.FirstOrDefault(abl => abl.AlbumName.StartsWith(title)); if (album == null) { var resp = Request.CreateResponse<ApiMessageError>( HttpStatusCode.NotFound, new ApiMessageError("Album not found")); return resp; } // kinda silly - we would normally serve this directly // but hey - it's a demo. var http = new WebClient(); var imageData = http.DownloadData(album.AlbumImageUrl); // create response and return var result = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK); result.Content = new ByteArrayContent(imageData); result.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("image/jpeg"); return result; } The image retrieval from Amazon is contrived, but it shows how to return binary data using ByteArrayContent. It also demonstrates that you can easily return multiple types of content from a single controller method, which is actually quite common. If an error occurs - such as a resource can’t be found or a validation error – you can return an error response to the client that’s very specific to the error. In GetAlbumArt(), if the album can’t be found, we want to return a 404 Not Found status (and realistically no error, as it’s an image). Note that if you are not using HTTP Verb-based routing or not accessing a method that starts with Get/Post etc., you have to specify one or more HTTP Verb attributes on the method explicitly. Here, I used the [HttpGet] attribute to serve the image. Another option to handle the error could be to return a fixed placeholder image if no album could be matched or the album doesn’t have an image. When returning an error code, you can also return a strongly typed response to the client. For example, you can set the 404 status code and also return a custom error object (ApiMessageError is a class I defined) like this:return Request.CreateResponse<ApiMessageError>( HttpStatusCode.NotFound, new ApiMessageError("Album not found") );   If the album can be found, the image will be returned. The image is downloaded into a byte[] array, and then assigned to the result’s Content property. I created a new ByteArrayContent instance and assigned the image’s bytes and the content type so that it displays properly in the browser. There are other content classes available: StringContent, StreamContent, ByteArrayContent, MultipartContent, and ObjectContent are at your disposal to return just about any kind of content. You can create your own Content classes if you frequently return custom types and handle the default formatter assignments that should be used to send the data out . Although HttpResponseMessage results require more code than returning a plain .NET value from a method, it allows much more control over the actual HTTP processing than automatic processing. It also makes it much easier to test your controller methods as you get a response object that you can check for specific status codes and output messages rather than just a result value. Routing Again Ok, let’s get back to the image example. Using the original routing we have setup using HTTP Verb routing there's no good way to serve the image. In order to return my album art image I’d like to use a URL like this: http://localhost/aspnetWebApi/albums/Dirty%20Deeds/image In order to create a URL like this, I have to create a new Controller because my earlier routes pointed to the AlbumApiController using HTTP Verb routing. HTTP Verb based routing is great for representing a single set of resources such as albums. You can map operations like add, delete, update and read easily using HTTP Verbs. But you cannot mix action based routing into a an HTTP Verb routing controller - you can only map HTTP Verbs and each method has to be unique based on parameter signature. You can't have multiple GET operations to methods with the same signature. So GetImage(string id) and GetAlbum(string title) are in conflict in an HTTP GET routing scenario. In fact, I was unable to make the above Image URL work with any combination of HTTP Verb plus Custom routing using the single Albums controller. There are number of ways around this, but all involve additional controllers.  Personally, I think it’s easier to use explicit Action routing and then add custom routes if you need to simplify your URLs further. So in order to accommodate some of the other examples, I created another controller – AlbumRpcApiController – to handle all requests that are explicitly routed via actions (/albums/rpc/AlbumArt) or are custom routed with explicit routes defined in the HttpConfiguration. I added the AlbumArt() method to this new AlbumRpcApiController class. For the image URL to work with the new AlbumRpcApiController, you need a custom route placed before the default route from Listing 1.RouteTable.Routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "AlbumRpcApiAction", routeTemplate: "albums/rpc/{action}/{title}", defaults: new { title = RouteParameter.Optional, controller = "AlbumRpcApi", action = "GetAblums" } ); Now I can use either of the following URLs to access the image: Custom route: (/albums/rpc/{title}/image)http://localhost/aspnetWebApi/albums/PowerAge/image Action route: (/albums/rpc/action/{title})http://localhost/aspnetWebAPI/albums/rpc/albumart/PowerAge Sending Data to the Server To send data to the server and add a new album, you can use an HTTP POST operation. Since I’m using HTTP Verb-based routing in the original AlbumApiController, I can implement a method called PostAlbum()to accept a new album from the client. Listing 6 shows the Web API code to add a new album.public HttpResponseMessage PostAlbum(Album album) { if (!this.ModelState.IsValid) { // my custom error class var error = new ApiMessageError() { message = "Model is invalid" }; // add errors into our client error model for client foreach (var prop in ModelState.Values) { var modelError = prop.Errors.FirstOrDefault(); if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(modelError.ErrorMessage)) error.errors.Add(modelError.ErrorMessage); else error.errors.Add(modelError.Exception.Message); } return Request.CreateResponse<ApiMessageError>(HttpStatusCode.Conflict, error); } // update song id which isn't provided foreach (var song in album.Songs) song.AlbumId = album.Id; // see if album exists already var matchedAlbum = AlbumData.Current .SingleOrDefault(alb => alb.Id == album.Id || alb.AlbumName == album.AlbumName); if (matchedAlbum == null) AlbumData.Current.Add(album); else matchedAlbum = album; // return a string to show that the value got here var resp = Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, string.Empty); resp.Content = new StringContent(album.AlbumName + " " + album.Entered.ToString(), Encoding.UTF8, "text/plain"); return resp; } The PostAlbum() method receives an album parameter, which is automatically deserialized from the POST buffer the client sent. The data passed from the client can be either XML or JSON. Web API automatically figures out what format it needs to deserialize based on the content type and binds the content to the album object. Web API uses model binding to bind the request content to the parameter(s) of controller methods. Like MVC you can check the model by looking at ModelState.IsValid. If it’s not valid, you can run through the ModelState.Values collection and check each binding for errors. Here I collect the error messages into a string array that gets passed back to the client via the result ApiErrorMessage object. When a binding error occurs, you’ll want to return an HTTP error response and it’s best to do that with an HttpResponseMessage result. In Listing 6, I used a custom error class that holds a message and an array of detailed error messages for each binding error. I used this object as the content to return to the client along with my Conflict HTTP Status Code response. If binding succeeds, the example returns a string with the name and date entered to demonstrate that you captured the data. Normally, a method like this should return a Boolean or no response at all (HttpStatusCode.NoConent). The sample uses a simple static list to hold albums, so once you’ve added the album using the Post operation, you can hit the /albums/ URL to see that the new album was added. The client jQuery code to call the POST operation from the client with jQuery is shown in Listing 7. var id = new Date().getTime().toString(); var album = { "Id": id, "AlbumName": "Power Age", "Artist": "AC/DC", "YearReleased": 1977, "Entered": "2002-03-11T18:24:43.5580794-10:00", "AlbumImageUrl": http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/…, "AmazonUrl": http://www.amazon.com/…, "Songs": [ { "SongName": "Rock 'n Roll Damnation", "SongLength": 3.12}, { "SongName": "Downpayment Blues", "SongLength": 4.22 }, { "SongName": "Riff Raff", "SongLength": 2.42 } ] } $.ajax( { url: "albums/", type: "POST", contentType: "application/json", data: JSON.stringify(album), processData: false, beforeSend: function (xhr) { // not required since JSON is default output xhr.setRequestHeader("Accept", "application/json"); }, success: function (result) { // reload list of albums page.loadAlbums(); }, error: function (xhr, status, p3, p4) { var err = "Error"; if (xhr.responseText && xhr.responseText[0] == "{") err = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText).message; alert(err); } }); The code in Listing 7 creates an album object in JavaScript to match the structure of the .NET Album class. This object is passed to the $.ajax() function to send to the server as POST. The data is turned into JSON and the content type set to application/json so that the server knows what to convert when deserializing in the Album instance. The jQuery code hooks up success and failure events. Success returns the result data, which is a string that’s echoed back with an alert box. If an error occurs, jQuery returns the XHR instance and status code. You can check the XHR to see if a JSON object is embedded and if it is, you can extract it by de-serializing it and accessing the .message property. REST standards suggest that updates to existing resources should use PUT operations. REST standards aside, I’m not a big fan of separating out inserts and updates so I tend to have a single method that handles both. But if you want to follow REST suggestions, you can create a PUT method that handles updates by forwarding the PUT operation to the POST method:public HttpResponseMessage PutAlbum(Album album) { return PostAlbum(album); } To make the corresponding $.ajax() call, all you have to change from Listing 7 is the type: from POST to PUT. Model Binding with UrlEncoded POST Variables In the example in Listing 7 I used JSON objects to post a serialized object to a server method that accepted an strongly typed object with the same structure, which is a common way to send data to the server. However, Web API supports a number of different ways that data can be received by server methods. For example, another common way is to use plain UrlEncoded POST  values to send to the server. Web API supports Model Binding that works similar (but not the same) as MVC's model binding where POST variables are mapped to properties of object parameters of the target method. This is actually quite common for AJAX calls that want to avoid serialization and the potential requirement of a JSON parser on older browsers. For example, using jQUery you might use the $.post() method to send a new album to the server (albeit one without songs) using code like the following:$.post("albums/",{AlbumName: "Dirty Deeds", YearReleased: 1976 … },albumPostCallback); Although the code looks very similar to the client code we used before passing JSON, here the data passed is URL encoded values (AlbumName=Dirty+Deeds&YearReleased=1976 etc.). Web API then takes this POST data and maps each of the POST values to the properties of the Album object in the method's parameter. Although the client code is different the server can both handle the JSON object, or the UrlEncoded POST values. Dynamic Access to POST Data There are also a few options available to dynamically access POST data, if you know what type of data you're dealing with. If you have POST UrlEncoded values, you can dynamically using a FormsDataCollection:[HttpPost] public string PostAlbum(FormDataCollection form) { return string.Format("{0} - released {1}", form.Get("AlbumName"),form.Get("RearReleased")); } The FormDataCollection is a very simple object, that essentially provides the same functionality as Request.Form[] in ASP.NET. Request.Form[] still works if you're running hosted in an ASP.NET application. However as a general rule, while ASP.NET's functionality is always available when running Web API hosted inside of an  ASP.NET application, using the built in classes specific to Web API makes it possible to run Web API applications in a self hosted environment outside of ASP.NET. If your client is sending JSON to your server, and you don't want to map the JSON to a strongly typed object because you only want to retrieve a few simple values, you can also accept a JObject parameter in your API methods:[HttpPost] public string PostAlbum(JObject jsonData) { dynamic json = jsonData; JObject jalbum = json.Album; JObject juser = json.User; string token = json.UserToken; var album = jalbum.ToObject<Album>(); var user = juser.ToObject<User>(); return String.Format("{0} {1} {2}", album.AlbumName, user.Name, token); } There quite a few options available to you to receive data with Web API, which gives you more choices for the right tool for the job. Unfortunately one shortcoming of Web API is that POST data is always mapped to a single parameter. This means you can't pass multiple POST parameters to methods that receive POST data. It's possible to accept multiple parameters, but only one can map to the POST content - the others have to come from the query string or route values. I have a couple of Blog POSTs that explain what works and what doesn't here: Passing multiple POST parameters to Web API Controller Methods Mapping UrlEncoded POST Values in ASP.NET Web API   Handling Delete Operations Finally, to round out the server API code of the album example we've been discussin, here’s the DELETE verb controller method that allows removal of an album by its title:public HttpResponseMessage DeleteAlbum(string title) { var matchedAlbum = AlbumData.Current.Where(alb => alb.AlbumName == title) .SingleOrDefault(); if (matchedAlbum == null) return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NotFound); AlbumData.Current.Remove(matchedAlbum); return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NoContent); } To call this action method using jQuery, you can use:$(".removeimage").live("click", function () { var $el = $(this).parent(".album"); var txt = $el.find("a").text(); $.ajax({ url: "albums/" + encodeURIComponent(txt), type: "Delete", success: function (result) { $el.fadeOut().remove(); }, error: jqError }); }   Note the use of the DELETE verb in the $.ajax() call, which routes to DeleteAlbum on the server. DELETE is a non-content operation, so you supply a resource ID (the title) via route value or the querystring. Routing Conflicts In all requests with the exception of the AlbumArt image example shown so far, I used HTTP Verb routing that I set up in Listing 1. HTTP Verb Routing is a recommendation that is in line with typical REST access to HTTP resources. However, it takes quite a bit of effort to create REST-compliant API implementations based only on HTTP Verb routing only. You saw one example that didn’t really fit – the return of an image where I created a custom route albums/{title}/image that required creation of a second controller and a custom route to work. HTTP Verb routing to a controller does not mix with custom or action routing to the same controller because of the limited mapping of HTTP verbs imposed by HTTP Verb routing. To understand some of the problems with verb routing, let’s look at another example. Let’s say you create a GetSortableAlbums() method like this and add it to the original AlbumApiController accessed via HTTP Verb routing:[HttpGet] public IQueryable<Album> SortableAlbums() { var albums = AlbumData.Current; // generally should be done only on actual queryable results (EF etc.) // Done here because we're running with a static list but otherwise might be slow return albums.AsQueryable(); } If you compile this code and try to now access the /albums/ link, you get an error: Multiple Actions were found that match the request. HTTP Verb routing only allows access to one GET operation per parameter/route value match. If more than one method exists with the same parameter signature, it doesn’t work. As I mentioned earlier for the image display, the only solution to get this method to work is to throw it into another controller. Because I already set up the AlbumRpcApiController I can add the method there. First, I should rename the method to SortableAlbums() so I’m not using a Get prefix for the method. This also makes the action parameter look cleaner in the URL - it looks less like a method and more like a noun. I can then create a new route that handles direct-action mapping:RouteTable.Routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "AlbumRpcApiAction", routeTemplate: "albums/rpc/{action}/{title}", defaults: new { title = RouteParameter.Optional, controller = "AlbumRpcApi", action = "GetAblums" } ); As I am explicitly adding a route segment – rpc – into the route template, I can now reference explicit methods in the Web API controller using URLs like this: http://localhost/AspNetWebApi/rpc/SortableAlbums Error Handling I’ve already done some minimal error handling in the examples. For example in Listing 6, I detected some known-error scenarios like model validation failing or a resource not being found and returning an appropriate HttpResponseMessage result. But what happens if your code just blows up or causes an exception? If you have a controller method, like this:[HttpGet] public void ThrowException() { throw new UnauthorizedAccessException("Unauthorized Access Sucka"); } You can call it with this: http://localhost/AspNetWebApi/albums/rpc/ThrowException The default exception handling displays a 500-status response with the serialized exception on the local computer only. When you connect from a remote computer, Web API throws back a 500  HTTP Error with no data returned (IIS then adds its HTML error page). The behavior is configurable in the GlobalConfiguration:GlobalConfiguration .Configuration .IncludeErrorDetailPolicy = IncludeErrorDetailPolicy.Never; If you want more control over your error responses sent from code, you can throw explicit error responses yourself using HttpResponseException. When you throw an HttpResponseException the response parameter is used to generate the output for the Controller action. [HttpGet] public void ThrowError() { var resp = Request.CreateResponse<ApiMessageError>( HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, new ApiMessageError("Your code stinks!")); throw new HttpResponseException(resp); } Throwing an HttpResponseException stops the processing of the controller method and immediately returns the response you passed to the exception. Unlike other Exceptions fired inside of WebAPI, HttpResponseException bypasses the Exception Filters installed and instead just outputs the response you provide. In this case, the serialized ApiMessageError result string is returned in the default serialization format – XML or JSON. You can pass any content to HttpResponseMessage, which includes creating your own exception objects and consistently returning error messages to the client. Here’s a small helper method on the controller that you might use to send exception info back to the client consistently:private void ThrowSafeException(string message, HttpStatusCode statusCode = HttpStatusCode.BadRequest) { var errResponse = Request.CreateResponse<ApiMessageError>(statusCode, new ApiMessageError() { message = message }); throw new HttpResponseException(errResponse); } You can then use it to output any captured errors from code:[HttpGet] public void ThrowErrorSafe() { try { List<string> list = null; list.Add("Rick"); } catch (Exception ex) { ThrowSafeException(ex.Message); } }   Exception Filters Another more global solution is to create an Exception Filter. Filters in Web API provide the ability to pre- and post-process controller method operations. An exception filter looks at all exceptions fired and then optionally creates an HttpResponseMessage result. Listing 8 shows an example of a basic Exception filter implementation.public class UnhandledExceptionFilter : ExceptionFilterAttribute { public override void OnException(HttpActionExecutedContext context) { HttpStatusCode status = HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError; var exType = context.Exception.GetType(); if (exType == typeof(UnauthorizedAccessException)) status = HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized; else if (exType == typeof(ArgumentException)) status = HttpStatusCode.NotFound; var apiError = new ApiMessageError() { message = context.Exception.Message }; // create a new response and attach our ApiError object // which now gets returned on ANY exception result var errorResponse = context.Request.CreateResponse<ApiMessageError>(status, apiError); context.Response = errorResponse; base.OnException(context); } } Exception Filter Attributes can be assigned to an ApiController class like this:[UnhandledExceptionFilter] public class AlbumRpcApiController : ApiController or you can globally assign it to all controllers by adding it to the HTTP Configuration's Filters collection:GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Filters.Add(new UnhandledExceptionFilter()); The latter is a great way to get global error trapping so that all errors (short of hard IIS errors and explicit HttpResponseException errors) return a valid error response that includes error information in the form of a known-error object. Using a filter like this allows you to throw an exception as you normally would and have your filter create a response in the appropriate output format that the client expects. For example, an AJAX application can on failure expect to see a JSON error result that corresponds to the real error that occurred rather than a 500 error along with HTML error page that IIS throws up. You can even create some custom exceptions so you can differentiate your own exceptions from unhandled system exceptions - you often don't want to display error information from 'unknown' exceptions as they may contain sensitive system information or info that's not generally useful to users of your application/site. This is just one example of how ASP.NET Web API is configurable and extensible. Exception filters are just one example of how you can plug-in into the Web API request flow to modify output. Many more hooks exist and I’ll take a closer look at extensibility in Part 2 of this article in the future. Summary Web API is a big improvement over previous Microsoft REST and AJAX toolkits. The key features to its usefulness are its ease of use with simple controller based logic, familiar MVC-style routing, low configuration impact, extensibility at all levels and tight attention to exposing and making HTTP semantics easily discoverable and easy to use. Although none of the concepts used in Web API are new or radical, Web API combines the best of previous platforms into a single framework that’s highly functional, easy to work with, and extensible to boot. I think that Microsoft has hit a home run with Web API. Related Resources Where does ASP.NET Web API fit? Sample Source Code on GitHub Passing multiple POST parameters to Web API Controller Methods Mapping UrlEncoded POST Values in ASP.NET Web API Creating a JSONP Formatter for ASP.NET Web API Removing the XML Formatter from ASP.NET Web API Applications© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2012Posted in Web Api   Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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  • Active Directory and Apple's Workgroup Manager

    - by qbn
    I thought I'd share my experiences here. I work for a small business with only ~20 users. I wanted the ability to use managed client preferences to assign things like the software update server. Basically the ability to manage my Macs easily and in a native way. At first I tried the magic triangle solution, but I found this to be very complicated. Not only does it require a Mac OS X Server, but it gives you two points of failure. Additionally each Mac workstation must be bound to both servers. Eventually I sucked it up and went with the schema changes documented here. I was hesitant at first, because the instructions require a lot of manual work. However it was fairly basic and only took me about an hour and a half. Below you'll find the schema changes file that was a result of my work. I followed the instructions exactly and double checked everything, after six months of having this in place things have been running great. Too good to not share. I hope I save someone a couple of hours. # ================================================================== # # This file should be imported with the following command: # ldifde -i -u -f Apple AD Schema Changes.ldf -s server:port -b username domain password -j . -c "cn=Configuration,dc=X" #configurationNamingContext # LDIFDE.EXE from AD/AM V1.0 or above must be used. # This LDIF file should be imported into AD or AD/AM. It may not work for other directories. # # ================================================================== # ================================================================== # Attributes # ================================================================== # Attribute: apple-category dn: cn=apple-category,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.10.4 ldapDisplayName: apple-category attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: Category for the computer or neighborhood oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-computeralias dn: cn=apple-computeralias,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.20.3 ldapDisplayName: apple-computeralias attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: XML plist referring to a computer record oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-computer-list-groups dn: cn=apple-computer-list-groups,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.11.4 ldapDisplayName: apple-computer-list-groups attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: groups oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-computers dn: cn=apple-computers,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.11.3 ldapDisplayName: apple-computers attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: computers oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-data-stamp dn: cn=apple-data-stamp,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.12.2 ldapDisplayName: apple-data-stamp attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: data stamp oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-dns-domain dn: cn=apple-dns-domain,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.18.1 ldapDisplayName: apple-dns-domain attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: DNS domain oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-dnsname dn: cn=apple-dnsname,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.4 ldapDisplayName: apple-dnsname attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: DNS name oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-dns-nameserver dn: cn=apple-dns-nameserver,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.18.2 ldapDisplayName: apple-dns-nameserver attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: DNS name server list oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-group-homeowner dn: cn=apple-group-homeowner,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.14.2 ldapDisplayName: apple-group-homeowner attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: group home owner settings oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-group-homeurl dn: cn=apple-group-homeurl,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.14.1 ldapDisplayName: apple-group-homeurl attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: group home url oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-imhandle dn: cn=apple-imhandle,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.21 ldapDisplayName: apple-imhandle attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: IM handle (service:account name) oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-keyword dn: cn=apple-keyword,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.19 ldapDisplayName: apple-keyword attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: keywords oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-mcxflags dn: cn=apple-mcxflags,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.10 ldapDisplayName: apple-mcxflags attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: mcx flags oMSyntax: 64 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-mcxsettings dn: cn=apple-mcxsettings,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.16 ldapDisplayName: apple-mcxsettings attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: mcx settings oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-neighborhoodalias dn: cn=apple-neighborhoodalias,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.20.2 ldapDisplayName: apple-neighborhoodalias attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: XML plist referring to another neighborhood record oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-networkview dn: cn=apple-networkview,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.10.3 ldapDisplayName: apple-networkview attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: Network view for the computer oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-nodepathxml dn: cn=apple-nodepathxml,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.20.1 ldapDisplayName: apple-nodepathxml attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: XML plist of directory node path oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-service-location dn: cn=apple-service-location,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.5 ldapDisplayName: apple-service-location attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: Service location oMSyntax: 64 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-service-port dn: cn=apple-service-port,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.3 ldapDisplayName: apple-service-port attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.9 adminDescription: Service port number oMSyntax: 2 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-service-type dn: cn=apple-service-type,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.1 ldapDisplayName: apple-service-type attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: type of service oMSyntax: 22 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-service-url dn: cn=apple-service-url,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.2 ldapDisplayName: apple-service-url attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: URL of service oMSyntax: 22 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-user-authenticationhint dn: cn=apple-user-authenticationhint,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.15 ldapDisplayName: apple-user-authenticationhint attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: password hint oMSyntax: 64 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-user-class dn: cn=apple-user-class,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.7 ldapDisplayName: apple-user-class attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: user class oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-user-homequota dn: cn=apple-user-homequota,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.8 ldapDisplayName: apple-user-homequota attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: home directory quota oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-user-homesoftquota dn: cn=apple-user-homesoftquota,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.17 ldapDisplayName: apple-user-homesoftquota attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: home directory soft quota oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-user-homeurl dn: cn=apple-user-homeurl,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.6 ldapDisplayName: apple-user-homeurl attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: home directory URL oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-user-mailattribute dn: cn=apple-user-mailattribute,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.9 ldapDisplayName: apple-user-mailattribute attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: mail attribute oMSyntax: 64 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-user-picture dn: cn=apple-user-picture,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.12 ldapDisplayName: apple-user-picture attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: picture oMSyntax: 64 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-user-printattribute dn: cn=apple-user-printattribute,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.13 ldapDisplayName: apple-user-printattribute attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: print attribute oMSyntax: 64 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-webloguri dn: cn=apple-webloguri,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.22 ldapDisplayName: apple-webloguri attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: Weblog URI oMSyntax: 64 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: apple-xmlplist dn: cn=apple-xmlplist,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.17.1 ldapDisplayName: apple-xmlplist attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: XML plist data oMSyntax: 64 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: ipHostNumber dn: cn=ipHostNumber,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.1.1.1.19 ldapDisplayName: ipHostNumber attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: IP address oMSyntax: 22 systemOnly: FALSE rangeUpper: 128 # Attribute: macAddress dn: cn=macAddress,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.1.1.1.22 ldapDisplayName: macAddress attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: MAC address oMSyntax: 22 systemOnly: FALSE rangeUpper: 128 # Attribute: mountDirectory dn: cn=apple-mountDirectory,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.1 ldapDisplayName: mountDirectory attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.12 adminDescription: mount path oMSyntax: 64 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: mountDumpFrequency dn: cn=apple-mountDumpFrequency,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.4 ldapDisplayName: mountDumpFrequency attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: mount dump frequency oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: mountOption dn: cn=apple-mountOption,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.3 ldapDisplayName: mountOption attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: mount options oMSyntax: 22 systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: mountPassNo dn: cn=apple-mountPassNo,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.5 ldapDisplayName: mountPassNo attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: mount passno oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: mountType dn: cn=apple-mountType,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.2 ldapDisplayName: mountType attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.5 adminDescription: mount VFS type oMSyntax: 22 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE # Attribute: ttl dn: cn=ttl,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: attributeSchema attributeId: 1.3.6.1.4.1.250.1.60 ldapDisplayName: ttl attributeSyntax: 2.5.5.9 oMSyntax: 2 isSingleValued: TRUE systemOnly: FALSE dn: changetype: modify add: schemaUpdateNow schemaUpdateNow: 1 - # ================================================================== # Classes # ================================================================== # Class: apple-computer dn: cn=apple-computer,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.10 ldapDisplayName: apple-computer adminDescription: computer objectClassCategory: 3 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: apple-category mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.10.4 # mayContain: apple-computer-list-groups mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.11.4 # mayContain: apple-keyword mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.19 # mayContain: apple-mcxflags mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.10 # mayContain: apple-mcxsettings mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.16 # mayContain: apple-networkview mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.10.3 # mayContain: apple-service-url mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.2 # mayContain: apple-xmlplist mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.17.1 # mayContain: macAddress mayContain: 1.3.6.1.1.1.1.22 # mayContain: ttl mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.250.1.60 # Class: apple-computer-list dn: cn=apple-computer-list,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.11 ldapDisplayName: apple-computer-list adminDescription: computer list objectClassCategory: 1 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: apple-computer-list-groups mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.11.4 # mayContain: apple-computers mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.11.3 # mayContain: apple-keyword mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.19 # mayContain: apple-mcxflags mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.10 # mayContain: apple-mcxsettings mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.16 possSuperiors: organizationalUnit possSuperiors: container # Class: apple-configuration dn: cn=apple-configuration,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.12 ldapDisplayName: apple-configuration adminDescription: configuration objectClassCategory: 3 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: apple-data-stamp mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.12.2 # mayContain: apple-keyword mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.19 # mayContain: apple-xmlplist mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.17.1 # mayContain: ttl mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.250.1.60 possSuperiors: organizationalUnit possSuperiors: container # Class: apple-group dn: cn=apple-group,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.14 ldapDisplayName: apple-group adminDescription: group account objectClassCategory: 3 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: apple-group-homeowner mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.14.2 # mayContain: apple-group-homeurl mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.14.1 # mayContain: apple-keyword mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.19 # mayContain: apple-mcxflags mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.10 # mayContain: apple-mcxsettings mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.16 # mayContain: apple-user-picture mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.12 # mayContain: ttl mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.250.1.60 # Class: apple-location dn: cn=apple-location,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.18 ldapDisplayName: apple-location objectClassCategory: 1 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: apple-dns-domain mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.18.1 # mayContain: apple-dns-nameserver mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.18.2 possSuperiors: organizationalUnit possSuperiors: container # Class: apple-neighborhood dn: cn=apple-neighborhood,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.20 ldapDisplayName: apple-neighborhood objectClassCategory: 1 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: apple-category mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.10.4 # mayContain: apple-computeralias mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.20.3 # mayContain: apple-keyword mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.19 # mayContain: apple-neighborhoodalias mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.20.2 # mayContain: apple-nodepathxml mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.20.1 # mayContain: apple-xmlplist mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.17.1 # mayContain: ttl mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.250.1.60 possSuperiors: 2.5.6.5 possSuperiors: container # Class: apple-serverassistant-config dn: cn=apple-serverassistant-config,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.17 ldapDisplayName: apple-serverassistant-config objectClassCategory: 1 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: apple-xmlplist mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.17.1 possSuperiors: organizationalUnit possSuperiors: container # Class: apple-service dn: cn=apple-service,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.19 ldapDisplayName: apple-service objectClassCategory: 1 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mustContain: apple-service-type mustContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.1 # mayContain: apple-dnsname mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.4 # mayContain: apple-keyword mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.19 # mayContain: apple-service-location mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.5 # mayContain: apple-service-port mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.3 # mayContain: apple-service-url mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.19.2 # mayContain: ipHostNumber mayContain: 1.3.6.1.1.1.1.19 possSuperiors: organizationalUnit possSuperiors: container # Class: apple-user dn: cn=apple-user,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.1 ldapDisplayName: apple-user adminDescription: apple user account objectClassCategory: 3 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: apple-imhandle mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.21 # mayContain: apple-keyword mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.19 # mayContain: apple-mcxflags mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.10 # mayContain: apple-mcxsettings mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.16 # mayContain: apple-user-authenticationhint mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.15 # mayContain: apple-user-class mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.7 # mayContain: apple-user-homequota mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.8 # mayContain: apple-user-homesoftquota mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.17 # mayContain: apple-user-homeurl mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.6 # mayContain: apple-user-mailattribute mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.9 # mayContain: apple-user-picture mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.12 # mayContain: apple-user-printattribute mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.13 # mayContain: apple-webloguri mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.22 # Class: mount dn: cn=apple-mount,cn=Schema,cn=Configuration,dc=X changetype: ntdsschemaadd objectClass: classSchema governsID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.2.8 ldapDisplayName: mount objectClassCategory: 1 # subclassOf: top subclassOf: 2.5.6.0 # rdnAttId: cn rdnAttId: 2.5.4.3 # mayContain: mountDirectory mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.1 # mayContain: mountDumpFrequency mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.4 # mayContain: mountOption mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.3 # mayContain: mountPassNo mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.5 # mayContain: mountType mayContain: 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.8.2 possSuperiors: 2.5.6.5 possSuperiors: container dn: changetype: modify add: schemaUpdateNow schemaUpdateNow: 1 - # ================================================================== # Updating present elements # ================================================================== # Add the new class to the user object dn: CN=User,CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=X changetype: modify add: auxiliaryClass auxiliaryClass: apple-user - # Add the new class to the computer object dn: CN=Computer,CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=X changetype: modify add: auxiliaryClass auxiliaryClass: apple-computer - # Add the new class to the group object dn: CN=Group,CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=X changetype: modify add: auxiliaryClass auxiliaryClass: apple-group - # Add the new class to the configuration object dn: CN=Configuration,CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=X changetype: modify add: auxiliaryClass auxiliaryClass: apple-configuration -

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  • The Incremental Architect&rsquo;s Napkin - #5 - Design functions for extensibility and readability

    - by Ralf Westphal
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/theArchitectsNapkin/archive/2014/08/24/the-incremental-architectrsquos-napkin---5---design-functions-for.aspx The functionality of programs is entered via Entry Points. So what we´re talking about when designing software is a bunch of functions handling the requests represented by and flowing in through those Entry Points. Designing software thus consists of at least three phases: Analyzing the requirements to find the Entry Points and their signatures Designing the functionality to be executed when those Entry Points get triggered Implementing the functionality according to the design aka coding I presume, you´re familiar with phase 1 in some way. And I guess you´re proficient in implementing functionality in some programming language. But in my experience developers in general are not experienced in going through an explicit phase 2. “Designing functionality? What´s that supposed to mean?” you might already have thought. Here´s my definition: To design functionality (or functional design for short) means thinking about… well, functions. You find a solution for what´s supposed to happen when an Entry Point gets triggered in terms of functions. A conceptual solution that is, because those functions only exist in your head (or on paper) during this phase. But you may have guess that, because it´s “design” not “coding”. And here is, what functional design is not: It´s not about logic. Logic is expressions (e.g. +, -, && etc.) and control statements (e.g. if, switch, for, while etc.). Also I consider calling external APIs as logic. It´s equally basic. It´s what code needs to do in order to deliver some functionality or quality. Logic is what´s doing that needs to be done by software. Transformations are either done through expressions or API-calls. And then there is alternative control flow depending on the result of some expression. Basically it´s just jumps in Assembler, sometimes to go forward (if, switch), sometimes to go backward (for, while, do). But calling your own function is not logic. It´s not necessary to produce any outcome. Functionality is not enhanced by adding functions (subroutine calls) to your code. Nor is quality increased by adding functions. No performance gain, no higher scalability etc. through functions. Functions are not relevant to functionality. Strange, isn´t it. What they are important for is security of investment. By introducing functions into our code we can become more productive (re-use) and can increase evolvability (higher unterstandability, easier to keep code consistent). That´s no small feat, however. Evolvable code can hardly be overestimated. That´s why to me functional design is so important. It´s at the core of software development. To sum this up: Functional design is on a level of abstraction above (!) logical design or algorithmic design. Functional design is only done until you get to a point where each function is so simple you are very confident you can easily code it. Functional design an logical design (which mostly is coding, but can also be done using pseudo code or flow charts) are complementary. Software needs both. If you start coding right away you end up in a tangled mess very quickly. Then you need back out through refactoring. Functional design on the other hand is bloodless without actual code. It´s just a theory with no experiments to prove it. But how to do functional design? An example of functional design Let´s assume a program to de-duplicate strings. The user enters a number of strings separated by commas, e.g. a, b, a, c, d, b, e, c, a. And the program is supposed to clear this list of all doubles, e.g. a, b, c, d, e. There is only one Entry Point to this program: the user triggers the de-duplication by starting the program with the string list on the command line C:\>deduplicate "a, b, a, c, d, b, e, c, a" a, b, c, d, e …or by clicking on a GUI button. This leads to the Entry Point function to get called. It´s the program´s main function in case of the batch version or a button click event handler in the GUI version. That´s the physical Entry Point so to speak. It´s inevitable. What then happens is a three step process: Transform the input data from the user into a request. Call the request handler. Transform the output of the request handler into a tangible result for the user. Or to phrase it a bit more generally: Accept input. Transform input into output. Present output. This does not mean any of these steps requires a lot of effort. Maybe it´s just one line of code to accomplish it. Nevertheless it´s a distinct step in doing the processing behind an Entry Point. Call it an aspect or a responsibility - and you will realize it most likely deserves a function of its own to satisfy the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP). Interestingly the above list of steps is already functional design. There is no logic, but nevertheless the solution is described - albeit on a higher level of abstraction than you might have done yourself. But it´s still on a meta-level. The application to the domain at hand is easy, though: Accept string list from command line De-duplicate Present de-duplicated strings on standard output And this concrete list of processing steps can easily be transformed into code:static void Main(string[] args) { var input = Accept_string_list(args); var output = Deduplicate(input); Present_deduplicated_string_list(output); } Instead of a big problem there are three much smaller problems now. If you think each of those is trivial to implement, then go for it. You can stop the functional design at this point. But maybe, just maybe, you´re not so sure how to go about with the de-duplication for example. Then just implement what´s easy right now, e.g.private static string Accept_string_list(string[] args) { return args[0]; } private static void Present_deduplicated_string_list( string[] output) { var line = string.Join(", ", output); Console.WriteLine(line); } Accept_string_list() contains logic in the form of an API-call. Present_deduplicated_string_list() contains logic in the form of an expression and an API-call. And then repeat the functional design for the remaining processing step. What´s left is the domain logic: de-duplicating a list of strings. How should that be done? Without any logic at our disposal during functional design you´re left with just functions. So which functions could make up the de-duplication? Here´s a suggestion: De-duplicate Parse the input string into a true list of strings. Register each string in a dictionary/map/set. That way duplicates get cast away. Transform the data structure into a list of unique strings. Processing step 2 obviously was the core of the solution. That´s where real creativity was needed. That´s the core of the domain. But now after this refinement the implementation of each step is easy again:private static string[] Parse_string_list(string input) { return input.Split(',') .Select(s => s.Trim()) .ToArray(); } private static Dictionary<string,object> Compile_unique_strings(string[] strings) { return strings.Aggregate( new Dictionary<string, object>(), (agg, s) => { agg[s] = null; return agg; }); } private static string[] Serialize_unique_strings( Dictionary<string,object> dict) { return dict.Keys.ToArray(); } With these three additional functions Main() now looks like this:static void Main(string[] args) { var input = Accept_string_list(args); var strings = Parse_string_list(input); var dict = Compile_unique_strings(strings); var output = Serialize_unique_strings(dict); Present_deduplicated_string_list(output); } I think that´s very understandable code: just read it from top to bottom and you know how the solution to the problem works. It´s a mirror image of the initial design: Accept string list from command line Parse the input string into a true list of strings. Register each string in a dictionary/map/set. That way duplicates get cast away. Transform the data structure into a list of unique strings. Present de-duplicated strings on standard output You can even re-generate the design by just looking at the code. Code and functional design thus are always in sync - if you follow some simple rules. But about that later. And as a bonus: all the functions making up the process are small - which means easy to understand, too. So much for an initial concrete example. Now it´s time for some theory. Because there is method to this madness ;-) The above has only scratched the surface. Introducing Flow Design Functional design starts with a given function, the Entry Point. Its goal is to describe the behavior of the program when the Entry Point is triggered using a process, not an algorithm. An algorithm consists of logic, a process on the other hand consists just of steps or stages. Each processing step transforms input into output or a side effect. Also it might access resources, e.g. a printer, a database, or just memory. Processing steps thus can rely on state of some sort. This is different from Functional Programming, where functions are supposed to not be stateful and not cause side effects.[1] In its simplest form a process can be written as a bullet point list of steps, e.g. Get data from user Output result to user Transform data Parse data Map result for output Such a compilation of steps - possibly on different levels of abstraction - often is the first artifact of functional design. It can be generated by a team in an initial design brainstorming. Next comes ordering the steps. What should happen first, what next etc.? Get data from user Parse data Transform data Map result for output Output result to user That´s great for a start into functional design. It´s better than starting to code right away on a given function using TDD. Please get me right: TDD is a valuable practice. But it can be unnecessarily hard if the scope of a functionn is too large. But how do you know beforehand without investing some thinking? And how to do this thinking in a systematic fashion? My recommendation: For any given function you´re supposed to implement first do a functional design. Then, once you´re confident you know the processing steps - which are pretty small - refine and code them using TDD. You´ll see that´s much, much easier - and leads to cleaner code right away. For more information on this approach I call “Informed TDD” read my book of the same title. Thinking before coding is smart. And writing down the solution as a bunch of functions possibly is the simplest thing you can do, I´d say. It´s more according to the KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) principle than returning constants or other trivial stuff TDD development often is started with. So far so good. A simple ordered list of processing steps will do to start with functional design. As shown in the above example such steps can easily be translated into functions. Moving from design to coding thus is simple. However, such a list does not scale. Processing is not always that simple to be captured in a list. And then the list is just text. Again. Like code. That means the design is lacking visuality. Textual representations need more parsing by your brain than visual representations. Plus they are limited in their “dimensionality”: text just has one dimension, it´s sequential. Alternatives and parallelism are hard to encode in text. In addition the functional design using numbered lists lacks data. It´s not visible what´s the input, output, and state of the processing steps. That´s why functional design should be done using a lightweight visual notation. No tool is necessary to draw such designs. Use pen and paper; a flipchart, a whiteboard, or even a napkin is sufficient. Visualizing processes The building block of the functional design notation is a functional unit. I mostly draw it like this: Something is done, it´s clear what goes in, it´s clear what comes out, and it´s clear what the processing step requires in terms of state or hardware. Whenever input flows into a functional unit it gets processed and output is produced and/or a side effect occurs. Flowing data is the driver of something happening. That´s why I call this approach to functional design Flow Design. It´s about data flow instead of control flow. Control flow like in algorithms is of no concern to functional design. Thinking about control flow simply is too low level. Once you start with control flow you easily get bogged down by tons of details. That´s what you want to avoid during design. Design is supposed to be quick, broad brush, abstract. It should give overview. But what about all the details? As Robert C. Martin rightly said: “Programming is abot detail”. Detail is a matter of code. Once you start coding the processing steps you designed you can worry about all the detail you want. Functional design does not eliminate all the nitty gritty. It just postpones tackling them. To me that´s also an example of the SRP. Function design has the responsibility to come up with a solution to a problem posed by a single function (Entry Point). And later coding has the responsibility to implement the solution down to the last detail (i.e. statement, API-call). TDD unfortunately mixes both responsibilities. It´s just coding - and thereby trying to find detailed implementations (green phase) plus getting the design right (refactoring). To me that´s one reason why TDD has failed to deliver on its promise for many developers. Using functional units as building blocks of functional design processes can be depicted very easily. Here´s the initial process for the example problem: For each processing step draw a functional unit and label it. Choose a verb or an “action phrase” as a label, not a noun. Functional design is about activities, not state or structure. Then make the output of an upstream step the input of a downstream step. Finally think about the data that should flow between the functional units. Write the data above the arrows connecting the functional units in the direction of the data flow. Enclose the data description in brackets. That way you can clearly see if all flows have already been specified. Empty brackets mean “no data is flowing”, but nevertheless a signal is sent. A name like “list” or “strings” in brackets describes the data content. Use lower case labels for that purpose. A name starting with an upper case letter like “String” or “Customer” on the other hand signifies a data type. If you like, you also can combine descriptions with data types by separating them with a colon, e.g. (list:string) or (strings:string[]). But these are just suggestions from my practice with Flow Design. You can do it differently, if you like. Just be sure to be consistent. Flows wired-up in this manner I call one-dimensional (1D). Each functional unit just has one input and/or one output. A functional unit without an output is possible. It´s like a black hole sucking up input without producing any output. Instead it produces side effects. A functional unit without an input, though, does make much sense. When should it start to work? What´s the trigger? That´s why in the above process even the first processing step has an input. If you like, view such 1D-flows as pipelines. Data is flowing through them from left to right. But as you can see, it´s not always the same data. It get´s transformed along its passage: (args) becomes a (list) which is turned into (strings). The Principle of Mutual Oblivion A very characteristic trait of flows put together from function units is: no functional units knows another one. They are all completely independent of each other. Functional units don´t know where their input is coming from (or even when it´s gonna arrive). They just specify a range of values they can process. And they promise a certain behavior upon input arriving. Also they don´t know where their output is going. They just produce it in their own time independent of other functional units. That means at least conceptually all functional units work in parallel. Functional units don´t know their “deployment context”. They now nothing about the overall flow they are place in. They are just consuming input from some upstream, and producing output for some downstream. That makes functional units very easy to test. At least as long as they don´t depend on state or resources. I call this the Principle of Mutual Oblivion (PoMO). Functional units are oblivious of others as well as an overall context/purpose. They are just parts of a whole focused on a single responsibility. How the whole is built, how a larger goal is achieved, is of no concern to the single functional units. By building software in such a manner, functional design interestingly follows nature. Nature´s building blocks for organisms also follow the PoMO. The cells forming your body do not know each other. Take a nerve cell “controlling” a muscle cell for example:[2] The nerve cell does not know anything about muscle cells, let alone the specific muscel cell it is “attached to”. Likewise the muscle cell does not know anything about nerve cells, let a lone a specific nerve cell “attached to” it. Saying “the nerve cell is controlling the muscle cell” thus only makes sense when viewing both from the outside. “Control” is a concept of the whole, not of its parts. Control is created by wiring-up parts in a certain way. Both cells are mutually oblivious. Both just follow a contract. One produces Acetylcholine (ACh) as output, the other consumes ACh as input. Where the ACh is going, where it´s coming from neither cell cares about. Million years of evolution have led to this kind of division of labor. And million years of evolution have produced organism designs (DNA) which lead to the production of these different cell types (and many others) and also to their co-location. The result: the overall behavior of an organism. How and why this happened in nature is a mystery. For our software, though, it´s clear: functional and quality requirements needs to be fulfilled. So we as developers have to become “intelligent designers” of “software cells” which we put together to form a “software organism” which responds in satisfying ways to triggers from it´s environment. My bet is: If nature gets complex organisms working by following the PoMO, who are we to not apply this recipe for success to our much simpler “machines”? So my rule is: Wherever there is functionality to be delivered, because there is a clear Entry Point into software, design the functionality like nature would do it. Build it from mutually oblivious functional units. That´s what Flow Design is about. In that way it´s even universal, I´d say. Its notation can also be applied to biology: Never mind labeling the functional units with nouns. That´s ok in Flow Design. You´ll do that occassionally for functional units on a higher level of abstraction or when their purpose is close to hardware. Getting a cockroach to roam your bedroom takes 1,000,000 nerve cells (neurons). Getting the de-duplication program to do its job just takes 5 “software cells” (functional units). Both, though, follow the same basic principle. Translating functional units into code Moving from functional design to code is no rocket science. In fact it´s straightforward. There are two simple rules: Translate an input port to a function. Translate an output port either to a return statement in that function or to a function pointer visible to that function. The simplest translation of a functional unit is a function. That´s what you saw in the above example. Functions are mutually oblivious. That why Functional Programming likes them so much. It makes them composable. Which is the reason, nature works according to the PoMO. Let´s be clear about one thing: There is no dependency injection in nature. For all of an organism´s complexity no DI container is used. Behavior is the result of smooth cooperation between mutually oblivious building blocks. Functions will often be the adequate translation for the functional units in your designs. But not always. Take for example the case, where a processing step should not always produce an output. Maybe the purpose is to filter input. Here the functional unit consumes words and produces words. But it does not pass along every word flowing in. Some words are swallowed. Think of a spell checker. It probably should not check acronyms for correctness. There are too many of them. Or words with no more than two letters. Such words are called “stop words”. In the above picture the optionality of the output is signified by the astrisk outside the brackets. It means: Any number of (word) data items can flow from the functional unit for each input data item. It might be none or one or even more. This I call a stream of data. Such behavior cannot be translated into a function where output is generated with return. Because a function always needs to return a value. So the output port is translated into a function pointer or continuation which gets passed to the subroutine when called:[3]void filter_stop_words( string word, Action<string> onNoStopWord) { if (...check if not a stop word...) onNoStopWord(word); } If you want to be nitpicky you might call such a function pointer parameter an injection. And technically you´re right. Conceptually, though, it´s not an injection. Because the subroutine is not functionally dependent on the continuation. Firstly continuations are procedures, i.e. subroutines without a return type. Remember: Flow Design is about unidirectional data flow. Secondly the name of the formal parameter is chosen in a way as to not assume anything about downstream processing steps. onNoStopWord describes a situation (or event) within the functional unit only. Translating output ports into function pointers helps keeping functional units mutually oblivious in cases where output is optional or produced asynchronically. Either pass the function pointer to the function upon call. Or make it global by putting it on the encompassing class. Then it´s called an event. In C# that´s even an explicit feature.class Filter { public void filter_stop_words( string word) { if (...check if not a stop word...) onNoStopWord(word); } public event Action<string> onNoStopWord; } When to use a continuation and when to use an event dependens on how a functional unit is used in flows and how it´s packed together with others into classes. You´ll see examples further down the Flow Design road. Another example of 1D functional design Let´s see Flow Design once more in action using the visual notation. How about the famous word wrap kata? Robert C. Martin has posted a much cited solution including an extensive reasoning behind his TDD approach. So maybe you want to compare it to Flow Design. The function signature given is:string WordWrap(string text, int maxLineLength) {...} That´s not an Entry Point since we don´t see an application with an environment and users. Nevertheless it´s a function which is supposed to provide a certain functionality. The text passed in has to be reformatted. The input is a single line of arbitrary length consisting of words separated by spaces. The output should consist of one or more lines of a maximum length specified. If a word is longer than a the maximum line length it can be split in multiple parts each fitting in a line. Flow Design Let´s start by brainstorming the process to accomplish the feat of reformatting the text. What´s needed? Words need to be assembled into lines Words need to be extracted from the input text The resulting lines need to be assembled into the output text Words too long to fit in a line need to be split Does sound about right? I guess so. And it shows a kind of priority. Long words are a special case. So maybe there is a hint for an incremental design here. First let´s tackle “average words” (words not longer than a line). Here´s the Flow Design for this increment: The the first three bullet points turned into functional units with explicit data added. As the signature requires a text is transformed into another text. See the input of the first functional unit and the output of the last functional unit. In between no text flows, but words and lines. That´s good to see because thereby the domain is clearly represented in the design. The requirements are talking about words and lines and here they are. But note the asterisk! It´s not outside the brackets but inside. That means it´s not a stream of words or lines, but lists or sequences. For each text a sequence of words is output. For each sequence of words a sequence of lines is produced. The asterisk is used to abstract from the concrete implementation. Like with streams. Whether the list of words gets implemented as an array or an IEnumerable is not important during design. It´s an implementation detail. Does any processing step require further refinement? I don´t think so. They all look pretty “atomic” to me. And if not… I can always backtrack and refine a process step using functional design later once I´ve gained more insight into a sub-problem. Implementation The implementation is straightforward as you can imagine. The processing steps can all be translated into functions. Each can be tested easily and separately. Each has a focused responsibility. And the process flow becomes just a sequence of function calls: Easy to understand. It clearly states how word wrapping works - on a high level of abstraction. And it´s easy to evolve as you´ll see. Flow Design - Increment 2 So far only texts consisting of “average words” are wrapped correctly. Words not fitting in a line will result in lines too long. Wrapping long words is a feature of the requested functionality. Whether it´s there or not makes a difference to the user. To quickly get feedback I decided to first implement a solution without this feature. But now it´s time to add it to deliver the full scope. Fortunately Flow Design automatically leads to code following the Open Closed Principle (OCP). It´s easy to extend it - instead of changing well tested code. How´s that possible? Flow Design allows for extension of functionality by inserting functional units into the flow. That way existing functional units need not be changed. The data flow arrow between functional units is a natural extension point. No need to resort to the Strategy Pattern. No need to think ahead where extions might need to be made in the future. I just “phase in” the remaining processing step: Since neither Extract words nor Reformat know of their environment neither needs to be touched due to the “detour”. The new processing step accepts the output of the existing upstream step and produces data compatible with the existing downstream step. Implementation - Increment 2 A trivial implementation checking the assumption if this works does not do anything to split long words. The input is just passed on: Note how clean WordWrap() stays. The solution is easy to understand. A developer looking at this code sometime in the future, when a new feature needs to be build in, quickly sees how long words are dealt with. Compare this to Robert C. Martin´s solution:[4] How does this solution handle long words? Long words are not even part of the domain language present in the code. At least I need considerable time to understand the approach. Admittedly the Flow Design solution with the full implementation of long word splitting is longer than Robert C. Martin´s. At least it seems. Because his solution does not cover all the “word wrap situations” the Flow Design solution handles. Some lines would need to be added to be on par, I guess. But even then… Is a difference in LOC that important as long as it´s in the same ball park? I value understandability and openness for extension higher than saving on the last line of code. Simplicity is not just less code, it´s also clarity in design. But don´t take my word for it. Try Flow Design on larger problems and compare for yourself. What´s the easier, more straightforward way to clean code? And keep in mind: You ain´t seen all yet ;-) There´s more to Flow Design than described in this chapter. In closing I hope I was able to give you a impression of functional design that makes you hungry for more. To me it´s an inevitable step in software development. Jumping from requirements to code does not scale. And it leads to dirty code all to quickly. Some thought should be invested first. Where there is a clear Entry Point visible, it´s functionality should be designed using data flows. Because with data flows abstraction is possible. For more background on why that´s necessary read my blog article here. For now let me point out to you - if you haven´t already noticed - that Flow Design is a general purpose declarative language. It´s “programming by intention” (Shalloway et al.). Just write down how you think the solution should work on a high level of abstraction. This breaks down a large problem in smaller problems. And by following the PoMO the solutions to those smaller problems are independent of each other. So they are easy to test. Or you could even think about getting them implemented in parallel by different team members. Flow Design not only increases evolvability, but also helps becoming more productive. All team members can participate in functional design. This goes beyon collective code ownership. We´re talking collective design/architecture ownership. Because with Flow Design there is a common visual language to talk about functional design - which is the foundation for all other design activities.   PS: If you like what you read, consider getting my ebook “The Incremental Architekt´s Napkin”. It´s where I compile all the articles in this series for easier reading. I like the strictness of Function Programming - but I also find it quite hard to live by. And it certainly is not what millions of programmers are used to. Also to me it seems, the real world is full of state and side effects. So why give them such a bad image? That´s why functional design takes a more pragmatic approach. State and side effects are ok for processing steps - but be sure to follow the SRP. Don´t put too much of it into a single processing step. ? Image taken from www.physioweb.org ? My code samples are written in C#. C# sports typed function pointers called delegates. Action is such a function pointer type matching functions with signature void someName(T t). Other languages provide similar ways to work with functions as first class citizens - even Java now in version 8. I trust you find a way to map this detail of my translation to your favorite programming language. I know it works for Java, C++, Ruby, JavaScript, Python, Go. And if you´re using a Functional Programming language it´s of course a no brainer. ? Taken from his blog post “The Craftsman 62, The Dark Path”. ?

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  • Windows CE Chat Transcript (March 30, 2010)

    - by Bruce Eitman
    For those of you who missed the chat today, here is the raw transcript.   By raw, I mean that I copied and pasted the discussion without any edits. This is divided into two parts, the top part is the answers from the Microsoft Experts and the bottom part is the questions from the audience. Answers from Microsoft:   Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:2]: Hi everyone, my name is Karel Danihelka and I am developer in partner response team. Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:2]: Hi, I'm Sing Wee, part of the CoreOS/BSP Test Team. GLanger_MS (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:2]: Hi, I'm Glen Langer, program manager on the Core Team. Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:3]: Q: I need to implement hardware timers on my windows CE 6.0 device to trigger events at microsecond intervals. Where should i start? A: Until you are using CPU with GHz frequency your only chance is use interrupt handler and implement all funcionality there. But it will be really tricky and may reduce system performance. If period will be near to millisecond timeframe you can use normal thread wait for event pattern. Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:5]: Q: I want to partition my NAND Flash device. One partition to use for hive ragistry and the other for the apps and data. The only way to do it is programmatically or setting some registry values ? A: It need to be set in registry - generally you need mark this partition as boot partition. Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:7]: Q: My CPU is Intel celeron M processor 1Ghz. A: In this case you can try use normal approach - in interrupt handler return SYSINTR and start thread in device driver which will spin thread waiting on event attached to this SYSINTR. Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:7]: Q: If i need to implement it using interrupt handlers, What are all the files that I should look at? A: Good quesiton - I would recommend documentation and there was BSP development book to download for free. mikehall_ms (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:8]: Q: Hi guys, what's the formal way to report bugs back to the core team / product team? The mechanism of calling the support phone number every time is really onerous and time-consuming. Is there another mechanism? A: Using product support is the formal way to report bugs/issues - Product support can then create an issue that can be tracked. Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:9]: Q: But the operation for creating the partitions ? A: This is tricky - if you will make it autopartition & autoformat it will be created by filesystem. But generally it depends on your boot loader. mikehall_ms (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:10]: Q: Is Windows Phone 7 related to Windows CE? If so, can you tell me what version of Windows CE is the basis? Is it in fact the new version of Windows Mobile? A: At MIX 2010 Charlie Kindel presented a session that described some of the core technologies that make up Windows Phone 7 Series, including the underlying operating system (Windows CE) and the new ISV programming model based on Silverlight and .NET - check out the Mix Online Videos to get more information. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:10]: Q: Is Windows Phone 7 related to Windows CE? If so, can you tell me what version of Windows CE is the basis? Is it in fact the new version of Windows Mobile? A: This forum is to discussed released products in the industry. Windows Mobile & Windows CE are based on the same Windows CE Kernel/system. Windows CE is focused on deliverying the OS for embedded customers in the market where Windows Mobile is focused on deliverying compelling Windows Phone platform. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:11]: Q: Is Windows Phone 7 related to Windows CE? If so, can you tell me what version of Windows CE is the basis? Is it in fact the new version of Windows Mobile? A: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CE Wikipedia gives a good breakdown of the version history. Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:13]: Q: I created a OS design with KITL and kernel debugger enabled. But I am unable to connect to the target for debugging. I am getting the following error when i try to connect with the device. PB Debugger Cannot initialize the Kernel Debugger. PB Debugger Debugger could not initialize connection. PB Debugger The Kernel Debugger is waiting to connect with target. PB Debugger The Kernel Debugger has been disconnected successfully. A: One possibility is that a rogue cesvchost.exe has co-opted the debugger. I am assuming this is CE 6.0? Can you try exiting visual studio and manually killing the cesvchost.exe process from the Task Manager? davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:14]: Q: Hi guys, what's the formal way to report bugs back to the core team / product team? The mechanism of calling the support phone number every time is really onerous and time-consuming. Is there another mechanism? A: For info on contacting Microsoft support refer to the support page on the Embedded website: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsembedded/dd897633.aspx Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:16]: Q: Do u mean ISR/IST implementation? How can i register an interrupt? What kind of interrupt should i register? A: A good introduction to interrupts in WinCE 6.0 can be found here (aside from the documentation on MSDN): http://download.microsoft.com/download/9/c/f/9cffaa58-4000-48d6-a4b2-5fed9e4e6410/Chapter%206%20-%20Developing%20Device%20Drivers.pdf mikehall_ms (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:16]: Q: What will be different in Windows Compact 7 from CE 6.0? A: Unfortunately we cannot discuss unreleased products on this chat - keep an eye on the Windows Embedded web site and blogs to keep up to date with product announcements. Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:16]: Q: I am using CE 6.0. There is no cesvchost process running in my system. A: What operating system are you using? Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:16]: Q: So...I have to modify file system code to create 2 partition at system startup ?!! I haven't understood.... A: You don't need to modify code, there are registry settings to achive this (look to documentation). But you may need to create partition table in boot loader. Unfortunatelly there isn't simple way how to do it. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:18]: Q: I would like to get a handle to a Silverlight screen section, is that possiable? A: Windows Embedded CE 6.0 R3 includes Sliverlight for Windows Embedded. Refer to New Features overview on the embedded web site. http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-us/products/windowsce/default.mspx. Silverlight - The power of Silverlight brought to Windows Embedded CE to create rich applications and user interfaces is new part of Windows CE Embedded. mikehall_ms (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:20]: Q: The link for developing device drivers is not working. can u please check that? A: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms923714.aspx davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:20]: Q: I would like to get a handle to a Silverlight screen section, is that possiable? A: Sorry misunderstood the question I thought you were asking if embedded CE could handle Silverlight. Please repost so that the question goes back into the active queue because once answered no way to put the status back to open. Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:21]: Q: sorry! Windows XP SP3 A: Can you try exiting VS2005 and confirming cesvchost.exe is not running, then renaming C:\Documents and Settings\USERNAME\Local Settings\Application Data\Microsoft\CoreCon\1.0 to 1.0_backup, then restarting VS2005? Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:24]: Q: Can I have the book's name please? A: I believe the downloadable version is related to the last link I sent. If you go to the following website, I believe you can download the whole thing: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsembedded/ce/cc294468.aspx davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:24]: Q: If one has an image on a Silverlight page, it seems to be cached. How would one refresh that cache after changing the underlying image? A: change the URI of the image or use a writeable bitmap if they want to manually toggle the pixels Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:25]: A: Whoops, hit [ENTER] too early. On the right side, you'll see there an "Exam Preparation Kit" link that can be downloaded in several different languages. Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:25]: Q: Can I have the book's name please? A: Whoops, hit [ENTER] too early. On the right side, you'll see there an "Exam Preparation Kit" link that can be downloaded in several different languages. Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:26]: Q: I have a NAND Flash on my target device. On this flash I have the hive registry and an application.I have observed that when the NAND flash is fully, the system startup time is longer....is there a degradation of NAND use that influences the startup time ? Why ? A: Yes - on boot flash abstraction library (old one) read metadata from all sectors to rebuild physical - logical mapping table. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:27]: Q: I would like to get a handle to a Silverlight screen section, is that possiable? A: Need addition info on this question. Can you provide more details on what you are trying to do in Silverlight? davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:27]: Q: If one has an image on a Silverlight page, it seems to be cached. How would one refresh that cache after changing the underlying image? A: Additonal Info: if you want to manually touch the pixels use WriteableBitmap if you want to use the underlying HWND then use IXRVisualHost::GetHWND() davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:28]: Q: Writable bitmap, is there an example of the syntax? A: if you want to manually touch the pixels use WriteableBitmap if you want to use the underlying HWND then use IXRVisualHost::GetHWND() davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:29]: Q: I would like to get a handle to a Silverlight screen section, is that possiable? A: Can I get more information about this question about what you are trying to accomplish in Silverlight? davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:31]: Q: IXRVisualHost::GetHWND() exactly what I needed Thanks, A: Your welcome Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:31]: Q: ok. thanks for the book's link A: No problem. Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:32]: Q: Typically for SoC devices you name your hardware specific libraries in the form "SOCDIRNAME_LIBNAME". In our platform "OMAP35XX_TPS659XX_TI_V1" if you do this we cause the catalog parser to die... For example if we have a library "Musbfn_OMAP35XX_TPS659XX_TI_V1.dll" entering this in the catalogs pbcxml file in a <module> section causes the XML parser to fail with : Error 3 The 'urn:Microsoft.PlatformBuilder/Catalog:Module' element is        invalid - The value '012345678901234567890123456789.dll' is invalid         according to its datatype         'urn:Microsoft.PlatformBuilder/Catalog:CatalogFileName' - The actual         length is greater than the MaxLength value. A: There are a couple workarounds I can think of. I believe the Module element is only used when doing SYSGEN parsing to make sure dependent SYSGENs are present when the item is selected, so I believe it is optional to the catalog. The other obvious workaround is to shorten the soc name. I realize neither of these solutions is ideal. This is not something we anticipated when we tested CE6.0, sorry. Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:33]: Q: I am getting this error only when I select the KdStub as the debugger in Target device connectivity. A: Right, but KdStub is the debugger that you should use. Have you tried the steps I suggested? Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:36]: Q: If I select Active KTIL, My OS doesn't boots. It says "loading NK.EXE at 0x<xxxxx> location" after that nothing comes in the debug log. A: Can you look at the serial debug output and see what is happening there? Often it can give you a clue to the KITL driver malfunctioning. Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:38]: Q: I have tried that and I am getting the same error. A: I am assuming you have a device created in Target -> Connectivity Options in Platform Builder. What are the Kernel download / Kernel transport for your device? Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:40]: Q: KITL: *** Device Name CEPC56059 *** WARN: KITL will run in polling mode VBridge:: built on [Jul 10 2009] time [10:20:14] VBridgeInit()...TX = [16384] bytes -- Rx = [16384] bytes Tx buffer [0xA1B84860] to [0xA1B88860]. Rx buffer [0xA1B88880] to [0xA1B8C880]. VBridge:: NK add MAC: [0-60-65-2-DA-FB] Connecting to Desktop KITL: Connected host IP: 1 Port: 1086 .. this is the output of the serial debug A: This looks reasonable and does not give clues as to why boot would halt at that point. If you capture a network trace or turn on KITL debug zones via dpCurSettings in kitl.dll, do you see KITL active after this? Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:41]: Q: Both is happening via Ethernet. A: Only thing I have left to suggest is a Platform Builder installation Repair, then. Karel Danihelka [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:42]: Q: Hi, I saw that the ATADISK is quite generic and des not have any optimizations. Do you have any advice to consider while tryin to improve the performance of it? A: If I remember correctly sample code has support for some specific hardware controllers (little obsolete now). This should be good start point (if you will not decide take existing driver as sample and write you own). Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:44]: Q: I didn't do that. I have to try. A: I think that's the next valid step. You need to figure out whether KITL is hanging or the device - use instrumented serial debug messages and network trace to determine this. Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:46]: Q: KITL: *** Device Name CEPC56059 *** WARN: KITL will run in polling mode VBridge:: built on [Jul 10 2009] time [10:20:14] VBridgeInit()...TX = [16384] bytes -- Rx = [16384] bytes Tx buffer [0xA1B84860] to [0xA1B88860]. Rx buffer [0xA1B88880] to [0xA1B8C880]. VBridge:: NK add MAC: [0-60-65-2-DA-FB] Connecting to Desktop KITL: Connected host IP: 1 Port: 1086 .. this is the output of the serial debug A: Neo, have you by any chance tried looking into your firewall to see if it might be blocking traffic on any particular ports? Wireshark/netmon might be able to help you here if that's the issue. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:48]: Q: I lost spell check, how can i get it back A: Hello - can you give additional details about your question? Is this related to a Windows CE Embedded application? masatos_MSFT (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:51]: Q: When attempting to run the CETK cellcore tests the documentation states the pre-requisites include "stinger.ini", "ltk.ini" but windows CE doesn't provide these or document what they fully need to contain. Implicitly you also need "datatrans.xml" which isn't supplied. If you get around this error and steal these from Windows Mobile instead, when you try and run the CETK tests you get a data abort in radiometricsdll.dll. How should we invoke the cellcore parts of CETK? A: Hi Pev, what version of Windows CE and CETK are you using? I do not have the expertise to answer this question, but can find somebody who can. Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:52]: Q: I don't see a kitlcore.dll in my OS. is my debug image fails to load because of that? A: kitl.dll should be all that's needed, kitlcore.lib is linked into that. Travis Hobrla [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:55]: Q: I've got a platform (not developed by myself) where I2C bus support has to be provided through the OAL as the kernel needs to talk to devices such as the power management IC and gas gauge so a 'proper' I2C driver hanging off device manager isn't possible. This happens to be a polled driver, so obviously it hits the system hard when either under lots of traffic or an error condition occurs and the driver constantly polls. I originally thought that there was no straightforward way to make such code interrupt driven in the kernel (as it's a cludge) but I realised that that's exactly what ETHDBG drivers do. Is there any reason why I shouldn't have a go at implementing a similar mechanism for our kernel resident I2C driver? If not, are there any obvious pitfalls - I've not seen any other BSP's do this in the past... A: You can make a 'proper' driver that calls down into the OAL to do the actual I2C transactions. Alternatively you can build an interrupt-based version in the OAL where you handle everything in the ISR. There is nothing wrong with that so long as the rest of your drivers and app threads can handle longer times with interrupts off while you are servicing I2C interrupts. Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:55]: Q: I am having trouble with my mouse, I have the microsoft wireless mobile mouse 3000, when I push the scroll button I am suppose to have autoscroll instead it shows other web pages,Can you help me out tell me what to do!!! A: Sorry, this current chat is about Windows Embedded Compact. Hope you're able to find an answer to your question elsewhere. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:56]: Q: Is the Silverlight Animation "Spline" a BezierSpline? A: Spline - http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee501495.aspx<BR< a>>   masatos_MSFT (Expert)[2010-3-30 12:57]: Thanks for the info Pev. I will follow up with the CETK experts here and get back to you. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:59]: Q: Spline- bad link A: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee501495.aspx davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 13:0]: Q: Sorry, got to tirm the ">" A: No Worries http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee501495.aspx davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 13:0]: Hello everyone, we are just about out of time. Thank you for joining us for our Windows Embedded CE 6.0 chat today! <http://www.Microsoft.com/Embedded>; A special thank you to the product group members for coming out. The transcript of today’s chat will be posted online as soon as possible, to <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/chats>;. We’ll see you again for another chat next month. Please check <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/chats>; for the list of upcoming chats. If you still have unanswered questions, let me suggest that you post them on one of our newsgroups on <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsembedded/ce/default.aspx> -Windows Embedded CE 6.0 R3 Now Available! <http://msdn.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/ce/dd630616.aspx>; davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 13:1]: Q: hi everybody. I would like to know if there is something know about a bug in RTC API (VOIP), especially when using SIP. According the to the analysis with application verifyier there is a heap link in rtcdllmedia.dll. All of the unreleased chunks seem to have a size of 6560 bytes. A: I will follow up with the Networking Team for a response. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 13:1]: Q: Hi, we've problems with debugging of applications (= breakpoints in Platform Builder will be ignored) over KITL on Windows CE 5.0, if the PDB files are large (over 60MB). Are there any limitations to size of the PDB files? A: I will follow up with the tools team for a response and post with the transcript. Sing Wee [MS] (Expert)[2010-3-30 13:1]: Q: I am unable to use the target control in my development environment. any ideas? A: Make sure you have SYSGEN_SHELL=1 set in your build environment. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 13:3]: Q: what are the main differences between Object Store and RAM disk ? They are both in RAM...are there performance differences ? access differences ? A: I will follow up with the Core Team and get a response posted with the transcript to MSDN  The Questions   [2010-3-30 12:57]: Thanks for the info Pev. I will follow up with the CETK experts here and get back to you. [2010-3-30 12:59]:   [2010-3-30 13:0]:   [2010-3-30 13:0]: Hello everyone, we are just about out of time. Thank you for joining us for our Windows Embedded CE 6.0 chat today! <http://www.Microsoft.com/Embedded>; A special thank you to the product group members for coming out. The transcript of today’s chat will be posted online as soon as possible, to <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/chats>;. We’ll see you again for another chat next month. Please check <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/chats>; for the list of upcoming chats. If you still have unanswered questions, let me suggest that you post them on one of our newsgroups on <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsembedded/ce/default.aspx> -Windows Embedded CE 6.0 R3 Now Available! <http://msdn.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/ce/dd630616.aspx>; [2010-3-30 13:1]: [2010-3-30 13:1]: [2010-3-30 13:1]: [2010-3-30 13:3]: neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:37]: Hi all KellyG (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:37]: Hi KellyG (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:37]: I have a question unrelated to windows Ce embedded, can you please help me?? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:38]: I need to implement hardware timers on my windows CE 6.0 device to trigger events at microsecond intervals! c neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:38]: yes. post it. May be i cud give a try KellyG (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:38]: My Product key listed on my tower is not the product key I need for microsoft office, but that is the only product key listed. neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:39]: I hope this is a chat for windows embedded. please post ur queries in office forums KellyG (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:39]: it is but i could not find a forum for office neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:40]: I think moderators will help u out. @ davbo-msft: can u help this guy? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:41]: Q: I need to implement hardware timers on my windows CE 6.0 device to trigger events at microsecond intervals. Where should i start? davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 11:50]: Our chat today covers the topic of Windows Embedded CE! 1. This chat will last for one hour. During this hour, our Experts will respond to as many questions as they can. Please understand that there may be some questions we cannot respond to due to lack of information or because the information is not yet public. 2. We encourage you to submit questions for our Experts. To do so, type your questions in the send box, select the “ask the Experts” box and click SEND. Questions sent directly to the Guest Chat room will not be answered by the Experts, but we encourage other community members to assist. 3. We ask that you stay on topic for the duration of the chat. This helps the Guests and Experts follow the conversation more easily. We invite you to ask off topic questions after this chat is over, but not during. 4. Please abide by the Chat Code of Conduct. Chat code of conduct: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/chats/chatroom.aspx?ctl=hlp#Conduct>; Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:54]: Evening! davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 11:54]: Hello everyone this is Dave Boyce - I worked in the Multimedia area for Windows CE. neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:55]: hello dave neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:55]: The chat code of conduct link is not working! Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:56]: Best be polite just in case then ;-) neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 11:56]: davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 11:57]: I'll check out the issue w/ the link paolopat (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:0]: Hello davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 12:0]: We are pleased to welcome our Experts for today’s chat. I will have them introduce themselves now. Chat will begin in a couple of minutes. <http://www.Microsoft.com/Embedded>; paolopat (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:3]: Hello Experts ! neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:3]: Welcome all! paolopat (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:3]: Q: I want to partition my NAND Flash device. One partition to use for hive ragistry and the other for the apps and data. The only way to do it is programmatically or setting some registry values ? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:3]: Q: I need to implement hardware timers on my windows CE 6.0 device to trigger events at microsecond intervals. Where should i start? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:5]: Q: My CPU is Intel celeron M processor 1Ghz. Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:5]: neo: if your silicon has multiple general purpose timers, pick one that's not in use for the system timer / profiler and set it up to trigger irqs for your purpose. You can't guarantee hard realtime type responses though... GarySwalling (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:5]: Q: Is Windows Phone 7 related to Windows CE? If so, can you tell me what version of Windows CE is the basis? Is it in fact the new version of Windows Mobile? Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:6]: Q: Hi guys, what's the formal way to report bugs back to the core team / product team? The mechanism of calling the support phone number every time is really onerous and time-consuming. Is there another mechanism? paolopat (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:6]: Q: But the operation for creating the partitions ? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:6]: Q: If i need to implement it using interrupt handlers, What are all the files that I should look at? GPM (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:6]: Q: I would like to get a handle to a Silverlight screen section, is that possiable? Jhony (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:7]: Q: I created a OS design with KITL and kernel debugger enabled. But I am unable to connect to the target for debugging. I am getting the following error when i try to connect with the device. PB Debugger Cannot initialize the Kernel Debugger. PB Debugger Debugger could not initialize connection. PB Debugger The Kernel Debugger is waiting to connect with target. PB Debugger The Kernel Debugger has been disconnected successfully. Charles (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:7]: What will be different in Windows Compact 7 from CE 6.0? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:8]: Can I have the book's name please? kiefs_dev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:8]: Q: hi everybody. I would like to know if there is something know about a bug in RTC API (VOIP), especially when using SIP. According the to the analysis with application verifyier there is a heap link in rtcdllmedia.dll. All of the unreleased chunks seem to have a size of 6560 bytes. paolopat (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:10]: Q: So...I have to modify file system code to create 2 partition at system startup ?!! I haven't understood.... neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:10]: Q: Do u mean ISR/IST implementation? How can i register an interrupt? What kind of interrupt should i register? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:11]: Q: Can I have the book's name please? Charles (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:11]: Q: What will be different in Windows Compact 7 from CE 6.0? PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:11]: neo: I'd say that you really need the docs for YOUR BSP, not generic documents for BSPs in general. Each BSP may be architected differently. If you're using the CEPC BSP, then the documentation that comes with Platform Builder is a reasonable place to look. GPM (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:11]: Q: If one has an image on a Silverlight page, it seems to be cached. How would one refresh that cache after changing the underlying image? Elektrobit (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:12]: Q: Hi, we've problems with debugging of applications (= breakpoints in Platform Builder will be ignored) over KITL on Windows CE 5.0, if the PDB files are large (over 60MB). Are there any limitations to size of the PDB files? Jhony (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:15]: Q: I am using CE 6.0. There is no cesvchost process running in my system. alexquisi (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:15]: Q: Hi, I saw that the ATADISK is quite generic and des not have any optimizations. Do you have any advice to consider while tryin to improve the performance of it? Jhony (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:17]: Windows XP service pack 1 Jhony (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:17]: Q: sorry! Windows XP SP3 neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:19]: Q: The link for developing device drivers is not working. can u please check that? paolopat (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:20]: Q: I have a NAND Flash on my target device. On this flash I have the hive registry and an application.I have observed that when the NAND flash is fully, the system startup time is longer....is there a degradation of NAND use that influences the startup time ? Why ? Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:20]: Q: When attempting to run the CETK cellcore tests the documentation states the pre-requisites include "stinger.ini", "ltk.ini" but windows CE doesn't provide these or document what they fully need to contain. Implicitly you also need "datatrans.xml" which isn't supplied. If you get around this error and steal these from Windows Mobile instead, when you try and run the CETK tests you get a data abort in radiometricsdll.dll. How should we invoke the cellcore parts of CETK? Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:21]: Hi all, Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:21]: oops Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:21]: :-D Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:24]: Typically for SoC devices you name your hardware specific libraries in the form "SOCDIRNAME_LIBNAME". In our platform "OMAP35XX_TPS659XX_TI_V1" if you do this we cause the catalog parser to die... For example if we have a library "Musbfn_OMAP35XX_TPS659XX_TI_V1.dll" entering this in the catalogs pbcxml file in a <module> section causes the XML parser to fail with : Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:25]: Q: Error 3 The 'urn:Microsoft.PlatformBuilder/Catalog:Module' element is        invalid - The value '012345678901234567890123456789.dll' is invalid         according to its datatype         'urn:Microsoft.PlatformBuilder/Catalog:CatalogFileName' - The actual         length is greater than the MaxLength value. GPM (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:25]: Q: Writable bitmap, is there an example of the syntax? Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:25]: Q: Typically for SoC devices you name your hardware specific libraries in the form "SOCDIRNAME_LIBNAME". In our platform "OMAP35XX_TPS659XX_TI_V1" if you do this we cause the catalog parser to die... For example if we have a library "Musbfn_OMAP35XX_TPS659XX_TI_V1.dll" entering this in the catalogs pbcxml file in a <module> section causes the XML parser to fail with : Error 3 The 'urn:Microsoft.PlatformBuilder/Catalog:Module' element is        invalid - The value '012345678901234567890123456789.dll' is invalid         according to its datatype         'urn:Microsoft.PlatformBuilder/Catalog:CatalogFileName' - The actual         length is greater than the MaxLength value. Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:25]: sorry, messed up submission there! GPM (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:26]: Q: I would like to get a handle to a Silverlight screen section, is that possiable? GPM (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:28]: Q: IXRVisualHost::GetHWND() exactly what I needed Thanks, PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:29]: GPM: You don't have to keep submitting the questions. The chat experts have an application that they're using to follow the chat and all Ask the Experts questions are logged. Jhony (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:29]: Q: I am getting this error only when I select the KdStub as the debugger in Target device connectivity. neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:30]: Q: ok. thanks for the book's link Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:31]: Hm, did those two I submitted get picked up by anyone? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:33]: Q: If I select Active KTIL, My OS doesn't boots. It says "loading NK.EXE at 0x<xxxxx> location" after that nothing comes in the debug log. PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:34]: Pev: PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:35]: Pev: I'm sure they did. The guys who are actually on the chat may not be experts in that part of things. That's usually the explanation when you don't get an answer in 10 minutes or so. Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:36]: Ah, fair enough Susie (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:36]: My Outlook Express incoming mail is corrput. No ONE has been able to fix the problem, Dell or Norton. I have dial up I'm in a rural area Jhony (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:37]: Q: I have tried that and I am getting the same error. Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:37]: Susie : Use Thunderbird instead :-D PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:37]: Susie: Sorry, but this chat is not about Windows, but Embedded (like what runs on a phone). Your best chance is to find a local expert or talk to your ISP. paolopat (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:37]: Q: what are the main differences between Object Store and RAM disk ? They are both in RAM...are there performance differences ? access differences ? Susie (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:38]: My computer knowlege is very limited, what is Thunderbird? Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:38]: A different email client :-D neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:39]: Q: KITL: *** Device Name CEPC56059 *** WARN: KITL will run in polling mode VBridge:: built on [Jul 10 2009] time [10:20:14] VBridgeInit()...TX = [16384] bytes -- Rx = [16384] bytes Tx buffer [0xA1B84860] to [0xA1B88860]. Rx buffer [0xA1B88880] to [0xA1B8C880]. VBridge:: NK add MAC: [0-60-65-2-DA-FB] Connecting to Desktop KITL: Connected host IP: 1 Port: 1086 .. this is the output of the serial debug Susie (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:39]: Do I need to uninstall Outlook Express youngboyzie (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:39]: I need to start battery calibration for my new battery for my dell inspiron 1525 laptop and should be able to reach the BIOS screen by hitting f2 but this isnt working... help? Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:39]: Nah, you can run it instead - you'll still need help from your ISP to configure it I expect Jhony (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:39]: Q: Both is happening via Ethernet. PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:40]: youngboyzie: You're off-topic. This is not a general chat for Windows and certainly not for Dell. You'll have to ask Dell how to get to setup; it's their machine. bill (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:41]: I lost spell check, how can i get et back neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:42]: Q: I didn't do that. I have to try. Jhony (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:43]: Q: Ok. I will do it then. bill (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:43]: Q: I lost spell check, how can i get it back PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:44]: bill: This isn't a general Windows chat. There are some Web forums that you might try. GarySwalling (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:45]: Q: Thanks, I found the Phone 7 presentation at http://live.visitmix.com/MIX10/Sessions/CL13 GPM (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:45]: Q: Is the Silverlight Animation "Spline" a BezierSpline? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:46]: Q: ok. I'll do it. thanks Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:46]: Whowever was asking about KITL connection : I've had this loads in the past. I think I started debugging last time by using wireshark to see what was happening on the network then setting up the OAL_ETHER and OAL_FUNC and OAL_VERBOSE as well as OAL_KITL flags to see what was actually happening in the driver.... Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:47]: I'd generally make sure that you're testing though a 10baseT hub (instead of anything faster) and forcing Active KITL in polled mode too... neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:48]: Q: I disabled the firewall in my PC. Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:50]: Q: I've got a platform (not developed by myself) where I2C bus support has to be provided through the OAL as the kernel needs to talk to devices such as the power management IC and gas gauge so a 'proper' I2C driver hanging off device manager isn't possible. This happens to be a polled driver, so obviously it hits the system hard when either under lots of traffic or an error condition occurs and the driver constantly polls. I originally thought that there was no straightforward way to make such code interrupt driven in the kernel (as it's a cludge) but I realised that that's exactly what ETHDBG drivers do. Is there any reason why I shouldn't have a go at implementing a similar mechanism for our kernel resident I2C driver? If not, are there any obvious pitfalls - I've not seen any other BSP's do this in the past... neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:51]: Q: I don't see a kitlcore.dll in my OS. is my debug image fails to load because of that? Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:52]: Q: Hi masatos, I'm using Windows Embedded CE 6.0 with R3 and patched to feb 2010's QFE's (with it's associated CETK version) this is a machine with only CE 6.0 on (no conflicts with earlier CE or WM...) neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:54]: ok. Got it neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:54]: Q: ok. Got it Roundman (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:55]: Q: I am having trouble with my mouse, I have the microsoft wireless mobile mouse 3000, when I push the scroll button I am suppose to have autoscroll instead it shows other web pages,Can you help me out tell me what to do!!! Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:55]: Hey neo, debugging kitl issues is really frustrating but dont lose heart :-) neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:55]: @ pev : u fixed the problem of KITL after that? neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:56]: I am getting the same error again and again. I even cleaned my environment and tried in a fresh PC. But didn't succeed yet Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:56]: Well, eventually - my experiences probably won't help you as different platforms have different reasons for doing that neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:56]: I think so PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:58]: neo: Have you searched the old messages in microsoft.public.windowsce.platbuilder? It seems to me that there was a packet size situation where it was possible to have problems with KITL connections based on a setting on the PC. Google Groups, groups.google.com, Advanced Groups Search will allow you to search a single newsgroup or a set of newsgroups easily. GPM (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:58]: Q: Spline- bad link PaulT (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:58]: GPM: without the > at the end does it work? It seems to for me... neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:58]: But some times if i try to connect to the device again. The Image information is seen in the serial debug. what does that mean?Download BIN file information: ----------------------------------------------------- [0]: Base Address=0x220000 Length=0x18DAADC Received a broadcast message !CheckUDP: Not UDP (proto = 0x00000001) after this i am getting the old errors. PB debugger cannot initialize ... GPM (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:59]: Q: Sorry, got to tirm the ">" neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 12:59]: ok paul. I ll look into that. davbo-msft (Moderator)[2010-3-30 13:0]: Hello everyone, we are just about out of time. Thank you for joining us for our Windows Embedded CE 6.0 chat today! <http://www.Microsoft.com/Embedded>; A special thank you to the product group members for coming out. The transcript of today’s chat will be posted online as soon as possible, to <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/chats>;. We’ll see you again for another chat next month. Please check <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/chats>; for the list of upcoming chats. If you still have unanswered questions, let me suggest that you post them on one of our newsgroups on <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsembedded/ce/default.aspx> -Windows Embedded CE 6.0 R3 Now Available! <http://msdn.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/ce/dd630616.aspx>; neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 13:1]: Q: I am unable to use the target control in my development environment. any ideas? Pev (Guest)[2010-3-30 13:1]: Sure, if KITL isn't connected target control won't work as it runs over kitl... neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 13:1]: ok .thanks pev neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 13:2]: yes. sysgen_shell is set to 1 neo (Guest)[2010-3-30 13:2]: Q: yes. sysgen_shell is set to 1 Marcelovk (Guest)[2010-3-30 13:2]: Q: Is there any way to extract the default command lines of the tests in CETK? I want to have it running unconnected from the desktop.   Copyright © 2010 – Bruce Eitman All Rights Reserved

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  • Windows Azure: Import/Export Hard Drives, VM ACLs, Web Sockets, Remote Debugging, Continuous Delivery, New Relic, Billing Alerts and More

    - by ScottGu
    Two weeks ago we released a giant set of improvements to Windows Azure, as well as a significant update of the Windows Azure SDK. This morning we released another massive set of enhancements to Windows Azure.  Today’s new capabilities include: Storage: Import/Export Hard Disk Drives to your Storage Accounts HDInsight: General Availability of our Hadoop Service in the cloud Virtual Machines: New VM Gallery, ACL support for VIPs Web Sites: WebSocket and Remote Debugging Support Notification Hubs: Segmented customer push notification support with tag expressions TFS & GIT: Continuous Delivery Support for Web Sites + Cloud Services Developer Analytics: New Relic support for Web Sites + Mobile Services Service Bus: Support for partitioned queues and topics Billing: New Billing Alert Service that sends emails notifications when your bill hits a threshold you define All of these improvements are now available to use immediately (note that some features are still in preview).  Below are more details about them. Storage: Import/Export Hard Disk Drives to Windows Azure I am excited to announce the preview of our new Windows Azure Import/Export Service! The Windows Azure Import/Export Service enables you to move large amounts of on-premises data into and out of your Windows Azure Storage accounts. It does this by enabling you to securely ship hard disk drives directly to our Windows Azure data centers. Once we receive the drives we’ll automatically transfer the data to or from your Windows Azure Storage account.  This enables you to import or export massive amounts of data more quickly and cost effectively (and not be constrained by available network bandwidth). Encrypted Transport Our Import/Export service provides built-in support for BitLocker disk encryption – which enables you to securely encrypt data on the hard drives before you send it, and not have to worry about it being compromised even if the disk is lost/stolen in transit (since the content on the transported hard drives is completely encrypted and you are the only one who has the key to it).  The drive preparation tool we are shipping today makes setting up bitlocker encryption on these hard drives easy. How to Import/Export your first Hard Drive of Data You can read our Getting Started Guide to learn more about how to begin using the import/export service.  You can create import and export jobs via the Windows Azure Management Portal as well as programmatically using our Server Management APIs. It is really easy to create a new import or export job using the Windows Azure Management Portal.  Simply navigate to a Windows Azure storage account, and then click the new Import/Export tab now available within it (note: if you don’t have this tab make sure to sign-up for the Import/Export preview): Then click the “Create Import Job” or “Create Export Job” commands at the bottom of it.  This will launch a wizard that easily walks you through the steps required: For more comprehensive information about Import/Export, refer to Windows Azure Storage team blog.  You can also send questions and comments to the [email protected] email address. We think you’ll find this new service makes it much easier to move data into and out of Windows Azure, and it will dramatically cut down the network bandwidth required when working on large data migration projects.  We hope you like it. HDInsight: 100% Compatible Hadoop Service in the Cloud Last week we announced the general availability release of Windows Azure HDInsight. HDInsight is a 100% compatible Hadoop service that allows you to easily provision and manage Hadoop clusters for big data processing in Windows Azure.  This release is now live in production, backed by an enterprise SLA, supported 24x7 by Microsoft Support, and is ready to use for production scenarios. HDInsight allows you to use Apache Hadoop tools, such as Pig and Hive, to process large amounts of data in Windows Azure Blob Storage. Because data is stored in Windows Azure Blob Storage, you can choose to dynamically create Hadoop clusters only when you need them, and then shut them down when they are no longer required (since you pay only for the time the Hadoop cluster instances are running this provides a super cost effective way to use them).  You can create Hadoop clusters using either the Windows Azure Management Portal (see below) or using our PowerShell and Cross Platform Command line tools: The import/export hard drive support that came out today is a perfect companion service to use with HDInsight – the combination allows you to easily ingest, process and optionally export a limitless amount of data.  We’ve also integrated HDInsight with our Business Intelligence tools, so users can leverage familiar tools like Excel in order to analyze the output of jobs.  You can find out more about how to get started with HDInsight here. Virtual Machines: VM Gallery Enhancements Today’s update of Windows Azure brings with it a new Virtual Machine gallery that you can use to create new VMs in the cloud.  You can launch the gallery by doing New->Compute->Virtual Machine->From Gallery within the Windows Azure Management Portal: The new Virtual Machine Gallery includes some nice enhancements that make it even easier to use: Search: You can now easily search and filter images using the search box in the top-right of the dialog.  For example, simply type “SQL” and we’ll filter to show those images in the gallery that contain that substring. Category Tree-view: Each month we add more built-in VM images to the gallery.  You can continue to browse these using the “All” view within the VM Gallery – or now quickly filter them using the category tree-view on the left-hand side of the dialog.  For example, by selecting “Oracle” in the tree-view you can now quickly filter to see the official Oracle supplied images. MSDN and Supported checkboxes: With today’s update we are also introducing filters that makes it easy to filter out types of images that you may not be interested in. The first checkbox is MSDN: using this filter you can exclude any image that is not part of the Windows Azure benefits for MSDN subscribers (which have highly discounted pricing - you can learn more about the MSDN pricing here). The second checkbox is Supported: this filter will exclude any image that contains prerelease software, so you can feel confident that the software you choose to deploy is fully supported by Windows Azure and our partners. Sort options: We sort gallery images by what we think customers are most interested in, but sometimes you might want to sort using different views. So we’re providing some additional sort options, like “Newest,” to customize the image list for what suits you best. Pricing information: We now provide additional pricing information about images and options on how to cost effectively run them directly within the VM Gallery. The above improvements make it even easier to use the VM Gallery and quickly create launch and run Virtual Machines in the cloud. Virtual Machines: ACL Support for VIPs A few months ago we exposed the ability to configure Access Control Lists (ACLs) for Virtual Machines using Windows PowerShell cmdlets and our Service Management API. With today’s release, you can now configure VM ACLs using the Windows Azure Management Portal as well. You can now do this by clicking the new Manage ACL command in the Endpoints tab of a virtual machine instance: This will enable you to configure an ordered list of permit and deny rules to scope the traffic that can access your VM’s network endpoints. For example, if you were on a virtual network, you could limit RDP access to a Windows Azure virtual machine to only a few computers attached to your enterprise. Or if you weren’t on a virtual network you could alternatively limit traffic from public IPs that can access your workloads: Here is the default behaviors for ACLs in Windows Azure: By default (i.e. no rules specified), all traffic is permitted. When using only Permit rules, all other traffic is denied. When using only Deny rules, all other traffic is permitted. When there is a combination of Permit and Deny rules, all other traffic is denied. Lastly, remember that configuring endpoints does not automatically configure them within the VM if it also has firewall rules enabled at the OS level.  So if you create an endpoint using the Windows Azure Management Portal, Windows PowerShell, or REST API, be sure to also configure your guest VM firewall appropriately as well. Web Sites: Web Sockets Support With today’s release you can now use Web Sockets with Windows Azure Web Sites.  This feature enables you to easily integrate real-time communication scenarios within your web based applications, and is available at no extra charge (it even works with the free tier).  Higher level programming libraries like SignalR and socket.io are also now supported with it. You can enable Web Sockets support on a web site by navigating to the Configure tab of a Web Site, and by toggling Web Sockets support to “on”: Once Web Sockets is enabled you can start to integrate some really cool scenarios into your web applications.  Check out the new SignalR documentation hub on www.asp.net to learn more about some of the awesome scenarios you can do with it. Web Sites: Remote Debugging Support The Windows Azure SDK 2.2 we released two weeks ago introduced remote debugging support for Windows Azure Cloud Services. With today’s Windows Azure release we are extending this remote debugging support to also work with Windows Azure Web Sites. With live, remote debugging support inside of Visual Studio, you are able to have more visibility than ever before into how your code is operating live in Windows Azure. It is now super easy to attach the debugger and quickly see what is going on with your application in the cloud. Remote Debugging of a Windows Azure Web Site using VS 2013 Enabling the remote debugging of a Windows Azure Web Site using VS 2013 is really easy.  Start by opening up your web application’s project within Visual Studio. Then navigate to the “Server Explorer” tab within Visual Studio, and click on the deployed web-site you want to debug that is running within Windows Azure using the Windows Azure->Web Sites node in the Server Explorer.  Then right-click and choose the “Attach Debugger” option on it: When you do this Visual Studio will remotely attach the debugger to the Web Site running within Windows Azure.  The debugger will then stop the web site’s execution when it hits any break points that you have set within your web application’s project inside Visual Studio.  For example, below I set a breakpoint on the “ViewBag.Message” assignment statement within the HomeController of the standard ASP.NET MVC project template.  When I hit refresh on the “About” page of the web site within the browser, the breakpoint was triggered and I am now able to debug the app remotely using Visual Studio: Note above how we can debug variables (including autos/watchlist/etc), as well as use the Immediate and Command Windows. In the debug session above I used the Immediate Window to explore some of the request object state, as well as to dynamically change the ViewBag.Message property.  When we click the the “Continue” button (or press F5) the app will continue execution and the Web Site will render the content back to the browser.  This makes it super easy to debug web apps remotely. Tips for Better Debugging To get the best experience while debugging, we recommend publishing your site using the Debug configuration within Visual Studio’s Web Publish dialog. This will ensure that debug symbol information is uploaded to the Web Site which will enable a richer debug experience within Visual Studio.  You can find this option on the Web Publish dialog on the Settings tab: When you ultimately deploy/run the application in production we recommend using the “Release” configuration setting – the release configuration is memory optimized and will provide the best production performance.  To learn more about diagnosing and debugging Windows Azure Web Sites read our new Troubleshooting Windows Azure Web Sites in Visual Studio guide. Notification Hubs: Segmented Push Notification support with tag expressions In August we announced the General Availability of Windows Azure Notification Hubs - a powerful Mobile Push Notifications service that makes it easy to send high volume push notifications with low latency from any mobile app back-end.  Notification hubs can be used with any mobile app back-end (including ones built using our Mobile Services capability) and can also be used with back-ends that run in the cloud as well as on-premises. Beginning with the initial release, Notification Hubs allowed developers to send personalized push notifications to both individual users as well as groups of users by interest, by associating their devices with tags representing the logical target of the notification. For example, by registering all devices of customers interested in a favorite MLB team with a corresponding tag, it is possible to broadcast one message to millions of Boston Red Sox fans and another message to millions of St. Louis Cardinals fans with a single API call respectively. New support for using tag expressions to enable advanced customer segmentation With today’s release we are adding support for even more advanced customer targeting.  You can now identify customers that you want to send push notifications to by defining rich tag expressions. With tag expressions, you can now not only broadcast notifications to Boston Red Sox fans, but take that segmenting a step farther and reach more granular segments. This opens up a variety of scenarios, for example: Offers based on multiple preferences—e.g. send a game day vegetarian special to users tagged as both a Boston Red Sox fan AND a vegetarian Push content to multiple segments in a single message—e.g. rain delay information only to users who are tagged as either a Boston Red Sox fan OR a St. Louis Cardinal fan Avoid presenting subsets of a segment with irrelevant content—e.g. season ticket availability reminder to users who are tagged as a Boston Red Sox fan but NOT also a season ticket holder To illustrate with code, consider a restaurant chain app that sends an offer related to a Red Sox vs Cardinals game for users in Boston. Devices can be tagged by your app with location tags (e.g. “Loc:Boston”) and interest tags (e.g. “Follows:RedSox”, “Follows:Cardinals”), and then a notification can be sent by your back-end to “(Follows:RedSox || Follows:Cardinals) && Loc:Boston” in order to deliver an offer to all devices in Boston that follow either the RedSox or the Cardinals. This can be done directly in your server backend send logic using the code below: var notification = new WindowsNotification(messagePayload); hub.SendNotificationAsync(notification, "(Follows:RedSox || Follows:Cardinals) && Loc:Boston"); In your expressions you can use all Boolean operators: AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!).  Some other cool use cases for tag expressions that are now supported include: Social: To “all my group except me” - group:id && !user:id Events: Touchdown event is sent to everybody following either team or any of the players involved in the action: Followteam:A || Followteam:B || followplayer:1 || followplayer:2 … Hours: Send notifications at specific times. E.g. Tag devices with time zone and when it is 12pm in Seattle send to: GMT8 && follows:thaifood Versions and platforms: Send a reminder to people still using your first version for Android - version:1.0 && platform:Android For help on getting started with Notification Hubs, visit the Notification Hub documentation center.  Then download the latest NuGet package (or use the Notification Hubs REST APIs directly) to start sending push notifications using tag expressions.  They are really powerful and enable a bunch of great new scenarios. TFS & GIT: Continuous Delivery Support for Web Sites + Cloud Services With today’s Windows Azure release we are making it really easy to enable continuous delivery support with Windows Azure and Team Foundation Services.  Team Foundation Services is a cloud based offering from Microsoft that provides integrated source control (with both TFS and Git support), build server, test execution, collaboration tools, and agile planning support.  It makes it really easy to setup a team project (complete with automated builds and test runners) in the cloud, and it has really rich integration with Visual Studio. With today’s Windows Azure release it is now really easy to enable continuous delivery support with both TFS and Git based repositories hosted using Team Foundation Services.  This enables a workflow where when code is checked in, built successfully on an automated build server, and all tests pass on it – I can automatically have the app deployed on Windows Azure with zero manual intervention or work required. The below screen-shots demonstrate how to quickly setup a continuous delivery workflow to Windows Azure with a Git-based ASP.NET MVC project hosted using Team Foundation Services. Enabling Continuous Delivery to Windows Azure with Team Foundation Services The project I’m going to enable continuous delivery with is a simple ASP.NET MVC project whose source code I’m hosting using Team Foundation Services.  I did this by creating a “SimpleContinuousDeploymentTest” repository there using Git – and then used the new built-in Git tooling support within Visual Studio 2013 to push the source code to it.  Below is a screen-shot of the Git repository hosted within Team Foundation Services: I can access the repository within Visual Studio 2013 and easily make commits with it (as well as branch, merge and do other tasks).  Using VS 2013 I can also setup automated builds to take place in the cloud using Team Foundation Services every time someone checks in code to the repository: The cool thing about this is that I don’t have to buy or rent my own build server – Team Foundation Services automatically maintains its own build server farm and can automatically queue up a build for me (for free) every time someone checks in code using the above settings.  This build server (and automated testing) support now works with both TFS and Git based source control repositories. Connecting a Team Foundation Services project to Windows Azure Once I have a source repository hosted in Team Foundation Services with Automated Builds and Testing set up, I can then go even further and set it up so that it will be automatically deployed to Windows Azure when a source code commit is made to the repository (assuming the Build + Tests pass).  Enabling this is now really easy.  To set this up with a Windows Azure Web Site simply use the New->Compute->Web Site->Custom Create command inside the Windows Azure Management Portal.  This will create a dialog like below.  I gave the web site a name and then made sure the “Publish from source control” checkbox was selected: When we click next we’ll be prompted for the location of the source repository.  We’ll select “Team Foundation Services”: Once we do this we’ll be prompted for our Team Foundation Services account that our source repository is hosted under (in this case my TFS account is “scottguthrie”): When we click the “Authorize Now” button we’ll be prompted to give Windows Azure permissions to connect to the Team Foundation Services account.  Once we do this we’ll be prompted to pick the source repository we want to connect to.  Starting with today’s Windows Azure release you can now connect to both TFS and Git based source repositories.  This new support allows me to connect to the “SimpleContinuousDeploymentTest” respository we created earlier: Clicking the finish button will then create the Web Site with the continuous delivery hooks setup with Team Foundation Services.  Now every time someone pushes source control to the repository in Team Foundation Services, it will kick off an automated build, run all of the unit tests in the solution , and if they pass the app will be automatically deployed to our Web Site in Windows Azure.  You can monitor the history and status of these automated deployments using the Deployments tab within the Web Site: This enables a really slick continuous delivery workflow, and enables you to build and deploy apps in a really nice way. Developer Analytics: New Relic support for Web Sites + Mobile Services With today’s Windows Azure release we are making it really easy to enable Developer Analytics and Monitoring support with both Windows Azure Web Site and Windows Azure Mobile Services.  We are partnering with New Relic, who provide a great dev analytics and app performance monitoring offering, to enable this - and we have updated the Windows Azure Management Portal to make it really easy to configure. Enabling New Relic with a Windows Azure Web Site Enabling New Relic support with a Windows Azure Web Site is now really easy.  Simply navigate to the Configure tab of a Web Site and scroll down to the “developer analytics” section that is now within it: Clicking the “add-on” button will display some additional UI.  If you don’t already have a New Relic subscription, you can click the “view windows azure store” button to obtain a subscription (note: New Relic has a perpetually free tier so you can enable it even without paying anything): Clicking the “view windows azure store” button will launch the integrated Windows Azure Store experience we have within the Windows Azure Management Portal.  You can use this to browse from a variety of great add-on services – including New Relic: Select “New Relic” within the dialog above, then click the next button, and you’ll be able to choose which type of New Relic subscription you wish to purchase.  For this demo we’ll simply select the “Free Standard Version” – which does not cost anything and can be used forever:  Once we’ve signed-up for our New Relic subscription and added it to our Windows Azure account, we can go back to the Web Site’s configuration tab and choose to use the New Relic add-on with our Windows Azure Web Site.  We can do this by simply selecting it from the “add-on” dropdown (it is automatically populated within it once we have a New Relic subscription in our account): Clicking the “Save” button will then cause the Windows Azure Management Portal to automatically populate all of the needed New Relic configuration settings to our Web Site: Deploying the New Relic Agent as part of a Web Site The final step to enable developer analytics using New Relic is to add the New Relic runtime agent to our web app.  We can do this within Visual Studio by right-clicking on our web project and selecting the “Manage NuGet Packages” context menu: This will bring up the NuGet package manager.  You can search for “New Relic” within it to find the New Relic agent.  Note that there is both a 32-bit and 64-bit edition of it – make sure to install the version that matches how your Web Site is running within Windows Azure (note: you can configure your Web Site to run in either 32-bit or 64-bit mode using the Web Site’s “Configuration” tab within the Windows Azure Management Portal): Once we install the NuGet package we are all set to go.  We’ll simply re-publish the web site again to Windows Azure and New Relic will now automatically start monitoring the application Monitoring a Web Site using New Relic Now that the application has developer analytics support with New Relic enabled, we can launch the New Relic monitoring portal to start monitoring the health of it.  We can do this by clicking on the “Add Ons” tab in the left-hand side of the Windows Azure Management Portal.  Then select the New Relic add-on we signed-up for within it.  The Windows Azure Management Portal will provide some default information about the add-on when we do this.  Clicking the “Manage” button in the tray at the bottom will launch a new browser tab and single-sign us into the New Relic monitoring portal associated with our account: When we do this a new browser tab will launch with the New Relic admin tool loaded within it: We can now see insights into how our app is performing – without having to have written a single line of monitoring code.  The New Relic service provides a ton of great built-in monitoring features allowing us to quickly see: Performance times (including browser rendering speed) for the overall site and individual pages.  You can optionally set alert thresholds to trigger if the speed does not meet a threshold you specify. Information about where in the world your customers are hitting the site from (and how performance varies by region) Details on the latency performance of external services your web apps are using (for example: SQL, Storage, Twitter, etc) Error information including call stack details for exceptions that have occurred at runtime SQL Server profiling information – including which queries executed against your database and what their performance was And a whole bunch more… The cool thing about New Relic is that you don’t need to write monitoring code within your application to get all of the above reports (plus a lot more).  The New Relic agent automatically enables the CLR profiler within applications and automatically captures the information necessary to identify these.  This makes it super easy to get started and immediately have a rich developer analytics view for your solutions with very little effort. If you haven’t tried New Relic out yet with Windows Azure I recommend you do so – I think you’ll find it helps you build even better cloud applications.  Following the above steps will help you get started and deliver you a really good application monitoring solution in only minutes. Service Bus: Support for partitioned queues and topics With today’s release, we are enabling support within Service Bus for partitioned queues and topics. Enabling partitioning enables you to achieve a higher message throughput and better availability from your queues and topics. Higher message throughput is achieved by implementing multiple message brokers for each partitioned queue and topic.  The  multiple messaging stores will also provide higher availability. You can create a partitioned queue or topic by simply checking the Enable Partitioning option in the custom create wizard for a Queue or Topic: Read this article to learn more about partitioned queues and topics and how to take advantage of them today. Billing: New Billing Alert Service Today’s Windows Azure update enables a new Billing Alert Service Preview that enables you to get proactive email notifications when your Windows Azure bill goes above a certain monetary threshold that you configure.  This makes it easier to manage your bill and avoid potential surprises at the end of the month. With the Billing Alert Service Preview, you can now create email alerts to monitor and manage your monetary credits or your current bill total.  To set up an alert first sign-up for the free Billing Alert Service Preview.  Then visit the account management page, click on a subscription you have setup, and then navigate to the new Alerts tab that is available: The alerts tab allows you to setup email alerts that will be sent automatically once a certain threshold is hit.  For example, by clicking the “add alert” button above I can setup a rule to send myself email anytime my Windows Azure bill goes above $100 for the month: The Billing Alert Service will evolve to support additional aspects of your bill as well as support multiple forms of alerts such as SMS.  Try out the new Billing Alert Service Preview today and give us feedback. Summary Today’s Windows Azure release enables a ton of great new scenarios, and makes building applications hosted in the cloud even easier. If you don’t already have a Windows Azure account, you can sign-up for a free trial and start using all of the above features today.  Then visit the Windows Azure Developer Center to learn more about how to build apps with it. Hope this helps, Scott P.S. In addition to blogging, I am also now using Twitter for quick updates and to share links. Follow me at: twitter.com/scottgu

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  • Is it possible to run dhcpd3 as non-root user in a chroot jail?

    - by Lenain
    Hi everyone. I would like to run dhcpd3 from a chroot jail on Debian Lenny. At the moment, I can run it as root from my jail. Now I want to do this as non-root user (as "-u blah -t /path/to/jail" Bind option). If I start my process like this : start-stop-daemon --chroot /home/jails/dhcp --chuid dhcp \ --start --pidfile /home/jails/dhcp/var/run/dhcp.pid --exec /usr/sbin/dhcpd3 I get stuck with these errors : Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Server V3.1.1 Copyright 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium. All rights reserved. For info, please visit http://www.isc.org/sw/dhcp/ unable to create icmp socket: Operation not permitted Wrote 0 deleted host decls to leases file. Wrote 0 new dynamic host decls to leases file. Wrote 0 leases to leases file. Open a socket for LPF: Operation not permitted strace : brk(0) = 0x911b000 fcntl64(0, F_GETFD) = 0 fcntl64(1, F_GETFD) = 0 fcntl64(2, F_GETFD) = 0 access("/etc/suid-debug", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb775d000 access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/tls/i686/cmov", 0xbfc2ac84) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/tls/i686/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/tls/i686", 0xbfc2ac84) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/tls/cmov/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/tls/cmov", 0xbfc2ac84) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/tls/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/tls", 0xbfc2ac84) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i686/cmov/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i686/cmov", 0xbfc2ac84) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i686/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i686", 0xbfc2ac84) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/cmov/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/cmov", 0xbfc2ac84) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0\260e\1\0004\0\0\0t"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1294572, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb775c000 mmap2(NULL, 1300080, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0xb761e000 mmap2(0xb7756000, 12288, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x138) = 0xb7756000 mmap2(0xb7759000, 9840, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7759000 close(3) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb761d000 set_thread_area({entry_number:-1 - 6, base_addr:0xb761d6b0, limit:1048575, seg_32bit:1, contents:0, read_exec_only:0, limit_in_pages:1, seg_not_present:0, useable:1}) = 0 mprotect(0xb7756000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 open("/dev/null", O_RDWR) = 3 close(3) = 0 brk(0) = 0x911b000 brk(0x913c000) = 0x913c000 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_DGRAM, 0) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) = 0 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/dev/log"...}, 110) = 0 time(NULL) = 1284760816 open("/etc/localtime", O_RDONLY) = 4 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb761c000 read(4, "TZif2\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\f\0\0\0\f\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 2945 _llseek(4, -28, [2917], SEEK_CUR) = 0 read(4, "\nCET-1CEST,M3.5.0,M10.5.0/3\n"..., 4096) = 28 close(4) = 0 munmap(0xb761c000, 4096) = 0 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: Intern"..., 73, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 73 write(2, "Internet Systems Consortium DHCP "..., 46Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Server V3.1.1) = 46 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: Copyri"..., 75, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 75 write(2, "Copyright 2004-2008 Internet Syst"..., 48Copyright 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium.) = 48 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: All ri"..., 47, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 47 write(2, "All rights reserved."..., 20All rights reserved.) = 20 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: For in"..., 77, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 77 write(2, "For info, please visit http://www"..., 50For info, please visit http://www.isc.org/sw/dhcp/) = 50 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 4 fcntl64(4, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(4, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/run/nscd/socket"...}, 110) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) close(4) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 4 fcntl64(4, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK) = 0 connect(4, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/run/nscd/socket"...}, 110) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) close(4) = 0 open("/etc/nsswitch.conf", O_RDONLY) = 4 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=475, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb761c000 read(4, "# /etc/nsswitch.conf\n#\n# Example "..., 4096) = 475 read(4, ""..., 4096) = 0 close(4) = 0 munmap(0xb761c000, 4096) = 0 open("/lib/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/tls/i686/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/tls/i686/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/tls/i686/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/tls/i686", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/tls/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/tls/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/tls/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/tls", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i686/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i686/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i686/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i686", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/i686/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/i686/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/i686/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/i686", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/i686/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/i686/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/i686/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/i686", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/i486-linux-gnu/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/lib/i486-linux-gnu", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/i686/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/i686/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/i686/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/i686", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/tls", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/i686/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/i686/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/i686/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/i686", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/cmov/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/cmov", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu/libnss_db.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) stat64("/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu", 0xbfc2ad5c) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/lib/libnss_files.so.2", O_RDONLY) = 4 read(4, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0\320\30\0\0004\0\0\0\250"..., 512) = 512 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38408, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 41624, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 4, 0) = 0xb7612000 mmap2(0xb761b000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 4, 0x8) = 0xb761b000 close(4) = 0 open("/etc/services", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 4 fcntl64(4, F_GETFD) = 0x1 (flags FD_CLOEXEC) fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=18480, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7611000 read(4, "# Network services, Internet styl"..., 4096) = 4096 read(4, "9/tcp\t\t\t\t# Quick Mail Transfer Pr"..., 4096) = 4096 read(4, "note\t1352/tcp\tlotusnotes\t# Lotus "..., 4096) = 4096 read(4, "tion\nafs3-kaserver\t7004/udp\nafs3-"..., 4096) = 4096 read(4, "backup\t2989/tcp\t\t\t# Afmbackup sys"..., 4096) = 2096 read(4, ""..., 4096) = 0 close(4) = 0 munmap(0xb7611000, 4096) = 0 time(NULL) = 1284760816 open("/etc/protocols", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 4 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2626, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7611000 read(4, "# Internet (IP) protocols\n#\n# Upd"..., 4096) = 2626 close(4) = 0 munmap(0xb7611000, 4096) = 0 socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP) = -1 EPERM (Operation not permitted) time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: unable"..., 80, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 80 write(2, "unable to create icmp socket: Ope"..., 53unable to create icmp socket: Operation not permitted) = 53 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 open("/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf", O_RDONLY) = 4 lseek(4, 0, SEEK_END) = 1426 lseek(4, 0, SEEK_SET) = 0 read(4, "#----------------------------\n# G"..., 1426) = 1426 close(4) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 401408, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb75b0000 mmap2(NULL, 401408, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb754e000 mmap2(NULL, 401408, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb74ec000 brk(0x916f000) = 0x916f000 close(3) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_DGRAM, 0) = 3 fcntl64(3, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) = 0 connect(3, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/dev/log"...}, 110) = 0 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: Inter"..., 74, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 74 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: Copyr"..., 76, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 76 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: All r"..., 48, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 48 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: For i"..., 78, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 78 open("/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases", O_RDONLY) = 4 lseek(4, 0, SEEK_END) = 126 lseek(4, 0, SEEK_SET) = 0 read(4, "# The format of this file is docu"..., 126) = 126 close(4) = 0 open("/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_APPEND, 0666) = 4 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=126, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb74eb000 fstat64(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=126, ...}) = 0 _llseek(4, 126, [126], SEEK_SET) = 0 time(NULL) = 1284760816 time(NULL) = 1284760816 open("/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases.1284760816", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0664) = 5 fcntl64(5, F_GETFL) = 0x1 (flags O_WRONLY) fstat64(5, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=0, ...}) = 0 mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb74ea000 _llseek(5, 0, [0], SEEK_CUR) = 0 close(4) = 0 munmap(0xb74eb000, 4096) = 0 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: Wrote"..., 70, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 70 write(2, "Wrote 0 deleted host decls to lea"..., 42Wrote 0 deleted host decls to leases file.) = 42 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: Wrote"..., 74, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 74 write(2, "Wrote 0 new dynamic host decls to"..., 46Wrote 0 new dynamic host decls to leases file.) = 46 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: Wrote"..., 58, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 58 write(2, "Wrote 0 leases to leases file."..., 30Wrote 0 leases to leases file.) = 30 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 write(5, "# The format of this file is docu"..., 126) = 126 fsync(5) = 0 unlink("/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases~") = 0 link("/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases", "/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases~") = 0 rename("/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases.1284760816", "/var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases") = 0 socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP) = 4 ioctl(4, SIOCGIFCONF, {0 - 64, NULL}) = 0 ioctl(4, SIOCGIFCONF, {64, {{"lo", {AF_INET, inet_addr("127.0.0.1")}}, {"eth0", {AF_INET, inet_addr("192.168.0.10")}}}}) = 0 ioctl(4, SIOCGIFFLAGS, {ifr_name="lo", ifr_flags=IFF_UP|IFF_LOOPBACK|IFF_RUNNING}) = 0 ioctl(4, SIOCGIFFLAGS, {ifr_name="eth0", ifr_flags=IFF_UP|IFF_BROADCAST|IFF_RUNNING|IFF_MULTICAST}) = 0 ioctl(4, SIOCGIFHWADDR, {ifr_name="eth0", ifr_hwaddr=00:c0:26:87:55:c0}) = 0 socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_PACKET, 768) = -1 EPERM (Operation not permitted) time(NULL) = 1284760816 stat64("/etc/localtime", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2945, ...}) = 0 send(3, "Sep 18 00:00:16 dhcpd: Open "..., 74, MSG_NOSIGNAL) = 74 write(2, "Open a socket for LPF: Operation "..., 46Open a socket for LPF: Operation not permitted) = 46 write(2, "\n"..., 1 ) = 1 exit_group(1) = ? I understand that dhcpd wants to create sockets on port 67... but I don't know how to authorize that through the chroot. Any idea?

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  • value types in the vm

    - by john.rose
    value types in the vm p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 14.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} p.p3 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} p.p4 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 15.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} p.p5 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Courier} p.p6 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Courier; min-height: 17.0px} p.p7 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times; min-height: 18.0px} p.p8 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 36.0px; text-indent: -36.0px; font: 14.0px Times; min-height: 18.0px} p.p9 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times; min-height: 18.0px} p.p10 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times; color: #000000} li.li1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times} li.li7 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Times; min-height: 18.0px} span.s1 {font: 14.0px Courier} span.s2 {color: #000000} span.s3 {font: 14.0px Courier; color: #000000} ol.ol1 {list-style-type: decimal} Or, enduring values for a changing world. Introduction A value type is a data type which, generally speaking, is designed for being passed by value in and out of methods, and stored by value in data structures. The only value types which the Java language directly supports are the eight primitive types. Java indirectly and approximately supports value types, if they are implemented in terms of classes. For example, both Integer and String may be viewed as value types, especially if their usage is restricted to avoid operations appropriate to Object. In this note, we propose a definition of value types in terms of a design pattern for Java classes, accompanied by a set of usage restrictions. We also sketch the relation of such value types to tuple types (which are a JVM-level notion), and point out JVM optimizations that can apply to value types. This note is a thought experiment to extend the JVM’s performance model in support of value types. The demonstration has two phases.  Initially the extension can simply use design patterns, within the current bytecode architecture, and in today’s Java language. But if the performance model is to be realized in practice, it will probably require new JVM bytecode features, changes to the Java language, or both.  We will look at a few possibilities for these new features. An Axiom of Value In the context of the JVM, a value type is a data type equipped with construction, assignment, and equality operations, and a set of typed components, such that, whenever two variables of the value type produce equal corresponding values for their components, the values of the two variables cannot be distinguished by any JVM operation. Here are some corollaries: A value type is immutable, since otherwise a copy could be constructed and the original could be modified in one of its components, allowing the copies to be distinguished. Changing the component of a value type requires construction of a new value. The equals and hashCode operations are strictly component-wise. If a value type is represented by a JVM reference, that reference cannot be successfully synchronized on, and cannot be usefully compared for reference equality. A value type can be viewed in terms of what it doesn’t do. We can say that a value type omits all value-unsafe operations, which could violate the constraints on value types.  These operations, which are ordinarily allowed for Java object types, are pointer equality comparison (the acmp instruction), synchronization (the monitor instructions), all the wait and notify methods of class Object, and non-trivial finalize methods. The clone method is also value-unsafe, although for value types it could be treated as the identity function. Finally, and most importantly, any side effect on an object (however visible) also counts as an value-unsafe operation. A value type may have methods, but such methods must not change the components of the value. It is reasonable and useful to define methods like toString, equals, and hashCode on value types, and also methods which are specifically valuable to users of the value type. Representations of Value Value types have two natural representations in the JVM, unboxed and boxed. An unboxed value consists of the components, as simple variables. For example, the complex number x=(1+2i), in rectangular coordinate form, may be represented in unboxed form by the following pair of variables: /*Complex x = Complex.valueOf(1.0, 2.0):*/ double x_re = 1.0, x_im = 2.0; These variables might be locals, parameters, or fields. Their association as components of a single value is not defined to the JVM. Here is a sample computation which computes the norm of the difference between two complex numbers: double distance(/*Complex x:*/ double x_re, double x_im,         /*Complex y:*/ double y_re, double y_im) {     /*Complex z = x.minus(y):*/     double z_re = x_re - y_re, z_im = x_im - y_im;     /*return z.abs():*/     return Math.sqrt(z_re*z_re + z_im*z_im); } A boxed representation groups component values under a single object reference. The reference is to a ‘wrapper class’ that carries the component values in its fields. (A primitive type can naturally be equated with a trivial value type with just one component of that type. In that view, the wrapper class Integer can serve as a boxed representation of value type int.) The unboxed representation of complex numbers is practical for many uses, but it fails to cover several major use cases: return values, array elements, and generic APIs. The two components of a complex number cannot be directly returned from a Java function, since Java does not support multiple return values. The same story applies to array elements: Java has no ’array of structs’ feature. (Double-length arrays are a possible workaround for complex numbers, but not for value types with heterogeneous components.) By generic APIs I mean both those which use generic types, like Arrays.asList and those which have special case support for primitive types, like String.valueOf and PrintStream.println. Those APIs do not support unboxed values, and offer some problems to boxed values. Any ’real’ JVM type should have a story for returns, arrays, and API interoperability. The basic problem here is that value types fall between primitive types and object types. Value types are clearly more complex than primitive types, and object types are slightly too complicated. Objects are a little bit dangerous to use as value carriers, since object references can be compared for pointer equality, and can be synchronized on. Also, as many Java programmers have observed, there is often a performance cost to using wrapper objects, even on modern JVMs. Even so, wrapper classes are a good starting point for talking about value types. If there were a set of structural rules and restrictions which would prevent value-unsafe operations on value types, wrapper classes would provide a good notation for defining value types. This note attempts to define such rules and restrictions. Let’s Start Coding Now it is time to look at some real code. Here is a definition, written in Java, of a complex number value type. @ValueSafe public final class Complex implements java.io.Serializable {     // immutable component structure:     public final double re, im;     private Complex(double re, double im) {         this.re = re; this.im = im;     }     // interoperability methods:     public String toString() { return "Complex("+re+","+im+")"; }     public List<Double> asList() { return Arrays.asList(re, im); }     public boolean equals(Complex c) {         return re == c.re && im == c.im;     }     public boolean equals(@ValueSafe Object x) {         return x instanceof Complex && equals((Complex) x);     }     public int hashCode() {         return 31*Double.valueOf(re).hashCode()                 + Double.valueOf(im).hashCode();     }     // factory methods:     public static Complex valueOf(double re, double im) {         return new Complex(re, im);     }     public Complex changeRe(double re2) { return valueOf(re2, im); }     public Complex changeIm(double im2) { return valueOf(re, im2); }     public static Complex cast(@ValueSafe Object x) {         return x == null ? ZERO : (Complex) x;     }     // utility methods and constants:     public Complex plus(Complex c)  { return new Complex(re+c.re, im+c.im); }     public Complex minus(Complex c) { return new Complex(re-c.re, im-c.im); }     public double abs() { return Math.sqrt(re*re + im*im); }     public static final Complex PI = valueOf(Math.PI, 0.0);     public static final Complex ZERO = valueOf(0.0, 0.0); } This is not a minimal definition, because it includes some utility methods and other optional parts.  The essential elements are as follows: The class is marked as a value type with an annotation. The class is final, because it does not make sense to create subclasses of value types. The fields of the class are all non-private and final.  (I.e., the type is immutable and structurally transparent.) From the supertype Object, all public non-final methods are overridden. The constructor is private. Beyond these bare essentials, we can observe the following features in this example, which are likely to be typical of all value types: One or more factory methods are responsible for value creation, including a component-wise valueOf method. There are utility methods for complex arithmetic and instance creation, such as plus and changeIm. There are static utility constants, such as PI. The type is serializable, using the default mechanisms. There are methods for converting to and from dynamically typed references, such as asList and cast. The Rules In order to use value types properly, the programmer must avoid value-unsafe operations.  A helpful Java compiler should issue errors (or at least warnings) for code which provably applies value-unsafe operations, and should issue warnings for code which might be correct but does not provably avoid value-unsafe operations.  No such compilers exist today, but to simplify our account here, we will pretend that they do exist. A value-safe type is any class, interface, or type parameter marked with the @ValueSafe annotation, or any subtype of a value-safe type.  If a value-safe class is marked final, it is in fact a value type.  All other value-safe classes must be abstract.  The non-static fields of a value class must be non-public and final, and all its constructors must be private. Under the above rules, a standard interface could be helpful to define value types like Complex.  Here is an example: @ValueSafe public interface ValueType extends java.io.Serializable {     // All methods listed here must get redefined.     // Definitions must be value-safe, which means     // they may depend on component values only.     List<? extends Object> asList();     int hashCode();     boolean equals(@ValueSafe Object c);     String toString(); } //@ValueSafe inherited from supertype: public final class Complex implements ValueType { … The main advantage of such a conventional interface is that (unlike an annotation) it is reified in the runtime type system.  It could appear as an element type or parameter bound, for facilities which are designed to work on value types only.  More broadly, it might assist the JVM to perform dynamic enforcement of the rules for value types. Besides types, the annotation @ValueSafe can mark fields, parameters, local variables, and methods.  (This is redundant when the type is also value-safe, but may be useful when the type is Object or another supertype of a value type.)  Working forward from these annotations, an expression E is defined as value-safe if it satisfies one or more of the following: The type of E is a value-safe type. E names a field, parameter, or local variable whose declaration is marked @ValueSafe. E is a call to a method whose declaration is marked @ValueSafe. E is an assignment to a value-safe variable, field reference, or array reference. E is a cast to a value-safe type from a value-safe expression. E is a conditional expression E0 ? E1 : E2, and both E1 and E2 are value-safe. Assignments to value-safe expressions and initializations of value-safe names must take their values from value-safe expressions. A value-safe expression may not be the subject of a value-unsafe operation.  In particular, it cannot be synchronized on, nor can it be compared with the “==” operator, not even with a null or with another value-safe type. In a program where all of these rules are followed, no value-type value will be subject to a value-unsafe operation.  Thus, the prime axiom of value types will be satisfied, that no two value type will be distinguishable as long as their component values are equal. More Code To illustrate these rules, here are some usage examples for Complex: Complex pi = Complex.valueOf(Math.PI, 0); Complex zero = pi.changeRe(0);  //zero = pi; zero.re = 0; ValueType vtype = pi; @SuppressWarnings("value-unsafe")   Object obj = pi; @ValueSafe Object obj2 = pi; obj2 = new Object();  // ok List<Complex> clist = new ArrayList<Complex>(); clist.add(pi);  // (ok assuming List.add param is @ValueSafe) List<ValueType> vlist = new ArrayList<ValueType>(); vlist.add(pi);  // (ok) List<Object> olist = new ArrayList<Object>(); olist.add(pi);  // warning: "value-unsafe" boolean z = pi.equals(zero); boolean z1 = (pi == zero);  // error: reference comparison on value type boolean z2 = (pi == null);  // error: reference comparison on value type boolean z3 = (pi == obj2);  // error: reference comparison on value type synchronized (pi) { }  // error: synch of value, unpredictable result synchronized (obj2) { }  // unpredictable result Complex qq = pi; qq = null;  // possible NPE; warning: “null-unsafe" qq = (Complex) obj;  // warning: “null-unsafe" qq = Complex.cast(obj);  // OK @SuppressWarnings("null-unsafe")   Complex empty = null;  // possible NPE qq = empty;  // possible NPE (null pollution) The Payoffs It follows from this that either the JVM or the java compiler can replace boxed value-type values with unboxed ones, without affecting normal computations.  Fields and variables of value types can be split into their unboxed components.  Non-static methods on value types can be transformed into static methods which take the components as value parameters. Some common questions arise around this point in any discussion of value types. Why burden the programmer with all these extra rules?  Why not detect programs automagically and perform unboxing transparently?  The answer is that it is easy to break the rules accidently unless they are agreed to by the programmer and enforced.  Automatic unboxing optimizations are tantalizing but (so far) unreachable ideal.  In the current state of the art, it is possible exhibit benchmarks in which automatic unboxing provides the desired effects, but it is not possible to provide a JVM with a performance model that assures the programmer when unboxing will occur.  This is why I’m writing this note, to enlist help from, and provide assurances to, the programmer.  Basically, I’m shooting for a good set of user-supplied “pragmas” to frame the desired optimization. Again, the important thing is that the unboxing must be done reliably, or else programmers will have no reason to work with the extra complexity of the value-safety rules.  There must be a reasonably stable performance model, wherein using a value type has approximately the same performance characteristics as writing the unboxed components as separate Java variables. There are some rough corners to the present scheme.  Since Java fields and array elements are initialized to null, value-type computations which incorporate uninitialized variables can produce null pointer exceptions.  One workaround for this is to require such variables to be null-tested, and the result replaced with a suitable all-zero value of the value type.  That is what the “cast” method does above. Generically typed APIs like List<T> will continue to manipulate boxed values always, at least until we figure out how to do reification of generic type instances.  Use of such APIs will elicit warnings until their type parameters (and/or relevant members) are annotated or typed as value-safe.  Retrofitting List<T> is likely to expose flaws in the present scheme, which we will need to engineer around.  Here are a couple of first approaches: public interface java.util.List<@ValueSafe T> extends Collection<T> { … public interface java.util.List<T extends Object|ValueType> extends Collection<T> { … (The second approach would require disjunctive types, in which value-safety is “contagious” from the constituent types.) With more transformations, the return value types of methods can also be unboxed.  This may require significant bytecode-level transformations, and would work best in the presence of a bytecode representation for multiple value groups, which I have proposed elsewhere under the title “Tuples in the VM”. But for starters, the JVM can apply this transformation under the covers, to internally compiled methods.  This would give a way to express multiple return values and structured return values, which is a significant pain-point for Java programmers, especially those who work with low-level structure types favored by modern vector and graphics processors.  The lack of multiple return values has a strong distorting effect on many Java APIs. Even if the JVM fails to unbox a value, there is still potential benefit to the value type.  Clustered computing systems something have copy operations (serialization or something similar) which apply implicitly to command operands.  When copying JVM objects, it is extremely helpful to know when an object’s identity is important or not.  If an object reference is a copied operand, the system may have to create a proxy handle which points back to the original object, so that side effects are visible.  Proxies must be managed carefully, and this can be expensive.  On the other hand, value types are exactly those types which a JVM can “copy and forget” with no downside. Array types are crucial to bulk data interfaces.  (As data sizes and rates increase, bulk data becomes more important than scalar data, so arrays are definitely accompanying us into the future of computing.)  Value types are very helpful for adding structure to bulk data, so a successful value type mechanism will make it easier for us to express richer forms of bulk data. Unboxing arrays (i.e., arrays containing unboxed values) will provide better cache and memory density, and more direct data movement within clustered or heterogeneous computing systems.  They require the deepest transformations, relative to today’s JVM.  There is an impedance mismatch between value-type arrays and Java’s covariant array typing, so compromises will need to be struck with existing Java semantics.  It is probably worth the effort, since arrays of unboxed value types are inherently more memory-efficient than standard Java arrays, which rely on dependent pointer chains. It may be sufficient to extend the “value-safe” concept to array declarations, and allow low-level transformations to change value-safe array declarations from the standard boxed form into an unboxed tuple-based form.  Such value-safe arrays would not be convertible to Object[] arrays.  Certain connection points, such as Arrays.copyOf and System.arraycopy might need additional input/output combinations, to allow smooth conversion between arrays with boxed and unboxed elements. Alternatively, the correct solution may have to wait until we have enough reification of generic types, and enough operator overloading, to enable an overhaul of Java arrays. Implicit Method Definitions The example of class Complex above may be unattractively complex.  I believe most or all of the elements of the example class are required by the logic of value types. If this is true, a programmer who writes a value type will have to write lots of error-prone boilerplate code.  On the other hand, I think nearly all of the code (except for the domain-specific parts like plus and minus) can be implicitly generated. Java has a rule for implicitly defining a class’s constructor, if no it defines no constructors explicitly.  Likewise, there are rules for providing default access modifiers for interface members.  Because of the highly regular structure of value types, it might be reasonable to perform similar implicit transformations on value types.  Here’s an example of a “highly implicit” definition of a complex number type: public class Complex implements ValueType {  // implicitly final     public double re, im;  // implicitly public final     //implicit methods are defined elementwise from te fields:     //  toString, asList, equals(2), hashCode, valueOf, cast     //optionally, explicit methods (plus, abs, etc.) would go here } In other words, with the right defaults, a simple value type definition can be a one-liner.  The observant reader will have noticed the similarities (and suitable differences) between the explicit methods above and the corresponding methods for List<T>. Another way to abbreviate such a class would be to make an annotation the primary trigger of the functionality, and to add the interface(s) implicitly: public @ValueType class Complex { … // implicitly final, implements ValueType (But to me it seems better to communicate the “magic” via an interface, even if it is rooted in an annotation.) Implicitly Defined Value Types So far we have been working with nominal value types, which is to say that the sequence of typed components is associated with a name and additional methods that convey the intention of the programmer.  A simple ordered pair of floating point numbers can be variously interpreted as (to name a few possibilities) a rectangular or polar complex number or Cartesian point.  The name and the methods convey the intended meaning. But what if we need a truly simple ordered pair of floating point numbers, without any further conceptual baggage?  Perhaps we are writing a method (like “divideAndRemainder”) which naturally returns a pair of numbers instead of a single number.  Wrapping the pair of numbers in a nominal type (like “QuotientAndRemainder”) makes as little sense as wrapping a single return value in a nominal type (like “Quotient”).  What we need here are structural value types commonly known as tuples. For the present discussion, let us assign a conventional, JVM-friendly name to tuples, roughly as follows: public class java.lang.tuple.$DD extends java.lang.tuple.Tuple {      double $1, $2; } Here the component names are fixed and all the required methods are defined implicitly.  The supertype is an abstract class which has suitable shared declarations.  The name itself mentions a JVM-style method parameter descriptor, which may be “cracked” to determine the number and types of the component fields. The odd thing about such a tuple type (and structural types in general) is it must be instantiated lazily, in response to linkage requests from one or more classes that need it.  The JVM and/or its class loaders must be prepared to spin a tuple type on demand, given a simple name reference, $xyz, where the xyz is cracked into a series of component types.  (Specifics of naming and name mangling need some tasteful engineering.) Tuples also seem to demand, even more than nominal types, some support from the language.  (This is probably because notations for non-nominal types work best as combinations of punctuation and type names, rather than named constructors like Function3 or Tuple2.)  At a minimum, languages with tuples usually (I think) have some sort of simple bracket notation for creating tuples, and a corresponding pattern-matching syntax (or “destructuring bind”) for taking tuples apart, at least when they are parameter lists.  Designing such a syntax is no simple thing, because it ought to play well with nominal value types, and also with pre-existing Java features, such as method parameter lists, implicit conversions, generic types, and reflection.  That is a task for another day. Other Use Cases Besides complex numbers and simple tuples there are many use cases for value types.  Many tuple-like types have natural value-type representations. These include rational numbers, point locations and pixel colors, and various kinds of dates and addresses. Other types have a variable-length ‘tail’ of internal values. The most common example of this is String, which is (mathematically) a sequence of UTF-16 character values. Similarly, bit vectors, multiple-precision numbers, and polynomials are composed of sequences of values. Such types include, in their representation, a reference to a variable-sized data structure (often an array) which (somehow) represents the sequence of values. The value type may also include ’header’ information. Variable-sized values often have a length distribution which favors short lengths. In that case, the design of the value type can make the first few values in the sequence be direct ’header’ fields of the value type. In the common case where the header is enough to represent the whole value, the tail can be a shared null value, or even just a null reference. Note that the tail need not be an immutable object, as long as the header type encapsulates it well enough. This is the case with String, where the tail is a mutable (but never mutated) character array. Field types and their order must be a globally visible part of the API.  The structure of the value type must be transparent enough to have a globally consistent unboxed representation, so that all callers and callees agree about the type and order of components  that appear as parameters, return types, and array elements.  This is a trade-off between efficiency and encapsulation, which is forced on us when we remove an indirection enjoyed by boxed representations.  A JVM-only transformation would not care about such visibility, but a bytecode transformation would need to take care that (say) the components of complex numbers would not get swapped after a redefinition of Complex and a partial recompile.  Perhaps constant pool references to value types need to declare the field order as assumed by each API user. This brings up the delicate status of private fields in a value type.  It must always be possible to load, store, and copy value types as coordinated groups, and the JVM performs those movements by moving individual scalar values between locals and stack.  If a component field is not public, what is to prevent hostile code from plucking it out of the tuple using a rogue aload or astore instruction?  Nothing but the verifier, so we may need to give it more smarts, so that it treats value types as inseparable groups of stack slots or locals (something like long or double). My initial thought was to make the fields always public, which would make the security problem moot.  But public is not always the right answer; consider the case of String, where the underlying mutable character array must be encapsulated to prevent security holes.  I believe we can win back both sides of the tradeoff, by training the verifier never to split up the components in an unboxed value.  Just as the verifier encapsulates the two halves of a 64-bit primitive, it can encapsulate the the header and body of an unboxed String, so that no code other than that of class String itself can take apart the values. Similar to String, we could build an efficient multi-precision decimal type along these lines: public final class DecimalValue extends ValueType {     protected final long header;     protected private final BigInteger digits;     public DecimalValue valueOf(int value, int scale) {         assert(scale >= 0);         return new DecimalValue(((long)value << 32) + scale, null);     }     public DecimalValue valueOf(long value, int scale) {         if (value == (int) value)             return valueOf((int)value, scale);         return new DecimalValue(-scale, new BigInteger(value));     } } Values of this type would be passed between methods as two machine words. Small values (those with a significand which fits into 32 bits) would be represented without any heap data at all, unless the DecimalValue itself were boxed. (Note the tension between encapsulation and unboxing in this case.  It would be better if the header and digits fields were private, but depending on where the unboxing information must “leak”, it is probably safer to make a public revelation of the internal structure.) Note that, although an array of Complex can be faked with a double-length array of double, there is no easy way to fake an array of unboxed DecimalValues.  (Either an array of boxed values or a transposed pair of homogeneous arrays would be reasonable fallbacks, in a current JVM.)  Getting the full benefit of unboxing and arrays will require some new JVM magic. Although the JVM emphasizes portability, system dependent code will benefit from using machine-level types larger than 64 bits.  For example, the back end of a linear algebra package might benefit from value types like Float4 which map to stock vector types.  This is probably only worthwhile if the unboxing arrays can be packed with such values. More Daydreams A more finely-divided design for dynamic enforcement of value safety could feature separate marker interfaces for each invariant.  An empty marker interface Unsynchronizable could cause suitable exceptions for monitor instructions on objects in marked classes.  More radically, a Interchangeable marker interface could cause JVM primitives that are sensitive to object identity to raise exceptions; the strangest result would be that the acmp instruction would have to be specified as raising an exception. @ValueSafe public interface ValueType extends java.io.Serializable,         Unsynchronizable, Interchangeable { … public class Complex implements ValueType {     // inherits Serializable, Unsynchronizable, Interchangeable, @ValueSafe     … It seems possible that Integer and the other wrapper types could be retro-fitted as value-safe types.  This is a major change, since wrapper objects would be unsynchronizable and their references interchangeable.  It is likely that code which violates value-safety for wrapper types exists but is uncommon.  It is less plausible to retro-fit String, since the prominent operation String.intern is often used with value-unsafe code. We should also reconsider the distinction between boxed and unboxed values in code.  The design presented above obscures that distinction.  As another thought experiment, we could imagine making a first class distinction in the type system between boxed and unboxed representations.  Since only primitive types are named with a lower-case initial letter, we could define that the capitalized version of a value type name always refers to the boxed representation, while the initial lower-case variant always refers to boxed.  For example: complex pi = complex.valueOf(Math.PI, 0); Complex boxPi = pi;  // convert to boxed myList.add(boxPi); complex z = myList.get(0);  // unbox Such a convention could perhaps absorb the current difference between int and Integer, double and Double. It might also allow the programmer to express a helpful distinction among array types. As said above, array types are crucial to bulk data interfaces, but are limited in the JVM.  Extending arrays beyond the present limitations is worth thinking about; for example, the Maxine JVM implementation has a hybrid object/array type.  Something like this which can also accommodate value type components seems worthwhile.  On the other hand, does it make sense for value types to contain short arrays?  And why should random-access arrays be the end of our design process, when bulk data is often sequentially accessed, and it might make sense to have heterogeneous streams of data as the natural “jumbo” data structure.  These considerations must wait for another day and another note. More Work It seems to me that a good sequence for introducing such value types would be as follows: Add the value-safety restrictions to an experimental version of javac. Code some sample applications with value types, including Complex and DecimalValue. Create an experimental JVM which internally unboxes value types but does not require new bytecodes to do so.  Ensure the feasibility of the performance model for the sample applications. Add tuple-like bytecodes (with or without generic type reification) to a major revision of the JVM, and teach the Java compiler to switch in the new bytecodes without code changes. A staggered roll-out like this would decouple language changes from bytecode changes, which is always a convenient thing. A similar investigation should be applied (concurrently) to array types.  In this case, it seems to me that the starting point is in the JVM: Add an experimental unboxing array data structure to a production JVM, perhaps along the lines of Maxine hybrids.  No bytecode or language support is required at first; everything can be done with encapsulated unsafe operations and/or method handles. Create an experimental JVM which internally unboxes value types but does not require new bytecodes to do so.  Ensure the feasibility of the performance model for the sample applications. Add tuple-like bytecodes (with or without generic type reification) to a major revision of the JVM, and teach the Java compiler to switch in the new bytecodes without code changes. That’s enough musing me for now.  Back to work!

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  • 'pip install carbon' looks like it works, but pip disagrees afterward

    - by fennec
    I'm trying to use pip to install the package carbon, a package related to statistics collection. When I run pip install carbon, it looks like everything works. However, pip is unconvinced that the package is actually installed. (This ultimately causes trouble because I'm using Puppet, and have a rule to install carbon using pip, and when puppet asks pip "is this package installed?" it says "no" and it reinstalls it again.) How do I figure out what's preventing pip from recognizing the success of this installation? Here is the output of the regular install: root@statsd:/opt/graphite# pip install carbon Downloading/unpacking carbon Downloading carbon-0.9.9.tar.gz Running setup.py egg_info for package carbon package init file 'lib/twisted/plugins/__init__.py' not found (or not a regular file) Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): twisted in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from carbon) Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): txamqp in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from carbon) Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): zope.interface in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from twisted->carbon) Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): distribute in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from zope.interface->twisted->carbon) Installing collected packages: carbon Running setup.py install for carbon package init file 'lib/twisted/plugins/__init__.py' not found (or not a regular file) changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/validate-storage-schemas.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/carbon-aggregator.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/carbon-cache.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/carbon-relay.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/carbon-client.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/validate-storage-schemas.py to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/carbon-aggregator.py to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/carbon-cache.py to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/carbon-relay.py to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/carbon-client.py to 775 Successfully installed carbon Cleaning up... root@statsd:/opt/graphite# pip freeze | grep carbon root@statsd: Here is the verbose version of the install: root@statsd:/opt/graphite# pip install carbon -v Downloading/unpacking carbon Using version 0.9.9 (newest of versions: 0.9.9, 0.9.9, 0.9.8, 0.9.7, 0.9.6, 0.9.5) Downloading carbon-0.9.9.tar.gz Running setup.py egg_info for package carbon running egg_info creating pip-egg-info/carbon.egg-info writing requirements to pip-egg-info/carbon.egg-info/requires.txt writing pip-egg-info/carbon.egg-info/PKG-INFO writing top-level names to pip-egg-info/carbon.egg-info/top_level.txt writing dependency_links to pip-egg-info/carbon.egg-info/dependency_links.txt writing manifest file 'pip-egg-info/carbon.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' warning: manifest_maker: standard file '-c' not found package init file 'lib/twisted/plugins/__init__.py' not found (or not a regular file) reading manifest file 'pip-egg-info/carbon.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' writing manifest file 'pip-egg-info/carbon.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): twisted in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from carbon) Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): txamqp in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from carbon) Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): zope.interface in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from twisted->carbon) Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): distribute in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from zope.interface->twisted->carbon) Installing collected packages: carbon Running setup.py install for carbon running install running build running build_py creating build creating build/lib.linux-i686-2.7 creating build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/amqp_publisher.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/manhole.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/instrumentation.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/cache.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/management.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/relayrules.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/events.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/protocols.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/conf.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/rewrite.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/hashing.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/writer.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/client.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/util.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/service.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/amqp_listener.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/routers.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/storage.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/log.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon copying lib/carbon/state.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon creating build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator copying lib/carbon/aggregator/receiver.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator copying lib/carbon/aggregator/rules.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator copying lib/carbon/aggregator/buffers.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator copying lib/carbon/aggregator/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator package init file 'lib/twisted/plugins/__init__.py' not found (or not a regular file) creating build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/twisted creating build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/twisted/plugins copying lib/twisted/plugins/carbon_relay_plugin.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/twisted/plugins copying lib/twisted/plugins/carbon_aggregator_plugin.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/twisted/plugins copying lib/twisted/plugins/carbon_cache_plugin.py -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/twisted/plugins copying lib/carbon/amqp0-8.xml -> build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon running build_scripts creating build/scripts-2.7 copying and adjusting bin/validate-storage-schemas.py -> build/scripts-2.7 copying and adjusting bin/carbon-aggregator.py -> build/scripts-2.7 copying and adjusting bin/carbon-cache.py -> build/scripts-2.7 copying and adjusting bin/carbon-relay.py -> build/scripts-2.7 copying and adjusting bin/carbon-client.py -> build/scripts-2.7 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/validate-storage-schemas.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/carbon-aggregator.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/carbon-cache.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/carbon-relay.py from 664 to 775 changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/carbon-client.py from 664 to 775 running install_lib copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/amqp_publisher.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/manhole.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/amqp0-8.xml -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/instrumentation.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/cache.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/management.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/relayrules.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/events.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/protocols.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/conf.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/rewrite.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/hashing.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/writer.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/client.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/util.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator/receiver.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/aggregator copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator/rules.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/aggregator copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator/buffers.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/aggregator copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/aggregator/__init__.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/aggregator copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/service.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/amqp_listener.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/routers.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/storage.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/log.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/__init__.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/carbon/state.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/carbon copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/twisted/plugins/carbon_relay_plugin.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/twisted/plugins copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/twisted/plugins/carbon_aggregator_plugin.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/twisted/plugins copying build/lib.linux-i686-2.7/twisted/plugins/carbon_cache_plugin.py -> /opt/graphite/lib/twisted/plugins byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/amqp_publisher.py to amqp_publisher.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/manhole.py to manhole.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/instrumentation.py to instrumentation.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/cache.py to cache.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/management.py to management.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/relayrules.py to relayrules.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/events.py to events.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/protocols.py to protocols.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/conf.py to conf.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/rewrite.py to rewrite.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/hashing.py to hashing.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/writer.py to writer.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/client.py to client.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/util.py to util.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/aggregator/receiver.py to receiver.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/aggregator/rules.py to rules.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/aggregator/buffers.py to buffers.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/aggregator/__init__.py to __init__.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/service.py to service.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/amqp_listener.py to amqp_listener.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/routers.py to routers.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/storage.py to storage.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/log.py to log.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/__init__.py to __init__.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/carbon/state.py to state.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/twisted/plugins/carbon_relay_plugin.py to carbon_relay_plugin.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/twisted/plugins/carbon_aggregator_plugin.py to carbon_aggregator_plugin.pyc byte-compiling /opt/graphite/lib/twisted/plugins/carbon_cache_plugin.py to carbon_cache_plugin.pyc running install_data copying conf/storage-schemas.conf.example -> /opt/graphite/conf copying conf/rewrite-rules.conf.example -> /opt/graphite/conf copying conf/relay-rules.conf.example -> /opt/graphite/conf copying conf/carbon.amqp.conf.example -> /opt/graphite/conf copying conf/aggregation-rules.conf.example -> /opt/graphite/conf copying conf/carbon.conf.example -> /opt/graphite/conf running install_egg_info running egg_info creating lib/carbon.egg-info writing requirements to lib/carbon.egg-info/requires.txt writing lib/carbon.egg-info/PKG-INFO writing top-level names to lib/carbon.egg-info/top_level.txt writing dependency_links to lib/carbon.egg-info/dependency_links.txt writing manifest file 'lib/carbon.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' warning: manifest_maker: standard file '-c' not found reading manifest file 'lib/carbon.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' writing manifest file 'lib/carbon.egg-info/SOURCES.txt' removing '/opt/graphite/lib/carbon-0.9.9-py2.7.egg-info' (and everything under it) Copying lib/carbon.egg-info to /opt/graphite/lib/carbon-0.9.9-py2.7.egg-info running install_scripts copying build/scripts-2.7/validate-storage-schemas.py -> /opt/graphite/bin copying build/scripts-2.7/carbon-aggregator.py -> /opt/graphite/bin copying build/scripts-2.7/carbon-cache.py -> /opt/graphite/bin copying build/scripts-2.7/carbon-relay.py -> /opt/graphite/bin copying build/scripts-2.7/carbon-client.py -> /opt/graphite/bin changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/validate-storage-schemas.py to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/carbon-aggregator.py to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/carbon-cache.py to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/carbon-relay.py to 775 changing mode of /opt/graphite/bin/carbon-client.py to 775 writing list of installed files to '/tmp/pip-9LuJTF-record/install-record.txt' Successfully installed carbon Cleaning up... Removing temporary dir /opt/graphite/build... root@statsd:/opt/graphite# For reference, this is pip 1.0 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)

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  • Problem with Android emulator

    - by benasio
    Projects do not run, on screen emulator only "ANDROID" WinXP pro SP3/Eclipse Galileo java version "1.6.0_20" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_20-b02) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 16.3-b01, mixed mode, sharing) My actions: 1.Start the emulator(Platform:2.1 API Level:7), wait until the window DDMS status will change to ONLINE 2.Launches helloandroid from examples - Run as Android Application Console: Android Launch! [2010-05-03 21:44:34 - HelloAndroid] adb is running normally. [2010-05-03 21:44:34 - HelloAndroid] Performing com.example.helloandroid.HelloAndroid activity launch [2010-05-03 21:44:34 - HelloAndroid] Automatic Target Mode: using existing emulator 'emulator-5554' running compatible AVD 'my_vm' [2010-05-03 21:44:34 - HelloAndroid] WARNING: Application does not specify an API level requirement! [2010-05-03 21:44:34 - HelloAndroid] Device API version is 7 (Android 2.1) [2010-05-03 21:44:34 - HelloAndroid] Uploading HelloAndroid.apk onto device 'emulator-5554' [2010-05-03 21:44:35 - HelloAndroid] Installing HelloAndroid.apk... [2010-05-03 21:45:07 - HelloAndroid] Success! [2010-05-03 21:45:08 - HelloAndroid] Starting activity com.example.helloandroid.HelloAndroid on device [2010-05-03 21:45:28 - HelloAndroid] ActivityManager: DDM dispatch reg wait timeout [2010-05-03 21:45:28 - HelloAndroid] ActivityManager: Can't dispatch DDM chunk 52454151: no handler defined [2010-05-03 21:45:28 - HelloAndroid] ActivityManager: Can't dispatch DDM chunk 48454c4f: no handler defined [2010-05-03 21:45:28 - HelloAndroid] ActivityManager: Can't dispatch DDM chunk 46454154: no handler defined [2010-05-03 21:45:28 - HelloAndroid] ActivityManager: Can't dispatch DDM chunk 4d505251: no handler defined [2010-05-03 21:45:52 - HelloAndroid] Device not ready. Waiting 3 seconds before next attempt. [2010-05-03 21:45:52 - HelloAndroid] ActivityManager: android.util.AndroidException: Can't connect to activity manager; is the system running? [2010-05-03 21:45:55 - HelloAndroid] Starting activity com.example.helloandroid.HelloAndroid on device [2010-05-03 21:46:11 - HelloAndroid] ActivityManager: DDM dispatch reg wait timeout ...... DDMS console (only errors and warnings) 05-03 17:43:52.437: ERROR/vold(26): Error opening switch name path '/sys/class/switch/test2' (No such file or directory) 05-03 17:43:52.437: ERROR/vold(26): Error bootstrapping switch '/sys/class/switch/test2' (No such file or directory) 05-03 17:43:52.437: ERROR/vold(26): Error opening switch name path '/sys/class/switch/test' (No such file or directory) 05-03 17:43:52.437: ERROR/vold(26): Error bootstrapping switch '/sys/class/switch/test' (No such file or directory) 05-03 17:48:34.036: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080093 (res/drawable-mdpi/sym_def_app_icon.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:34.406: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080002 (res/drawable-mdpi/arrow_down_float.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:35.836: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10800b4 (res/drawable/btn_check.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:36.076: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10800b7 (res/drawable-mdpi/btn_check_label_background.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:36.106: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10800b8 (res/drawable-mdpi/btn_check_off.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:36.147: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10800bd (res/drawable-mdpi/btn_check_on.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:36.437: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080004 (res/drawable/btn_default.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:36.716: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080005 (res/drawable/btn_default_small.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:36.966: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080006 (res/drawable/btn_dropdown.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:37.326: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080008 (res/drawable/btn_plus.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:37.707: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080007 (res/drawable/btn_minus.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:38.057: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080009 (res/drawable/btn_radio.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:38.776: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x108000a (res/drawable/btn_star.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:39.327: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080125 (res/drawable/btn_toggle.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:39.416: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080187 (res/drawable-mdpi/ic_emergency.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:39.506: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080012 (res/drawable-mdpi/divider_horizontal_bright.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:39.576: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080014 (res/drawable-mdpi/divider_horizontal_dark.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:40.126: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080016 (res/drawable/edit_text.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:40.507: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080161 (res/drawable/expander_group.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:41.036: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080062 (res/drawable/list_selector_background.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:41.177: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080217 (res/drawable-mdpi/menu_background.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:41.256: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080218 (res/drawable-mdpi/menu_background_fill_parent_width.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:41.567: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080219 (res/drawable/menu_selector.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:41.706: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080224 (res/drawable-mdpi/panel_background.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:41.849: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x108022e (res/drawable-mdpi/popup_bottom_bright.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:42.026: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x108022f (res/drawable-mdpi/popup_bottom_dark.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:42.156: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080230 (res/drawable-mdpi/popup_bottom_medium.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:42.276: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080231 (res/drawable-mdpi/popup_center_bright.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:42.376: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080232 (res/drawable-mdpi/popup_center_dark.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:42.507: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080235 (res/drawable-mdpi/popup_full_dark.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:42.606: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080238 (res/drawable-mdpi/popup_top_bright.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:42.696: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080239 (res/drawable-mdpi/popup_top_dark.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:42.946: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x108006d (res/drawable/progress_indeterminate_horizontal.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:43.076: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x108023f (res/drawable/progress_small.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:43.456: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080240 (res/drawable/progress_small_titlebar.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:43.957: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080262 (res/drawable-mdpi/scrollbar_handle_horizontal.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:44.036: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080263 (res/drawable-mdpi/scrollbar_handle_vertical.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:44.176: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080071 (res/drawable/spinner_dropdown_background.xml) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:44.317: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x1080326 (res/drawable-mdpi/title_bar_shadow.9.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:44.496: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10801c6 (res/drawable-mdpi/indicator_code_lock_drag_direction_green_up.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:44.607: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10801c7 (res/drawable-mdpi/indicator_code_lock_drag_direction_red_up.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:45.956: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10801c8 (res/drawable-mdpi/indicator_code_lock_point_area_default.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:46.407: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10801c9 (res/drawable-mdpi/indicator_code_lock_point_area_green.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:46.696: WARN/Zygote(29): Preloaded drawable resource #0x10801ca (res/drawable-mdpi/indicator_code_lock_point_area_red.png) that varies with configuration!! 05-03 17:48:56.307: ERROR/BatteryService(170): usbOnlinePath not found 05-03 17:48:56.336: ERROR/BatteryService(170): batteryVoltagePath not found 05-03 17:48:56.350: ERROR/BatteryService(170): batteryTemperaturePath not found 05-03 17:48:56.696: ERROR/SurfaceFlinger(170): Couldn't open /sys/power/wait_for_fb_sleep or /sys/power/wait_for_fb_wake 05-03 17:48:57.847: WARN/SurfaceFlinger(170): ro.sf.lcd_density not defined, using 160 dpi by default. 05-03 17:49:02.116: WARN/UsageStats(170): Usage stats version changed; dropping 05-03 17:49:05.036: WARN/zipro(182): Unable to open zip '/data/local/bootanimation.zip': No such file or directory 05-03 17:49:06.297: WARN/zipro(182): Unable to open zip '/system/media/bootanimation.zip': No such file or directory 05-03 17:49:50.637: WARN/PackageManager(170): Running ENG build: no pre-dexopt! 05-03 17:53:59.196: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.providers.gmail.permission.WRITE_GMAIL in package com.android.settings 05-03 17:53:59.238: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.providers.gmail.permission.READ_GMAIL in package com.android.settings 05-03 17:53:59.286: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH in package com.android.settings 05-03 17:53:59.517: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH in package com.android.providers.contacts 05-03 17:53:59.656: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH.cp in package com.android.providers.contacts 05-03 17:53:59.717: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH.mail in package com.android.contacts 05-03 17:53:59.796: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission android.permission.ADD_SYSTEM_SERVICE in package com.android.phone 05-03 17:54:00.126: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH in package com.android.development 05-03 17:54:00.206: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH.ALL_SERVICES in package com.android.development 05-03 17:54:00.206: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH.YouTubeUser in package com.android.development 05-03 17:54:00.237: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.ACCESS_GOOGLE_PASSWORD in package com.android.development 05-03 17:54:00.258: WARN/PackageManager(170): Unknown permission com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH in package com.android.browser 05-03 17:54:25.456: WARN/ResourceType(170): Resources don't contain package for resource number 0x7f0700e5 05-03 17:54:25.486: WARN/ResourceType(170): Resources don't contain package for resource number 0x7f020031 05-03 17:54:25.536: WARN/ResourceType(170): Resources don't contain package for resource number 0x7f020030 05-03 17:54:25.576: WARN/ResourceType(170): Resources don't contain package for resource number 0x7f050000 05-03 17:54:38.708: WARN/SharedBufferStack(182): waitForCondition(LockCondition) timed out (identity=0, status=0). CPU may be pegged. trying again.

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  • Application pool crashing regularly (8007006d) (Service Unavailable)

    - by Phil
    I have a basic web form site running. Nothing out of the ordinary. It is frequently crashing the application pool. The error code I got from the logs is '8007006d'. Googling this does not come up with the usual bevy of results.... I do get a few people with a similar problem. Any the advise seems to be that the error is related to registry permissions. Can anyone confirm / disconfirm this theory. That if I get error 8007006d it is definately a reg permissions problem? Here is the code from my page. I'm not seeing anything that would cause a memory leak or make this happen. It is basically just one big insert command with many parameters? Imports System.Web.Configuration Imports System.Data.SqlClient Imports System.Net.Mail Imports System.IO Imports System.Globalization Partial Class _Default Inherits System.Web.UI.Page Public Sub WriteError(ByVal errorMessage As String) Try Dim path As String = "~/Error/" & DateTime.Today.ToString("dd-mm-yy") & ".txt" If (Not File.Exists(System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath(path))) Then File.Create(System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath(path)).Close() End If Using w As StreamWriter = File.AppendText(System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath(path)) w.WriteLine(Constants.vbCrLf & "Log Entry : ") w.WriteLine("{0}", DateTime.Now.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)) Dim err As String = "Error in: " & System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Request.Url.ToString() & ". Error Message:" & errorMessage w.WriteLine(err) w.WriteLine("__________________________") w.Flush() w.Close() End Using Catch ex As Exception WriteError(ex.Message) End Try End Sub Protected Sub Page_PreLoad(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.PreLoad otherlanguagespecify.Text = "Language: Speaking: Reading: Writing:" 'Show / hide 'other' panels ProvincePanel.Visible = False If Province.SelectedValue = "Other" Then ProvincePanel.Visible = True End If languagespanel.Visible = False If OtherLanguage.Checked Then languagespanel.Visible = True End If End Sub Protected Sub Submit_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Submit.Click Dim areasexpertise As String = String.Empty Dim areasli As ListItem Dim english As String = String.Empty Dim connstring As String = WebConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings("Str").ToString() Dim c As SqlConnection = New SqlConnection(connstring) Dim s As String = ("INSERT INTO [MBA_EOI]") & _ ("([subdate],[surname], [name], [dob], [nationality], [postaladdress],") & _ ("[province],[city], [postcode], [worktelephone],") & _ ("[hometelephone], [mobile], [email],[fax], [institution1],") & _ ("[institution2], [institution3], [institution4], [institutiondate1], [institutiondate2],") & _ ("[institutiondate3], [institutiondate4],[institutionquals1], [institutionquals2], [institutionquals3],") & _ ("[institutionquals4],[profdates1], [profdates2],") & _ ("[profdates3], [profdates4], [profdates5], [profdates6], [profdates7], ") & _ ("[profloc1], [profloc2], [profloc3], [profloc4], [profloc5],") & _ ("[profloc6], [profloc7], [profcomp1], [profcomp2], [profcomp3],") & _ ("[profcomp4], [profcomp5], [profcomp6], [profcomp7], [profpos1],") & _ ("[profpos2], [profpos3], [profpos4], [profpos5], [profpos6],") & _ ("[profpos7], [profdesc1], [profdesc2], [profdesc3], [profdesc4],") & _ ("[profdesc5],[profdesc6],[profdesc7], [company1], [company2],") & _ ("[company3], [company4], [company5], [nature1], [nature2],") & _ ("[nature3], [nature4], [nature5], [workdate1], [workdate2],") & _ ("[workdate3], [workdate4], [workdate5], [contactname1], [contactname2],") & _ ("[contactname3], [contactname4], [contactname5], [wtelephone1], [wtelephone2],") & _ ("[wtelephone3],[wtelephone4], [wtelephone5], [philosophy], [publications],") & _ ("[english], [otherlanguage], [areasofexpertise], [otherareasofexpertise],") & _ ("[assessortrue], [coordinatortrue], [facilitatortrue], [moderatortrue], [productdevelopertrue],") & _ ("[projectmanagertrue], [assessorexp], [coordinatorexp], [facilitatorexp], [moderatorexp],") & _ ("[productdeveloperexp], [projectmanagerexp], [assessorlvl], [coordinatorlvl], [facilitatorlvl],") & _ ("[moderatorlvl], [productdeveloperlvl], [projectmanagerlvl], [assessorpref], [coordinatorpref],") & _ ("[FacilitatorPref], [ModeratorPref], [ProductDeveloperPref], [ProjectManagerPref], [designation], [professortrue],") & _ ("[professorlvl], [professorexp], [professorpref], [lecturertrue], [lecturerpref], [lecturerlvl], [lecturerexp], [affiliations], [educationmore], ") & _ ("[wemail1], [wemail2], [wemail3], [wemail4], [wemail5])") & _ ("VALUES") & _ ("(@subdate, @surname, @name, @dob, @nationality, @postaladdress,") & _ ("@province,@city, @postcode, @worktelephone,") & _ ("@hometelephone, @mobile, @email, @fax, @inst1,") & _ ("@inst2, @inst3, @inst4, @instdate1, @instdate2,") & _ ("@instdate3, @instdate4, @instquals1, @instquals2, @instquals3,") & _ ("@instquals4, @profdates1, @profdates2,") & _ ("@profdates3, @profdates4, @profdates5, @profdates6, @profdates7,") & _ ("@profloc1, @profloc2, @profloc3, @profloc4, @profloc5,") & _ ("@profloc6, @profloc7, @profcomp1, @profcomp2, @profcomp3,") & _ ("@profcomp4, @profcomp5, @profcomp6, @profcomp7, @profpos1,") & _ ("@profpos1, @profpos1, @profpos4, @profpos5, @profpos6,") & _ ("@profpos7, @profdesc1, @profdesc2, @profdesc3, @profdesc4,") & _ ("@profdesc5, @profdesc6, @profdesc7, @company1, @company2,") & _ ("@company3, @company4, @company5,@nature1, @nature2,") & _ ("@nature3, @nature4, @nature5, @workdate1, @workdate2,") & _ ("@workdate3, @workdate4, @workdate5, @contactname1, @contactname2,") & _ ("@contactname3, @contactname4, @contactname5, @wtelephone1, @wtelephone2,") & _ ("@wtelephone3,@wtelephone4, @wtelephone5, @philosophy, @publications,") & _ ("@english, @otherlanguage, @areasofexpertise, @otherareasofexpertise,") & _ ("@assessor, @coordinator, @facilitator, @moderator, @productdeveloper,") & _ ("@projectmanager, @assessorexp, @coordinatorexp, @facilitatorexp, @moderatorexp,") & _ ("@productdeveloperexp, @projectmanagerexp, @assessorlvl, @coordinatorlvl, @facilitatorlvl,") & _ ("@moderatorlvl, @productdeveloperlvl, @projectmanagerlvl, @assessorpref, @coordinatorpref,") & _ ("@facilitatorpref, @moderatorpref, @productdeveloperpref, @projectmanagerpref, @designation, @professor, @professorlvl, @professorexp, @professorpref,") & _ ("@lecturer, @lecturerpref, @lecturerlvl, @lecturerexp, @affiliations, @educationmore, ") & _ ("@wemail1, @wemail2, @wemail3, @wemail4, @wemail5)") 'Setup birthday Dim birthdaystring As String = MonthBirth.SelectedValue.ToString & "/" & DayBirth.SelectedValue.ToString & "/" & YearBirth.SelectedValue.ToString Dim birthday As DateTime = Convert.ToDateTime(birthdaystring) Try Dim x As New SqlCommand(s, c) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@subdate", DateTime.Now()) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@surname", Surname.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@name", Name.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@dob", birthday) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@nationality", Nationality.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@postaladdress", Postaladdress.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@designation", Designation.SelectedItem.ToString) 'to control whether or not 'other' province is selected If Province.SelectedValue = "Other" Then x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@province", Otherprovince.Text) Else x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@province", Province.SelectedValue.ToString) End If x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@city", City.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@postcode", Postcode.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@worktelephone", Worktelephone.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@hometelephone", Hometelephone.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@mobile", Mobile.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@email", Email.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@fax", Fax.Text) 'Add education params to x command x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@inst1", Institution1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@inst2", Institution2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@inst3", Institution3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@inst4", Institution4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@instdate1", Institutiondates1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@instdate2", Institutiondates2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@instdate3", Institutiondates3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@instdate4", Institutiondates4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@instquals1", Institution1quals.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@instquals2", Institution2quals.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@instquals3", Institution3quals.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@instquals4", Institution4quals.Text) 'Add checkbox params to x command Dim eli As ListItem For Each eli In EnglishSkills.Items If eli.Selected Then english += eli.Text + " | " End If Next x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@english", english) For Each areasli In Expertiselist.Items If areasli.Selected Then areasexpertise += " ; " & areasli.Text End If Next x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@areasofexpertise", areasexpertise) If OtherLanguage.Checked.ToString Then x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@otherlanguage", otherlanguagespecify.Text) Else x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@otherlanguage", DBNull.Value) End If 'Add competencies params to x command x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@assessor", AssessorTrue.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@coordinator", CoordinatorTrue.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@facilitator", FacilitatorTrue.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@moderator", ModeratorTrue.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@productdeveloper", ProductDeveloperTrue.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@projectmanager", ProjectManagerTrue.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@assessorexp", Assessorexp.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@coordinatorexp", coordinatorexp.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@facilitatorexp", facilitatorexp.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@moderatorexp", moderatorexp.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@productdeveloperexp", productdeveloperexp.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@projectmanagerexp", projectmanagerexp.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@assessorlvl", Assessorlevel.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@coordinatorlvl", Coordinatorlevel.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@facilitatorlvl", Facilitatorlevel.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@moderatorlvl", Moderatorlevel.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@productdeveloperlvl", Productdeveloperlevel.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@projectmanagerlvl", Projectmanagerlevel.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@assessorpref", AssessorPref.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@coordinatorpref", CoordinatorPref.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@facilitatorpref", FacilitatorPref.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@moderatorpref", ModeratorPref.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@productdeveloperpref", ProductDeveloperPref.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@projectmanagerpref", ProjectManagerPref.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@professorpref", ProfessorPref.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@professorlvl", Professorlevel.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@professor", ProfessorTrue.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@professorexp", professorexp.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@lecturerpref", LecturerPref.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@lecturerlvl", Lecturerlevel.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@lecturer", LecturerTrue.Checked) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@lecturerexp", lecturerexp.Text) 'Add professional experience params to x command x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdates1", ProfDates1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdates2", ProfDates2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdates3", ProfDates3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdates4", ProfDates4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdates5", ProfDates5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdates6", ProfDates6.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdates7", ProfDates7.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profloc1", ProfDates1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profloc2", ProfDates2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profloc3", ProfDates3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profloc4", ProfDates4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profloc5", ProfDates5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profloc6", ProfDates6.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profloc7", ProfDates7.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profcomp1", ProfCompany1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profcomp2", ProfCompany2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profcomp3", ProfCompany3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profcomp4", ProfCompany4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profcomp5", ProfCompany5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profcomp6", ProfCompany6.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profcomp7", ProfCompany7.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profpos1", Profpos1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profpos2", Profpos2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profpos3", Profpos3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profpos4", Profpos4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profpos5", Profpos5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profpos6", Profpos6.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profpos7", Profpos7.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdesc1", ProfDesc1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdesc2", ProfDesc2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdesc3", ProfDesc2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdesc4", ProfDesc4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdesc5", ProfDesc5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdesc6", ProfDesc6.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@profdesc7", ProfDesc7.Text) 'Add references parameters to x command x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@company1", company1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@company2", company2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@company3", company3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@company4", company4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@company5", company5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@nature1", natureofwork1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@nature2", natureofwork2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@nature3", natureofwork3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@nature4", natureofwork4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@nature5", natureofwork5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@workdate1", workdate1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@workdate2", workdate2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@workdate3", workdate3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@workdate4", workdate4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@workdate5", workdate5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@contactname1", ContactName1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@contactname2", ContactName2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@contactname3", ContactName3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@contactname4", ContactName4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@contactname5", ContactName5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wtelephone1", Telephone1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wtelephone2", Telephone2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wtelephone3", Telephone3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wtelephone4", Telephone4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wtelephone5", Telephone5.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wemail1", Email1.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wemail2", Email2.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wemail3", Email3.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wemail4", Email4.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@wemail5", Email5.Text) 'Add other areas of expertise parameter x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@otherareasofexpertise", Otherareasofexpertise.Text) 'Add philosophy / pubs / affils comands to x command x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@philosophy", learningphilosophy.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@publications", publicationdetails.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@affiliations", affiliations.Text) x.Parameters.AddWithValue("@educationmore", educationmore.Text) c.Open() x.ExecuteNonQuery() c.Close() Catch ex As Exception WriteError(ex.ToString) End Try 'If everyone is happy, redirect to thank you page If (Page.IsValid) Then Response.Redirect("Thanks.aspx") End If End Sub End Class

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  • RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object

    - by Bilal Basharat
    this error arises when i try to run the following test case which is written in models.py of my django app named 'administration' : from django.test import Client, TestCase from django.core import mail class ClientTest( TestCase ): fixtures = [ 'testdata.json' ] def test_get_register( self ): response = self.client.get( '/accounts/register/', {} ) self.assertEqual( response.status_code, 200 ) the error arises at this line specifically: response = self.client.get( '/accounts/register/', {} ) my django version is 1.2.1 and python 2.6 and satchmo version is 0.9.2-pre hg-unknown. I code in windows platform(xp sp2). The command to run test case is: python manage.py test administration the complete error log is as follow: site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 121, in by_host site = by_host(host=host[4:], id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 124, in by_host site = by_host(host = 'www.%s' % host, id_only=id_only) File "build\bdist.win32\egg\threaded_multihost\sites.py", line 101, in by_host site = Site.objects.get(domain=host) File "C:\django\django\db\models\manager.py", line 132, in get return self.get_query_set().get(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 336, in get num = len(clone) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 81, in __len__ self._result_cache = list(self.iterator()) File "C:\django\django\db\models\query.py", line 269, in iterator for row in compiler.results_iter(): File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 672, in results_iter for rows in self.execute_sql(MULTI): File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 717, in execute_sql sql, params = self.as_sql() File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 65, in as_sql where, w_params = self.query.where.as_sql(qn=qn, connection=self.connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 91, in as_sql sql, params = child.as_sql(qn=qn, connection=connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 94, in as_sql sql, params = self.make_atom(child, qn, connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 141, in make_atom lvalue, params = lvalue.process(lookup_type, params_or_value, connection) File "C:\django\django\db\models\sql\where.py", line 312, in process connection=connection, prepared=True) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\__init__.py", line 323, in get_db_prep _lookup return [self.get_db_prep_value(value, connection=connection, prepared=prepar ed)] File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) File "C:\django\django\db\models\fields\subclassing.py", line 53, in inner return func(*args, **kwargs) RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 7 tests in 48.453s FAILED (errors=1) Destroying test database 'default'...

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  • WebDav And Exchange2007 HTTP1.1 404 Ressource not Found!

    - by adrien
    i have Exchange2007. and i am using the url: "https://exchange2007.exchange.server.com/Exchange/username/calendar"; 'calendar', or 'mailbox'( in your language! example, "boite de reception" in french or "calendário" in portuguese) with that url that i'm using i can list my ressources, but can't send a mail or write an appointement! why?!? See that i get a response of the server 207multistatus and ok, but the return a HTTP/1.1 404 Resource Not Found i wish a 201 created!!! (for my appointement) someone have better ideia ? thx. Console: >>>>>>> to server --------------------------------------------------- PROPPATCH /Exchange/marcelo/calend%C3%A1rio HTTP/1.1 Authorization: Basic bWFyY2Vsb0BleGNoYW5nZTptdXN0YWZhMSQ= Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8 User-Agent: Jakarta Commons-HttpClient/2.0final Host: exchange2007.exchange.snap.com.br Content-Length: 1407 <D:propertyupdate xmlns:D="DAV:"> <D:set> <D:prop> <mapi xmlns="xmlns"> http://schemas.microsoft.com/mapi/ </mapi> <Cmd xmlns="urn:"> saveappt </Cmd> <dtEnd xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar"> 2009-06-30T10:30:00.000Z </dtEnd> <contentclass xmlns="DAV"> urn:content-classes:Appointment </contentclass> <Subject xmlns="urn:schemas:httpmail"> Changed Test Appointment Subject </Subject> <Location xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar"> do </Location> <responserequested xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar"> 0 </responserequested> <saveappt xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar:cmd"> 1 </saveappt> <ressource xmlns="DAV"> https://exchange2007.exchange.snap.com.br/Exchange/marcelo/calendárioassuntoteste.EML </ressource> <alldayevent xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar"> 0 </alldayevent> <to xmlns="urn:schemas:header"> adrien </to> <dtStart xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar"> 2009-06-30T10:00:00.000Z </dtStart> <isfolder xmlns="DAV"> 0 </isfolder> <cmd xmlns="Cmd"> saveappt </cmd> <HtmlDescription xmlns="urn:schemas:httpmail"> Let's meet here </HtmlDescription> <outlookmessageclass xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/exchange/subject-utf8=Appointment"> IPM.Appointement </outlookmessageclass> <instancetype xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar"> 0 </instancetype> <meetingstatus xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar"> CONFIRMED </meetingstatus> <finvited xmlns="urn:schemas:mapi"> 0 </finvited> <BusyType xmlns="urn:schemas:calendar"> BUSY </BusyType> </D:prop> </D:set> </D:propertyupdate> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ <<<<<<< from server --------------------------------------------------- HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2009 20:29:40 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET MS-Exchange-Permanent-URL: https://exchange2007.exchange.snap.com.br/Exchange/marcelo/-FlatUrlSpace-/b3ee92320938254c828a96e2e269a417-a6271d Repl-UID: <rid:b3ee92320938254c828a96e2e269a417000000a6282e> Content-Type: text/xml Content-Length: 825 ResourceTag: <rt:b3ee92320938254c828a96e2e269a417000000a6282eb3ee92320938254c828a96e2e269a41700545bb4844c> MS-WebStorage: 08.01.10240 <a:multistatus xmlns:a="DAV:" xmlns:b="xmlns" xmlns:c="urn:" xmlns:d="urn:schemas:calendar" xmlns:e="DAV" xmlns:f="urn:schemas:httpmail" xmlns:g="urn:schemas:calendar:cmd" xmlns:h="urn:schemas:header" xmlns:i="Cmd" xmlns:j="http://schemas.microsoft.com/exchange/subject-utf8=Appointment" xmlns:k="urn:schemas:mapi"> <a:response> <a:href> https://exchange2007.exchange.snap.com.br/Exchange/marcelo/Calend%C3%A1rio </a:href> <a:propstat> <a:status> HTTP/1.1 200 OK </a:status> <a:prop> <b:mapi> </b:mapi> <c:Cmd> </c:Cmd> <d:dtEnd> </d:dtEnd> <e:contentclass> </e:contentclass> <f:Subject> </f:Subject> <d:Location> </d:Location> <d:responserequested> </d:responserequested> <g:saveappt> </g:saveappt> <e:ressource> </e:ressource> <d:alldayevent> </d:alldayevent> <h:to> </h:to> <d:dtStart> </d:dtStart> <e:isfolder> </e:isfolder> <i:cmd> </i:cmd> <f:HtmlDescription> </f:HtmlDescription> <j:outlookmessageclass> </j:outlookmessageclass> <d:instancetype> </d:instancetype> <d:meetingstatus> </d:meetingstatus> <k:finvited> </k:finvited> <d:BusyType> </d:BusyType> </a:prop> </a:propstat> </a:response> </a:multistatus> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >>>>>>> to server --------------------------------------------------- PROPFIND /Exchange/marcelo/calend%C3%A1rio HTTP/1.1 Authorization: Basic bWFyY2Vsb0BleGNoYW5nZTptdXN0YWZhMSQ= Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8 User-Agent: Jakarta Commons-HttpClient/2.0final Host: exchange2007.exchange.snap.com.br Content-Length: 207 Depth: 0 <D:propfind xmlns:D="DAV:"> <D:prop> <D:displayname> </D:displayname> <D:getcontentlength> </D:getcontentlength> <D:getcontenttype> </D:getcontenttype> <D:resourcetype> </D:resourcetype> <D:getlastmodified> </D:getlastmodified> <D:lockdiscovery> </D:lockdiscovery> </D:prop> </D:propfind> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ <<<<<<< from server --------------------------------------------------- HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2009 20:29:40 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Content-Type: text/xml Accept-Ranges: rows MS-WebStorage: 08.01.10240 Transfer-Encoding: chunked <a:multistatus xmlns:a="DAV:" xmlns:b="urn:uuid:c2f41010-65b3-11d1-a29f-00aa00c14882/" xmlns:c="xml:"> <a:response> <a:href> https://exchange2007.exchange.snap.com.br/Exchange/marcelo/Calend%C3%A1rio/ </a:href> <a:propstat> <a:status> HTTP/1.1 200 OK </a:status> <a:prop> <a:displayname> Calendário </a:displayname> <a:getcontentlength b:dt="int"> 0 </a:getcontentlength> <a:resourcetype> <a:collection> </a:collection> </a:resourcetype> <a:getlastmodified b:dt="dateTime.tz"> 2009-07-16T20:29:40.098Z </a:getlastmodified> <lockdiscovery xmlns="DAV:"> </lockdiscovery> </a:prop> </a:propstat> <a:propstat> <a:status> HTTP/1.1 404 Resource Not Found </a:status> <a:prop> <a:getcontenttype> </a:getcontenttype> </a:prop> </a:propstat> </a:response> </a:multistatus>

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  • Can't build pyxpcom on OS X 10.6

    - by Gj
    I've been following these instructions at https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Building_PyXPCOM but getting this: $ make make export make[2]: Nothing to be done for `export'. make[4]: Nothing to be done for `export'. make[4]: Nothing to be done for `export'. /opt/local/bin/python2.5 ../../../src/config/nsinstall.py -L /usr/local/pyxpcom/build/xpcom/src -m 644 ../../../src/xpcom/src/PyXPCOM.h ../../dist/include make[3]: Nothing to be done for `export'. /opt/local/bin/python2.5 ../../../../src/config/nsinstall.py -D ../../../dist/idl /opt/local/bin/python2.5 ../../../../src/config/nsinstall.py -D ../../../dist/idl make[4]: *** No rule to make target `_xpidlgen/py_test_component.h', needed by `export'. Stop. make[3]: *** [export] Error 2 make[2]: *** [export] Error 2 make[1]: *** [export] Error 2 make: *** [default] Error 2 Any ideas? An interesting anomaly is that despite me setting the PYTHON env variable to Python 2.6, the configure and make both seem to go after the 2.5... Thanks for any advice! PS here's the configure output: $ ../src/configure --with-libxul-sdk=/Users/me/xulrunner-sdk/ loading cache ./config.cache checking host system type... i386-apple-darwin10.3.0 checking target system type... i386-apple-darwin10.3.0 checking build system type... i386-apple-darwin10.3.0 checking for mawk... (cached) gawk checking for perl5... (cached) /opt/local/bin/perl5 checking for gcc... (cached) gcc checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) works... yes checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) is a cross-compiler... no checking whether we are using GNU C... (cached) yes checking whether gcc accepts -g... (cached) yes checking for c++... (cached) c++ checking whether the C++ compiler (c++ ) works... yes checking whether the C++ compiler (c++ ) is a cross-compiler... no checking whether we are using GNU C++... (cached) yes checking whether c++ accepts -g... (cached) yes checking for ranlib... (cached) ranlib checking for as... (cached) /usr/bin/as checking for ar... (cached) ar checking for ld... (cached) ld checking for strip... (cached) strip checking for windres... no checking whether gcc and cc understand -c and -o together... (cached) yes checking how to run the C preprocessor... (cached) gcc -E checking how to run the C++ preprocessor... (cached) c++ -E checking for a BSD compatible install... (cached) /usr/bin/install -c checking whether ln -s works... (cached) yes checking for minimum required perl version >= 5.006... 5.008009 checking for full perl installation... yes checking for /opt/local/bin/python... (cached) /opt/local/bin/python2.5 checking for doxygen... (cached) : checking for whoami... (cached) /usr/bin/whoami checking for autoconf... (cached) /opt/local/bin/autoconf checking for unzip... (cached) /usr/bin/unzip checking for zip... (cached) /usr/bin/zip checking for makedepend... (cached) /opt/local/bin/makedepend checking for xargs... (cached) /usr/bin/xargs checking for pbbuild... (cached) /usr/bin/xcodebuild checking for sdp... (cached) /usr/bin/sdp checking for gmake... (cached) /opt/local/bin/gmake checking for X... (cached) no checking whether the compiler supports -Wno-invalid-offsetof... yes checking whether ld has archive extraction flags... (cached) no checking that static assertion macros used in autoconf tests work... (cached) yes checking for 64-bit OS... yes checking for minimum required Python version >= 2.4... yes checking for -dead_strip option to ld... yes checking for ANSI C header files... (cached) yes checking for working const... (cached) yes checking for mode_t... (cached) yes checking for off_t... (cached) yes checking for pid_t... (cached) yes checking for size_t... (cached) yes checking for st_blksize in struct stat... (cached) yes checking for siginfo_t... (cached) yes checking for int16_t... (cached) yes checking for int32_t... (cached) yes checking for int64_t... (cached) yes checking for int64... (cached) no checking for uint... (cached) yes checking for uint_t... (cached) no checking for uint16_t... (cached) no checking for uname.domainname... (cached) no checking for uname.__domainname... (cached) no checking for usable char16_t (2 bytes, unsigned)... (cached) no checking for usable wchar_t (2 bytes, unsigned)... (cached) no checking for compiler -fshort-wchar option... (cached) yes checking for visibility(hidden) attribute... (cached) yes checking for visibility(default) attribute... (cached) yes checking for visibility pragma support... (cached) yes checking For gcc visibility bug with class-level attributes (GCC bug 26905)... (cached) yes checking For x86_64 gcc visibility bug with builtins (GCC bug 20297)... (cached) no checking for dirent.h that defines DIR... (cached) yes checking for opendir in -ldir... (cached) no checking for sys/byteorder.h... (cached) no checking for compat.h... (cached) no checking for getopt.h... (cached) yes checking for sys/bitypes.h... (cached) no checking for memory.h... (cached) yes checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes checking for gnu/libc-version.h... (cached) no checking for nl_types.h... (cached) yes checking for malloc.h... (cached) no checking for X11/XKBlib.h... (cached) yes checking for io.h... (cached) no checking for sys/statvfs.h... (cached) yes checking for sys/statfs.h... (cached) no checking for sys/vfs.h... (cached) no checking for sys/mount.h... (cached) yes checking for sys/quota.h... (cached) yes checking for mmintrin.h... (cached) yes checking for new... (cached) yes checking for sys/cdefs.h... (cached) yes checking for gethostbyname_r in -lc_r... (cached) no checking for dladdr... (cached) yes checking for socket in -lsocket... (cached) no checking whether mmap() sees write()s... yes checking whether gcc needs -traditional... (cached) no checking for 8-bit clean memcmp... (cached) yes checking for random... (cached) yes checking for strerror... (cached) yes checking for lchown... (cached) yes checking for fchmod... (cached) yes checking for snprintf... (cached) yes checking for statvfs... (cached) yes checking for memmove... (cached) yes checking for rint... (cached) yes checking for stat64... (cached) yes checking for lstat64... (cached) yes checking for truncate64... (cached) no checking for statvfs64... (cached) no checking for setbuf... (cached) yes checking for isatty... (cached) yes checking for flockfile... (cached) yes checking for getpagesize... (cached) yes checking for localtime_r... (cached) yes checking for strtok_r... (cached) yes checking for wcrtomb... (cached) yes checking for mbrtowc... (cached) yes checking for res_ninit()... (cached) no checking for gnu_get_libc_version()... (cached) no ../src/configure: line 9881: AM_LANGINFO_CODESET: command not found checking for an implementation of va_copy()... (cached) yes checking for an implementation of __va_copy()... (cached) yes checking whether va_lists can be copied by value... (cached) no checking for C++ exceptions flag... (cached) -fno-exceptions checking for gcc 3.0 ABI... (cached) yes checking for C++ "explicit" keyword... (cached) yes checking for C++ "typename" keyword... (cached) yes checking for modern C++ template specialization syntax support... (cached) yes checking whether partial template specialization works... (cached) yes checking whether operators must be re-defined for templates derived from templates... (cached) no checking whether we need to cast a derived template to pass as its base class... (cached) no checking whether the compiler can resolve const ambiguities for templates... (cached) yes checking whether the C++ "using" keyword can change access... (cached) yes checking whether the C++ "using" keyword resolves ambiguity... (cached) yes checking for "std::" namespace... (cached) yes checking whether standard template operator!=() is ambiguous... (cached) unambiguous checking for C++ reinterpret_cast... (cached) yes checking for C++ dynamic_cast to void*... (cached) yes checking whether C++ requires implementation of unused virtual methods... (cached) yes checking for trouble comparing to zero near std::operator!=()... (cached) no checking for LC_MESSAGES... (cached) yes checking for tar archiver... checking for gnutar... (cached) gnutar gnutar checking for wget... checking for wget... (cached) wget wget checking for valid optimization flags... yes checking for gcc -pipe support... yes checking whether compiler supports -Wno-long-long... yes checking whether C compiler supports -fprofile-generate... yes checking for correct temporary object destruction order... yes checking for correct overload resolution with const and templates... no Building Python extensions using python-2.5 from /opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5 creating ./config.status creating config/autoconf.mk creating Makefile creating xpcom/Makefile creating xpcom/src/Makefile creating xpcom/src/loader/Makefile creating xpcom/src/module/Makefile creating xpcom/components/Makefile creating xpcom/test/Makefile creating xpcom/test/test_component/Makefile creating dom/Makefile creating dom/src/Makefile creating dom/test/Makefile creating dom/test/pyxultest/Makefile creating dom/nsdom/Makefile creating dom/nsdom/test/Makefile

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  • PHP Form Sending Information to Limbo!

    - by drew
    I was told my client's quote form has not been generating very many emails. I have learned that although the form brings you to a confirmation page, the information never reaches the recipient. I have altered the code so it goes to my office email for testing purposes. If I post code for the form elements below, would someone be able to spot what the problem might be? Thank you very much! Link to the quote page is http://autoglass-plus.com/quote.php First is the form itself: <form id="quoteForm" name="form" action="form/index.php" method="post"> <fieldset> <p> <strong>Contact Information:</strong><br /> </p> <div> <label for="firstname">First Name:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="firstname" class="txt" id="firstname" /> </div> <div> <label for="lastname">Last Name:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="lastname" class="txt" id="lastname" /> </div> <div> <label for="address">Address:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="address" class="txt" id="address" /> </div> <div> <label for="city">City:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="city" class="txt" id="city" /> </div> <div> <label for="state">State:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="state" class="txt" id="state" /> </div> <div> <label for="zip">Zip:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="zip" class="txt" id="zip" /> </div> <div> <label for="label">Phone:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="phone" class="txt" id="label" /> </div> <div> <label for="email">Email:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="email" class="txt" id="email" /> </div> <p><br /> <b>Insurace Information</b></p> <p><i>Auto Glass Plus in an Approved Insurance Vendor. Insurance claims require additional information that we will request when we contact you for your quote.</i></p> <br /> <div> <input type="checkbox" name="insurance" value="yes" /> Check here if this is an insurance claim.<br /> <label for="year">Insurance Provider:<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="provider" class="txt" id="provider" /> </div> <p><br /> <b>Vehicle Information:</b><br /> </p> <div> <label for="year">Vehicle Year :<br /> </label> <input type="text" size="30" name="year" class="txt" id="year" /> </div> <div> <label for="make">Make: </label> <br /> <input type="text" size="30" name="make" class="txt" id="make" /> </div> <div> <label for="model">Model:</label> <br /> <input type="text" size="30" name="model" class="txt" id="model" /> </div> <div> <label for="body">Body Type:<br /> </label> <select name="body" id="body"> <option>Select One</option> <option value="2 Door Hatchback">2 Door Hatchback</option> <option value="4 Door Hatchback">4 Door Hatchback</option> <option value="2 Door Sedan">2 Door Sedan</option> <option value="4 Door Sedan">4 Door Sedan</option> <option value="Station Wagon">Station Wagon</option> <option value="Van">Van</option> <option value="Sport Utility">Sport Utility</option> <option value="Pickup Truck">Pickup Truck</option> <option value="Other Truck">Other Truck</option> <option value="Recreational Vehicle">Recreational Vehicle</option> <option value="Other">Other</option> </select> </div> <p><b><br /> Glass in Need of Repair:</b><br /> </p> <div> <input type="checkbox" name="repairs" value="Windshield" /> Windshield<br /> <input type="checkbox" name="repairs" value="Back Glass" /> Back Glass<br /> <input type="checkbox" name="repairs" value="Driver&rsquo;s Side Window" /> Side Window*<br /> <input type="checkbox" name="repairs" value="Chip Repair" /> Chip Repair<br /> <input type="checkbox" name="repairs" value="Other" /> Other </div> <p><strong>*Important:</strong> For side glass, please indicate the specific window that needs replacement <i>(e.g. passenger side rear door or driver side vent glass)</i>, and any tinting color preference in the <strong>Describe Damage </strong> field.</p> <p><br /> <b>Describe Damage</b></p> <div> <textarea rows="6" name="damage" id="damage" cols="37" class="txt"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="thanks" value="../thanks.php" /> <input type="hidden" name="required_fields" value="firstname, lastname, email, phone" /> <input type="hidden" name="html_template" value="testform.tpl.html" /> <input type="hidden" name="mail_template" value="testmail.tpl.txt" /> <div class="submit"> <center> <input type="submit" value="Submit Form" name="Submit" id="Submit" /> </center> </div> </fieldset> </form> Then it sends to a file named index.php inside the "form" folder: <?php $script_root = './'; $referring_server = 'www.wmsgroup.com, wmsgroup.com, scripts'; $allow_empty_referer = 'yes'; // (yes, no) $language = 'en'; // (see folder 'languages') $ip_banlist = ''; $ip_address_count = '0'; $ip_address_duration = '48'; $show_limit_errors = 'yes'; // (yes, no) $log_messages = 'no'; // (yes, no) $text_wrap = '65'; $show_error_messages = 'yes'; $attachment = 'no'; // (yes, no) $attachment_files = 'jpg, gif,png, zip, txt, pdf, doc, ppt, tif, bmp, mdb, xls, txt'; $attachment_size = 100000; $path['logfile'] = $script_root . 'logfile/logfile.txt'; $path['upload'] = $script_root . 'upload/'; // chmod 777 upload $path['templates'] = $script_root . 'templates/'; $file['default_html'] = 'testform.tpl.html'; $file['default_mail'] = 'testmail.tpl.txt'; /***************************************************** ** Add further words, text, variables and stuff ** that you want to appear in the templates here. ** The values are displayed in the HTML output and ** the e-mail. *****************************************************/ $add_text = array( 'txt_additional' => 'Additional', // {txt_additional} 'txt_more' => 'More' // {txt_more} ); /***************************************************** ** Do not edit below this line - Ende der Einstellungen *****************************************************/ /***************************************************** ** Send safety signal to included files *****************************************************/ define('IN_SCRIPT', 'true'); /***************************************************** ** Load formmail script code *****************************************************/ include($script_root . 'inc/formmail.inc.php') ?> There is also formail.inc.php, testform.tpl.php, testform.tpl.text and then the confirmation page, thanks.php I want to know how these all work together and what the problem could be.

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  • How to Post Javascript to a MySQL Database

    - by salientanimal
    Hi guys, I have created a form in HTLM and I m trying to post the information in the form to a MySQL database. My form make suse of a dynamic list selection that needs to be captured to the database. However when submtting the form I get the following error Error: Unknown column 'coulmn_name' in 'field list'. Here is my HTML CODE for the form <td height="94"><p align="justify">CALL TRACKER - ADMIN</p></td> Customer Name : E-Mail Address : </tr> <tr> <td width="29%" align="right" valign="middle"><strong>Case Number :</strong></td> <td> <input type="text" name="case_number" width="70%" align="left" valign="middle"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%" align="right" valign="middle"><strong>MSISDN :</strong></td> <td> <input type="text" name="msisdn" width="70%" align="left" valign="middle"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%" align="right" valign="middle"> <strong>Route Cause :</strong></td> <td width="71%" align="left" valign="middle"> <select name="route_cause" id="category" onChange="javascript: listboxchange1(this.options[this.selectedIndex].value);"> <!-- <select name="route_cause" id="route_cause"> --> <option value="">Select the Call Reason</option> <option value="Billing Admin">Billing Admin</option> <option value="Customer Care">Customer Care</option> <option value="Insurance">Insurance</option> <option value="Repairs">Repairs</option> <option value="SIM Swap">SIM Swap</option> <option value="UTI">UTI</option> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="middle"> <strong>Call Type/Indexed To :</strong></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" name="calltype_indexedto"> <!-- document.write('<select name="subcategory1" onChange="javascript: listboxchange2(this.options[this.selectedIndex].value);"><option value=""></option></select>') --> </script> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" valign="middle"> <strong>Type/TAT :</strong></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" name="type_tat"> <!-- document.write('<select name="subcategory2" onChange="javascript: listboxchange3(this.options[this.selectedIndex].value);"><option value=""></option></select>') --> </script> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%" align="right" valign="middle"> <strong>Escalated To :</strong></td> <td width="71%" align="left" valign="middle"> <select name="escalatedto" id="escalated_to"> <option value="">Select the Escalation</option> <option value="Billing Ops">Billing Ops</option> <option value="Resolvers">Resolvers</option> <option value="Finance">Finance</option> <option value="Ressolver">Ressolver</option> <option value="Nudebt">Nudebt</option> <option value="Transunion">Transunion</option> <option value="N/A">N/A</option> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%" align="right" valign="middle"> <strong>Requested By :</strong></td> <td width="71%" align="left" valign="middle"> <select name="requestedby" id="requested_by"> <option value="">UTI Requested By</option> <option value="Billing">Billing</option> <option value="Customer Service">Customer Service</option> <option value="Insurance">Insurance</option> <option value="Management">Management</option> <option value="Repairs">Repairs</option> <option value="Retail Support">Retail Support</option> <option value="Retentions">Retentions</option> <option value="SIM Swap">SIM Swap</option> <option value="WOW">WOW</option> <option value="N/A">N/A</option> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%" align="right" valign="middle"> <strong>Province :</strong></td> <td width="71%" align="left" valign="middle"> <select name="province" id="province"> <option value="">Select the Province</option> <option value="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</option> <option value="Gauteng">Gauteng</option> <option value="Kwa-Zulu Natal">Kwa-Zulu Natal</option> <option value="Limpopo">Limpopo</option> <option value="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</option> <option value="North West">North West</option> <option value="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</option> <option value="Polokwane">Polokwane</option> <option value="Western Cape">Western Cape</option> <option value="Other">Other</option> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%" align="right" valign="middle"><strong>Comments :</strong></td> <td> <textarea rows ="5" cols="30" name="comments"> </textarea> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <input type="reset" value="Reset Form"><input type="Submit" value="Submit"> Here is my PHP CODE to write to the Database <?php $con = mysql_connect("hostname" ,"mysqusername" ,"mysqlpassword"); if (!$con) { die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); } mysql_select_db("databasename", $con); $sql="INSERT INTO customer_services_tracker (customer_name ,customer_email_address ,case_number ,msisdn ,route_cause ,calltype_indexedto ,type_tat ,escalatedto ,requestedby ,province ,comments ) VALUES ('$_POST[customer_name]' ,'$_POST[customer_email_address]' ,'$_POST[case_number]' ,'$_POST[msisdn]' ,'$_POST[route_cause]' ,'$_POST[calltype_indexedto]' ,'$_POST[type_tat]' ,'$_POST[escalatedto]' ,'$_POST[requestedby]' ,'$_POST[province]' ,'$_POST[comments]')"; $CatName = $rowCat["Name"]; if (!mysql_query($sql,$con)) { die('Error: ' . mysql_error()); } echo "1 record added"; mysql_close($con) ?>

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  • ModSecurity compile error on nginx

    - by user146481
    I'm trying to install ModSecurity on nginx with the following instructions : wget https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ModSecurity/archive/master.zip unzip master cd ModSecurity-master ./autogen.sh ./configure --enable-standalone-module And i got the following error : Checking plataform... Identified as Linux configure: looking for Apache module support via DSO through APXS configure: error: couldn't find APXS After installing httpd-devel httpd-devel and running ./configure --enable-standalone-module --with-apxs=/usr/sbin/apxs ; make modsecurity compile workes but still have another error of nginx compilation : ./configure --add-module=/usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity and i got this error : gcc -c -pipe -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I /usr/include/apache2 -I /usr/include/apr-1.0 -I /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone -I /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2 -I /usr/include/libxml2 -I objs -I src/http -I src/http/modules -I src/mail \ -o objs/addon/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.o \ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:20:23: error: http_core.h: No such file or directory /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:21:26: error: http_request.h: No such file or directory In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:37, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_logging.h:41:23: error: apr_pools.h: No such file or directory In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:38, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_multipart.h:26:25: error: apr_general.h: No such file or directory /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_multipart.h:27:24: error: apr_tables.h: No such file or directory In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:38, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_multipart.h:44: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_array_header_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_multipart.h:65: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_array_header_t’ cc1: warnings being treated as errors /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_multipart.h:135: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_multipart.h:135: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_multipart.h:135: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘multipart_cleanup’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_multipart.h:137: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_table_t’ In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:39, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_pcre.h:41: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_pcre.h:45: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:40, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:19:27: error: apr_file_info.h: No such file or directory In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:41, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:29, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:40, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/persist_dbm.h:21: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/persist_dbm.h:21: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_table_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/persist_dbm.h:21: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/persist_dbm.h:24: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_table_t’ In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:42, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:29, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:40, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:20:19: error: httpd.h: No such file or directory /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:21:24: error: ap_release.h: No such file or directory /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:24:26: error: apr_optional.h: No such file or directory In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:42, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:29, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:40, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:30: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘modsec_register_tfn’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:30: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘(’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:30: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:30: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:31: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘modsec_register_operator’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:31: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘(’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:31: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:31: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:32: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘modsec_register_variable’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:33: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘(’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:32: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:36: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:37: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘modsec_register_reqbody_processor’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:37: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘(’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:37: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:37: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘APR_DECLARE_OPTIONAL_FN’ In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:42, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:29, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:40, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:56: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:58: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:65: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:65: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:65: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘input_filter’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:68: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:68: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:68: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘output_filter’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:70: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:70: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:70: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘read_request_body’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:77: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:77: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:77: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘send_error_bucket’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:83: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:85: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:93: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/apache2.h:95: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:29, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:40, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:43:25: error: http_config.h: No such file or directory In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:29, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:40, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:59: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_array_header_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:61: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:61: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:61: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘collection_original_setvar’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:63: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_pool_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:67: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:70: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:75: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_array_header_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:76: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_pool_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:86: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_pool_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:94: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:101: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_pool_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:111: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:111: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:111: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘msre_ruleset_process_phase’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:113: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:113: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:113: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘msre_ruleset_process_phase_internal’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:115: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_pool_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:143: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_ipsubnet_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:149: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_array_header_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:189: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:219: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:235: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘fn_tfn_execute_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:239: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘fn_tfn_execute_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:258: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_table_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:258: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_pool_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:285: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_table_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:341: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:341: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:341: error: ‘apr_status_t’ declared as function returning a function /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:341: error: ‘apr_status_t’ redeclared as different kind of symbol /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:113: note: previous declaration of ‘apr_status_t’ was here /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:342: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_pool_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:342: error: ‘fn_action_execute_t’ declared as function returning a function /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:369: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘fn_action_init_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:399: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:403: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_array_header_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:403: error: ‘msre_parse_vars’ declared as function returning a function /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/re.h:415: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_size_t’ In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:40, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:54: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:62: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:66: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:68: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:70: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:74: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:76: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:82: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:88: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:90: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:92: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:100: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:102: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:104: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:106: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:108: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:110: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:112: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:114: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:128: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:132: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:136: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:140: error: data definition has no type or storage class /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:140: error: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘apr_fileperms_t’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:140: error: expected ‘,’ or ‘;’ before ‘mode2fileperms’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_util.h:144: error: expected declaration specifiers or ‘...’ before ‘apr_pool_t’ In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:41, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_xml.h:43: error: ‘xml_cleanup’ declared as function returning a function In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:42, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_geo.h:38:25: error: apr_file_io.h: No such file or directory In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:42, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_geo.h:58: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_file_t’ In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:43, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_gsb.h:22:22: error: apr_hash.h: No such file or directory In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:43, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_gsb.h:25: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_file_t’ In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:44, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_unicode.h:25: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before ‘apr_file_t’ In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:46, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/msc_crypt.h:34: error: expected ‘)’ before ‘*’ token In file included from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../standalone/api.h:23, from /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:28: /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:48:23: error: ap_config.h: No such file or directory /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:49:21: error: apr_md5.h: No such file or directory /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:50:25: error: apr_strings.h: No such file or directory /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/../../apache2/modsecurity.h:54:22: error: http_log.h: No such file or directory /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:938: error: ‘ngx_http_modsecurity_ctx_t’ has no member named ‘req’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:938: error: too many arguments to function ‘ConvertNgxStringToUTF8’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:942: error: ‘ngx_http_modsecurity_ctx_t’ has no member named ‘req’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:944: error: ‘ngx_http_modsecurity_ctx_t’ has no member named ‘req’ /usr/local/src/john/ModSecurity-master/nginx/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.c:952: error: ‘modsecurity_read_body_cb’ undeclared (first use in this function) make[1]: *** [objs/addon/modsecurity/ngx_http_modsecurity.o] Error 1 make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/local/src/john/nginx-1.2.5' make: *** [build] Error 2 Note : I'm using nginx as the only webserver and i do not have apache installed. OS : Centos 6 64bit How can i solve this problem And do you have another easy way to install modsecurity with nginx ?

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  • Hosting the Razor Engine for Templating in Non-Web Applications

    - by Rick Strahl
    Microsoft’s new Razor HTML Rendering Engine that is currently shipping with ASP.NET MVC previews can be used outside of ASP.NET. Razor is an alternative view engine that can be used instead of the ASP.NET Page engine that currently works with ASP.NET WebForms and MVC. It provides a simpler and more readable markup syntax and is much more light weight in terms of functionality than the full blown WebForms Page engine, focusing only on features that are more along the lines of a pure view engine (or classic ASP!) with focus on expression and code rendering rather than a complex control/object model. Like the Page engine though, the parser understands .NET code syntax which can be embedded into templates, and behind the scenes the engine compiles markup and script code into an executing piece of .NET code in an assembly. Although it ships as part of the ASP.NET MVC and WebMatrix the Razor Engine itself is not directly dependent on ASP.NET or IIS or HTTP in any way. And although there are some markup and rendering features that are optimized for HTML based output generation, Razor is essentially a free standing template engine. And what’s really nice is that unlike the ASP.NET Runtime, Razor is fairly easy to host inside of your own non-Web applications to provide templating functionality. Templating in non-Web Applications? Yes please! So why might you host a template engine in your non-Web application? Template rendering is useful in many places and I have a number of applications that make heavy use of it. One of my applications – West Wind Html Help Builder - exclusively uses template based rendering to merge user supplied help text content into customizable and executable HTML markup templates that provide HTML output for CHM style HTML Help. This is an older product and it’s not actually using .NET at the moment – and this is one reason I’m looking at Razor for script hosting at the moment. For a few .NET applications though I’ve actually used the ASP.NET Runtime hosting to provide templating and mail merge style functionality and while that works reasonably well it’s a very heavy handed approach. It’s very resource intensive and has potential issues with versioning in various different versions of .NET. The generic implementation I created in the article above requires a lot of fix up to mimic an HTTP request in a non-HTTP environment and there are a lot of little things that have to happen to ensure that the ASP.NET runtime works properly most of it having nothing to do with the templating aspect but just satisfying ASP.NET’s requirements. The Razor Engine on the other hand is fairly light weight and completely decoupled from the ASP.NET runtime and the HTTP processing. Rather it’s a pure template engine whose sole purpose is to render text templates. Hosting this engine in your own applications can be accomplished with a reasonable amount of code (actually just a few lines with the tools I’m about to describe) and without having to fake HTTP requests. It’s also much lighter on resource usage and you can easily attach custom properties to your base template implementation to easily pass context from the parent application into templates all of which was rather complicated with ASP.NET runtime hosting. Installing the Razor Template Engine You can get Razor as part of the MVC 3 (RC and later) or Web Matrix. Both are available as downloadable components from the Web Platform Installer Version 3.0 (!important – V2 doesn’t show these components). If you already have that version of the WPI installed just fire it up. You can get the latest version of the Web Platform Installer from here: http://www.microsoft.com/web/gallery/install.aspx Once the platform Installer 3.0 is installed install either MVC 3 or ASP.NET Web Pages. Once installed you’ll find a System.Web.Razor assembly in C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v1.0\Assemblies\System.Web.Razor.dll which you can add as a reference to your project. Creating a Wrapper The basic Razor Hosting API is pretty simple and you can host Razor with a (large-ish) handful of lines of code. I’ll show the basics of it later in this article. However, if you want to customize the rendering and handle assembly and namespace includes for the markup as well as deal with text and file inputs as well as forcing Razor to run in a separate AppDomain so you can unload the code-generated assemblies and deal with assembly caching for re-used templates little more work is required to create something that is more easily reusable. For this reason I created a Razor Hosting wrapper project that combines a bunch of this functionality into an easy to use hosting class, a hosting factory that can load the engine in a separate AppDomain and a couple of hosting containers that provided folder based and string based caching for templates for an easily embeddable and reusable engine with easy to use syntax. If you just want the code and play with the samples and source go grab the latest code from the Subversion Repository at: http://www.west-wind.com:8080/svn/articles/trunk/RazorHosting/ or a snapshot from: http://www.west-wind.com/files/tools/RazorHosting.zip Getting Started Before I get into how hosting with Razor works, let’s take a look at how you can get up and running quickly with the wrapper classes provided. It only takes a few lines of code. The easiest way to use these Razor Hosting Wrappers is to use one of the two HostContainers provided. One is for hosting Razor scripts in a directory and rendering them as relative paths from these script files on disk. The other HostContainer serves razor scripts from string templates… Let’s start with a very simple template that displays some simple expressions, some code blocks and demonstrates rendering some data from contextual data that you pass to the template in the form of a ‘context’. Here’s a simple Razor template: @using System.Reflection Hello @Context.FirstName! Your entry was entered on: @Context.Entered @{ // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); } AppDomain Id: @AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName Assembly: @Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName Code based output: @{ // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } Response.Write(output); } Pretty easy to see what’s going on here. The only unusual thing in this code is the Context object which is an arbitrary object I’m passing from the host to the template by way of the template base class. I’m also displaying the current AppDomain and the executing Assembly name so you can see how compiling and running a template actually loads up new assemblies. Also note that as part of my context I’m passing a reference to the current Windows Form down to the template and changing the title from within the script. It’s a silly example, but it demonstrates two-way communication between host and template and back which can be very powerful. The easiest way to quickly render this template is to use the RazorEngine<TTemplateBase> class. The generic parameter specifies a template base class type that is used by Razor internally to generate the class it generates from a template. The default implementation provided in my RazorHosting wrapper is RazorTemplateBase. Here’s a simple one that renders from a string and outputs a string: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; string output = engine.RenderTemplate(this.txtSource.Text new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; Simple enough. This code renders a template from a string input and returns a result back as a string. It  creates a custom context and passes that to the template which can then access the Context’s properties. Note that anything passed as ‘context’ must be serializable (or MarshalByRefObject) – otherwise you get an exception when passing the reference over AppDomain boundaries (discussed later). Passing a context is optional, but is a key feature in being able to share data between the host application and the template. Note that we use the Context object to access FirstName, Entered and even the host Windows Form object which is used in the template to change the Window caption from within the script! In the code above all the work happens in the RenderTemplate method which provide a variety of overloads to read and write to and from strings, files and TextReaders/Writers. Here’s another example that renders from a file input using a TextReader: using (reader = new StreamReader("templates\\simple.csHtml", true)) { result = host.RenderTemplate(reader, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, this.CustomContext); } RenderTemplate() is fairly high level and it handles loading of the runtime, compiling into an assembly and rendering of the template. If you want more control you can use the lower level methods to control each step of the way which is important for the HostContainers I’ll discuss later. Basically for those scenarios you want to separate out loading of the engine, compiling into an assembly and then rendering the template from the assembly. Why? So we can keep assemblies cached. In the code above a new assembly is created for each template rendered which is inefficient and uses up resources. Depending on the size of your templates and how often you fire them you can chew through memory very quickly. This slighter lower level approach is only a couple of extra steps: // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); string assId = null; using (StringReader reader = new StringReader(this.txtSource.Text)) { assId = engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, reader); } string output = engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(assId, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; The difference here is that you can capture the assembly – or rather an Id to it – and potentially hold on to it to render again later assuming the template hasn’t changed. The HostContainers take advantage of this feature to cache the assemblies based on certain criteria like a filename and file time step or a string hash that if not change indicate that an assembly can be reused. Note that ParseAndCompileTemplate returns an assembly Id rather than the assembly itself. This is done so that that the assembly always stays in the host’s AppDomain and is not passed across AppDomain boundaries which would cause load failures. We’ll talk more about this in a minute but for now just realize that assemblies references are stored in a list and are accessible by this ID to allow locating and re-executing of the assembly based on that id. Reuse of the assembly avoids recompilation overhead and creation of yet another assembly that loads into the current AppDomain. You can play around with several different versions of the above code in the main sample form:   Using Hosting Containers for more Control and Caching The above examples simply render templates into assemblies each and every time they are executed. While this works and is even reasonably fast, it’s not terribly efficient. If you render templates more than once it would be nice if you could cache the generated assemblies for example to avoid re-compiling and creating of a new assembly each time. Additionally it would be nice to load template assemblies into a separate AppDomain optionally to be able to be able to unload assembli es and also to protect your host application from scripting attacks with malicious template code. Hosting containers provide also provide a wrapper around the RazorEngine<T> instance, a factory (which allows creation in separate AppDomains) and an easy way to start and stop the container ‘runtime’. The Razor Hosting samples provide two hosting containers: RazorFolderHostContainer and StringHostContainer. The folder host provides a simple runtime environment for a folder structure similar in the way that the ASP.NET runtime handles a virtual directory as it’s ‘application' root. Templates are loaded from disk in relative paths and the resulting assemblies are cached unless the template on disk is changed. The string host also caches templates based on string hashes – if the same string is passed a second time a cached version of the assembly is used. Here’s how HostContainers work. I’ll use the FolderHostContainer because it’s likely the most common way you’d use templates – from disk based templates that can be easily edited and maintained on disk. The first step is to create an instance of it and keep it around somewhere (in the example it’s attached as a property to the Form): RazorFolderHostContainer Host = new RazorFolderHostContainer(); public RazorFolderHostForm() { InitializeComponent(); // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. Host.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates Host.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container Host.Start(); } Next anytime you want to render a template you can use simple code like this: private void RenderTemplate(string fileName) { // Pass the template path via the Context var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, Host.TemplatePath); if (!Host.RenderTemplate(relativePath, this.Context, Host.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + Host.ErrorMessage); return; } this.webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + Host.RenderingOutputFile); } You can also render the output to a string instead of to a file: string result = Host.RenderTemplateToString(relativePath,context); Finally if you want to release the engine and shut down the hosting AppDomain you can simply do: Host.Stop(); Stopping the AppDomain and restarting it (ie. calling Stop(); followed by Start()) is also a nice way to release all resources in the AppDomain. The FolderBased domain also supports partial Rendering based on root path based relative paths with the same caching characteristics as the main templates. From within a template you can call out to a partial like this: @RenderPartial(@"partials\PartialRendering.cshtml", Context) where partials\PartialRendering.cshtml is a relative to the template root folder. The folder host example lets you load up templates from disk and display the result in a Web Browser control which demonstrates using Razor HTML output from templates that contain HTML syntax which happens to me my target scenario for Html Help Builder.   The Razor Engine Wrapper Project The project I created to wrap Razor hosting has a fair bit of code and a number of classes associated with it. Most of the components are internally used and as you can see using the final RazorEngine<T> and HostContainer classes is pretty easy. The classes are extensible and I suspect developers will want to build more customized host containers for their applications. Host containers are the key to wrapping up all functionality – Engine, BaseTemplate, AppDomain Hosting, Caching etc in a logical piece that is ready to be plugged into an application. When looking at the code there are a couple of core features provided: Core Razor Engine Hosting This is the core Razor hosting which provides the basics of loading a template, compiling it into an assembly and executing it. This is fairly straightforward, but without a host container that can cache assemblies based on some criteria templates are recompiled and re-created each time which is inefficient (although pretty fast). The base engine wrapper implementation also supports hosting the Razor runtime in a separate AppDomain for security and the ability to unload it on demand. Host Containers The engine hosting itself doesn’t provide any sort of ‘runtime’ service like picking up files from disk, caching assemblies and so forth. So my implementation provides two HostContainers: RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer. The FolderHost works off a base directory and loads templates based on relative paths (sort of like the ASP.NET runtime does off a virtual). The HostContainers also deal with caching of template assemblies – for the folder host the file date is tracked and checked for updates and unless the template is changed a cached assembly is reused. The StringHostContainer similiarily checks string hashes to figure out whether a particular string template was previously compiled and executed. The HostContainers also act as a simple startup environment and a single reference to easily store and reuse in an application. TemplateBase Classes The template base classes are the base classes that from which the Razor engine generates .NET code. A template is parsed into a class with an Execute() method and the class is based on this template type you can specify. RazorEngine<TBaseTemplate> can receive this type and the HostContainers default to specific templates in their base implementations. Template classes are customizable to allow you to create templates that provide application specific features and interaction from the template to your host application. How does the RazorEngine wrapper work? You can browse the source code in the links above or in the repository or download the source, but I’ll highlight some key features here. Here’s part of the RazorEngine implementation that can be used to host the runtime and that demonstrates the key code required to host the Razor runtime. The RazorEngine class is implemented as a generic class to reflect the Template base class type: public class RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase The generic type is used to internally provide easier access to the template type and assignments on it as part of the template processing. The class also inherits MarshalByRefObject to allow execution over AppDomain boundaries – something that all the classes discussed here need to do since there is much interaction between the host and the template. The first two key methods deal with creating a template assembly: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost with various options applied. /// Applies basic namespace imports and the name of the class to generate /// </summary> /// <param name="generatedNamespace"></param> /// <param name="generatedClass"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected RazorTemplateEngine CreateHost(string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass) { Type baseClassType = typeof(TBaseTemplateType); RazorEngineHost host = new RazorEngineHost(new CSharpRazorCodeLanguage()); host.DefaultBaseClass = baseClassType.FullName; host.DefaultClassName = generatedClass; host.DefaultNamespace = generatedNamespace; host.NamespaceImports.Add("System"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Text"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Collections.Generic"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Linq"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.IO"); return new RazorTemplateEngine(host); } /// <summary> /// Parses and compiles a markup template into an assembly and returns /// an assembly name. The name is an ID that can be passed to /// ExecuteTemplateByAssembly which picks up a cached instance of the /// loaded assembly. /// /// </summary> /// <param name="namespaceOfGeneratedClass">The namespace of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="generatedClassName">The name of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="ReferencedAssemblies">Any referenced assemblies by dll name only. Assemblies must be in execution path of host or in GAC.</param> /// <param name="templateSourceReader">Textreader that loads the template</param> /// <remarks> /// The actual assembly isn't returned here to allow for cross-AppDomain /// operation. If the assembly was returned it would fail for cross-AppDomain /// calls. /// </remarks> /// <returns>An assembly Id. The Assembly is cached in memory and can be used with RenderFromAssembly.</returns> public string ParseAndCompileTemplate( string namespaceOfGeneratedClass, string generatedClassName, string[] ReferencedAssemblies, TextReader templateSourceReader) { RazorTemplateEngine engine = CreateHost(namespaceOfGeneratedClass, generatedClassName); // Generate the template class as CodeDom GeneratorResults razorResults = engine.GenerateCode(templateSourceReader); // Create code from the codeDom and compile CSharpCodeProvider codeProvider = new CSharpCodeProvider(); CodeGeneratorOptions options = new CodeGeneratorOptions(); // Capture Code Generated as a string for error info // and debugging LastGeneratedCode = null; using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { codeProvider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(razorResults.GeneratedCode, writer, options); LastGeneratedCode = writer.ToString(); } CompilerParameters compilerParameters = new CompilerParameters(ReferencedAssemblies); // Standard Assembly References compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Core.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("Microsoft.CSharp.dll"); // dynamic support! // Also add the current assembly so RazorTemplateBase is available compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().CodeBase.Substring(8)); compilerParameters.GenerateInMemory = Configuration.CompileToMemory; if (!Configuration.CompileToMemory) compilerParameters.OutputAssembly = Path.Combine(Configuration.TempAssemblyPath, "_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n") + ".dll"); CompilerResults compilerResults = codeProvider.CompileAssemblyFromDom(compilerParameters, razorResults.GeneratedCode); if (compilerResults.Errors.Count > 0) { var compileErrors = new StringBuilder(); foreach (System.CodeDom.Compiler.CompilerError compileError in compilerResults.Errors) compileErrors.Append(String.Format(Resources.LineX0TColX1TErrorX2RN, compileError.Line, compileError.Column, compileError.ErrorText)); this.SetError(compileErrors.ToString() + "\r\n" + LastGeneratedCode); return null; } AssemblyCache.Add(compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName, compilerResults.CompiledAssembly); return compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName; } Think of the internal CreateHost() method as setting up the assembly generated from each template. Each template compiles into a separate assembly. It sets up namespaces, and assembly references, the base class used and the name and namespace for the generated class. ParseAndCompileTemplate() then calls the CreateHost() method to receive the template engine generator which effectively generates a CodeDom from the template – the template is turned into .NET code. The code generated from our earlier example looks something like this: //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <auto-generated> // This code was generated by a tool. // Runtime Version:4.0.30319.1 // // Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if // the code is regenerated. // </auto-generated> //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ namespace RazorTest { using System; using System.Text; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.IO; using System.Reflection; public class RazorTemplate : RazorHosting.RazorTemplateBase { #line hidden public RazorTemplate() { } public override void Execute() { WriteLiteral("Hello "); Write(Context.FirstName); WriteLiteral("! Your entry was entered on: "); Write(Context.Entered); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\n"); // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); WriteLiteral("\r\nAppDomain Id:\r\n "); Write(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName); WriteLiteral("\r\n \r\nAssembly:\r\n "); Write(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\nCode based output: \r\n"); // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } } } } Basically the template’s body is turned into code in an Execute method that is called. Internally the template’s Write method is fired to actually generate the output. Note that the class inherits from RazorTemplateBase which is the generic parameter I used to specify the base class when creating an instance in my RazorEngine host: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); This template class must be provided and it must implement an Execute() and Write() method. Beyond that you can create any class you chose and attach your own properties. My RazorTemplateBase class implementation is very simple: public class RazorTemplateBase : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable { /// <summary> /// You can pass in a generic context object /// to use in your template code /// </summary> public dynamic Context { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Class that generates output. Currently ultra simple /// with only Response.Write() implementation. /// </summary> public RazorResponse Response { get; set; } public object HostContainer {get; set; } public object Engine { get; set; } public RazorTemplateBase() { Response = new RazorResponse(); } public virtual void Write(object value) { Response.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLiteral(object value) { Response.Write(value); } /// <summary> /// Razor Parser implements this method /// </summary> public virtual void Execute() {} public virtual void Dispose() { if (Response != null) { Response.Dispose(); Response = null; } } } Razor fills in the Execute method when it generates its subclass and uses the Write() method to output content. As you can see I use a RazorResponse() class here to generate output. This isn’t necessary really, as you could use a StringBuilder or StringWriter() directly, but I prefer using Response object so I can extend the Response behavior as needed. The RazorResponse class is also very simple and merely acts as a wrapper around a TextWriter: public class RazorResponse : IDisposable { /// <summary> /// Internal text writer - default to StringWriter() /// </summary> public TextWriter Writer = new StringWriter(); public virtual void Write(object value) { Writer.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLine(object value) { Write(value); Write("\r\n"); } public virtual void WriteFormat(string format, params object[] args) { Write(string.Format(format, args)); } public override string ToString() { return Writer.ToString(); } public virtual void Dispose() { Writer.Close(); } public virtual void SetTextWriter(TextWriter writer) { // Close original writer if (Writer != null) Writer.Close(); Writer = writer; } } The Rendering Methods of RazorEngine At this point I’ve talked about the assembly generation logic and the template implementation itself. What’s left is that once you’ve generated the assembly is to execute it. The code to do this is handled in the various RenderXXX methods of the RazorEngine class. Let’s look at the lowest level one of these which is RenderTemplateFromAssembly() and a couple of internal support methods that handle instantiating and invoking of the generated template method: public string RenderTemplateFromAssembly( string assemblyId, string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass, object context, TextWriter outputWriter) { this.SetError(); Assembly generatedAssembly = AssemblyCache[assemblyId]; if (generatedAssembly == null) { this.SetError(Resources.PreviouslyCompiledAssemblyNotFound); return null; } string className = generatedNamespace + "." + generatedClass; Type type; try { type = generatedAssembly.GetType(className); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.UnableToCreateType + className + ": " + ex.Message); return null; } // Start with empty non-error response (if we use a writer) string result = string.Empty; using(TBaseTemplateType instance = InstantiateTemplateClass(type)) { if (instance == null) return null; if (outputWriter != null) instance.Response.SetTextWriter(outputWriter); if (!InvokeTemplateInstance(instance, context)) return null; // Capture string output if implemented and return // otherwise null is returned if (outputWriter == null) result = instance.Response.ToString(); } return result; } protected virtual TBaseTemplateType InstantiateTemplateClass(Type type) { TBaseTemplateType instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type) as TBaseTemplateType; if (instance == null) { SetError(Resources.CouldnTActivateTypeInstance + type.FullName); return null; } instance.Engine = this; // If a HostContainer was set pass that to the template too instance.HostContainer = this.HostContainer; return instance; } /// <summary> /// Internally executes an instance of the template, /// captures errors on execution and returns true or false /// </summary> /// <param name="instance">An instance of the generated template</param> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage for errors</returns> protected virtual bool InvokeTemplateInstance(TBaseTemplateType instance, object context) { try { instance.Context = context; instance.Execute(); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateExecutionError + ex.Message); return false; } finally { // Must make sure Response is closed instance.Response.Dispose(); } return true; } The RenderTemplateFromAssembly method basically requires the namespace and class to instantate and creates an instance of the class using InstantiateTemplateClass(). It then invokes the method with InvokeTemplateInstance(). These two methods are broken out because they are re-used by various other rendering methods and also to allow subclassing and providing additional configuration tasks to set properties and pass values to templates at execution time. In the default mode instantiation sets the Engine and HostContainer (discussed later) so the template can call back into the template engine, and the context is set when the template method is invoked. The various RenderXXX methods use similar code although they create the assemblies first. If you’re after potentially cashing assemblies the method is the one to call and that’s exactly what the two HostContainer classes do. More on that in a minute, but before we get into HostContainers let’s talk about AppDomain hosting and the like. Running Templates in their own AppDomain With the RazorEngine class above, when a template is parsed into an assembly and executed the assembly is created (in memory or on disk – you can configure that) and cached in the current AppDomain. In .NET once an assembly has been loaded it can never be unloaded so if you’re loading lots of templates and at some time you want to release them there’s no way to do so. If however you load the assemblies in a separate AppDomain that new AppDomain can be unloaded and the assemblies loaded in it with it. In order to host the templates in a separate AppDomain the easiest thing to do is to run the entire RazorEngine in a separate AppDomain. Then all interaction occurs in the other AppDomain and no further changes have to be made. To facilitate this there is a RazorEngineFactory which has methods that can instantiate the RazorHost in a separate AppDomain as well as in the local AppDomain. The host creates the remote instance and then hangs on to it to keep it alive as well as providing methods to shut down the AppDomain and reload the engine. Sounds complicated but cross-AppDomain invocation is actually fairly easy to implement. Here’s some of the relevant code from the RazorEngineFactory class. Like the RazorEngine this class is generic and requires a template base type in the generic class name: public class RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase Here are the key methods of interest: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost in a new AppDomain. This /// version creates a static singleton that that is cached and you /// can call UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current == null) Current = new RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>(); return Current.GetRazorHostInAppDomain(); } public static void UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current != null) Current.UnloadHost(); Current = null; } /// <summary> /// Instance method that creates a RazorHost in a new AppDomain. /// This method requires that you keep the Factory around in /// order to keep the AppDomain alive and be able to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> GetRazorHostInAppDomain() { LocalAppDomain = CreateAppDomain(null); if (LocalAppDomain == null) return null; /// Create the instance inside of the new AppDomain /// Note: remote domain uses local EXE's AppBasePath!!! RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> host = null; try { Assembly ass = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly(); string AssemblyPath = ass.Location; host = (RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>) LocalAppDomain.CreateInstanceFrom(AssemblyPath, typeof(RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>).FullName).Unwrap(); } catch (Exception ex) { ErrorMessage = ex.Message; return null; } return host; } /// <summary> /// Internally creates a new AppDomain in which Razor templates can /// be run. /// </summary> /// <param name="appDomainName"></param> /// <returns></returns> private AppDomain CreateAppDomain(string appDomainName) { if (appDomainName == null) appDomainName = "RazorHost_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n"); AppDomainSetup setup = new AppDomainSetup(); // *** Point at current directory setup.ApplicationBase = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory; AppDomain localDomain = AppDomain.CreateDomain(appDomainName, null, setup); return localDomain; } /// <summary> /// Allow unloading of the created AppDomain to release resources /// All internal resources in the AppDomain are released including /// in memory compiled Razor assemblies. /// </summary> public void UnloadHost() { if (this.LocalAppDomain != null) { AppDomain.Unload(this.LocalAppDomain); this.LocalAppDomain = null; } } The static CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() is the key method that startup code usually calls. It uses a Current singleton instance to an instance of itself that is created cross AppDomain and is kept alive because it’s static. GetRazorHostInAppDomain actually creates a cross-AppDomain instance which first creates a new AppDomain and then loads the RazorEngine into it. The remote Proxy instance is returned as a result to the method and can be used the same as a local instance. The code to run with a remote AppDomain is simple: private RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase> CreateHost() { if (this.Host != null) return this.Host; // Use Static Methods - no error message if host doesn't load this.Host = RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); if (this.Host == null) { MessageBox.Show("Unable to load Razor Template Host", "Razor Hosting", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); } return this.Host; } This code relies on a local reference of the Host which is kept around for the duration of the app (in this case a form reference). To use this you’d simply do: this.Host = CreateHost(); if (host == null) return; string result = host.RenderTemplate( this.txtSource.Text, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll", "Westwind.Utilities.dll" }, this.CustomContext); if (result == null) { MessageBox.Show(host.ErrorMessage, "Template Execution Error", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); return; } this.txtResult.Text = result; Now all templates run in a remote AppDomain and can be unloaded with simple code like this: RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Host = null; One Step further – Providing a caching ‘Runtime’ Once we can load templates in a remote AppDomain we can add some additional functionality like assembly caching based on application specific features. One of my typical scenarios is to render templates out of a scripts folder. So all templates live in a folder and they change infrequently. So a Folder based host that can compile these templates once and then only recompile them if something changes would be ideal. Enter host containers which are basically wrappers around the RazorEngine<t> and RazorEngineFactory<t>. They provide additional logic for things like file caching based on changes on disk or string hashes for string based template inputs. The folder host also provides for partial rendering logic through a custom template base implementation. There’s a base implementation in RazorBaseHostContainer, which provides the basics for hosting a RazorEngine, which includes the ability to start and stop the engine, cache assemblies and add references: public abstract class RazorBaseHostContainer<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase, new() { public RazorBaseHostContainer() { UseAppDomain = true; GeneratedNamespace = "__RazorHost"; } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the Container hosts Razor /// in a separate AppDomain. Seperate AppDomain /// hosting allows unloading and releasing of /// resources. /// </summary> public bool UseAppDomain { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Base folder location where the AppDomain /// is hosted. By default uses the same folder /// as the host application. /// /// Determines where binary dependencies are /// found for assembly references. /// </summary> public string BaseBinaryFolder { get; set; } /// <summary> /// List of referenced assemblies as string values. /// Must be in GAC or in the current folder of the host app/ /// base BinaryFolder /// </summary> public List<string> ReferencedAssemblies = new List<string>(); /// <summary> /// Name of the generated namespace for template classes /// </summary> public string GeneratedNamespace {get; set; } /// <summary> /// Any error messages /// </summary> public string ErrorMessage { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host. Required to keep the /// reference to the host alive for multiple uses. /// </summary> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> Engine; /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host Factory - so we can unload /// the host and its associated AppDomain. /// </summary> protected RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> EngineFactory; /// <summary> /// Keep track of each compiled assembly /// and when it was compiled. /// /// Use a hash of the string to identify string /// changes. /// </summary> protected Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem> LoadedAssemblies = new Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem>(); /// <summary> /// Call to start the Host running. Follow by a calls to RenderTemplate to /// render individual templates. Call Stop when done. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage on false </returns> public virtual bool Start() { if (Engine == null) { if (UseAppDomain) Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); else Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHost(); Engine.Configuration.CompileToMemory = true; Engine.HostContainer = this; if (Engine == null) { this.ErrorMessage = EngineFactory.ErrorMessage; return false; } } return true; } /// <summary> /// Stops the Host and releases the host AppDomain and cached /// assemblies. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public bool Stop() { this.LoadedAssemblies.Clear(); RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Engine = null; return true; } … } This base class provides most of the mechanics to host the runtime, but no application specific implementation for rendering. There are rendering functions but they just call the engine directly and provide no caching – there’s no context to decide how to cache and reuse templates. The key methods are Start and Stop and their main purpose is to start a new AppDomain (optionally) and shut it down when requested. The RazorFolderHostContainer – Folder Based Runtime Hosting Let’s look at the more application specific RazorFolderHostContainer implementation which is defined like this: public class RazorFolderHostContainer : RazorBaseHostContainer<RazorTemplateFolderHost> Note that a customized RazorTemplateFolderHost class template is used for this implementation that supports partial rendering in form of a RenderPartial() method that’s available to templates. The folder host’s features are: Render templates based on a Template Base Path (a ‘virtual’ if you will) Cache compiled assemblies based on the relative path and file time stamp File changes on templates cause templates to be recompiled into new assemblies Support for partial rendering using base folder relative pathing As shown in the startup examples earlier host containers require some startup code with a HostContainer tied to a persistent property (like a Form property): // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. HostContainer.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Default output rendering disk location HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile = Path.Combine(HostContainer.TemplatePath, "__Preview.htm"); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates HostContainer.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container HostContainer.Start(); Once that’s done, you can render templates with the host container: // Pass the template path for full filename seleted with OpenFile Dialog // relativepath is: subdir\file.cshtml or file.cshtml or ..\file.cshtml var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, HostContainer.TemplatePath); if (!HostContainer.RenderTemplate(relativePath, Context, HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + HostContainer.ErrorMessage); return; } webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile); The most critical task of the RazorFolderHostContainer implementation is to retrieve a template from disk, compile and cache it and then deal with deciding whether subsequent requests need to re-compile the template or simply use a cached version. Internally the GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache() handles this task: /// <summary> /// Internally checks if a cached assembly exists and if it does uses it /// else creates and compiles one. Returns an assembly Id to be /// used with the LoadedAssembly list. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected virtual CompiledAssemblyItem GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(string relativePath) { string fileName = Path.Combine(TemplatePath, relativePath).ToLower(); int fileNameHash = fileName.GetHashCode(); if (!File.Exists(fileName)) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateFileDoesnTExist + fileName); return null; } CompiledAssemblyItem item = null; this.LoadedAssemblies.TryGetValue(fileNameHash, out item); string assemblyId = null; // Check for cached instance if (item != null) { var fileTime = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(fileName); if (fileTime <= item.CompileTimeUtc) assemblyId = item.AssemblyId; } else item = new CompiledAssemblyItem(); // No cached instance - create assembly and cache if (assemblyId == null) { string safeClassName = GetSafeClassName(fileName); StreamReader reader = null; try { reader = new StreamReader(fileName, true); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.ErrorReadingTemplateFile + fileName); return null; } assemblyId = Engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(this.ReferencedAssemblies.ToArray(), reader); // need to ensure reader is closed if (reader != null) reader.Close(); if (assemblyId == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } item.AssemblyId = assemblyId; item.CompileTimeUtc = DateTime.UtcNow; item.FileName = fileName; item.SafeClassName = safeClassName; this.LoadedAssemblies[fileNameHash] = item; } return item; } This code uses a LoadedAssembly dictionary which is comprised of a structure that holds a reference to a compiled assembly, a full filename and file timestamp and an assembly id. LoadedAssemblies (defined on the base class shown earlier) is essentially a cache for compiled assemblies and they are identified by a hash id. In the case of files the hash is a GetHashCode() from the full filename of the template. The template is checked for in the cache and if not found the file stamp is checked. If that’s newer than the cache’s compilation date the template is recompiled otherwise the version in the cache is used. All the core work defers to a RazorEngine<T> instance to ParseAndCompileTemplate(). The three rendering specific methods then are rather simple implementations with just a few lines of code dealing with parameter and return value parsing: /// <summary> /// Renders a template to a TextWriter. Useful to write output into a stream or /// the Response object. Used for partial rendering. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path to the file in the folder structure</param> /// <param name="context">Optional context object or null</param> /// <param name="writer">The textwriter to write output into</param> /// <returns></returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, TextWriter writer) { // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; CompiledAssemblyItem item = GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(relativePath); if (item == null) { writer.Close(); return false; } try { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error string result = Engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(item.AssemblyId, context, writer); if (result == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return false; } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } finally { writer.Close(); } return true; } /// <summary> /// Render a template from a source file on disk to a specified outputfile. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path off the template root folder. Format: path/filename.cshtml</param> /// <param name="context">Any object that will be available in the template as a dynamic of this.Context</param> /// <param name="outputFile">Optional - output file where output is written to. If not specified the /// RenderingOutputFile property is used instead /// </param> /// <returns>true if rendering succeeds, false on failure - check ErrorMessage</returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, string outputFile) { if (outputFile == null) outputFile = RenderingOutputFile; try { using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(outputFile, false, Engine.Configuration.OutputEncoding, Engine.Configuration.StreamBufferSize)) { return RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } return true; } /// <summary> /// Renders a template to string. Useful for RenderTemplate /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> public string RenderTemplateToString(string relativePath, object context) { string result = string.Empty; try { using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error if (!RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer)) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } result = writer.ToString(); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return null; } return result; } The idea is that you can create custom host container implementations that do exactly what you want fairly easily. Take a look at both the RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer classes for the basic concepts you can use to create custom implementations. Notice also that you can set the engine’s PerRequestConfigurationData() from the host container: // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; which when set to a non-null value is passed to the Template’s InitializeTemplate() method. This method receives an object parameter which you can cast as needed: public override void InitializeTemplate(object configurationData) { // Pick up configuration data and stuff into Request object RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration config = configurationData as RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration; this.Request.TemplatePath = config.TemplatePath; this.Request.TemplateRelativePath = config.TemplateRelativePath; } With this data you can then configure any custom properties or objects on your main template class. It’s an easy way to pass data from the HostContainer all the way down into the template. The type you use is of type object so you have to cast it yourself, and it must be serializable since it will likely run in a separate AppDomain. This might seem like an ugly way to pass data around – normally I’d use an event delegate to call back from the engine to the host, but since this is running over AppDomain boundaries events get really tricky and passing a template instance back up into the host over AppDomain boundaries doesn’t work due to serialization issues. So it’s easier to pass the data from the host down into the template using this rather clumsy approach of set and forward. It’s ugly, but it’s something that can be hidden in the host container implementation as I’ve done here. It’s also not something you have to do in every implementation so this is kind of an edge case, but I know I’ll need to pass a bunch of data in some of my applications and this will be the easiest way to do so. Summing Up Hosting the Razor runtime is something I got jazzed up about quite a bit because I have an immediate need for this type of templating/merging/scripting capability in an application I’m working on. I’ve also been using templating in many apps and it’s always been a pain to deal with. The Razor engine makes this whole experience a lot cleaner and more light weight and with these wrappers I can now plug .NET based templating into my code literally with a few lines of code. That’s something to cheer about… I hope some of you will find this useful as well… Resources The examples and code require that you download the Razor runtimes. Projects are for Visual Studio 2010 running on .NET 4.0 Platform Installer 3.0 (install WebMatrix or MVC 3 for Razor Runtimes) Latest Code in Subversion Repository Download Snapshot of the Code Documentation (CHM Help File) © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in ASP.NET  .NET  

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