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• sshd running but no PID file

  - by dunxd

  I'm recently started using monit to monitor the status of sshd on my CentOS 5.4 server. This works fine, but every so often monit reports that sshd is no longer running. This isn't true - I am still able to login to the server via ssh, however I note the following: There is no longer any PID file at /var/run/sshd.pid - after a reboot this file exists. Once it is gone, restarting sshd via service sshd restart does not create the PID file. sudo service sshd status reports openssh-daemon is stopped - again, restarting sshd does not change this, but a reboot does. sudo service sshd stop reports failed, presumably because of the missing PID file. Any idea what is going on? Update sudo netstat -lptun gives the following output relating to port 22 tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 20735/sshd Killing the process with this PID as suggested by @Henry and then starting sshd via service results in service sshd status recognising the process by PID again. Would still like to understand this better. RPM verify suggested by a couple of answerers shows this: sudo rpm -vV openssh openssh-server openssh-clients | grep 'S\.5' S.5....T c /etc/pam.d/sshd S.5....T c /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/pam.d/sshd has the following contents: #%PAM-1.0 auth include system-auth account required pam_nologin.so account include system-auth password include system-auth session optional pam_keyinit.so force revoke session include system-auth #session required pam_loginuid.so Should that last line be commented out? Update Here's the output of @YannickGirouard 's script: $ sudo ./sshd_test Searching for the process listening on port 22... Found the following PID: 21330 Command line for PID 21330: /usr/sbin/sshd Listing process(es) relating to PID 21330: UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 21330 1 0 14:04 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd Listing RPM information about openssh packages: Name : openssh Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 4.3p2 Vendor: CentOS Release : 72.el5_7.5 Build Date: Tue 30 Aug 2011 12:34:14 AM BST Install Date: Sun 06 Nov 2011 12:50:57 AM GMT Build Host: builder10.centos.org Group : Applications/Internet Source RPM: openssh-4.3p2-72.el5_7.5.src.rpm Size : 745390 License: BSD Signature : DSA/SHA1, Fri 02 Sep 2011 01:13:01 AM BST, Key ID a8a447dce8562897 URL : http://www.openssh.com/portable.html Summary : The OpenSSH implementation of SSH protocol versions 1 and 2 ------------------------------------------------------ Name : openssh-clients Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 4.3p2 Vendor: CentOS Release : 72.el5_7.5 Build Date: Tue 30 Aug 2011 12:34:14 AM BST Install Date: Sun 06 Nov 2011 12:51:04 AM GMT Build Host: builder10.centos.org Group : Applications/Internet Source RPM: openssh-4.3p2-72.el5_7.5.src.rpm Size : 871132 License: BSD Signature : DSA/SHA1, Fri 02 Sep 2011 01:13:01 AM BST, Key ID a8a447dce8562897 URL : http://www.openssh.com/portable.html Summary : The OpenSSH client applications ------------------------------------------------------ Name : openssh-server Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 4.3p2 Vendor: CentOS Release : 72.el5_7.5 Build Date: Tue 30 Aug 2011 12:34:14 AM BST Install Date: Sun 06 Nov 2011 12:51:04 AM GMT Build Host: builder10.centos.org Group : System Environment/Daemons Source RPM: openssh-4.3p2-72.el5_7.5.src.rpm Size : 492478 License: BSD Signature : DSA/SHA1, Fri 02 Sep 2011 01:13:01 AM BST, Key ID a8a447dce8562897 URL : http://www.openssh.com/portable.html Summary : The OpenSSH server daemon ------------------------------------------------------ However, I've since got things working by killing the process and starting afresh, as suggested by @Henry below, so perhaps I am no longer seeing the same thing. Will try again if I am seeing the issue again after next reboot. Update - 14 March Monit alerted me that sshd had disappeared, and again I am able to ssh onto the server. So now I can run the script $ sudo ./sshd_test Searching for the process listening on port 22... Found the following PID: 2208 Command line for PID 2208: /usr/sbin/sshd Listing process(es) relating to PID 2208: UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 2208 1 0 Mar13 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd root 1885 2208 0 21:50 ? 00:00:00 sshd: dunx [priv] Listing RPM information about openssh packages: Name : openssh Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 4.3p2 Vendor: CentOS Release : 72.el5_7.5 Build Date: Tue 30 Aug 2011 12:34:14 AM BST Install Date: Sun 06 Nov 2011 12:50:57 AM GMT Build Host: builder10.centos.org Group : Applications/Internet Source RPM: openssh-4.3p2-72.el5_7.5.src.rpm Size : 745390 License: BSD Signature : DSA/SHA1, Fri 02 Sep 2011 01:13:01 AM BST, Key ID a8a447dce8562897 URL : http://www.openssh.com/portable.html Summary : The OpenSSH implementation of SSH protocol versions 1 and 2 ------------------------------------------------------ Name : openssh-clients Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 4.3p2 Vendor: CentOS Release : 72.el5_7.5 Build Date: Tue 30 Aug 2011 12:34:14 AM BST Install Date: Sun 06 Nov 2011 12:51:04 AM GMT Build Host: builder10.centos.org Group : Applications/Internet Source RPM: openssh-4.3p2-72.el5_7.5.src.rpm Size : 871132 License: BSD Signature : DSA/SHA1, Fri 02 Sep 2011 01:13:01 AM BST, Key ID a8a447dce8562897 URL : http://www.openssh.com/portable.html Summary : The OpenSSH client applications ------------------------------------------------------ Name : openssh-server Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 4.3p2 Vendor: CentOS Release : 72.el5_7.5 Build Date: Tue 30 Aug 2011 12:34:14 AM BST Install Date: Sun 06 Nov 2011 12:51:04 AM GMT Build Host: builder10.centos.org Group : System Environment/Daemons Source RPM: openssh-4.3p2-72.el5_7.5.src.rpm Size : 492478 License: BSD Signature : DSA/SHA1, Fri 02 Sep 2011 01:13:01 AM BST, Key ID a8a447dce8562897 URL : http://www.openssh.com/portable.html Summary : The OpenSSH server daemon ------------------------------------------------------ Again, when I look for /var/run/sshd.pid I don't find it. $ cat /var/run/sshd.pid cat: /var/run/sshd.pid: No such file or directory $ sudo netstat -anp | grep sshd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2208/sshd $ sudo kill 2208 $ sudo service sshd start Starting sshd: [ OK ] $ cat /var/run/sshd.pid 3794 $ sudo service sshd status openssh-daemon (pid 3794) is running... Is it possible that sshd is restarting and not creating a pidfile for some reason?

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• How successful is GPL in reaching its goals?

  - by StasM

  There are, broadly, two types of FOSS licenses when it relates to commercial usage of the code - let's say the GPL-type and the BSD-type. The first is, broadly, restrictive about commercial usage (by usage I also mean modification and redistribution, as well as creating derived works, etc.) of the code under the license, and the second is much more permissive. As I understand, the idea behind GPL-type licenses is to encourage people to abandon the proprietary software model and instead convert to the FOSS code, and the license is the instrument to entice them to do so - i.e. "you can use this nice software, but only if you agree to come to our camp and play by our rules". What I want to ask is - was this strategy successful so far? I.e. are there any major achievements in the form of some big project going from closed to open because of GPL or some software being developed in the open only because GPL made it so? How big is the impact of this strategy - compared, say, to the world where everybody would have BSD-type licenses or release all open-source code under public domain? Note that I am not asking if FOSS model is successful - this is beyond question. What I am asking is if the specific way of enticing people to convert from proprietary to FOSS used by GPL-type and not used by BSD-type licenses was successful. I also don't ask about the merits of GPL itself as the license - just about the fact of its effectiveness.

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• Is there a C# secure socket other than SSLStream?

  - by AI0867

  .NET 2.0 provides only the System.Net.Security.SslStream class for secure sockets in .NET 2.0 and higher, but this uses the Stream interface, which provides the blocking Read/Write members and asynchronous Begin{Read,Write} members. I'm looking for a class that provides functionality similar to System.Net.Sockets.Socket. Specifically, something resembling Poll/Select, so I can handle multiple sockets in a single thread without blocking. The mentalis security library supplies a SecureSocket class, but is explicitly unsupported for versions greater than .NET 1.1.

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• TcpListener Socket still active after program exits.

  - by lnical

  I'm trying to stop a TCP Listener as my program is exiting. I do not care about any data that is currently active on the socket or any of the active client sockets. The socket clean up code is essentially: try { myServer.Server.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both) } catch (Exception ex) { LogException(ex) } myServer.Server.Close(0) myServer.Stop() myServer is a TCPListener On some occasions, Shutdown will thrown an exception System.Net.Sockets.SocketException: A request to send or receive data was disallowed because the socket is not connected and (when sending on a datagram socket using a sendto call) no address was supplied at System.Net.Sockets.Socket.Shutdown(SocketShutdown how) When this happens, the socket is never released. Even after the application exits netstat shows the socket is still in the listening state. I have not been able to create definitive reproduction scenerio, it happens at seemingly random times. Client Sockets are cleaned up independently. Do you have any suggestions to help me make this socket die?

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• C++/CLI HTTP Proxy problems...

  - by darkantimatter

  Hi, I'm trying(very hard) to make a small HTTP Proxy server which I can use to save all communications to a file. Seeing as I dont really have any experience in the area, I used a class from codeproject.com and some associated code to get started (It was made in the old CLI syntax, so I converted it). I couldn't get it working, so I added lots more code to make it work (threads etc), and now it sort of works. Basically, it recieves something from a client (I just configured Mozilla Firefox to route its connections through this proxy) and then routes it to google.com. After it sends Mozilla's data to google, recieves a responce, and sends that to Mozilla. This works fine, but then the proxy fails to recieve any data from Mozilla. It just loops in the Sleep(50) section. Anyway, heres the code: ProxyTest.cpp: #include "stdafx.h" #include "windows.h" #include "CHTTPProxy.h" public ref class ClientThread { public: System::Net::Sockets::TcpClient ^ pClient; CHttpProxy ^ pProxy; System::Int32 ^ pRecieveBufferSize; System::Threading::Thread ^ Thread; ClientThread(System::Net::Sockets::TcpClient ^ sClient, CHttpProxy ^ sProxy, System::Int32 ^ sRecieveBufferSize) { pClient = sClient; pProxy = sProxy; pRecieveBufferSize = sRecieveBufferSize; }; void StartReading() { Thread = gcnew System::Threading::Thread(gcnew System::Threading::ThreadStart(this,&ClientThread::ThreadEntryPoint)); Thread->Start(); }; void ThreadEntryPoint() { char * bytess; bytess = new char[(int)pRecieveBufferSize]; memset(bytess, 0, (int)pRecieveBufferSize); array<unsigned char> ^ bytes = gcnew array<unsigned char>((int)pRecieveBufferSize); array<unsigned char> ^ sendbytes; do { if (pClient->GetStream()->DataAvailable) { try { do { Sleep(100); //Lets wait for whole packet to get cached (If it even does...) unsigned int k = pClient->GetStream()->Read(bytes, 0, (int)pRecieveBufferSize); //Read it for(unsigned int i=0; i<(int)pRecieveBufferSize; i++) bytess[i] = bytes[i]; Console::WriteLine("Packet Received:\n"+gcnew System::String(bytess)); pProxy->SendToServer(bytes,pClient->GetStream()); //Now send it to google! pClient->GetStream()->Flush(); } while(pClient->GetStream()->DataAvailable); } catch (Exception ^ e) { break; } } else { Sleep(50); //It just loops here because it thinks mozilla isnt sending anything if (!(pClient->Connected)) break; }; } while (pClient->GetStream()->CanRead); delete [] bytess; pClient->Close(); }; }; int main(array<System::String ^> ^args) { System::Collections::Generic::Stack<ClientThread ^> ^ Clients = gcnew System::Collections::Generic::Stack<ClientThread ^>(); System::Net::Sockets::TcpListener ^ pTcpListener = gcnew System::Net::Sockets::TcpListener(8080); pTcpListener->Start(); System::Net::Sockets::TcpClient ^ pTcpClient; while (1) { pTcpClient = pTcpListener->AcceptTcpClient(); //Wait for client ClientThread ^ Client = gcnew ClientThread(pTcpClient, gcnew CHttpProxy("www.google.com.au", 80), pTcpClient->ReceiveBufferSize); //Make a new object for this client Client->StartReading(); //Start the thread Clients->Push(Client); //Add it to the list }; pTcpListener->Stop(); return 0; } CHTTPProxy.h, from http://www.codeproject.com/KB/IP/howtoproxy.aspx with a lot of modifications: //THIS FILE IS FROM http://www.codeproject.com/KB/IP/howtoproxy.aspx. I DID NOT MAKE THIS! BUT I HAVE MADE SEVERAL MODIFICATIONS! #using <mscorlib.dll> #using <SYSTEM.DLL> using namespace System; using System::Net::Sockets::TcpClient; using System::String; using System::Exception; using System::Net::Sockets::NetworkStream; #include <stdio.h> ref class CHttpProxy { public: CHttpProxy(System::String ^ szHost, int port); System::String ^ m_host; int m_port; void SendToServer(array<unsigned char> ^ Packet, System::Net::Sockets::NetworkStream ^ sendstr); }; CHttpProxy::CHttpProxy(System::String ^ szHost, int port) { m_host = gcnew System::String(szHost); m_port = port; } void CHttpProxy::SendToServer(array<unsigned char> ^ Packet, System::Net::Sockets::NetworkStream ^ sendstr) { TcpClient ^ tcpclnt = gcnew TcpClient(); try { tcpclnt->Connect(m_host,m_port); } catch (Exception ^ e ) { Console::WriteLine(e->ToString()); return; } // Send it if ( tcpclnt ) { NetworkStream ^ networkStream; networkStream = tcpclnt->GetStream(); int size = Packet->Length; networkStream->Write(Packet, 0, size); array<unsigned char> ^ bytes = gcnew array<unsigned char>(tcpclnt->ReceiveBufferSize); char * bytess = new char[tcpclnt->ReceiveBufferSize]; Sleep(500); //Wait for responce do { unsigned int k = networkStream->Read(bytes, 0, (int)tcpclnt->ReceiveBufferSize); //Read from google for(unsigned int i=0; i<k; i++) { bytess[i] = bytes[i]; if (bytess[i] == 0) bytess[i] = ' '; //Dont terminate the string if (bytess[i] < 8) bytess[i] = ' '; //Somethings making the computer beep, and its not 7?!?! }; Console::WriteLine("\n\nAbove packet sent to google. Google Packet Received:\n"+gcnew System::String(bytess)); sendstr->Write(bytes,0,k); //Send it to mozilla Console::WriteLine("\n\nAbove packet sent to client..."); //Sleep(1000); } while(networkStream->DataAvailable); delete [] bytess; } return; } Any help would be much appreciated, I've tried for hours.

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• "apt-get -f install" fails with "/usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)"

  - by parsley72

  I started out trying to install CVS: $ sudo apt-get install cvs Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these: The following packages have unmet dependencies: libcups2 : Breaks: libcups2:i386 (!= 1.5.3-0ubuntu3) but 1.5.3-0ubuntu4 is to be installed libcups2:i386 : Breaks: libcups2 (!= 1.5.3-0ubuntu4) but 1.5.3-0ubuntu3 is to be installed E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt-get -f install' with no packages (or specify a solution). But when I try this I get: $ sudo apt-get -f install Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Correcting dependencies... Done The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: tzdata-java Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. The following extra packages will be installed: libcups2 The following packages will be upgraded: libcups2 1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. 14 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 0 B/172 kB of archives. After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y dpkg: error processing libcups2 (--configure): libcups2:amd64 1.5.3-0ubuntu3 cannot be configured because libcups2:i386 is in a different version (1.5.3-0ubuntu4) dpkg: error processing libcups2:i386 (--configure): libcups2:i386 1.5.3-0ubuntu4 cannot be configured because libcups2:amd64 is in a different version (1.5.3-0ubuntu3) dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libcupsmime1: libcupsmime1 depends on libcups2 (>= 1.5~); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing libcupsmime1 (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libcupscgi1: libcupscgi1 depends on libcups2 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing libcupscgi1 (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libcupsppdc1: libcupsppdc1 depends on libcups2 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing libcupsppdc1 (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of cups-client: cups-client depends on libcups2 (>= 1.5.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing cups-client (--configure): dependency problems - leaviNo apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure. No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure. No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already ng unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of cups-ppdc: cups-ppdc depends on libcups2 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. cups-ppdc depends on libcupsppdc1 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcupsppdc1 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing cups-ppdc (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of cups: cups depends on libcups2 (>= 1.5.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. cups depends on libcupscgi1 (>= 1.4.2); however: Package libcupscgi1 is not configured yet. cups depends on libcupsmime1 (>= 1.5.0); however: Package libcupsmime1 is not configured yet. cups depends on libcupsppdc1 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcupsppdc1 is not configured yet. cups depends on cups-client (>= 1.5.3-0ubuntu4); however: Package cups-client is not configured yet. cups depends on cups-ppdc; however: Package cups-ppdc is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing cups (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of libcupsdriver1: libcupsdriver1 depends on libcups2 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing libcupsdriver1 (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of openjdk-7-jre-headless: openjdk-7-jre-headless depends on libcups2 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing openjdk-7-jre-headless (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of openjdk-7-jre: openjdk-7-jre depends on openjdk-7-jre-headless (= 7u7-2.3.2-1ubuntu0.12.04.1); however: Package openjdk-7-jre-headless is not configured yet. openjdk-7-jre depends on libcups2 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing openjdk-7-jre (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of cups-bsd: cups-bsd depends on libcups2 (>= 1.4.0); however: Package libcups2 is not configured yet. cups-bsd depends on cups-client (= 1.5.3-0ubuntu4); however: Package cups-client is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing cups-bsd (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of icedtea-7-jre-jamvm: icedtea-7-jre-jamvm depends on openjdk-7-jre-headless (= 7u7-2.3.2-1ubuntu0.12.04.1); however: Package openjdk-7-jre-headless is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing icedtea-7-jre-jamvm (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of openjdk-7-jre-lib: openjdk-7-jre-lib depends on openjdk-7-jre-headless (>= 7~b130~pre0); however: Package openjdk-7-jre-headless is not configured yet. dpkg: error processing openjdk-7-jre-lib (--configure): dependency problems - leaving unconfigured Errors were encountered while processing: libcups2 libcups2:i386 libcupsmime1 libcupscgi1 libcupsppdc1 cups-client cups-ppdc cups libcupsdriver1 openjdk-7-jre-headless openjdk-7-jre cups-bsd icedtea-7-jre-jamvm openjdk-7-jre-lib E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) I've done "apt-get update" and "apt-get upgrade" and this hasn't fixed the problem: $ sudo apt-get upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these. The following packages have unmet dependencies: libcups2 : Breaks: libcups2:i386 (!= 1.5.3-0ubuntu3) but 1.5.3-0ubuntu4 is installed libcups2:i386 : Breaks: libcups2 (!= 1.5.3-0ubuntu4) but 1.5.3-0ubuntu3 is installed E: Unmet dependencies. Try using -f.

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• Thread placement policies on NUMA systems - update

  - by Dave

  In a prior blog entry I noted that Solaris used a "maximum dispersal" placement policy to assign nascent threads to their initial processors. The general idea is that threads should be placed as far away from each other as possible in the resource topology in order to reduce resource contention between concurrently running threads. This policy assumes that resource contention -- pipelines, memory channel contention, destructive interference in the shared caches, etc -- will likely outweigh (a) any potential communication benefits we might achieve by packing our threads more densely onto a subset of the NUMA nodes, and (b) benefits of NUMA affinity between memory allocated by one thread and accessed by other threads. We want our threads spread widely over the system and not packed together. Conceptually, when placing a new thread, the kernel picks the least loaded node NUMA node (the node with lowest aggregate load average), and then the least loaded core on that node, etc. Furthermore, the kernel places threads onto resources -- sockets, cores, pipelines, etc -- without regard to the thread's process membership. That is, initial placement is process-agnostic. Keep reading, though. This description is incorrect. On Solaris 10 on a SPARC T5440 with 4 x T2+ NUMA nodes, if the system is otherwise unloaded and we launch a process that creates 20 compute-bound concurrent threads, then typically we'll see a perfect balance with 5 threads on each node. We see similar behavior on an 8-node x86 x4800 system, where each node has 8 cores and each core is 2-way hyperthreaded. So far so good; this behavior seems in agreement with the policy I described in the 1st paragraph. I recently tried the same experiment on a 4-node T4-4 running Solaris 11. Both the T5440 and T4-4 are 4-node systems that expose 256 logical thread contexts. To my surprise, all 20 threads were placed onto just one NUMA node while the other 3 nodes remained completely idle. I checked the usual suspects such as processor sets inadvertently left around by colleagues, processors left offline, and power management policies, but the system was configured normally. I then launched multiple concurrent instances of the process, and, interestingly, all the threads from the 1st process landed on one node, all the threads from the 2nd process landed on another node, and so on. This happened even if I interleaved thread creating between the processes, so I was relatively sure the effect didn't related to thread creation time, but rather that placement was a function of process membership. I this point I consulted the Solaris sources and talked with folks in the Solaris group. The new Solaris 11 behavior is intentional. The kernel is no longer using a simple maximum dispersal policy, and thread placement is process membership-aware. Now, even if other nodes are completely unloaded, the kernel will still try to pack new threads onto the home lgroup (socket) of the primordial thread until the load average of that node reaches 50%, after which it will pick the next least loaded node as the process's new favorite node for placement. On the T4-4 we have 64 logical thread contexts (strands) per socket (lgroup), so if we launch 48 concurrent threads we will find 32 placed on one node and 16 on some other node. If we launch 64 threads we'll find 32 and 32. That means we can end up with our threads clustered on a small subset of the nodes in a way that's quite different that what we've seen on Solaris 10. So we have a policy that allows process-aware packing but reverts to spreading threads onto other nodes if a node becomes too saturated. It turns out this policy was enabled in Solaris 10, but certain bugs suppressed the mixed packing/spreading behavior. There are configuration variables in /etc/system that allow us to dial the affinity between nascent threads and their primordial thread up and down: see lgrp_expand_proc_thresh, specifically. In the OpenSolaris source code the key routine is mpo_update_tunables(). This method reads the /etc/system variables and sets up some global variables that will subsequently be used by the dispatcher, which calls lgrp_choose() in lgrp.c to place nascent threads. Lgrp_expand_proc_thresh controls how loaded an lgroup must be before we'll consider homing a process's threads to another lgroup. Tune this value lower to have it spread your process's threads out more. To recap, the 'new' policy is as follows. Threads from the same process are packed onto a subset of the strands of a socket (50% for T-series). Once that socket reaches the 50% threshold the kernel then picks another preferred socket for that process. Threads from unrelated processes are spread across sockets. More precisely, different processes may have different preferred sockets (lgroups). Beware that I've simplified and elided details for the purposes of explication. The truth is in the code. Remarks: It's worth noting that initial thread placement is just that. If there's a gross imbalance between the load on different nodes then the kernel will migrate threads to achieve a better and more even distribution over the set of available nodes. Once a thread runs and gains some affinity for a node, however, it becomes "stickier" under the assumption that the thread has residual cache residency on that node, and that memory allocated by that thread resides on that node given the default "first-touch" page-level NUMA allocation policy. Exactly how the various policies interact and which have precedence under what circumstances could the topic of a future blog entry. The scheduler is work-conserving. The x4800 mentioned above is an interesting system. Each of the 8 sockets houses an Intel 7500-series processor. Each processor has 3 coherent QPI links and the system is arranged as a glueless 8-socket twisted ladder "mobius" topology. Nodes are either 1 or 2 hops distant over the QPI links. As an aside the mapping of logical CPUIDs to physical resources is rather interesting on Solaris/x4800. On SPARC/Solaris the CPUID layout is strictly geographic, with the highest order bits identifying the socket, the next lower bits identifying the core within that socket, following by the pipeline (if present) and finally the logical thread context ("strand") on the core. But on Solaris on the x4800 the CPUID layout is as follows. [6:6] identifies the hyperthread on a core; bits [5:3] identify the socket, or package in Intel terminology; bits [2:0] identify the core within a socket. Such low-level details should be of interest only if you're binding threads -- a bad idea, the kernel typically handles placement best -- or if you're writing NUMA-aware code that's aware of the ambient placement and makes decisions accordingly. Solaris introduced the so-called critical-threads mechanism, which is expressed by putting a thread into the FX scheduling class at priority 60. The critical-threads mechanism applies to placement on cores, not on sockets, however. That is, it's an intra-socket policy, not an inter-socket policy. Solaris 11 introduces the Power Aware Dispatcher (PAD) which packs threads instead of spreading them out in an attempt to be able to keep sockets or cores at lower power levels. Maximum dispersal may be good for performance but is anathema to power management. PAD is off by default, but power management polices constitute yet another confounding factor with respect to scheduling and dispatching. If your threads communicate heavily -- one thread reads cache lines last written by some other thread -- then the new dense packing policy may improve performance by reducing traffic on the coherent interconnect. On the other hand if your threads in your process communicate rarely, then it's possible the new packing policy might result on contention on shared computing resources. Unfortunately there's no simple litmus test that says whether packing or spreading is optimal in a given situation. The answer varies by system load, application, number of threads, and platform hardware characteristics. Currently we don't have the necessary tools and sensoria to decide at runtime, so we're reduced to an empirical approach where we run trials and try to decide on a placement policy. The situation is quite frustrating. Relatedly, it's often hard to determine just the right level of concurrency to optimize throughput. (Understanding constructive vs destructive interference in the shared caches would be a good start. We could augment the lines with a small tag field indicating which strand last installed or accessed a line. Given that, we could augment the CPU with performance counters for misses where a thread evicts a line it installed vs misses where a thread displaces a line installed by some other thread.)

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• Server Systems for SQL Server 2012 per core licensing

  - by jchang

  Until recently, the SQL Server Enterprise Edition per processor (socket) licensing model resulted in only 2 or 3 server system configurations being the preferred choice. Determine the number of sockets: 2, 4 or 8. Then select the processor with the most compute capability at that socket count level. Finally, fill the DIMM sockets with the largest capacity ECC memory module at reasonable cost per GB. Currently this is the 16GB DIMM with a price of $365 on the Dell website, and $240 from Crucial. The...(read more)

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• What is SSL Certificates and How Does It Work

  SSL is an acronym for Secure Sockets Layer. The Secure Sockets Layer is a basically a web security protocol that is developed to establish a secure connection between web server and a browser. SSL is... [Author: Jack Melde - Computers and Internet - May 01, 2010]

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• Who provides the best and/or most affordable VPS hosting for FreeBSD guests?

  - by Hank Gay

  I've seen plenty of recommendations for Linux VPS hosting, but not as much for FreeBSD. Who's the Linode/Slicehost of the BSD world? As an added bonus, who provides cheap but serviceable BSD hosting?

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• Options for Opensource license?

  - by foodil

  I am choosing a license for my open source software and I've learned about GPL, EBMS and BSD. GPL seems to be most popular one. The problems are: Would anybody kindly name a few popular opensource licenses? Since I do not see any EBMS BSD license is popular. Are there any chart or table that have list out the advantages/disadvantages of using anyone? Why is the GPL always the license developers choose from, what are its benefits? Thank you.

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• Windows XP SP3 TCP/IP No buffer space available

  - by Natalia

  I have the exactly same problem as here: Windows XP TCP/IP No buffer space available On Windows XP Pro, SP3 if one does an experiment where one tries to open TCP/IP sockets in a loop (bascially, listen port 7000, listen port 7001, etc.) After approx 649 open sockets, one will start getting errors: No buffer space available (maximum connections reached?) I've tried to edit the registry as described here http://smallvoid.com/article/winnt-tcpip-max-limit.html I set MaxUserPort = 65534 and MaxFreeTcbs = 2000, but it didn't help. What else can I do? I need 1000 server sockets. Here is the error stack: 05.04.2012 10:23:57 java.net.SocketException: No buffer space available (maximum connections reached?): listen at sun.nio.ch.ServerSocketChannelImpl.listen(Native Method) at sun.nio.ch.ServerSocketChannelImpl.bind(ServerSocketChannelImpl.java:127) at sun.nio.ch.ServerSocketAdaptor.bind(ServerSocketAdaptor.java:59) at sun.nio.ch.ServerSocketAdaptor.bind(ServerSocketAdaptor.java:52) at channelserver.NIOAppServer.initSelector(NIOAppServer.java:40) at channelserver.NIOAppServer.(NIOAppServer.java:27) at channelserver.NIOServer.main(NIOServer.java:433) at channelserver.NIOServer.main(NIOServer.java:438)

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• Windows Server 2008 R2 Maximum Processor Limit Confusion

  - by Stevoni

  As I was looking through the Windows Server 2008 R2 specifications, I saw that the maximum supported processors is 64 sockets for Datacenter addition. This puts the maximum number or cores at 256 (if all sockets are quad cores), which I think it's just silly, but whatever. And now the questions: How does one set something like that up? (Obviously not for me, but humor me) Are there multiple dual socket motherboards running in a giant case with a ton of memory? How does the OS see all of the CPUs if they're on different boards? What would be a real world example of a need to have 64 sockets attached to one operating system vs 32 2 socket servers?

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• .Net Intermittent System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHeaderException

  - by ScottE

  We have a .net 3.5 web app that consumes third party web services. The proxy was created by adding a web reference to their wsdl. This proxy is not compiled. Our error logging is picking up frequent but intermittent exceptions: An exception of type 'System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHeaderException' occurred and was caught If I follow the url to the page that generated the exception, I can't recreate it. Edit: Here is most of the exception - where it bubbled up from Message : Internal Error Type : System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHeaderException, System.Web.Services, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a Source : System.Web.Services Help link : Actor : Code : http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/:Client Detail : Lang : Node : Role : SubCode : Data : System.Collections.ListDictionaryInternal TargetSite : System.Object[] ReadResponse(System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapClientMessage, System.Net.WebResponse, System.IO.Stream, Boolean) Stack Trace : at System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol.ReadResponse(SoapClientMessage message, WebResponse response, Stream responseStream, Boolean asyncCall) at System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol.Invoke(String methodName, Object[] parameters) at Vendor.getSearch(getSearchRequest getSearchRequest) in c:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Temporary ASP.NET Files\root\be43c34e\b09edc7e\App_WebReferences.pww-cf-q.0.cs:line 73 Edit 2: Inner exceptions: I sometimes get the following inner exceptions logged: Message : Unable to read data from the transport connection: An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host. Type : System.IO.IOException, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089 Source : System Help link : Data : System.Collections.ListDictionaryInternal TargetSite : Int32 Read(Byte[], Int32, Int32) Stack Trace : at System.Net.Sockets.NetworkStream.Read(Byte[] buffer, Int32 offset, Int32 size) at System.Net.FixedSizeReader.ReadPacket(Byte[] buffer, Int32 offset, Int32 count) at System.Net.Security.SslState.StartReceiveBlob(Byte[] buffer, AsyncProtocolRequest asyncRequest) at System.Net.Security.SslState.CheckCompletionBeforeNextReceive(ProtocolToken message, AsyncProtocolRequest asyncRequest) at System.Net.Security.SslState.StartSendBlob(Byte[] incoming, Int32 count, AsyncProtocolRequest asyncRequest) at System.Net.Security.SslState.ForceAuthentication(Boolean receiveFirst, Byte[] buffer, AsyncProtocolRequest asyncRequest) at System.Net.Security.SslState.ProcessAuthentication(LazyAsyncResult lazyResult) at System.Net.TlsStream.CallProcessAuthentication(Object state) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.runTryCode(Object userData) at System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeHelpers.ExecuteCodeWithGuaranteedCleanup(TryCode code, CleanupCode backoutCode, Object userData) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunInternal(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state) at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext, ContextCallback callback, Object state) at System.Net.TlsStream.ProcessAuthentication(LazyAsyncResult result) at System.Net.TlsStream.Write(Byte[] buffer, Int32 offset, Int32 size) at System.Net.PooledStream.Write(Byte[] buffer, Int32 offset, Int32 size) at System.Net.ConnectStream.WriteHeaders(Boolean async) And/Or: Message : An existing connection was forcibly closed by the remote host Type : System.Net.Sockets.SocketException, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089 Source : System Help link : ErrorCode : 10054 SocketErrorCode : ConnectionReset NativeErrorCode : 10054 Data : System.Collections.ListDictionaryInternal TargetSite : Int32 Receive(Byte[], Int32, Int32, System.Net.Sockets.SocketFlags) Stack Trace : at System.Net.Sockets.Socket.Receive(Byte[] buffer, Int32 offset, Int32 size, SocketFlags socketFlags) at System.Net.Sockets.NetworkStream.Read(Byte[] buffer, Int32 offset, Int32 size) Update We're still working on it. Originally there was a route issue, which was resolved. We're still getting the inner exception with socket errors. We had MS support involved today, and they looked at some traces and network captures. The web service host does round-robin DNS, and they may be responding on a different IP address for the syn syn/ack from one ip, and the next from a different ip. This is not good. This is likely quite specific to our situation, but perhaps it applies to others as well. Microsoft Network Monitor and an application trace got us the information we needed.

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• Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Performance on SPARC T4-2

  - by Brian

  The Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database is optimized to run on Oracle's SPARC T4 processor platforms running Oracle Solaris 11 providing unsurpassed scalability, performance, upgradability, protection of investment and return on investment. The following demonstrate the value of combining Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database with SPARC T4 servers and Oracle Solaris 11: On a Mobile Call Processing test, the 2-socket SPARC T4-2 server outperforms: Oracle's SPARC Enterprise M4000 server (4 x 2.66 GHz SPARC64 VII+) by 34%. Oracle's SPARC T3-4 (4 x 1.65 GHz SPARC T3) by 2.7x, or 5.4x per processor. Utilizing the TimesTen Performance Throughput Benchmark (TPTBM), the SPARC T4-2 server protects investments with: 2.1x the overall performance of a 4-socket SPARC Enterprise M4000 server in read-only mode and 1.5x the performance in update-only testing. This is 4.2x more performance per processor than the SPARC64 VII+ 2.66 GHz based system. 10x more performance per processor than the SPARC T2+ 1.4 GHz server. 1.6x better performance per processor than the SPARC T3 1.65 GHz based server. In replication testing, the two socket SPARC T4-2 server is over 3x faster than the performance of a four socket SPARC Enterprise T5440 server in both asynchronous replication environment and the highly available 2-Safe replication. This testing emphasizes parallel replication between systems. Performance Landscape Mobile Call Processing Test Performance System Processor Sockets/Cores/Threads Tps SPARC T4-2 SPARC T4, 2.85 GHz 2 16 128 218,400 M4000 SPARC64 VII+, 2.66 GHz 4 16 32 162,900 SPARC T3-4 SPARC T3, 1.65 GHz 4 64 512 80,400 TimesTen Performance Throughput Benchmark (TPTBM) Read-Only System Processor Sockets/Cores/Threads Tps SPARC T3-4 SPARC T3, 1.65 GHz 4 64 512 7.9M SPARC T4-2 SPARC T4, 2.85 GHz 2 16 128 6.5M M4000 SPARC64 VII+, 2.66 GHz 4 16 32 3.1M T5440 SPARC T2+, 1.4 GHz 4 32 256 3.1M TimesTen Performance Throughput Benchmark (TPTBM) Update-Only System Processor Sockets/Cores/Threads Tps SPARC T4-2 SPARC T4, 2.85 GHz 2 16 128 547,800 M4000 SPARC64 VII+, 2.66 GHz 4 16 32 363,800 SPARC T3-4 SPARC T3, 1.65 GHz 4 64 512 240,500 TimesTen Replication Tests System Processor Sockets/Cores/Threads Asynchronous 2-Safe SPARC T4-2 SPARC T4, 2.85 GHz 2 16 128 38,024 13,701 SPARC T5440 SPARC T2+, 1.4 GHz 4 32 256 11,621 4,615 Configuration Summary Hardware Configurations: SPARC T4-2 server 2 x SPARC T4 processors, 2.85 GHz 256 GB memory 1 x 8 Gbs FC Qlogic HBA 1 x 6 Gbs SAS HBA 4 x 300 GB internal disks Sun Storage F5100 Flash Array (40 x 24 GB flash modules) 1 x Sun Fire X4275 server configured as COMSTAR head SPARC T3-4 server 4 x SPARC T3 processors, 1.6 GHz 512 GB memory 1 x 8 Gbs FC Qlogic HBA 8 x 146 GB internal disks 1 x Sun Fire X4275 server configured as COMSTAR head SPARC Enterprise M4000 server 4 x SPARC64 VII+ processors, 2.66 GHz 128 GB memory 1 x 8 Gbs FC Qlogic HBA 1 x 6 Gbs SAS HBA 2 x 146 GB internal disks Sun Storage F5100 Flash Array (40 x 24 GB flash modules) 1 x Sun Fire X4275 server configured as COMSTAR head Software Configuration: Oracle Solaris 11 11/11 Oracle TimesTen 11.2.2.4 Benchmark Descriptions TimesTen Performance Throughput BenchMark (TPTBM) is shipped with TimesTen and measures the total throughput of the system. The workload can test read-only, update-only, delete and insert operations as required. Mobile Call Processing is a customer-based workload for processing calls made by mobile phone subscribers. The workload has a mixture of read-only, update, and insert-only transactions. The peak throughput performance is measured from multiple concurrent processes executing the transactions until a peak performance is reached via saturation of the available resources. Parallel Replication tests using both asynchronous and 2-Safe replication methods. For asynchronous replication, transactions are processed in batches to maximize the throughput capabilities of the replication server and network. In 2-Safe replication, also known as no data-loss or high availability, transactions are replicated between servers immediately emphasizing low latency. For both environments, performance is measured in the number of parallel replication servers and the maximum transactions-per-second for all concurrent processes. See Also SPARC T4-2 Server oracle.com OTN Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database oracle.com OTN Oracle Solaris oracle.com OTN Oracle Database 11g Release 2 Enterprise Edition oracle.com OTN Disclosure Statement Copyright 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Results as of 1 October 2012.

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• .NET remoting exception: Exception in the Socket#33711845::DoBind - Only one usage of each socket ad

  - by wollemi

  Hi All, I'm attempting to setup a simple remoting windows service and getting the following error when starting the service: "System.Net.Sockets Error: 0 : [4180] Exception in the Socket#33711845::DoBind - Only one usage of each socket address (protocol/network address/port) is normally permitted System.Net.Sockets Verbose: 0 : [4180] ExclusiveTcpListener#4032828::Start() System.Net.Sockets Verbose: 0 : [4180] Socket#33711845::Bind(0:9998#9998) System.Net.Sockets Error: 0 : [4180] Exception in the Socket#33711845::DoBind - Only one usage of each socket address (protocol/network address/port) is normally permitted ". In the windows service application I have the following code in the "OnStart" method - the error occurs when registering the Channel - ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(tcpPipe, true); As far as I can tell there are no other processes using port 9998 ... Your help to resolve this is most appreciated! protected override void OnStart(string[] args) { int portNumber = int.Parse(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["endPointTCPPort"]); TcpChannel tcpPipe = new TcpChannel(portNumber); ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(tcpPipe, true); Type serviceType = Type.GetType("TractionGatewayService.TractionGateway"); try { RemotingConfiguration.RegisterWellKnownServiceType(serviceType, "updateCustomerDetails", WellKnownObjectMode.SingleCall); } catch (RemotingException e) { EventLog.WriteEntry("unable to establish listening port because " + e.message; ChannelServices.UnregisterChannel(tcpPipe); } w

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• tried to update hudson via dashboard and now it doesn;t work (windows)

  - by Tim

  I get the following now in the output log. I really wish I hadn't attempted to update teh version. What a hassle. Can anyone diagnose the issue here? Running from: C:\hudson\hudson.war [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:33:54] - Beginning extraction from war file hudson home directory: C:\hudson [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:33:56] - Error during HTTP listener init or shutdown java.net.SocketException: Unrecognized Windows Sockets error: 0: JVM_Bind at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketBind(Native Method) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.bind(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.bind(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.(Unknown Source) at winstone.HttpListener.getServerSocket(HttpListener.java:102) at winstone.HttpListener.run(HttpListener.java:116) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:33:56] - HTTP Listener shutdown successfully [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:33:56] - Winstone Servlet Engine v0.9.10 running: controlPort=disabled [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:33:56] - Error during AJP13 listener init or shutdown java.net.SocketException: Unrecognized Windows Sockets error: 0: JVM_Bind at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketBind(Native Method) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.bind(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.bind(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.(Unknown Source) at winstone.ajp13.Ajp13Listener.run(Ajp13Listener.java:99) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:33:56] - AJP13 Listener shutdown successfully Running from: C:\hudson\hudson.war [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:38:49] - Beginning extraction from war file hudson home directory: C:\hudson [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:38:51] - Winstone Servlet Engine v0.9.10 running: controlPort=disabled [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:38:51] - Error during AJP13 listener init or shutdown java.net.SocketException: Unrecognized Windows Sockets error: 0: JVM_Bind at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketBind(Native Method) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.bind(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.bind(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.(Unknown Source) at winstone.ajp13.Ajp13Listener.run(Ajp13Listener.java:99) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:38:51] - AJP13 Listener shutdown successfully [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:38:51] - Error during HTTP listener init or shutdown java.net.SocketException: Unrecognized Windows Sockets error: 0: JVM_Bind at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketBind(Native Method) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.bind(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.bind(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.(Unknown Source) at java.net.ServerSocket.(Unknown Source) at winstone.HttpListener.getServerSocket(HttpListener.java:102) at winstone.HttpListener.run(HttpListener.java:116) at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source) [Winstone 2010/06/14 23:38:51] - HTTP Listener shutdown successfully

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• boost::asio::io_service throws exception

  - by Ace

  Okay, I seriously cannot figure this out. I have a DLL project in MSVC that is attempting to use Asio (from Boost 1.45.0), but whenever I create my io_service, an exception is thrown. Here is what I am doing for testing purposes: void run() { boost::this_thread::sleep(boost::posix_time::seconds(5)); try { boost::asio::io_service io_service; } catch (std::exception & e) { MessageBox(NULL, e.what(), "Exception", MB_OK); } } BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HINSTANCE hinstDLL, DWORD fdwReason, LPVOID lpvReserved) { if (fdwReason == DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH) { boost::thread thread(run); } return TRUE; } This is what the message box shows: winsock: WSAStartup cannot function at this time because the underlying system it uses to provide network services is currently unavailable Here is what MSDN says about it (error code 10091, WSASYSNOTREADY): Network subsystem is unavailable. This error is returned by WSAStartup if the Windows Sockets implementation cannot function at because the underlying system it uses to provide network services is currently unavailable. Users should check: That the appropriate Windows Sockets DLL file is in the current path. That they are not trying to use more than one Windows Sockets implementation simultaneously. If there is more than one Winsock DLL on your system, be sure the first one in the path is appropriate for the network subsystem currently loaded. The Windows Sockets implementation documentation to be sure all necessary components are currently installed and configured correctly. Yet none of this seems to apply to me (or so I think). Here is my command line: /O2 /GL /D "_WIN32_WINNT=0x0501" /D "_WINDLL" /FD /EHsc /MD /Gy /Fo"Release\" /Fd"Release\vc90.pdb" /W3 /WX /nologo /c /TP /errorReport:prompt If anyone knows what might be wrong, please help me out! Thanks.

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• Proxy / Squid 2.7 / Debian Wheezy 6.7 / lots of TCP Timed-out

  - by Maroon Ibrahim

  i'm facing a lot of TCP timed-out on a busy cache server and here below my sysctl.conf configuration as well as an output of "netstat -st" Kernel 3.2.0-4-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 3.2.57-3 x86_64 GNU/Linux Any advice or help would be highly appreciated #################### Sysctl.conf cat /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1 fs.file-max = 65536 net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1 net.core.wmem_max = 8388608 net.core.rmem_max = 8388608 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000 fs.aio-max-nr = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 10 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 60 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 10 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3 kernel.threads-max = 131072 kernel.msgmax = 32768 kernel.msgmni = 64 kernel.msgmnb = 65536 kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0 net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 net.ipv4.ip_dynaddr = 1 vm.swappiness = 0 vm.drop_caches = 3 net.ipv4.tcp_moderate_rcvbuf = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_no_metrics_save = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_ecn = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 32768 net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 131072 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 6085248 16227328 67108864 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 131072 33554432 net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 174760 33554432 net.core.rmem_default = 33554432 net.core.rmem_max = 33554432 net.core.wmem_default = 33554432 net.core.wmem_max = 33554432 net.core.somaxconn = 10000 # ################ Netstat results /# netstat -st IcmpMsg: InType0: 2 InType3: 233754 InType8: 56251 InType11: 23192 OutType0: 56251 OutType3: 437 OutType8: 4 Tcp: 20680741 active connections openings 63642431 passive connection openings 1126690 failed connection attempts 2093143 connection resets received 13059 connections established 2649651696 segments received 2195445642 segments send out 183401499 segments retransmited 38299 bad segments received. 14648899 resets sent UdpLite: TcpExt: 507 SYN cookies sent 178 SYN cookies received 1376771 invalid SYN cookies received 1014577 resets received for embryonic SYN_RECV sockets 4530970 packets pruned from receive queue because of socket buffer overrun 7233 packets pruned from receive queue 688 packets dropped from out-of-order queue because of socket buffer overrun 12445 ICMP packets dropped because they were out-of-window 446 ICMP packets dropped because socket was locked 33812202 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer 622 TCP sockets finished time wait in slow timer 573656 packets rejects in established connections because of timestamp 133357718 delayed acks sent 23593 delayed acks further delayed because of locked socket Quick ack mode was activated 21288857 times 839 times the listen queue of a socket overflowed 839 SYNs to LISTEN sockets dropped 41 packets directly queued to recvmsg prequeue. 79166 bytes directly in process context from backlog 24 bytes directly received in process context from prequeue 2713742130 packet headers predicted 84 packets header predicted and directly queued to user 1925423249 acknowledgments not containing data payload received 877898013 predicted acknowledgments 16449673 times recovered from packet loss due to fast retransmit 17687820 times recovered from packet loss by selective acknowledgements 5047 bad SACK blocks received Detected reordering 11 times using FACK Detected reordering 1778091 times using SACK Detected reordering 97955 times using reno fast retransmit Detected reordering 280414 times using time stamp 839369 congestion windows fully recovered without slow start 4173098 congestion windows partially recovered using Hoe heuristic 305254 congestion windows recovered without slow start by DSACK 933682 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack 77828 TCP data loss events TCPLostRetransmit: 5066 2618430 timeouts after reno fast retransmit 2927294 timeouts after SACK recovery 3059394 timeouts in loss state 75953830 fast retransmits 11929429 forward retransmits 51963833 retransmits in slow start 19418337 other TCP timeouts 2330398 classic Reno fast retransmits failed 2177787 SACK retransmits failed 742371590 packets collapsed in receive queue due to low socket buffer 13595689 DSACKs sent for old packets 50523 DSACKs sent for out of order packets 4658236 DSACKs received 175441 DSACKs for out of order packets received 880664 connections reset due to unexpected data 346356 connections reset due to early user close 2364841 connections aborted due to timeout TCPSACKDiscard: 1590 TCPDSACKIgnoredOld: 241849 TCPDSACKIgnoredNoUndo: 1636687 TCPSpuriousRTOs: 766073 TCPSackShifted: 74562088 TCPSackMerged: 169015212 TCPSackShiftFallback: 78391303 TCPBacklogDrop: 29 TCPReqQFullDoCookies: 507 TCPChallengeACK: 424921 TCPSYNChallenge: 170388 IpExt: InBcastPkts: 351510 InOctets: -609466797 OutOctets: -1057794685 InBcastOctets: 75631402 #

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• PHP-FPM Pool, Child Processes and Memory Consumption

  - by Jhilke Dai

  In my PHP-FPM configuration I have 3 Pools, the eg: Config is: ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Pool 1 ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; [www1] user = www group = www listen = /tmp/php-fpm1.sock; listen.backlog = -1 listen.owner = www listen.group = www listen.mode = 0666 pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 40 pm.start_servers = 6 pm.min_spare_servers = 6 pm.max_spare_servers = 12 pm.max_requests = 250 slowlog = /var/log/php/$pool.log.slow request_slowlog_timeout = 5s request_terminate_timeout = 120s rlimit_files = 131072 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Pool 2 ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; [www2] user = www group = www listen = /tmp/php-fpm2.sock; listen.backlog = -1 listen.owner = www listen.group = www listen.mode = 0666 pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 40 pm.start_servers = 6 pm.min_spare_servers = 6 pm.max_spare_servers = 12 pm.max_requests = 250 slowlog = /var/log/php/$pool.log.slow request_slowlog_timeout = 5s request_terminate_timeout = 120s rlimit_files = 131072 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Pool 3 ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; [www3] user = www group = www listen = /tmp/php-fpm3.sock; listen.backlog = -1 listen.owner = www listen.group = www listen.mode = 0666 pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 40 pm.start_servers = 6 pm.min_spare_servers = 6 pm.max_spare_servers = 12 pm.max_requests = 250 slowlog = /var/log/php/$pool.log.slow request_slowlog_timeout = 5s request_terminate_timeout = 120s rlimit_files = 131072 I calculated the pm.max_children processes according to some example calculations on the web like 40 x 40 Mb = 1600 Mb. I have separated 4 GB of RAM for PHP, now according to the calculations 40 Child Processes via one socket, and I have total of 3 sockets in my Nginx and FPM configuration. My doubt is about the amount of memory consumption by those child processes. I tried to create high load in the server via httperf hog and siege but I could not calculate the accurate memory usage by all the PHP processes (other processes like MySQL and Nginx were also running). And all the sockets were in use, So, I seek guidance from anyone who have done this before or know how exactly the pm.max_children in PHP Works. Since I have 3 Pools/sockets with 40 child processes does that count to 3 x 40 x 40 Mb of Memory usage ? or it is just like 40 Max. Child processes sharing 3 sockets (and the total memory usage is just 40 x 40 Mb) ?

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• Socket 775 - 1156 cooler compatibility

  - by Elephantik

  I bought a new mobo with Socket 1156 (Asus P7P55D PRO). Previously I had a mobo with Socket 775 and CPU cooler AC Freezer 7 Pro. However, I'm not able to fit the cooler to the new mobo eventhough the mounting holes look to be at the same positions. I've seen a few coolers which support both sockets. Are these platforms "cooler mounting" compatible, or the cooler really have to support both sockets explicitely?

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• System.Net.WebException: Unable to connect to the remote server

  - by Anilkumar

  System.Net.WebException: Unable to connect to the remote server ---> System.Net.Sockets.SocketException: An attempt was made to access a socket in a way forbidden by its access permissions at System.Net.Sockets.Socket.DoConnect(EndPoint endPointSnapshot, SocketAddress socketAddress) at System.Net.Sockets.Socket.InternalConnect(EndPoint remoteEP) at System.Net.ServicePoint.ConnectSocketInternal(Boolean connectFailure, Socket s4, Socket s6, Socket& socket, IPAddress& address, ConnectSocketState state, IAsyncResult asyncResult, Int32 timeout, Exception& exception) --- End of inner exception stack trace --- at System.Net.HttpWebRequest.GetRequestStream() at OmnexCRMFileDownloader.OmnCRMTemplateDataReader.GetProposalData(String lurl) I'm getting the above error when I try to post to a .aspx page.I think it is not Posting to the page I specified. HttpWebRequest.GetRequestStream() is not getting as expected. Pls help.

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• Is writing to a socket an arbitrary limitation of the sendfile() syscall?

  - by Sufian

  Prelude sendfile() is an extremely useful syscall for two reasons: First, it's less code than a read()/write() (or recv()/send() if you prefer that jive) loop. Second, it's faster (less syscalls, implementation may copy between devices without buffer, etc...) than the aforementioned methods. Less code. More efficient. Awesome. In UNIX, everything is (mostly) a file. This is the ugly territory from the collision of platonic theory and real-world practice. I understand that sockets are fundamentally different than files residing on some device. I haven't dug through the sources of Linux/*BSD/Darwin/whatever OS implements sendfile() to know why this specific syscall is restricted to writing to sockets (specifically, streaming sockets). I just want to know... Question What is limiting sendfile() from allowing the destination file descriptor to be something besides a socket (like a disk file, or a pipe)?

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• TCPClient in C# (Error).

  - by CSharp

  using System; using System.Text; using System.IO; using System.Net.Sockets; namespace ConsoleApp01 { class Program { public static void Main(string[] args) { TcpClient client = new TcpClient("python.org",80); NetworkStream ns = client.GetStream(); StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(ns); sw.Write("HEAD / HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "User-Agent: Test\r\n" + "Host: www.python.org\r\n" + "Connection: Close\r\n"); sw.Flush(); Console.ReadKey(true); } } } System.Net.Sockets.SocketException: Unable to make a connection because the target machine actively refused it at System.Net.Sockets.TcpClient..ctor at ConsoleApp01.Program.Main :line 12 Why do i get this error message?

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• Eclipse, Android ndk, source files, and library project dependencies

  - by Android Noob

  In Microsoft Visual Studio 2010, it is possible to create a Solution with multiple projects and set dependencies between projects. I'm trying to figure out if the same thing can be done using Eclipse via the NDK. More specifically, I want to know if it is possible to create C source files in an ordinary Android project that can reference C header files in an Android library project. For example: Android library project: Sockets Ordinary Android project: Socket_Server Sockets contains all the C header/source files that are needed to do socket I/O. Socket_Server contains test code that makes calls to the functions that are defined in Sockets library project. This test code requires a header file that contains the function declaration of all API calls. I already set the library dependencies between the projects via: Properties > Android > Library > Add

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