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• Web Server Users - Best Practice

  - by Toby

  I was wondering what is considered best practice when several developers/administrators require access to the same web server. Should there be one non-root user with a secure username and password unqiue to the web server which everyone logs in as or should there be a username for each person. I am leaning towards a username for each person to aid in logging etc however then does the same user keep the same credentials over several servers, or should at least their password change depending on the server they are on? Should any non-root user of the system be added to the sudoers file or is it best practice to leave everyone off it and only let root perform certain tasks? Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• How do I delete a folder named "-p" from bash?

  - by fmark

  How do I delete a file named -p in bash? Trying rm "-p" complains that -p is not a valid argument.

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• My smtp server is spammed?

  - by Milos

  I have a server and the postfix client on it. Since several days, I noticed a lot of processes running there. When checked, there are a lot of emails sent. Here is an example from the mail log: Aug 18 11:54:56 mem postfix/smtpd[9963]: connect from dslb-188-096-082-167.188.096.pools.vodafone-ip.de[188.96.82.167] Aug 18 11:54:56 mem postfix/smtpd[9301]: connect from unknown[186.113.45.4] Aug 18 11:54:56 mem postfix/smtpd[9963]: 525E7114012D: client=dslb-188-096-082-167.188.096.pools.vodafone-ip.de[188.96.82.167] Aug 18 11:54:56 mem postfix/cleanup[9970]: 525E7114012D: message-id=<B55835C9027BFA9D16CCBB556DB2F48BB82DF004000480BA-db0c3ce8aa74446411898d0d2feb3001@email.filmforthoughtinc.com> Aug 18 11:54:56 mem postfix/qmgr[2581]: 525E7114012D: from=<[email protected]>, size=10702, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Aug 18 11:54:56 mem postfix/smtpd[9301]: EC52711401DC: client=unknown[186.113.45.4] Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/smtpd[9963]: disconnect from dslb-188-096-082-167.188.096.pools.vodafone-ip.de[188.96.82.167] Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/cleanup[8597]: EC52711401DC: message-id=<4C905D97606B436FE50C6F738DE014D9D84F2185BA815D81-1a4dbe6fc2bfcc8183f5faf901cfa15e@email.manguerasespecializadas.com> Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/smtp[9971]: 525E7114012D: to=<[email protected]>, relay=mail.mdpi.com[209.237.236.228]:25, delay=1.2, delays=0.55/0/0.45/0.16, dsn=5.1.1, status=bounced (host mail.mdpi.com[209.237.236.228] said: 550 5.1.1 <[email protected]>: Recipient address rejected: mdpi.com (in reply to RCPT TO command)) Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/cleanup[10067]: 8B1E11140268: message-id=<[email protected]> Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/bounce[10001]: 525E7114012D: sender non-delivery notification: 8B1E11140268 Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/qmgr[2581]: 8B1E11140268: from=<>, size=12693, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/qmgr[2581]: 525E7114012D: removed Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/qmgr[2581]: EC52711401DC: from=<[email protected]>, size=10978, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/smtp[10013]: connect to aspmx.l.google.com[2607:f8b0:400d:c03::1b]:25: Network is unreachable Aug 18 11:54:57 mem postfix/smtpd[9301]: disconnect from unknown[186.113.45.4] Aug 18 11:54:58 mem postfix/smtp[10013]: 8B1E11140268: to=<[email protected]>, relay=aspmx.l.google.com[74.125.22.26]:25, delay=0.5, delays=0.06/0/0.28/0.16, dsn=5.1.1, status=bounced (host aspmx.l.google.com[74.125.22.26] said: 550-5.1.1 The email account that you tried to reach does not exist. Please try 550-5.1.1 double-checking the recipient's email address for typos or 550-5.1.1 unnecessary spaces. Learn more at 550 5.1.1 http://support.google.com/mail/bin/answer.py?answer=6596 l7si24621420qad.26 - gsmtp (in reply to RCPT TO command)) Aug 18 11:54:58 mem postfix/qmgr[2581]: 8B1E11140268: removed Aug 18 11:54:58 mem postfix/smtp[9971]: EC52711401DC: to=<[email protected]>, relay=mail.mdpi.com[209.237.236.228]:25, delay=1.2, delays=0.66/0/0.44/0.12, dsn=5.1.1, status=bounced (host mail.mdpi.com[209.237.236.228] said: 550 5.1.1 <[email protected]>: Recipient address rejected: mdpi.com (in reply to RCPT TO command)) Aug 18 11:54:58 mem postfix/cleanup[9970]: 414361140254: message-id=<[email protected]> Aug 18 11:54:58 mem postfix/bounce[10001]: EC52711401DC: sender non-delivery notification: 414361140254 Aug 18 11:54:58 mem postfix/qmgr[2581]: 414361140254: from=<>, size=13057, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Aug 18 11:54:58 mem postfix/qmgr[2581]: EC52711401DC: removed Aug 18 11:55:01 mem postfix/smtp[10002]: 414361140254: to=<[email protected]>, relay=manguerasespecializadas.com[99.198.96.210]:25, delay=2.9, delays=0.04/0/2.1/0.84, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (250 OK id=1XJPGs-0007BE-OI) Aug 18 11:55:01 mem postfix/qmgr[2581]: 414361140254: removed IS my server attacked, spammed? How to check that? Thank you.

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• Primary/secondary ethernet interfaces via NetworkManager in Ubuntu 9.10

  - by Josh

  I have an Ubuntu 9.10 machine with three ethernet interfaces, eth0, eth1 and eth2. eth2 is connected to a private network. eth0 and eth2 are connected to two different LANs. Either one will provide access to the internet. All three networks have DHCP servers. Using Ubuntu's the default settings (And Gnome), when I boot up all the interfaces are active and my system gets three IP addresses. However any attempt to access the internet results in connection timeouts and other weirdness. I suspect that traffic is going out on one NIC (like eth0) and coming back in on another (like eth1). I'm not sure what's going on. The only way I can access the internet at the moment is to bring two of the devices down with ifdown. How can I configure eth0 as my primary interface so all trafic goes out by default on that interface, while keeping the other two active? Also, I want to make sure Avahi broadcasts properly on all three IPs so that the computers on the LAN of eth1 can still connect to myHostname.local... EDIT: Here's my routing table: Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 172.16.151.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth2 172.16.30.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.1.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 172.16.30.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 10.1.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 I want the 172.16.30.2 network to be the primary one and the 10.1.0.0 network to be the secondary one. EDIT2: My nameservers are also incorrect. It seems like Ubuntu is bringing the networks up in order, eth0, then 1, then 2, and the DHCP information from eth1 is overriding eth0, and eth2 is overriding eth1. How can I reverse this so the DHCP information from eth0 is the "master"? EDIT3: This seems to be an issue with Gnome's NetworkManager.

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• Route return traffic to correct gateway depending on service

  - by Marnix van Valen

  On my office network I have two internet connections and one CentOS server running a website (HTTPS on port 443). The website should be publicly accessible through the public IP of the first internet connection (ISP-1). The other internet connection, ISP-2, id the default gateway on the network. Both internet connections have routers (the household-kind) with NAT, SPI firewalls etc. The router on ISP-2 is a Netgear WNDR3700 (aka N600) with original firmware. The problem is that the website is unreachable. Looks like incoming traffic on ISP-1 will reach the server but the returning traffic is routed through ISP-2, effectively making the site unreachable. As far as I can tell I can't do port based routing on the WNDR3700. What are my options to make this work? I've been looking at implementing an iptables / routing based solution on the server itself but haven't been able to make that work. Update: Note that the server has one network interface connecting it to both routers.

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• How to exit vncconfig process properly

  - by Stan

  On CentOS 5.7, when open up a vncconfig, a tray icon shows on the taskbar. Hit close or the x button to close the vncconfig doesn't exit the vncconfig, the tray icon is still there. Next time, if I open up another vncconfig rather than clicking the one on taskbar. There will be another vncconfig tray icon added to the taskbar. Except using kill $pid to remove the tray icon, is there any other way to exit the vncconfig process properly? See screenshot below:

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• In Linux, which tools are free to use to make Web site mockups?

  - by user11173

  I am using Ubuntu/Fedora. Which available mock-up builders i can use before making a website? Follow up: Adobe AIR for Linux is no longer supported. To access older, unsupported versions, please read the AIR archive. Different operating system? Downloaded: http://www.balsamiq.com/download Direct Links Mockups for Desktop: Cross-Platform: MockupsForDesktop.air Windows: MockupsForDesktop.exe Mac OSX: MockupsForDesktop.dmg Linux 32bit: MockupsForDesktop32bit.deb Linux 64bit: MockupsForDesktop64bit.deb Windows with Adobe Air bundled: MockupsForDesktopInstallerWin.zip (for offline installations).

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• Change/Deactivate the shell for an amount of users on SUSE Enterprise Server

  - by Manfred Schmidt

  I have a SUSE Server to which ~300 users are connecting. About 100 of them have to be deactivated. I think it would be nice to change their shell to /bin/false either with chsh or with usermod. Do I have to type every command per line, or can I fill out a list of users which can be read from the script? I should mention that all of the 100 users have the same ending in their username. Can I work with wildcards here? e.g. usermod -s /bin/fish *ftpuser chsh -s /sbin/nologin *ftpuser

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• Ubuntu hardware wireless switch has no effect after suspend and 13.10 upgrade

  - by blaineh

  I'm posting this on SU after it stalled on askubuntu. I hope someone here can help! If you'd prefer to answer on AU itself, here's the link: http://askubuntu.com/questions/365177/hardware-wireless-switch-has-no-effect-after-suspend-and-13-10-upgrade Wireless works fine after a reboot, but after a suspend the hardware switch (for my laptop this is f12) has no effect on the wireless, it is just permanently off, and shows that it is with a red LED. My rfkill list all reads: 0: phy0: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: yes 1: hp-wifi: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: yes Any combination with rfkill <un>block wifi doesn't work, although one time first blocking then unblocking actually turned it on again. sudo lshw -C network reads: *-network DISABLED description: Wireless interface product: AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) vendor: Qualcomm Atheros physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0 logical name: wlan0 version: 01 serial: 78:e4:00:65:2e:3f width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=ath9k driverversion=3.11.0-12-generic firmware=N/A latency=0 link=no multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bgn resources: irq:17 memory:90100000-9010ffff *-network DISABLED description: Ethernet interface product: RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: eth0 version: 02 serial: c8:0a:a9:89:b4:30 size: 10Mbit/s capacity: 100Mbit/s width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=half latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=MII speed=10Mbit/s resources: irq:42 ioport:2000(size=256) memory:90010000-90010fff memory:90000000-9000ffff memory:90020000-9002ffff Also, adding a /etc/pm/sleep.d/brcm.sh file as recommended here simply prevents the laptop from suspending at all, which of course is no good. This question has an answer urging to install the original driver, but it wasn't an "accepted answer" so I'd rather not take a chance on it. Also I'll admit I'm a bit lost on that and would like help doing so with the specific information I've given. I would be happy to provide more information, so long as you're willing to help me find it for you! This is a very annoying bug. I have a Compaq Presario CQ62. Edit. Output of lspci | grep Network: 02:00.0 Network controller: Qualcomm Atheros AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) (rev 01) Edit. This morning, I had had the laptop suspended all night, and then when I tried to awake it, it simply wouldn't. It would try, and then it would sleep again (I guess it felt a little bit like me! </badjoke>). Is it possible these problems are related? Edit. I don't have enough reputation on SU proper to post links to pastebins and other questions I've tried, so I'm putting them in comments, and of course they're available in the original question.

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• Advantages of a deployment tool over shell

  - by Jimmy

  Currently I have all of my deployment scripts in shell, which installs about 10 programs and configures them. The way I see it shell is a fantastic tool for this: Modular: Only one program per script, this way I can spread the programs across different servers Simple: Shell scripts are extremely simple and don't need any other software installed One-click: I only have to run the shell script once and everything is setup Agnostic: Most programmers can figure out shell, and don't need to know how to use a specific program. Versioning: Since my code is on github a simple git pull and restart all of supervisor will run my latest code. My question is, with all of these advantages, why is it people are constantly telling me to use a tool such as ansible or chef, and not to use shell.

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• Software Raid 10 on VirtualBox?

  - by user791022

  I want to learn how to use Software Raid 10, is it possible to use VirtualBox by adding four storage images? This is my plan: 4x 100mb partitions (1 on each drive) configured as a raid 1 for /boot in ext3. Then with the remaining space on each drive, setup a software raid partition and configure it to to LVM and raid 10. In the LVM, set up a 4gb swap partition and the remaining space as the root partition ( / ) as ext3.

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• How to migrate KVM based VMs running in LVM setup to Vmdk images

  - by Bond

  I am using KVM on Ubuntu Server 10.04. and Virtual Machines are running on it in LVM. I have to migrate some of them to Vmware server.How can I achieve this? I searched and came across some links but they all talked converting vmdk images to qcow or so.In this case I have OS in LVM. I also looked at man page of qemu-img and as I understand it should do what I am asking in this thread. But how exactly should I proceed in this case.Since it is not a file based image (OS running in an LVM which has filesystem in that LVM). So I am not able to understand what should I be doing to achieve the same. Can I achieve the above with snapshots of LVMs rather than shutting down the VM itself.

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• How to get Bash shell history range

  - by Aniti

  How can I get/filter history entries in a specific range? I have a large history file and frequently use history | grep somecommand Now, my memory is pretty bad and I also want to see what else I did around the time I entered the command. For now I do this: get match, say 4992 somecommand, then I do history | grep 49[0-9][0-9] this is usually good enough, but I would much rather do it more precisely, that is see commands from 4972 to 5012, that is 20 commands before and 20 after. I am wondering if there is an easier way? I suspect, a custom script is in order, but perhaps someone else has done something similar before.

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• mdadm - Recovering a 'split' RAID1 array

  - by Hamza

  I have two drives that used to be part of a single RAID1 volume but it appears that one of them went offline for some time, something I've noticed just now when I rebooted my system. I now seem to have two RAID volumes, as reported by: # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md126 : active raid1 sdc[1] 2096116 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U] md127 : active (auto-read-only) raid1 sdb[0] 2096116 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_] unused devices: <none> Not exactly sure where to go from here. How can I merge and re-sync these volumes without data loss? Thanks.

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• How to record desktop session with sound on Moblin?

  - by Moblin Newbie

  I have tried to record my desktop session with sound on a netbook running Moblin, but I can't seem to be able to record sound. xvidcap just says error accessing /dev/dsp. Are there some options I should pass to xvidcap? Should I use some other recording application? Update: I am using the latest xvidcap (1.1.7) and have read the FAQ. Unfortunately Moblin' gnome-volume-control looks nothing like what is linked to from the xvidcap FAQ; there is no way to to set or even look at the details the screenshot shows, as far as I know. alsamixer shows pulseaudio is used, if that gives anyone any clues. The device is Acer Aspire One.

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• Removing partition to install OS?

  - by Shane

  So i have a computer that has 2 hard drives and i installed Ubuntu server on it. I used LVM to connect the two. So i tried to put windows back on it but it failed because it said it couldn't position the drive and then when i booted again the OS couldn't be found. So i booted it with the Ubuntu setup disc but now when it goes to partition it says that the position can not be modified because its already in use. I am asking if there is a way i can just remove everything and start fresh?

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• Mount "Macrium Reflect" on a partition, boot from there?

  - by b e

  Can Macrium's Reflect recovery CD be mounted/used with GRUB ? If the cd can be 'put' (loaded/mounted/...) in a partition, then the only disc needed would be the actual recovery disc, which could be on an external hard drive, or even on the same machine in another partition, thus allowing on to recover using only what's on the machine itself. I have WXPpro and Xubuntu8.04 double mounted, really happy with them together, use each right now to fix problems with the other when they come up. Also have a partition for the Reflect CD, but I just can't get it to load from Grub, which would be great... Thanks for any thoughts, probably someone has already done this I know !

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• NIC is receiving, but not transmitting at all?

  - by Shtééf

  I'm trying to fix a very strange problem remotely on a machine at a customer site. The machine is a Dell PowerEdge, I believe a 1950 (haven't verified, but the lspci output matches specs I found.) The machine has two similar NICs, identified as Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet (rev 12) by lspci, and using the bnx2 driver. (I suspect these are on-board and on the same controller, which is what I'm accustomed to for this type of machine.) The primary interface eth0 works perfectly, and is in fact how I am ssh'd in. However, the secondary interface eth1 is not transmitting. I can see this in ifconfig output, for example, where the TX field is always 0. However, it is receiving, and tcpdump shows ARP requests coming from the ISP's gateway on the other side. The interface is physically connected to a Siemens BSTU4 modem, configured by the ISP. The link is properly set to 10MBps and full duplex, without negotation, as the ISP requested. A small /30 subnet is configured. For the sake of anonimity, let's say the machine is 3.3.3.2/30, and the ISP's gateway .1. The machine has no firewall settings whatsoever. Even running something like arping -I eth1 3.3.3.1, and running tcpdump alongside, shows no traffic whatsoever being transmitted on the interface. (But the other side keeps steadily sending ARP requests, and that is all that can be seen.) What could be causing this? Here's some output, anonymized, which may hopefully help: $ ethtool eth1 Settings for eth1: Supported ports: [ TP ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full 1000baseT/Full Supports auto-negotiation: Yes Advertised link modes: Not reported Advertised auto-negotiation: No Speed: 10Mb/s Duplex: Full Port: Twisted Pair PHYAD: 1 Transceiver: internal Auto-negotiation: off Supports Wake-on: d Wake-on: d Link detected: yes $ ip link show eth1 3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 link/ether 00:15:c5:xx:xx:xx brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff $ ip -4 addr show eth1 3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 inet 3.3.3.2/30 brd 3.3.3.3 scope global eth1 $ ip -4 route show match 3.3.3.0/30 3.3.3.0/30 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 3.3.3.2 default via 10.0.0.5 dev eth0

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• Ubuntu server loses network connection after ADSL2+ modem reset

  - by squashbuff

  I am using an ubuntu 10.04 server (running on a Lenovo Thinkpad notebook) as my webserver. It is performing well in terms of handling the traffic etc. However my internet connection is ADSL2+ (using Thomson TG782T modem-router) and if the modem is reset, then my server loses network connection. The networkmanager icon shows a red exclamation mark showing that is has no connection. But as soon as I click on it and tell it to connect to eth0, the connection is back on. It must be something that networkmanager is failing to do and because of this, the reliability of my webserver is suffering. Any advice on how this can be fixed?

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• Extract part of a image from a big image

  - by rajat

  I have a 6 images , and each image has a certain section that i want to save as a separate image , the problem is that it has to be accurate because i am doing some animation using the sub-image so they should exactly . so I want to accurately extract a that part from each of the 6 images , i can't do it using a image editor in which i have to make the bounding box myself because it will not be accurate , is there any program that lets me do this by like defining a box using numerical values. PS: I don't want to write matlab or opencv program for this .

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• Appropriate Network switch for small server cluster

  - by Chris Dutrow

  Need to build a small business server cluster for the purpose of crunching data. It will not host a web site that needs to be available 24/7. It does need to support servers that host Redis, a Cassandra database cluster, and a Python web server. Operating system will most likely be Centos 6.4 Other servers in the cluster should be able to communicate very fast with each other, especially the Redis server. This will probably require the use of internal IP addresses. We will need to use multi-data center replication to synchronize the Cassandra cluster with the one that we currently have hosted on the cloud Was looking into network switches and we are unsure of the appropriate specifications that we should be looking for. Does the switch need to be "managed" or can it be "unmanged"? Does the switch need to support IPv6 or just IPv4? Do we need an enterprise level Cisco switch, or can we go with something like a $200 DLink managed (or unmanaged) small business switch? Thanks so much!

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• Convert Ubuntu 10.04 into a server?

  - by letseatfood

  Hello, I have Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx Desktop version installed and am interested in running it as a server. I have already installed Apache, PHP, and MySQL. I am completely new to server administration. Would somebody please point me in a good direction to setting this up? I am sure there are numerous tutorials online, but I just can't seem to find one. Thanks!

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• How can I run a job when the server load is low?

  - by jberryman

  I have a command that runs a disk snapshot (on EC2, freezing an XFS disk and running an EBS snapshot command), which is set to run on a regular schedule as a cron job. Ideally I would like to be able to have the command delayed for a period of time if the disk is being used heavily at the moment the task is scheduled to run. I'm afraid that using nice/ionice might not have the proper effect, as I would like the script to run with high priority while it is running (i.e. wait for a good time, then finish fast). Thanks.

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• Connect through SSH and type in password automatically, without using a public key

  - by binary255

  A server allows SSH connections, but not using public key authentication. It's not within my power to change this at the moment (due to technical difficulties, not organizational) but I will get on it as soon as possible! What I need now is to execute commands on the server using plain old account+password authentication from a script. That is, I need to do it in a non-interactive way. Is it possible? And how do I do it? The client which will be executing the script runs Ubuntu Server 8.04. The server runs Cygwin and OpenSSH.

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• some novice questions about VPS

  - by Camran

  I have ordered a VPS today, and I am still setting it up. I have some Q though: Also, I have just installed apache, php and mysql. 1- I don't understand which folder my website should be in. Is it the 'www' folder or the htdocs folder I should upload my site to? Because they are in entirely different directories. 2- How do I even upload files? FTP program? How do I install one, and which one? Thanks

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