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• Why does Ubuntu 12.10 Beta2 insist on commiting changes to the partition table?

  - by Uten

  Why does Ubuntu 12.10 Beta2 insist on commiting changes to the partition table even as no real changes has been done? This is a show stopper for me as I'm installing without a CD/DVD ROM. This is how I go about it. I downloaded the iso image and extracted vmlinuz and initrd.lz to the same folder I keep the iso image. Configured grub (0.9x) to boot /ubuntu/vmlinuz with the iso image like this: title ubuntu live-cd kernel /ubuntu/vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu/ubuntu-12.10-beta2-desktop-i386.iso ro quiet splash initrd /ubuntu/initrd.lz boot This works well and I get a running livecd session. The iso image is mounted on /isomedia (or something similar). The spare HD space where I want to install Ubuntu is in the logical area (at the wery end of the disk). I have tried both to use the space as empty and preformated with ext4. After selecting the partition and selecting "use as ext4" and selecting a mountpoint (/) I get the message: "The installer needs to commit changes to partition tables, but cannot do so because partitions on the following mount points could not be unmounted" "/isomedia" (or something similar). Is this a "feature" of the installer? To insist that everything is unmounted even if no changes is nescesary (as fare as I understand). It's probably a safety feature but is it needed? I have cahnged layouts with parted and gparted (at the end of the disk) for years without any failures. I understand that booting the iso image like this is not the common way. But it is just such a beautifull way of doing it when you hav a running system and want to play with another. Any one had any success installing Ubuntu (12.10 beta2 ) like this? Best regards Uten

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• ?Exadata??????DBFS

  - by Liu Maclean(???)

  ?Exadata???DBFS ??????? 1. ??fuse RPM  [root@dm01db01 ~]# yum install fuse Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security This system is not registered with ULN. ULN support will be disabled. Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package fuse.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ========================================================================================================================================================================  Package                            Arch                                 Version                                         Repository                                Size ======================================================================================================================================================================== Installing:  fuse                               x86_64                               2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                                 el5_latest                                85 k Transaction Summary ======================================================================================================================================================================== Install       1 Package(s) Upgrade       0 Package(s) Total download size: 85 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: fuse-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                  |  85 kB     00:00      Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction   Installing     : fuse                                                                                                                                             1/1  Installed:   fuse.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                                                                                                                                          [root@dm01db01 ~]# yum install fuse-libs Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security This system is not registered with ULN. ULN support will be disabled. Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package fuse-libs.i386 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated ---> Package fuse-libs.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ========================================================================================================================================================================  Package                                Arch                                Version                                       Repository                               Size ======================================================================================================================================================================== Installing:  fuse-libs                              i386                                2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                               el5_latest                               71 k  fuse-libs                              x86_64                              2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                               el5_latest                               70 k Transaction Summary ======================================================================================================================================================================== Install       2 Package(s) Upgrade       0 Package(s) Total download size: 141 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): fuse-libs-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                      |  70 kB     00:00      (2/2): fuse-libs-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.i386.rpm                                                                                                        |  71 kB     00:00      ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total                                                                                                                                    71 kB/s | 141 kB     00:01      Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction   Installing     : fuse-libs                                                                                                                                        1/2    Installing     : fuse-libs                                                                                                                                        2/2  Installed:   fuse-libs.i386 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                                                  fuse-libs.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                                                  Complete! [root@dm01db01 ~]# yum install fuse-devel Loaded plugins: rhnplugin, security This system is not registered with ULN. ULN support will be disabled. Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package fuse-devel.i386 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated ---> Package fuse-devel.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5 set to be updated --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ========================================================================================================================================================================  Package                                 Arch                                Version                                      Repository                               Size ======================================================================================================================================================================== Installing:  fuse-devel                              i386                                2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                              el5_latest                               28 k  fuse-devel                              x86_64                              2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                              el5_latest                               28 k Transaction Summary ======================================================================================================================================================================== Install       2 Package(s) Upgrade       0 Package(s) Total download size: 57 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): fuse-devel-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                     |  28 kB     00:00      (2/2): fuse-devel-2.7.4-8.0.1.el5.i386.rpm                                                                                                       |  28 kB     00:00      ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total                                                                                                                                    21 kB/s |  57 kB     00:02      Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction   Installing     : fuse-devel                                                                                                                                       1/2    Installing     : fuse-devel                                                                                                                                       2/2  Installed:   fuse-devel.i386 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                                                 fuse-devel.x86_64 0:2.7.4-8.0.1.el5                                                 Complete! 2. ?? DBFS??? ?????? cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin sqlplus / as sysdba Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options SQL> @prvtfspi.plb Package body created. No errors. Package body created. No errors. ?????dbms_dbfs_sfs package  SQL> create tablespace dbfstbs datafile size 20g; Tablespace created. SQL> create user maclean_dbfs identified by oracle; User created. SQL> grant dba to maclean_dbfs; Grant succeeded. @@!!! SQL> grant  dbfs_role to maclean_dbfs; Grant succeeded. 3. ??DBFS SQL> conn maclean_dbfs/oracle Connected. SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/dbfs_create_filesystem.sql  dbfstbs mac_dbfs   No errors. -------- CREATE STORE: begin dbms_dbfs_sfs.createFilesystem(store_name => 'FS_MAC_DBFS', tbl_name => 'T_MAC_DBFS', tbl_tbs => 'dbfstbs', lob_tbs => 'dbfstbs', do_partition => false, partition_key => 1, do_compress => false, compression => '', do_dedup => false, do_encrypt => false); end; -------- REGISTER STORE: begin dbms_dbfs_content.registerStore(store_name=> 'FS_MAC_DBFS', provider_name => 'sample1', provider_package => 'dbms_dbfs_sfs'); end; -------- MOUNT STORE: begin dbms_dbfs_content.mountStore(store_name=>'FS_MAC_DBFS', store_mount=>'mac_dbfs'); end; -------- CHMOD STORE: declare m integer; begin m := dbms_fuse.fs_chmod('/mac_dbfs', 16895); end; No errors. 4.  ??mount point  [root@dm01db01 ~]# mkdir /dbfs [root@dm01db01 ~]# chown oracle:oinstall /dbfs 5. ??library path ?OS  # echo "/usr/local/lib" >> /etc/ld.so.conf.d/usr_local_lib.conf 6. ?????? export ORACLE_HOME=/s01/orabase/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1 [root@dm01db01 ~]# ln -s $ORACLE_HOME/lib/libclntsh.so.11.1 /usr/local/lib/libclntsh.so.11.1 [root@dm01db01 ~]#  ln -s $ORACLE_HOME/lib/libnnz11.so /usr/local/lib/libnnz11.so [root@dm01db01 ~]#  ln -s /lib64/libfuse.so.2 /usr/local/lib/libfuse.so.2 7. ??ldconfig  [root@dm01db01 ~]# ldconfig [root@dm01db01 ~]#  8. ??fusermount??????? [root@dm01db01 ~]#  chmod +x /usr/bin/fusermount [root@dm01db01 ~]#  ls -l /usr/bin/fusermount lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Sep  7 03:06 /usr/bin/fusermount -> /bin/fusermount [root@dm01db01 ~]#  ls -l /bin/fusermount -rwsr-x--x 1 root fuse 27072 Oct 17  2011 /bin/fusermount 9. ???????OS  dbfs_client maclean_dbfs@dm01db01:1521/orcl  /dbfs 10. ????nohup + &?????mount DBFS,???????????? [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ echo "oracle"  >> dbfs_pw [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ nohup dbfs_client maclean_dbfs@dm01db01:1521/orcl /dbfs < dbfs_pw & [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ df -h Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbSys1                        30G   15G   14G  53% / /dev/sda1             502M   30M  447M   7% /boot /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbOra1                        99G   20G   75G  21% /u01 tmpfs                  81G     0   81G   0% /dev/shm dbfs-maclean_dbfs@orcl:/                        20G  120K   20G   1% /dbfs [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ mount /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbSys1 on / type ext3 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw,nodev) /dev/mapper/VGExaDb-LVDbOra1 on /u01 type ext3 (rw,nodev) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,size=82052m) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) dbfs-maclean_dbfs@orcl:/ on /dbfs type fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,max_read=1048576,default_permissions,user=oracle) [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ ls -l /dbfs/ total 0 drwxrwxrwx 3 root root 0 Sep 14 05:11 mac_dbfs [oracle@nas ~]$ dbfs_client  --------MOUNT mode: usage: dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> [options] <mountpoint>   db_user:              Name of Database user that owns DBFS content repository filesystem(s)   db_server:            A valid connect string for Oracle database server                         (for example, hrdb_host:1521/hrservice)   mountpoint:           Path to mount Database File System(s)                         All the file systems owned by the database user will be seen at the mountpoint. DBFS options:   -o direct_io          Bypass the Linux page cache. Gives much better performance for large files.                         Programs in the file system cannot be executed with this option.                         This option is recommended when DBFS is used as an ETL staging area.   -o wallet             Run dbfs_client in background.                         Wallet must be configured to get credentials.   -o failover           dbfs_client fails over to surviving database instance with no data loss.                         Some performance cost on writes, especially for small files.   -o allow_root         Allows root access to the filesystem.                         This option requires setting 'user_allow_other' parameter in '/etc/fuse.conf'.   -o allow_other        Allows other users access to the file system.                         This option requires setting 'user_allow_other' parameter in '/etc/fuse.conf'.   -o rw                 Mount the filesystem read-write. [Default]   -o ro                 Mount the filesystem read-only. Files cannot be modified.   -o trace_file=STR     Tracing <filename> | 'syslog'   -o trace_level=N      Trace Level: 1->DEBUG, 2->INFO, 3->WARNING, 4->ERROR, 5->CRITICAL [Default: 4]   -h                    help   -V                    version --------COMMAND mode: Usage:     dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command command [switches] [arguments]             command:          Command to be executed, e.g., ls, cp, mkdir, rm            switches:         Switches are described below for each command.            arguments:        File names or directory names NOTE:      All database pathnames must be absolute and preceded by dbfs:/ Commands   ls            dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command ls [switches] target      Switches:              -a         Show all files including those starting with '.'            -l         Use a long listing format. In addition to the name of each file                       print the file type, permissions, size, user and group information            -R         List subdirectories recursively cp                     dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command cp [switches] source destination      Switches:              -r, -R      Copy a directory and its contents recursively into the destination directory rm                     dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command rm [switches] target      Switches:              -r, -R      Removes a directory and its contents recursively mkdir                  dbfs_client <db_user>@<db_server> --command mkdir directory_name Examples                     dbfs_client ETLUser@DBConnectString --command ls -l -a dbfs:/staging_area/directory1            dbfs_client ETLUser@DBConnectString --command cp -R  /tmp/1-Jan-2009-dump dbfs:/staging_area            dbfs_client ETLUser@DBConnectString --command rm dbfs:/staging_area/hello.txt            dbfs_client ETLUser@DBConnectString --command mkdir dbfs:/staging_area/directory2 [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ ls -lh /tmp/largefile -rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 2.0G Sep 14 08:50 /tmp/largefile [oracle@dm01db01 ~]$ time dbfs_client  maclean_dbfs@dm01db01:1521/orcl --command cp /tmp/largefile dbfs:/mac_dbfs Password: /tmp/largefile -> dbfs:/mac_dbfs/largefile real    0m11.802s user    0m0.580s sys     0m2.375s ?Exadata?????2G?????? DBFS???11s => 200MB/s 

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• C / C++ / C#: Howto do "mount -a"

  - by Quandary

  Question: In C/C++/C#. (I need it for C#, but C and C++ is also fine). How can I do a mount -a on Linux. I mean programmatically, without starting a process like system("mount -a"); Edit: Note the "-a". My question is not actually about how to mount A mountpoint. It's about how to mount ALL mountpoints in /etc/fstab. That means parsing the file, extracting the mountpoints, check if already mounted, and only if not already mounted, mount...

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• Solaris Tips : Assembler, Format, File Descriptors, Ciphers & Mount Points

  - by Giri Mandalika

  .roundedcorner { border:1px solid #a1a1a1; padding:10px 40px; border-radius:25px; } .boxshadow { padding:10px 40px; box-shadow: 10px 10px 5px #888888; } 1. Most Oracle software installers need assembler Assembler (as) is not installed by default on Solaris 11.      Find and install eg., # pkg search assembler INDEX ACTION VALUE PACKAGE pkg.fmri set solaris/developer/assembler pkg:/developer/[email protected] # pkg install pkg:/developer/assembler Assembler binary used to be under /usr/ccs/bin directory on Solaris 10 and prior versions.      There is no /usr/ccs/bin on Solaris 11. Contents were moved to /usr/bin 2. Non-interactive retrieval of the entire list of disks that format reports If the format utility cannot show the entire list of disks in a single screen on stdout, it shows some and prompts user to - hit space for more or s to select - to move to the next screen to show few more disks. Run the following command(s) to retrieve the entire list of disks in a single shot. format 3. Finding system wide file descriptors/handles in use Run the following kstat command as any user (privileged or non-privileged). kstat -n file_cache -s buf_inuse Going through /proc (process filesystem) is less efficient and may lead to inaccurate results due to the inclusion of duplicate file handles. 4. ssh connection to a Solaris 11 host fails with error Couldn't agree a client-to-server cipher (available: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour128,arcfour256,arcfour) Solution: add 3des-cbc to the list of accepted ciphers to sshd configuration file. Steps: Append the following line to /etc/ssh/sshd_config Ciphers aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour128,arcfour256,\ arcfour,3des-cbc Restart ssh daemon svcadm -v restart ssh 5. UFS: Finding the last mount point for a device fsck utility reports the last mountpoint on which the filesystem was mounted (it won't show the mount options though). The filesystem should be unmounted when running fsck. eg., # fsck -n /dev/dsk/c0t5000CCA0162F7BC0d0s6 ** /dev/rdsk/c0t5000CCA0162F7BC0d0s6 (NO WRITE) ** Last Mounted on /export/oracle ** Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes ... ...

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• ZFS pool broken after upgrading to 14.04 LTS

  - by cruiserparts

  Well, I have been putting off upgrading to 14.04 for fear that I would break something. Actually for fear that it would break zfs (or I would break it). I am bascially slightly better than novice at linux. Spent the last couple of hours trying to get the pool back. Now I am at the stage where I don't think I have a complete failure, but I am worried that I may break it. So if could help me not break it, and recover it, I would be thankful. My zfs is file storage and not boot. It was working fine for a year and was working perfectly before the upgrade (scrub and everything was fine). I was confident that the upgrade would work (or at least I could fix it) because I had upgraded once in the past, the pool went missing, but I was able to get it back. I have reinstalled zfs, zfs utilities, and some dependencies (after searching this forum) I think what happened is 14.04 deleted some config file, or specified disk names differntly, but I could be wrong. When I set the pool up originally, I was using specific device Ids as I recall (because I did not want to break things if they got reassigned at boot) So see if this helps. I can confirm that old mountpoint folders are there but empty. no talloc stackframe at ../source3/param/loadparm.c:4864, leaking memory pool: naspool1 state: UNAVAIL status: One or more devices could not be used because the label is missing or invalid. There are insufficient replicas for the pool to continue functioning. action: Destroy and re-create the pool from a backup source. see: http://zfsonlinux.org/msg/ZFS-8000-5E scan: none requested config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM naspool1 UNAVAIL 0 0 0 insufficient replicas raidz1-0 UNAVAIL 0 0 0 insufficient replicas scsi-SATA_WDC_WD1001FALS-_WD-WMATV0990825 UNAVAIL 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD1001FALS-_WD-WMATV2995365 UNAVAIL 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD10EARS-00_WD-WMAV51894349 UNAVAIL 0 0 0 ___@ourserver:~$ sudo zpool import naspool1 cannot import 'naspool1': a pool with that name is already created/imported, and no additional pools with that name were found ___@ourserver:~$ sudo zfs list no datasets available What other output can I post to help? I'm thinking the update deleted some zfs config files. It seems like the pool exists and certainly 3 perfectly working disks did not fail at once. I am worried that I may break something without a little bit of guideance. Thanks.

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• VSS Post Backup failures for Virtual Server 2005 R2 SP1 virtual machines

  - by califguy4christ

  We've been seeing strange errors with Volume Shadow Copy services on our Virtual Server 2005 R2 SP1 host. It appears to be failing on a strange mountpoint in the C:\WINDOWS\Temp\ folders, which I believe is used by VSS to mount a writeable image file. To summarize: The Microsoft Virtual Server 2005 Writer continually goes into a failed retryable state The Virtual Server log reports errors during the Post Backup phase VSS reports errors backing up a mount point of unknown origins The mount point causes NTFS and ftdisk errors The host is x86 Windows Server 2003 Standard, SP2. The virtual machine is the same. Both use basic disks. Here is the writer state: Writer name: 'Microsoft Virtual Server 2005 Writer' Writer Id: {76afb926-87ad-4a20-a50f-cdc69412ddfc} Writer Instance Id: {78df98e2-bf19-4804-890b-15865efef3bd} State: [11] Failed Last error: Retryable error From the Virtual Server log: Virtual Server - Vss Writer - Event ID: 1035: The VSS writer for Virtual Server failed during the PostBackup phase. The guest shadow copies did not get exposed on the host machine, after mounting all the virtual hard disks of the virtual machine VMACHINE. From the Application log: VSS - None - Event ID: 12290: Volume Shadow Copy Service warning: GetVolumeInformationW( \\?\Volume{fb84bae7-87f5-11dd-9832-001cc4961ca6}\,NULL,0, NULL,NULL,[0x00000000], , 260) == 0x0000045d. hr = 0x00000000. From the System log: Ntfs - Disk - Event ID: 55: The file system structure on the disk is corrupt and unusable. Please run the chkdsk utility on the volume C:\WINDOWS\Temp\ {fb84bae7-87f5-11dd-9832-001cc49.... My current theory is that VSS creates a mount point for an image file of the VHD, then the software panics for some reason, leaving everything in an inconsistent state. Removing the mount point doesn't resolve the problem. All of the other disks check out fine with CHKDSK. There's no exclusion option for VHDs or to turn off online backups. Has anyone seen this kind of thing before or point me in the right direction for getting more information about the mount point and it's origins? I haven't been able to trace what application is creating that mount point.

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• Samba Server Make Multiple User Permissions Profiles

  - by Scriptonaut

  I have a Samba file server running, and I was wondering how I could make multiple user accounts that have different permissions. For example, at the moment I have a user, smbusr, but when I ssh to the share, I can read, write, execute, and even navigate out of the samba directory and do stuff on the actual computer. This is bad because I want to be able to give out my IP so friends/family can use the server, but I don't want them to be able to do just anything. I want to lock the user in the samba share directory(and all the sub directories). Eventually I would like several profiles such as (smbusr_R, smbusr_RW, smbguest_R, smbguest_RW). I also have a second question related to this, is SSH the best method to connect from other unix machines? What about VPN? Or simply mounting like this: mount -t ext3 -o user=username //ipaddr/share /mnt/mountpoint Is that mounting command above the same thing as a vpn? This is really confusing me. Thanks for the help guys, let me know if you need to see any files, or need anymore information.

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• Samba Server Make Multiple User Permissions Profiles

  - by Scriptonaut

  I have a Samba file server running, and I was wondering how I could make multiple user accounts that have different permissions. For example, at the moment I have a user, smbusr, but when I ssh to the share, I can read, write, execute, and even navigate out of the samba directory and do stuff on the actual computer. This is bad because I want to be able to give out my IP so friends/family can use the server, but I don't want them to be able to do just anything. I want to lock the user in the samba share directory(and all the sub directories). Eventually I would like several profiles such as (smbusr_R, smbusr_RW, smbguest_R, smbguest_RW). I also have a second question related to this, is SSH the best method to connect from other unix machines? What about VPN? Or simply mounting like this: mount -t ext3 -o user=username //ipaddr/share /mnt/mountpoint Is that mounting command above the same thing as a vpn? This is really confusing me. Thanks for the help guys, let me know if you need to see any files, or need anymore information.

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• How to auto-mount encfs volume on login in ubuntu 9.10

  - by xzenox

  Hi, Previously, in 9.04, I was using pam mount in conjunction with encfs to mount an encrypted volume at login. This worked perfectly and since the password was the same as my user password, none was entered besides the initial login one. Now in 9.10, using the same setup and the same volume line in pam's config file, the volume will not mount. The folder does not even get created for the mount point. I am thinking this might be caused by the fact that I now switched to using an encrypted /home directory (previously left unencrypted on 9.04). To encrypt it, i used the standard /home encrypt setup from the 9.10 fresh install. I am thinking that perhaps, pam tries to mount the volume before /home is mounted and fails. Is there a log file I could look into/post here? Note that mounting manually works fine using the same paths, writing full paths does not help, nor is removing the options attribute. Here's my volume entry: <volume user="nicholas" fstype="fuse" path="encfs#~/.dropbox_dir/Dropbox/encrypted" mountpoint="~/Dropbox" options="nonempty" />

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• Getting at fsid under Linux? Or an alternate way of identifying filesystems?

  - by larsks

  In an environment with automounted home directories, such that the same filesystem exported by a fileserver may be mounted multiple times on the client, I would like to authoritatively be able to identify whether two mountpoints are in fact the same filesystem. That is, if the remote server exports: /home And the local client has: # mount fileserver:/home/l/lars on /home/lars type nfs (rw...) fileserver:/home/b/bob on /home/bob type nfs (rw...) I am looking for a way to identify that both /home/lars and /home/bob are in fact the same filesystem. In theory this is what the fsid result of the statvfs structure is for, but in all cases, for both local and remote filesystems, I am finding that the value of this structure member is 0. Is this some sort of client-side issue? Or do most modern NFS servers simply decline to provide a useful fsid? The end goal of all of this is to robustly interpret the output from the quota command for NFS filesystems. For example, given the example above, running quota as myself may return something like: Disk quotas for user lars (uid 6580): Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace otherserver:/vol/home0/a/alice 12 52428800 52428800 4 4294967295 4294967295 fileserver:/home/l/lars 9353032 9728000 10240000 124018 0 0 ...the problem here being that there exists a quota for me on otherserver which is visible in the results of the quota command, even though my home directory is actually on a different device. My plan was to look up the fsid for each mountpoint listed in the quota output and check to see if it matched the fsid associated with my home directory. It looks like this won't work, so...any suggestions?

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• NFS v4, HA Migration, and stale handles on clients

  - by Karl Katzke

  I'm managing a server running NFS v4 with Pacemaker/OpenAIS. NFS is configured to use TCP. When I migrate the NFS server to another node in the Pacemaker cluster, even though the metadata is persisted, connections from the clients 'hang' and eventually time out after 90 seconds. After that 90 seconds, the old mountpoint becomes 'stale' and the mounted files can no longer be accessed. The 90 second grace period seems to be part of the server configuration and not the client configuration. I see this message on the server: kernel: NFSD: starting 90-second grace period If I restart the NFS client on the client nodes after I migrate (unmounting and then remounting the share), then I don't experience the problem, but connections and file transfers still interrupted. Three questions: What is the 90 second grace period? What's it there for? How can I keep the files from going stale on the clients without restarting them after I migrate the NFS server to another node? Is it actually possible to migrate the NFS server without having large file uploads drop?

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• "ImportError: No module named flask" - Trouble with nginx + uWSGI + Flask in a virtualenv setup

  - by vjk2005

  I got nginx + uWSGI running on localhost inside a virtualenv with a simple hello world program, but I get this error when I replace the hello world with a simple Flask app: File "./wsgi_configuration_module.py", line 1, in <module> from flask import Flask ImportError: No module named flask unable to load app mountpoint Here's the flask app (wsgi_configuration_module.py): from flask import Flask application = Flask(__name__) @application.route("/") def hello(): return "hello world" if __name__ == "__main__": application.run() uWSGI config (app_conf.xml): <uwsgi> <socket>127.0.0.1:9001</socket> <chdir>/srv/www/labs/application</chdir> <pythonpath>/srv/www</pythonpath> <module>wsgi_configuration_module</module> <callable>application</callable> <no-site>true</no-site> </uwsgi> nginx config: server { listen 80; server_name localhost; access_log /srv/www/labs/logs/access.log; error_log /srv/www/labs/logs/error.log; location / { include uwsgi_params; uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9001; } location /static { root /srv/www/labs/public_html/static/; index index.html index.htm; } } virtualenv stored in ~/virtual_env with Python 2.7 + nginx + uWSGI + Flask installed in a virtualenv called basic. Things I've tried to solve this: set the --home (-H) option to my virtualenv folder ~/virtual_env while running uWSGI. Other info: I have the same setup working outside of a virtualenv. Things go wrong only when I try to replicate the setup inside of a virtualenv. Where have I gone wrong?

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• Can't find created directory on zfs

  - by maniat1k

  I'm using openSUSE 13.1. I created a new directory on a zpool zfs create zpgd0/iSCSI -o compression=lz4 -o atime=off but I'm not looking on that... So I do it again but I'm getting... zfs create zpgd0/iSCSI -o compression=lz4 -o atime=off cannot create 'zpgd0/iSCSI': dataset already exists adding some data zpool history History for 'zpgd0': 2014-08-11.13:38:21 zpool create -f zpgd0 raidz2 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0490461 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0603473 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0606817 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0670246 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0673599 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0715212 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0722699 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0731193 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0732862 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0806663 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0807385 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0816943 2014-08-11.14:13:09 zpool set autoexpand=on zpgd0 2014-08-11.14:14:32 zfs create zpgd0/espacio 2014-08-19.11:47:47 zfs create zpgd0/iSCSI -o compression=lz4 -o atime=off zpool status -v pool: zpgd0 state: ONLINE scan: none requested config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM zpgd0 ONLINE 0 0 0 raidz2-0 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0490461 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0603473 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0606817 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0670246 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0673599 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0715212 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0722699 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0731193 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0732862 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0806663 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0807385 ONLINE 0 0 0 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD4001FAEX-0_WD-WMC1F0816943 ONLINE 0 0 0 errors: No known data errors I have no errors but the folder does not appear, so what Can I do? sorry add it zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT zpgd0 933K 35,5T 54,7K /zpgd0 zpgd0/iSCSI 54,7K 35,5T 54,7K /zpgd0/iSCSI

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• Determining the Source of a Given File System Mount on Unix [migrated]

  - by phobos51594

  Background Recently I have run into a bit of a snag on my home FreeBSD server. I recently upgraded it to the latest stable release, and I have noticed some strange behavior with the /var partition. Originally, I had the system configured such that /var had its own partition with /var/run and /var/log in memory disks (/tmp, too). After the upgrade, I notice there is a new, fourth memory disk mounting directly to /var that I had not set up manually and is not in my fstab. It is only 28 megs or so in size and is causing problems when trying to update my ports collection. The ramdisk mounts atuomagically at boot and cannot be unmounted while in multi-user mode. If I drop to single user mode, I am able to unmount it without issue, however rebooting causes it to pop right back up. System specifications have been included at the end of the post. Question Is there any way to determine exactly what is mounting a given memory disk (or any filesystem, for that matter) after it has been mounted? Alternately, does anybody have any ideas what might have caused the new /var ramdisk to pop up? System Specification # uname -a FreeBSD sarge 9.1-PRERELEASE FreeBSD 9.1-PRERELEASE #0: Thu Nov 22 14:02:13 PST 2012 donut@sarge:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386 # df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1a 515612 410728 63636 87% / devfs 1 1 0 100% /dev /dev/da0s1d 515612 287616 186748 61% /var /dev/da0s1e 6667808 2292824 3841560 37% /usr /dev/md0 63004 32 57932 0% /tmp /dev/md1 3484 8 3200 0% /var/run /dev/md2 31260 8 28752 0% /var/log /dev/md3 31260 512 28248 2% /var <-- This # cat /etc/fstab # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/da0s1a / ufs rw,noatime 1 1 /dev/da0s1d /var ufs rw,noatime 2 2 /dev/da0s1e /usr ufs rw,noatime 2 2 md /tmp mfs rw,-s64M,noatime 0 0 md /var/run mfs rw,-s4M,noatime 0 0 md /var/log mfs rw,-s32M,noatime 0 0 Thank you in advance for any assistance.

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• Where is '/host' declared for mount in Wubi (Ubuntu 9.10)?

  - by Pedro

  Hi! I'm using Wubi (ubuntu 9.10), and I couldn't find where '/host' mountpoint is declared for mounting. There's no entry in fstab, but it's listed in /proc/mount and mounted at boot time. Any ideas? pedroel@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/mounts rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 none /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 none /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 udev /dev tmpfs rw,relatime,mode=755 0 0 /dev/sda1 /host fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 /dev/loop0 / ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 none /sys/kernel/security securityfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /sys/fs/fuse/connections fusectl rw,relatime 0 0 none /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /dev/pts devpts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0 none /dev/shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0 none /var/run tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,mode=755 0 0 none /var/lock tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 none /lib/init/rw tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,mode=755 0 0 /dev/loop1 /home/pedroel/Downloads ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 gvfs-fuse-daemon /home/pedroel/.gvfs fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000 0 0 /dev/mapper/isw_efhafcifi_RAID_Volume01 /media/RAID_D fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 pedroel@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier # for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name # devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /host/ubuntu/disks/root.disk / ext4 loop,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /host/ubuntu/disks/pedro.disk /home/pedroel/Downloads ext4 loop,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /host/ubuntu/disks/swap.disk none swap loop,sw 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 Thanks in advance, Pedro

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• Where is '/host' declared for mount in Wubi (Ubuntu 9.10)?

  - by Pedro

  I'm using Wubi (ubuntu 9.10), and I couldn't find where '/host' mountpoint is declared for mounting. There's no entry in fstab, but it's listed in /proc/mount and mounted at boot time. Any ideas? pedroel@ubuntu:~$ cat /proc/mounts rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 none /sys sysfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 none /proc proc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 udev /dev tmpfs rw,relatime,mode=755 0 0 /dev/sda1 /host fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 /dev/loop0 / ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 none /sys/kernel/security securityfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /sys/fs/fuse/connections fusectl rw,relatime 0 0 none /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw,relatime 0 0 none /dev/pts devpts rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0 none /dev/shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0 none /var/run tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,mode=755 0 0 none /var/lock tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 none /lib/init/rw tmpfs rw,nosuid,relatime,mode=755 0 0 /dev/loop1 /home/pedroel/Downloads ext4 rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0 gvfs-fuse-daemon /home/pedroel/.gvfs fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000 0 0 /dev/mapper/isw_efhafcifi_RAID_Volume01 /media/RAID_D fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 pedroel@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier # for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name # devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /host/ubuntu/disks/root.disk / ext4 loop,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /host/ubuntu/disks/pedro.disk /home/pedroel/Downloads ext4 loop,errors=remount-ro 0 1 /host/ubuntu/disks/swap.disk none swap loop,sw 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 Thanks in advance, Pedro

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• NFS on top of GFS2 - does it work?

  - by Matthew

  We're currently using a NoSQL derivative called Splunk to receive our data. The software supports something called "search head pooling" in which the job-dispatching engine is housed on several servers which share a common storage point. Originally our intention was to use a clustered filesystem like GFS2 because of low latency, stability, and ease of setup. We set up GFS2, and it's working with no issues. However when trying to run the software, it's trying to create lock files, and a bunch of other things that their support team can't quite explain. Ultimate feedback from them was that they only support NFS. Our network administration team heavily frowns on NFS (lack of stability, file lock issues, etc). So, I was thinking about the possibility of setting up NFS on each server in the cluster to act as a wedge layer between the GFS2 filesystem and the software. Basically configure each server to export the GFS2 filesystem's mountpoint via NFS, and then tell each server to connect to that NFS share. That way we aren't introducing any single-points-of-failure should a dedicated NFS server go down, but the vendor gets their "required" NFS share. I'm just brainstorming ways around, so please tear this apart :)

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• Automating Solaris 11 Zones Installation Using The Automated Install Server

  - by Orgad Kimchi

  Introduction How to use the Oracle Solaris 11 Automated install server in order to automate the Solaris 11 Zones installation. In this document I will demonstrate how to setup the Automated Install server in order to provide hands off installation process for the Global Zone and two Non Global Zones located on the same system. Architecture layout: Figure 1. Architecture layout Prerequisite Setup the Automated install server (AI) using the following instructions “How to Set Up Automated Installation Services for Oracle Solaris 11” The first step in this setup will be creating two Solaris 11 Zones configuration files. Step 1: Create the Solaris 11 Zones configuration files  The Solaris Zones configuration files should be in the format of the zonecfg export command. # zonecfg -z zone1 export > /var/tmp/zone1# cat /var/tmp/zone1 create -b set brand=solaris set zonepath=/rpool/zones/zone1 set autoboot=true set ip-type=exclusive add anet set linkname=net0 set lower-link=auto set configure-allowed-address=true set link-protection=mac-nospoof set mac-address=random end  Create a backup copy of this file under a different name, for example, zone2. # cp /var/tmp/zone1 /var/tmp/zone2 Modify the second configuration file with the zone2 configuration information You should change the zonepath for example: set zonepath=/rpool/zones/zone2 Step2: Copy and share the Zones configuration files  Create the NFS directory for the Zones configuration files # mkdir /export/zone_config Share the directory for the Zones configuration file # share –o ro /export/zone_config Copy the Zones configuration files into the NFS shared directory # cp /var/tmp/zone1 /var/tmp/zone2  /export/zone_config Verify that the NFS share has been created using the following command # share export_zone_config      /export/zone_config     nfs     sec=sys,ro Step 3: Add the Global Zone as client to the Install Service Use the installadm create-client command to associate client (Global Zone) with the install service To find the MAC address of a system, use the dladm command as described in the dladm(1M) man page. The following command adds the client (Global Zone) with MAC address 0:14:4f:2:a:19 to the s11x86service install service. # installadm create-client -e “0:14:4f:2:a:19" -n s11x86service You can verify the client creation using the following command # installadm list –c Service Name  Client Address     Arch   Image Path ------------  --------------     ----   ---------- s11x86service 00:14:4F:02:0A:19  i386   /export/auto_install/s11x86service We can see the client install service name (s11x86service), MAC address (00:14:4F:02:0A:19 and Architecture (i386). Step 4: Global Zone manifest setup  First, get a list of the installation services and the manifests associated with them: # installadm list -m Service Name   Manifest        Status ------------   --------        ------ default-i386   orig_default   Default s11x86service  orig_default   Default Then probe the s11x86service and the default manifest associated with it. The -m switch reflects the name of the manifest associated with a service. Since we want to capture that output into a file, we redirect the output of the command as follows: # installadm export -n s11x86service -m orig_default >  /var/tmp/orig_default.xml Create a backup copy of this file under a different name, for example, orig-default2.xml, and edit the copy. # cp /var/tmp/orig_default.xml /var/tmp/orig_default2.xml Use the configuration element in the AI manifest for the client system to specify non-global zones. Use the name attribute of the configuration element to specify the name of the zone. Use the source attribute to specify the location of the config file for the zone.The source location can be any http:// or file:// location that the client can access during installation. The following sample AI manifest specifies two Non-Global Zones: zone1 and zone2 You should replace the server_ip with the ip address of the NFS server. <!DOCTYPE auto_install SYSTEM "file:///usr/share/install/ai.dtd.1"> <auto_install>   <ai_instance>     <target>       <logical>         <zpool name="rpool" is_root="true">           <filesystem name="export" mountpoint="/export"/>           <filesystem name="export/home"/>           <be name="solaris"/>         </zpool>       </logical>     </target>     <software type="IPS">       <source>         <publisher name="solaris">           <origin name="http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release"/>         </publisher>       </source>       <software_data action="install">         <name>pkg:/entire@latest</name>         <name>pkg:/group/system/solaris-large-server</name>       </software_data>     </software>     <configuration type="zone" name="zone1" source="file:///net/server_ip/export/zone_config/zone1"/>     <configuration type="zone" name="zone2" source="file:///net/server_ip/export/zone_config/zone2"/>   </ai_instance> </auto_install> The following example adds the /var/tmp/orig_default2.xml AI manifest to the s11x86service install service # installadm create-manifest -n s11x86service -f /var/tmp/orig_default2.xml -m gzmanifest You can verify the manifest creation using the following command # installadm list -n s11x86service  -m Service/Manifest Name  Status   Criteria ---------------------  ------   -------- s11x86service    orig_default        Default  None    gzmanifest          Inactive None We can see from the command output that the new manifest named gzmanifest has been created and associated with the s11x86service install service. Step 5: Non Global Zone manifest setup The AI manifest for non-global zone installation is similar to the AI manifest for installing the global zone. If you do not provide a custom AI manifest for a non-global zone, the default AI manifest for Zones is used The default AI manifest for Zones is available at /usr/share/auto_install/manifest/zone_default.xml. In this example we should use the default AI manifest for zones The following sample default AI manifest for zones # cat /usr/share/auto_install/manifest/zone_default.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!--  Copyright (c) 2011, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. --> <!DOCTYPE auto_install SYSTEM "file:///usr/share/install/ai.dtd.1"> <auto_install>     <ai_instance name="zone_default">         <target>             <logical>                 <zpool name="rpool">                     <!--                       Subsequent <filesystem> entries instruct an installer                       to create following ZFS datasets:                           <root_pool>/export         (mounted on /export)                           <root_pool>/export/home    (mounted on /export/home)                       Those datasets are part of standard environment                       and should be always created.                       In rare cases, if there is a need to deploy a zone                       without these datasets, either comment out or remove                       <filesystem> entries. In such scenario, it has to be also                       assured that in case of non-interactive post-install                       configuration, creation of initial user account is                       disabled in related system configuration profile.                       Otherwise the installed zone would fail to boot.                     -->                     <filesystem name="export" mountpoint="/export"/>                     <filesystem name="export/home"/>                     <be name="solaris">                         <options>                             <option name="compression" value="on"/>                         </options>                     </be>                 </zpool>             </logical>         </target>         <software type="IPS">             <destination>                 <image>                     <!-- Specify locales to install -->                     <facet set="false">facet.locale.*</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.de</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.de_DE</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.en</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.en_US</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.es</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.es_ES</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.fr</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.fr_FR</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.it</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.it_IT</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.ja</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.ja_*</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.ko</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.ko_*</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.pt</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.pt_BR</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.zh</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.zh_CN</facet>                     <facet set="true">facet.locale.zh_TW</facet>                 </image>             </destination>             <software_data action="install">                 <name>pkg:/group/system/solaris-small-server</name>             </software_data>         </software>     </ai_instance> </auto_install> (optional) We can customize the default AI manifest for Zones Create a backup copy of this file under a different name, for example, zone_default2.xml and edit the copy # cp /usr/share/auto_install/manifest/zone_default.xml /var/tmp/zone_default2.xml Edit the copy (/var/tmp/zone_default2.xml) The following example adds the /var/tmp/zone_default2.xml AI manifest to the s11x86service install service and specifies that zone1 and zone2 should use this manifest. # installadm create-manifest -n s11x86service -f /var/tmp/zone_default2.xml -m zones_manifest -c zonename="zone1 zone2" Note: Do not use the following elements or attributes in a non-global zone AI manifest:     The auto_reboot attribute of the ai_instance element     The http_proxy attribute of the ai_instance element     The disk child element of the target element     The noswap attribute of the logical element     The nodump attribute of the logical element     The configuration element Step 6: Global Zone profile setup We are going to create a global zone configuration profile which includes the host information for example: host name, ip address name services etc… # sysconfig create-profile –o /var/tmp/gz_profile.xml You need to provide the host information for example:     Default router     Root password     DNS information The output should eventually disappear and be replaced by the initial screen of the System Configuration Tool (see Figure 2), where you can do the final configuration. Figure 2. Profile creation menu You can validate the profile using the following command # installadm validate -n s11x86service –P /var/tmp/gz_profile.xml Validating static profile gz_profile.xml...  Passed Next, instantiate a profile with the install service. In our case, use the following syntax for doing this # installadm create-profile -n s11x86service  -f /var/tmp/gz_profile.xml -p  gz_profile You can verify profile creation using the following command # installadm list –n s11x86service  -p Service/Profile Name  Criteria --------------------  -------- s11x86service    gz_profile         None We can see that the gz_profie has been created and associated with the s11x86service Install service. Step 7: Setup the Solaris Zones configuration profiles The step should be similar to the Global zone profile creation on step 6 # sysconfig create-profile –o /var/tmp/zone1_profile.xml # sysconfig create-profile –o /var/tmp/zone2_profile.xml You can validate the profiles using the following command # installadm validate -n s11x86service -P /var/tmp/zone1_profile.xml Validating static profile zone1_profile.xml...  Passed # installadm validate -n s11x86service -P /var/tmp/zone2_profile.xml Validating static profile zone2_profile.xml...  Passed Next, associate the profiles with the install service The following example adds the zone1_profile.xml configuration profile to the s11x86service  install service and specifies that zone1 should use this profile. # installadm create-profile -n s11x86service  -f  /var/tmp/zone1_profile.xml -p zone1_profile -c zonename=zone1 The following example adds the zone2_profile.xml configuration profile to the s11x86service  install service and specifies that zone2 should use this profile. # installadm create-profile -n s11x86service  -f  /var/tmp/zone2_profile.xml -p zone2_profile -c zonename=zone2 You can verify the profiles creation using the following command # installadm list -n s11x86service -p Service/Profile Name  Criteria --------------------  -------- s11x86service    zone1_profile      zonename = zone1    zone2_profile      zonename = zone2    gz_profile         None We can see that we have three profiles in the s11x86service  install service     Global Zone  gz_profile     zone1            zone1_profile     zone2            zone2_profile. Step 8: Global Zone setup Associate the global zone client with the manifest and the profile that we create in the previous steps The following example adds the manifest and profile to the client (global zone), where: gzmanifest  is the name of the manifest. gz_profile  is the name of the configuration profile. mac="0:14:4f:2:a:19" is the client (global zone) mac address s11x86service is the install service name. # installadm set-criteria -m  gzmanifest  –p  gz_profile  -c mac="0:14:4f:2:a:19" -n s11x86service You can verify the manifest and profile association using the following command # installadm list -n s11x86service -p  -m Service/Manifest Name  Status   Criteria ---------------------  ------   -------- s11x86service    gzmanifest                   mac  = 00:14:4F:02:0A:19    orig_default        Default  None Service/Profile Name  Criteria --------------------  -------- s11x86service    gz_profile         mac      = 00:14:4F:02:0A:19    zone2_profile      zonename = zone2    zone1_profile      zonename = zone1 Step 9: Provision the host with the Non-Global Zones The next step is to boot the client system off the network and provision it using the Automated Install service that we just set up. First, boot the client system. Figure 3 shows the network boot attempt (when done on an x86 system): Figure 3. Network Boot Then you will be prompted by a GRUB menu, with a timer, as shown in Figure 4. The default selection (the "Text Installer and command line" option) is highlighted.  Press the down arrow to highlight the second option labeled Automated Install, and then press Enter. The reason we need to do this is because we want to prevent a system from being automatically re-installed if it were to be booted from the network accidentally. Figure 4. GRUB Menu What follows is the continuation of a networked boot from the Automated Install server,. The client downloads a mini-root (a small set of files in which to successfully run the installer), identifies the location of the Automated Install manifest on the network, retrieves that manifest, and then processes it to identify the address of the IPS repository from which to obtain the desired software payload. Non-Global Zones are installed and configured on the first reboot after the Global Zone is installed. You can list all the Solaris Zones status using the following command # zoneadm list -civ Once the Zones are in running state you can login into the Zone using the following command # zlogin –z zone1 Troubleshooting Automated Installations If an installation to a client system failed, you can find the client log at /system/volatile/install_log. NOTE: Zones are not installed if any of the following errors occurs:     A zone config file is not syntactically correct.     A collision exists among zone names, zone paths, or delegated ZFS datasets in the set of zones to be installed     Required datasets are not configured in the global zone. For more troubleshooting information see “Installing Oracle Solaris 11 Systems” Conclusion This paper demonstrated the benefits of using the Automated Install server to simplify the Non Global Zones setup, including the creation and configuration of the global zone manifest and the Solaris Zones profiles.

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• Use multiple WSGI mount points in Apache with an Nginx reverse proxy

  - by Thomas

  I am trying to set up multiple virtual hosts on the same server with Nginx and Apache and have run into a curious configuration issue. I have nginx is configured with a generic upstream to apache. upstream backend { server 1.1.1.1:8080; } I'm trying to set up multiple subdomains in nginx that hit different mountpoints in apache. Each would act like the following examples. server { listen 80; server_name foo.yoursite.com; location / { proxy_pass http://backend/bar/; include /etc/nginx/proxy.conf; } ... } server { listen 80; server_name delta.yoursite.com; location / { proxy_pass http://backend/gamma/; include /etc/nginx/proxy.conf; } ... } These mountpoints are pointed at django projects, however each of the url entries are coming back prepended with the apache mountpoint path. So, if I called the django url entry for foo.yoursite.com/wiki/biz/, django appears to be returning foo.yoursite.com/bar/wiki/biz/. Similarly, if I call for the url entry for delta.yoursite.com/wiki/biz/, I get delta.yoursite.com/gamma/wiki/biz/. Is there any way get rid of the prefix being returned on the url entries by django and apache?

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• Different files on shared partition?

  - by Matt Robertson

  I am dual-booting Windows 8 and Ubuntu 12.04. My partition scheme looks like this: /dev/sda1 - Windows 8 (nfts) /dev/sda2 - Ubuntu / (ext4) /dev/sda3 - Ubuntu home (ext4) /dev/sda5 - swap /dev/sda6 - Shared data partition (exfat) (First off, yes I do have exfat libraries installed on Ubuntu) I created some PNG images in Windows and saved them on my shared partition. From Ubuntu, I edited the images in GIMP and saved them (replacing the ones on the shared partition). When I boot into Windows, the files appear unchanged - exactly like they did before I edited them from Ubuntu. I even added a folder and deleted some other files, but none of these changes exist in Windows. When I boot into Ubuntu, all of the changes are still there. It is as if Windows is caching the old file structure... How is this possible? Thanks in advance. Edit -- commands output ~~ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk +-sda1 8:1 0 165.1G 0 part +-sda2 8:2 0 21.3G 0 part / +-sda3 8:3 0 98.9G 0 part /home +-sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part +-sda5 8:5 0 7.8G 0 part [SWAP] +-sda6 8:6 0 172.7G 0 part /mnt/shared_data ~~ /etc/fstab # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # /dev/sda2 UUID=8f700f65-b5c7-4afc-a6fb-8f9271e0fb5e / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # /dev/sda3 UUID=f0d688b7-22bd-4fa7-bc1b-a594af2933fa /home ext4 defaults 0 2 # /dev/sda5 UUID=3bc2399b-5deb-4f04-924b-d4fc77491997 none swap sw 0 0 # /dev/sda6 UUID=F2DE-BC47 /mnt/shared_data exfat defaults 0 3 ~~ /etc/mtab /dev/sda2 / ext4 rw,errors=remount-ro 0 0 proc /proc proc rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 none /sys/fs/fuse/connections fusectl rw 0 0 none /sys/kernel/debug debugfs rw 0 0 none /sys/kernel/security securityfs rw 0 0 udev /dev devtmpfs rw,mode=0755 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620 0 0 tmpfs /run tmpfs rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755 0 0 none /run/lock tmpfs rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880 0 0 none /run/shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev 0 0 /dev/sda3 /home ext4 rw 0 0 /dev/sda6 /mnt/shared_data fuseblk rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0 binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0 gvfs-fuse-daemon /home/matt/.gvfs fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon rw,nosuid,nodev,user=matt 0 0

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• SMBfs mounting OK, listing OK, Read KO, smbclient OK

  - by Kwaio

  I've tried to make the title the most meaningfull I could but it still looks ugly. The premises. We are using RHEL3-U8 as OS on most servers here, don't ask me why or suggest to upgrade, it's not on today's schedule. That means kernel used is 2.4.21 I have no access to the remote server, but I know it is a netApp NAS rack. $> smbclient --version Version 3.0.9-1.3E.9 Here is the /etc/fstab line : //NASHOSTNAME/share /mnt/mydir smbfs ro,uid=123,gid=123,workgroup=XXXX,credentials=/somefile 0 0 Here is the following mount output line //NASHOSTNAME/share on /mnt/mydir type smbfs (0) The symptoms. I can list the share without problems, even cd in there. The issue appears if I try to read any file : $> cat /mnt/mydir/fileX.txt cat: /mnt/mydir/fileX.txt: Input/output error In the system logs (/var/log/kernel for example) the following errors appear. Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_errno: class ERRHRD, code 31 from command 0x2 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_errno: class ERRHRD, code 31 from command 0x2 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_open: fileX.txt open failed, result=-5 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_errno: class ERRHRD, code 31 from command 0x2 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_errno: class ERRHRD, code 31 from command 0x2 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_open: fileX.txt open failed, result=-5 Jul 30 15:40:02 hostname kernel: smb_readpage_sync: fileX.txt open failed, error=-5 The ERRHRD code 0x001F error is "General hardware failure" although it seems samba sometimes uses it for a different purpose, see http://www.ubiqx.org/cifs/SMB.html [Strange behaviour Alert] Additionnal informations : There is another SMB mountpoint on the system pointing to a (linux) host using samba and this one works. What I have tried. I have tried adding debug=4 to the mounting options and remounting the share and the logs still look the same. I have tried to mount the share with smbclient and I am able to fetch files with the get command. Both targets are in the same subnet, so network problem should be out, even if the LAN goes through a VPN with optimizers, MTU has already been decreased to 1450. I can also mount the share through NFS but then the files are all root.root 700 and I need to read them with another user...

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• How to add another OS entry in Wubi grub

  - by Amey Jah

  I am trying to install another linux distro besides ubuntu. However, I want to retain my existing windows based loader. Currently, as per my knowledge, MsDos loads grub which then loads Ubuntu (with loop back trick). Now, I have a new linux distro installed on /dev/sda8 (/boot for new distro) where as /root for that OS is installed on /dev/sda9. I tried following steps 1. Add entry into 40_custom of ubuntu grub 2. update grub But upon booting via that entry, it is not able to load the new OS and shows me blank screen. What could be the problem? Additional data: grub.cfg file of ubuntu menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-fc296be2-8c59-4f21-a3f8-47c38cd0d537' { gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode insmod gzio insmod ntfs set root='hd0,msdos5' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5 01CD7BB998DB0870 else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 01CD7BB998DB0870 fi loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk set root=(loop0) linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-19-generic root=UUID=01CD7BB998DB0870 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro quiet splash $vt_handoff initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-19-generic } submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-fc296be2-8c59-4f21-a3f8-47c38cd0d537' { menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-19-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-19-generic-advanced-fc296be2-8c59-4f21-a3f8-47c38cd0d537' { gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode insmod gzio insmod ntfs set root='hd0,msdos5' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5 01CD7BB998DB0870 else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 01CD7BB998DB0870 fi loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk set root=(loop0) echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-19-generic ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-19-generic root=UUID=01CD7BB998DB0870 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro quiet splash $vt_handoff echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-19-generic } menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 3.5.0-19-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.5.0-19-generic-recovery-fc296be2-8c59-4f21-a3f8-47c38cd0d537' { insmod gzio insmod ntfs set root='hd0,msdos5' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5 01CD7BB998DB0870 else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 01CD7BB998DB0870 fi loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk set root=(loop0) echo 'Loading Linux 3.5.0-19-generic ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.5.0-19-generic root=UUID=01CD7BB998DB0870 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro recovery nomodeset echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.5.0-19-generic } } ### END /etc/grub.d/10_lupin ### menuentry 'Linux, with Linux core repo kernel' --class arch --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-core repo kernel-true-0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641'{ load_video set gfxpayload=keep insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos8' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos8 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos8 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos8 0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641 else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641 fi echo 'Loading Linux core repo kernel ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641 ro quiet echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img } menuentry 'Linux, with Linux core repo kernel (Fallback initramfs)' --class arch --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-core repo kernel-fallback-0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641' { load_video set gfxpayload=keep insmod gzio insmod part_msdos insmod ext2 set root='hd0,msdos8' if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos8 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos8 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos8 0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641 else search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641 fi echo 'Loading Linux core repo kernel ...' linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641 ro quiet echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...' initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-fallback.img } lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk +-sda1 8:1 0 39.2M 0 part +-sda2 8:2 0 19.8G 0 part +-sda3 8:3 0 205.1G 0 part +-sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part +-sda5 8:5 0 333.7G 0 part /host +-sda6 8:6 0 233.4G 0 part +-sda7 8:7 0 100.4G 0 part +-sda8 8:8 0 100M 0 part +-sda9 8:9 0 14.7G 0 part +-sda10 8:10 0 21.4G 0 part +-sda11 8:11 0 3G 0 part sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom loop0 7:0 0 29G 0 loop / blkid /dev/loop0: UUID="fc296be2-8c59-4f21-a3f8-47c38cd0d537" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" LABEL="DellUtility" UUID="5450-4444" TYPE="vfat" /dev/sda2: LABEL="RECOVERY" UUID="78C4FAC1C4FA80A4" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda3: LABEL="OS" UUID="DACEFCF1CEFCC6B3" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda5: UUID="01CD7BB998DB0870" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda6: UUID="01CD7BB99CA3F750" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda7: LABEL="Windows 8" UUID="01CDBFB52F925F40" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda8: UUID="cdbb5770-d29c-401d-850d-ee30a048ca5e" TYPE="ext2" /dev/sda9: UUID="0f490b6c-e92d-42f0-88e1-0bd3c0d27641" TYPE="ext2" /dev/sda10: UUID="2e7682e5-8917-4edc-9bf9-044fea2ad738" TYPE="ext2" /dev/sda11: UUID="6081da70-d622-42b9-b489-309f922b284e" TYPE="swap Any help is appreciated. Please let me know if you need any extra data.

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• availability of Win32_MountPoint and Win32_Volume on Windows XP?

  - by SteveC

  From the MSDN articles I've found -- http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394515(v=VS.85).aspx -- Win32_Volume and Win32_MountPoint aren't available on Windows XP. However, I'm developing a C# app on Windows XP (64bit), and I can get to those WMI classes just fine. Users of my app will be on Windows XP sp2 with .Net 3.5 sp1. Googling around, I can't determine whether I can count on this or not. Am I successful on my system because of one or more of the following: - windows xp service pack 2? - visual studio 2008 sp1 was installed? - .Net 3.5 sp1? Should I use something other than WMI to get at the volume/mountpoint info? Below is sample code that's working... public static Dictionary<string, NameValueCollection> GetAllVolumeDeviceIDs() { Dictionary<string, NameValueCollection> ret = new Dictionary<string, NameValueCollection>(); // retrieve information from Win32_Volume try { using (ManagementClass volClass = new ManagementClass("Win32_Volume")) { using (ManagementObjectCollection mocVols = volClass.GetInstances()) { // iterate over every volume foreach (ManagementObject moVol in mocVols) { // get the volume's device ID (will be key into our dictionary) string devId = moVol.GetPropertyValue("DeviceID").ToString(); ret.Add(devId, new NameValueCollection()); //Console.WriteLine("Vol: {0}", devId); // for each non-null property on the Volume, add it to our NameValueCollection foreach (PropertyData p in moVol.Properties) { if (p.Value == null) continue; ret[devId].Add(p.Name, p.Value.ToString()); //Console.WriteLine("\t{0}: {1}", p.Name, p.Value); } // find the mountpoints of this volume using (ManagementObjectCollection mocMPs = moVol.GetRelationships("Win32_MountPoint")) { foreach (ManagementObject moMP in mocMPs) { // only care about adding directory // Directory prop will be something like "Win32_Directory.Name=\"C:\\\\\"" string dir = moMP["Directory"].ToString(); // find opening/closing quotes in order to get the substring we want int first = dir.IndexOf('"') + 1; int last = dir.LastIndexOf('"'); string dirSubstr = dir.Substring(first , last - first); // use GetFullPath to normalize/unescape any extra backslashes string fullpath = Path.GetFullPath(dirSubstr); ret[devId].Add(MOUNTPOINT_DIRS_KEY, fullpath); } } } } } } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine("Problem retrieving Volume information from WMI. {0} - \n{1}",ex.Message,ex.StackTrace); return ret; } return ret; }

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• Did a recent WinXP update break CD/DVD read speeds? SP2/SP3

  - by quack quixote

  I have two systems with fresh installations of Windows XP Pro SP3 (SP3 slipstreamed into the installer; fully updated after install). One's a refurbished 2.4GHz Pentium4 system; the other is a new 1.6GHz Atom330 build. Both have brand-new dual-layer CD/DVD burners (one's a LiteOn IDE, the other an LG SATA). Both take a really looooong time to read a single-layer DVD in Windows with Cygwin tools. Specifically, 40 minutes or more. I burn backup data to single-layer DVD+/-R and use MD5 hashes for data verification (made with the standard md5sum tool in Unix or Cygwin). The hashes are burned to disc with the data files, and I use this command to verify: $ cd /path/to/disc/mountpoint ; time md5sum -c < md5.txt Here's how long that takes to run on a full single-layer DVD+/-R disc: Old system (WinXP SP2, 1.8GHz Athlon 2500+, last summer): ~10 minutes Old system (Ubuntu 9.04, 1.8GHz Athlon 2500+): ~10 minutes Old system (Debian 5, dual 550MHz P3): ~10 minutes New Pentium4 system (running Ubuntu 9.04): ~5 minutes New Pentium4 system (running WinXP SP3, file copy from Win Explorer): ~6 minutes New Atom330 system (running WinXP SP3, file copy from Win Explorer): ~6 minutes Now the weird stuff: Old system (WinXP SP2, 1.8GHz Athlon 2500+, today): ~25 minutes New Pentium4 system (running WinXP SP3, read from Cygwin): ~40-50 minutes (?!!) New Atom330 system (running WinXP SP3, read from Cygwin): ~40 minutes (can do it in ~30 minutes ...if i have another program spin up the drive first) Since both systems will copy files in 6 minutes using Windows Explorer, I know it's not a hardware problem. Windows just never spins up the drive during the Cygwin read, so it stays super-slow the whole time. Other programs like EAC and DVD Decrypter seem to spin up the disc just fine during their processing. DMA is enabled on both systems. (Can confirm in Windows' Device Manager on the Atom330, not on the P4.) Nero's DriveSpeed tool doesn't seem to have any effect. Copy times are comparable from commandline with Windows' xcopy. Copying with Cygwin's cp looks more like the problem state -- it will spin up the drive for a short time, never reaches full speed, and lets it spin back down again for most of the copy. What I need is to get full read speeds from Cygwin. Is this a known issue with SP3 or some other recent Windows update? Any other ideas? Update: More testing; Windows will spin up the drive when data is copied with Windows tools, but not when read in place or copied with Cygwin tools. It doesn't make sense to me that Windows spins up the drive for copying, but not for other reads. Might be more of a Cygwin problem? Update 2: GUI activity is sluggish during the problem state -- during the Cygwin verifies, there's a slight but noticable delay when dragging windows or icons around on the desktop, switching windows, Alt-Tabbing through open applications, opening new windows, etc. It reminds me of the delay when opening a Windows Explorer window on My Computer just after inserting a DVD. I've tried updating Cygwin (from 1.5.x to 1.7.x), but no change in the problem behavior. I've also noticed this issue occurs on WinXP SP2, but it's not exactly the same -- some spin-up occurs, so the read happens in ~25-30 minutes instead of 40+. The SP2 system used to run the verifies in ~10 minutes, and when it first changed (not sure exactly when, maybe in late November or early December 2009) I thought it was dying hardware. This is why I suspect an official update of breaking this functionality; this has worked for years on that SP2 box.

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• overriding new ubuntu installation

  - by tkoomzaaskz

  I've got a ubuntu 11.10 which has lost its support in May 2013, now I'd like to reintall up to the most up-to-date LTS, which is 12.04. My question is regarding my current partitions and doing backups. Is there a safe way to backup my data on some local partitions instead of copying files into DVDs/external drives (this is very uncormortable in my situation). Following are system commands shoing my disk: $ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 232,9G 0 +-sda1 8:1 0 48,8G 0 +-sda2 8:2 0 63G 0 +-sda3 8:3 0 1K 0 +-sda4 8:4 0 53,7G 0 / +-sda5 8:5 0 18,6G 0 +-sda6 8:6 0 25,5G 0 +-sda7 8:7 0 23,3G 0 [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 and $ sudo fdisk -l [sudo] password for xyz: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes glowic: 255, sektorów/sciezke: 63, cylindrów: 30401, w sumie sektorów: 488397168 Jednostka = sektorów, czyli 1 * 512 = 512 bajtów Rozmiar sektora (logiczny/fizyczny) w bajtach: 512 / 512 Rozmiar we/wy (minimalny/optymalny) w bajtach: 512 / 512 Identyfikator dysku: 0xc3ffc3ff Device Boot Beginning End Blocks ID System /dev/sda1 * 2048 102402047 51200000 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 215044096 347080703 66018304 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda3 347082750 488392064 70654657+ 5 Extended /dev/sda4 102402048 215042047 56320000 83 Linux /dev/sda5 395905923 434975939 19535008+ 83 Linux /dev/sda6 434976003 488392064 26708031 83 Linux /dev/sda7 347082752 395905023 24411136 82 Linux swap / Solaris In the beginning I had Windows Vista pre-installed with the machine when it was bought (damn!) and I installed linux (the one I have now). The windows-program in master boot record has been overriden by grub and now I can boot with both Windows and Linux. This is list of mounted devices: $ mount /dev/sda4 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro,commit=0) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw) none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw) none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw) udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755) none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880) none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/tomasz/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=tomasz) It's strange (I don't remember such thing) that my current linux uses only one partition (/dev/sda4). But, anyway, it seems like that. My final question is: am I able to use one of the existing linux partitions for a backup and install ubuntu 12.04 without removing neither windows nor ubuntu 11.04? I mean - will grub automatically accept both old windows vista and 2 linuxes (old 11.10 and "new" 12.04)? Is there any hidden operation done while installation that could harm my custom-backup-partition while installing? my fstab file: proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda4 during installation UUID=d44e89f5-9da2-48eb-83b3-887652ec95d2 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda7 during installation UUID=bbe50535-ba57-434a-9272-211d859f0e00 none swap sw 0 0 sda5 and sda6 are trash partitions created during unsuccessful linux installation (this was linux installation before my current installation), I didn't delete these partitions, but I have access to them (and I can use them as backup partitions). edit: second question is: why does lsblk show /dev/sda having 232,9G while fdisk shows that it has 250.1GB? Where does the difference come from?

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