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  • Why are enums considered compound types?

    - by FredOverflow
    Arrays, functions, pointers, references, classes, unions, enumerations and pointers to members are compound types. My understanding of a compound type is that is based on other type(s). For example, T[n], T* and T& are all based on T. Then what other type(s) is an enumeration based on? Or if my understanding of compound types is incorrect, what exactly is it about a type that makes it a compound type? Is compound simply a synonym for user-defined?

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  • Higher-kinded Types with C++

    - by Venkat Shiva
    This question is for the people who know both Haskell (or any other functional language that supports Higher-kinded Types) and C++... Is it possible to model higher kinded types using C++ templates? If yes, then how?

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  • Is there any functional difference between immutable value types and immutable reference types?

    - by Kendall Frey
    Value types are types which do not have an identity. When one variable is modified, other instances are not. Using Javascript syntax as an example, here is how a value type works. var foo = { a: 42 }; var bar = foo; bar.a = 0; // foo.a is still 42 Reference types are types which do have an identity. When one variable is modified, other instances are as well. Here is how a reference type works. var foo = { a: 42 }; var bar = foo; bar.a = 0; // foo.a is now 0 Note how the example uses mutatable objects to show the difference. If the objects were immutable, you couldn't do that, so that kind of testing for value/reference types doesn't work. Is there any functional difference between immutable value types and immutable reference types? Is there any algorithm that can tell the difference between a reference type and a value type if they are immutable? Reflection is cheating. I'm wondering this mostly out of curiosity.

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  • Cannot iterate of a collection of Anonymous Types created from a LINQ Query in VB.NET

    - by Atari2600
    Ok everyone, I must be missing something here. Every LINQ example I have seen for VB.NET anonymous types claims I can do something like this: Dim Info As EnumerableRowCollection = pDataSet.Tables(0).AsEnumerable Dim Infos = From a In Info _ Select New With {.Prop1 = a("Prop1"), .Prop2 = a("Prop2"), .Prop3 = a("Prop3") } Now when I go to iterate through the collection(see example below), I get an error that says "Name "x" is not declared. For Each x in Infos ... Next It's like VB.NET doesn't understand that Infos is a collection of anonymous types created by LINQ and wants me to declare "x" as some type. (Wouldn't this defeat the purpose of an anonymous type?) I have added the references to System.Data.Linq and System.Data.DataSetExtensions to my project. Here is what I am importing with the class: Imports System.Linq Imports System.Linq.Enumerable Imports System.Linq.Queryable Imports System.Data.Linq Any ideas?

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  • C++ Types Impossible to Name

    - by Kirakun
    While reading Wikipedia's page on decltype, I was curious about the statement, Its [decltype's] primary intended use is in generic programming, where it is often difficult, or even impossible, to name types that depend on template parameters. While I can understand the difficulty part of that statement, what is an example where there is a need to name a type that cannot be named under C++03? EDIT: My point is that since everything in C++ has a declaration of types. Why would there ever be a case where it is impossible to name a type? Furthermore, aren't trait classes designed to yield type informations? Could trait classes be an alternative to decltype?

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  • C#: Get key and value types of non-generic IDictionary at runtime

    - by Yang Zou
    there. I am wondering how I can get the key and value types of a non-generic IDictionary at runtime. For generic IDictionary, we can use reflection to get the generic arguments, which has been answered here. But for non-generic IDictionary, for instance, HybridDictionary, how can I get the key and value types? Thanks. Edit: I may not describe my problem properly. For non-generic IDictionary, if I have HyBridDictionary, which is declared as HyBridDictionary dict = new HyBridDictionary(); dict.Add("foo" , 1); dict.Add("bar", 2); How can I find out the type of the key is string and type of the value is int? Did I make the question clear? Thanks.

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  • assembly.GetTypes() does not return all types

    - by meta
    I try to lead the types from an .dll (which is also referenced in the executing project). I call: public static void LoadPlugin(string pluginFile) { Assembly assembly = Assembly.LoadFrom(pluginFile); foreach (Type type in assembly.GetTypes()) { // play with it } } It loads just a few of them: public partial class Mathematics : UserControl, IMathematics, IPortable and public partial class Welcome : UserControl but the next one, and some others, are ignored: public partial class Test : UserControl, ITest, IPortable They all stand in the same assembly, under the same namespace. The public static void LoadPlugin(string pluginFile) method is located in other assembly that is also referenced in the executing project. No exceptions are thrown. What could be the issues for not loading all the types? Any ideas?

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  • f# types' properties in inconsistent order and of slightly differing types

    - by philbrowndotcom
    I'm trying to iterate through an array of objects and recursively print out each objects properties. Here is my object model: type firmIdentifier = { firmId: int ; firmName: string ; } type authorIdentifier = { authorId: int ; authorName: string ; firm: firmIdentifier ; } type denormalizedSuggestedTradeRecommendations = { id: int ; ticker: string ; direction: string ; author: authorIdentifier ; } Here is how I am instantiating my objects: let getMyIdeasIdeas = [| {id=1; ticker="msfqt"; direction="buy"; author={authorId=0; authorName="john Smith"; firm={firmId=12; firmName="Firm1"}};}; {id=2; ticker="goog"; direction="sell"; author={authorId=1; authorName="Bill Jones"; firm={firmId=13; firmName="ABC Financial"}};}; {id=3; ticker="DFHF"; direction="buy"; author={authorId=2; authorName="Ron James"; firm={firmId=2; firmName="DEFFirm"}};}|] And here is my algorithm to iterate, recurse and print: let rec recurseObj (sb : StringBuilder) o= let props : PropertyInfo [] = o.GetType().GetProperties() sb.Append( o.GetType().ToString()) |> ignore for x in props do let getMethod = x.GetGetMethod() let value = getMethod.Invoke(o, Array.empty) ignore <| match value with | :? float | :? int | :? string | :? bool as f -> sb.Append(x.Name + ": " + f.ToString() + "," ) |> ignore | _ -> recurseObj sb value for x in getMyIdeas do recurseObj sb x sb.Append("\r\n") |> ignore If you couldnt tell, I'm trying to create a csv file and am printing out the types for debugging purposes. The problem is, the first element comes through in the order you'd expect, but all subsequent elements come through with a slightly different (and confusing) ordering of the "child" properties like so: RpcMethods+denormalizedSuggestedTradeRecommendationsid: 1,ticker: msfqt,direction: buy,RpcMethods+authorIdentifierauthorId: 0,authorName: john Smith,RpcMethods+firmIdentifierfirmId: 12,firmName: Firm1, RpcMethods+denormalizedSuggestedTradeRecommendationsid: 2,ticker: goog,direction: sell,RpcMethods+authorIdentifierauthorName: Bill Jones,RpcMethods+firmIdentifierfirmName: ABC Financial,firmId: 13,authorId: 1, RpcMethods+denormalizedSuggestedTradeRecommendationsid: 3,ticker: DFHF,direction: buy,RpcMethods+authorIdentifierauthorName: Ron James,RpcMethods+firmIdentifierfirmName: DEFFirm,firmId: 2,authorId: 2, Any idea what is going on here?

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  • Instantiating a list of parameterized types, making beter use of Generics and Linq

    - by DanO
    I'm hashing a file with one or more hash algorithms. When I tried to parametrize which hash types I want, it got a lot messier than I was hoping. I think I'm missing a chance to make better use of generics or LINQ. I also don't like that I have to use a Type[] as the parameter instead of limiting it to a more specific set of type (HashAlgorithm descendants), I'd like to specify types as the parameter and let this method do the constructing, but maybe this would look better if I had the caller new-up instances of HashAlgorithm to pass in? public List<string> ComputeMultipleHashesOnFile(string filename, Type[] hashClassTypes) { var hashClassInstances = new List<HashAlgorithm>(); var cryptoStreams = new List<CryptoStream>(); FileStream fs = File.OpenRead(filename); Stream cryptoStream = fs; foreach (var hashClassType in hashClassTypes) { object obj = Activator.CreateInstance(hashClassType); var cs = new CryptoStream(cryptoStream, (HashAlgorithm)obj, CryptoStreamMode.Read); hashClassInstances.Add((HashAlgorithm)obj); cryptoStreams.Add(cs); cryptoStream = cs; } CryptoStream cs1 = cryptoStreams.Last(); byte[] scratch = new byte[1 << 16]; int bytesRead; do { bytesRead = cs1.Read(scratch, 0, scratch.Length); } while (bytesRead > 0); foreach (var stream in cryptoStreams) { stream.Close(); } foreach (var hashClassInstance in hashClassInstances) { Console.WriteLine("{0} hash = {1}", hashClassInstance.ToString(), HexStr(hashClassInstance.Hash).ToLower()); } }

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  • C# 4: Real-World Example of Dynamic Types

    - by routeNpingme
    I think I have my brain halfway wrapped around the Dynamic Types concept in C# 4, but can't for the life of me figure out a scenario where I'd actually want to use it. I'm sure there are many, but I'm just having trouble making the connection as to how I could engineer a solution that is better solved with dynamics as opposed to interfaces, dependency injection, etc. So, what's a real-world application scenario where dynamic type usage is appropriate?

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  • Silverlight 4 Data Binding with anonymous types.

    - by Anthony
    Does anyone know if you can use data binding with anonymous types in Silverlight 4? I know you can't in previous versions of silverlight, you can only databind to public class properties and anonymous type properties are internal. Just wondering if anyone has tried it in silverlight 4? Thanks in advanced

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  • Why is django admin not accepting Nullable foreign keys?

    - by p.g.l.hall
    Here is a simplified version of one of my models: class ImportRule(models.Model): feed = models.ForeignKey(Feed) name = models.CharField(max_length=255) feed_provider_category = models.ForeignKey(FeedProviderCategory, null=True) target_subcategories = models.ManyToManyField(Subcategory) This class manages a rule for importing a list of items from a feed into the database. The admin system won't let me add an ImportRule without selecting a feed_provider_category despite it being declared in the model as nullable. The database (SQLite at the moment) even checks out ok: >>> .schema ... CREATE TABLE "someapp_importrule" ( "id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, "feed_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "someapp_feed" ("id"), "name" varchar(255) NOT NULL, "feed_provider_category_id" integer REFERENCES "someapp_feedprovidercategory" ("id"), ); ... I can create the object in the python shell easily enough: f = Feed.objects.get(pk=1) i = ImportRule(name='test', feed=f) i.save() ...but the admin system won't let me edit it, of course. How can I get the admin to let me edit/create objects without specifying that foreign key?

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  • Unpacking tuple types in Scala

    - by jpalecek
    I was just wondering, can I decompose a tuple type into its components' types in Scala? I mean, something like this trait Container { type Element } trait AssociativeContainer extends Container { type Element <: (Unit, Unit) def get(x : Element#First) : Element#Second }

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  • Design Patterns : Question about "Types"

    - by contactmatt
    Would someone please explain to me what the below paragraph means? This is a snippet from "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable OO software" Part of an object's interface may be characterized by one type, and other parts by other types. Two objects of the same type need only share parts of their interfaces. Interfaces can contain other interfaces as subsets. - Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable OO software, pg 13

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  • Best way to check for nullable bool in a condition expression (if ...)

    - by FireSnake
    I was wondering what was the most clean and understandable syntax for doing condition checks on nullable bools. Is the following good or bad coding style? Is there a way to express the condition better/more cleanly? bool? nullableBool = true; if (nullableBool ?? false) { ... } else { ... } especially the if (nullableBool ?? false) part. I don't like the if (x.HasValue && x.Value) style ... (not sure whether the question has been asked before ... couldn't find something similar with the search)

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  • Determining if types alias to the same underlying type in C++

    - by emchristiansen
    I'd like to write a templated function which changes its behavior depending on template class types passed in. To do this, I'd like to determine the type passed in. For example, something like this: template <class T> void foo() { if (T == int) { // Sadly, this sort of comparison doesn't work printf("Template parameter was int\n"); } else if (T == char) { printf("Template parameter was char\n"); } } Is this possible?

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  • Describing Types question

    - by user288245
    I have a bunch of types (eg. LargePlane, SmallPlane) that could be in this collection i've made, how do i print like LargePlane? I've tried like typeOf() and stuff but it doesn't work. Within like a toString()? So when i output the collection it states what type it is.

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  • Nullable One To One Relationships with Integer Keys in LINQ-to-SQL

    - by Craig Walker
    I have two objects (Foo and Bar) that have a one-to-zero-or-one relationship between them. So, Foo has a nullable foreign key reference to Bar.ID and a (nullbusted) unique index to enforce the "1" side. Bar.ID is an int, and so Foo.BarID is a nullable int. The problem occurs in the LINQ-to-SQL DBML mapping of .NET types to SQL datatypes. Since int is not a nullable type in .NET, it gets wrapped in a Nullable<int>. However, this is not the same type as int, and so Visual Studio gives me this error message when I try to create the OneToOne Association between them: Cannot create an association "Bar_Foo". Properties do not have matching types: "ID", "BarID". Is there a way around this?

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  • Using Scala structural types with abstract types

    - by Joshua Hartman
    I'm trying to define a structural type defining anything that has an "add" method (for instance, a java collection or a java map). Using this, I want to define a few higher order functions that operate on a certain collection object GenericTypes { type GenericCollection[T] = { def add(value: T): java.lang.Boolean} } import GenericTypes._ trait HigherOrderFunctions[T, CollectionType[X] <: GenericCollection[X]] { def map[V](fn: (T) => V): CollectionType[V] .... } class RichJList[T](list: List[T]) extends HigherOrderFunctions[T, java.util.List] This does not compile with the following error error: Parameter type in structural refinement may not refer to abstract type defined outside that same refinement I tried removing the parameter on GenericCollection and putting it on the method: object GenericTypes { type GenericCollection = { def add[T](value: T): java.lang.Boolean} } import GenericTypes._ trait HigherOrderFunctions[T, CollectionType[X] <: GenericCollection] class RichJList[T](list: List[T]) extends HigherOrderFunctions[T, java.util.List] but I get another error: error: type arguments [T,java.util.List] do not conform to trait HigherOrderFunctions's type parameter bounds [T,CollectionType[X] <: org.scala_tools.javautils.j2s.GenericTypes.GenericCollection] Can anyone give me some advice on how to use structural typing with abstract typed parameters in Scala? Or how to achieve what I'm looking to accomplish? Thanks so much!

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  • Java Incompatible Types Boolean Int

    - by ikurtz
    i have the following class: public class NewGameContract { public boolean HomeNewGame = false; public boolean AwayNewGame = false; public boolean GameContract(){ if (HomeNewGame && AwayNewGame){ return true; } else { return false; } } } when i try to use it like so: if (networkConnection){ connect4GameModel.newGameContract.HomeNewGame = true; boolean status = connect4GameModel.newGameContract.GameContract(); switch (status){ case true: break; case false: break; } return; } i am getting the error: incompatible types found: boolean required: int on the following switch (status) code. what am i doing wrong please?

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