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• Oracle Database 12c Spatial: Vector Performance Acceleration

  - by Okcan Yasin Saygili-Oracle

  Most business information has a location component, such as customer addresses, sales territories and physical assets. Businesses can take advantage of their geographic information by incorporating location analysis and intelligence into their information systems. This allows organizations to make better decisions, respond to customers more effectively, and reduce operational costs – increasing ROI and creating competitive advantage. Oracle Database, the industry’s most advanced database,  includes native location capabilities, fully integrated in the kernel, for fast, scalable, reliable and secure spatial and massive graph applications. It is a foundation for deploying enterprise-wide spatial information systems and locationenabled business applications. Developers can extend existing Oracle-based tools and applications, since they can easily incorporate location information directly in their applications, workflows, and services. Spatial Features The geospatial data features of Oracle Spatial and Graph option support complex geographic information systems (GIS) applications, enterprise applications and location services applications. Oracle Spatial and Graph option extends the spatial query and analysis features included in every edition of Oracle Database with the Oracle Locator feature, and provides a robust foundation for applications that require advanced spatial analysis and processing in the Oracle Database. It supports all major spatial data types and models, addressing challenging business-critical requirements from various industries, including transportation, utilities, energy, public sector, defense and commercial location intelligence. Network Data Model Graph Features The Network Data Model graph explicitly stores and maintains a persistent data model withnetwork connectivity and provides network analysis capability such as shortest path, nearest neighbors, within cost and reachability. It loads partitioned networks into memory on demand, overcomingthe limitations of in-memory analysis. Partitioning massive networks into manageable sub-networkssimplifies the network analysis. RDF Semantic Graph Features RDF Semantic Graph has native support for World Wide Web Consortium standards. It has open, scalable, and secure features for storing RDF/OWL ontologies anddata; native inference with OWL 2, SKOS and user-defined rules; and querying RDF/OWL data withSPARQL 1.1, Java APIs, and SPARQLgraph patterns in SQL. Video: Oracle Spatial and Graph Overview Oracle spatial is embeded on oracle database product. So ,we can use oracle installer (OUI).The Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) is used to install Oracle Database software. OUI is a graphical user interface utility that enables you to view the Oracle software that is installed on your machine, install new Oracle Database software, and delete Oracle software that you no longer need to use. Online Help is available to guide you through the installation process. One of the installation options is to create a database. If you select database creation, OUI automatically starts Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) to guide you through the process of creating and configuring a database. If you do not create a database during installation, you must invoke DBCA after you have installed the software to create a database. You can also use DBCA to create additional databases. For installing Oracle Database 12c you may check the Installing Oracle Database Software and Creating a Database tutorial under the Oracle Database 12c 2-Day DBA Series.You can always check if spatial is available in your database using  "select comp_id, version, status, comp_name from dba_registry where comp_id='SDO';"   One of the most notable improvements with Oracle Spatial and Graph 12c can be seen in performance increases in vector data operations. Enabling the Spatial Vector Acceleration feature (available with the Spatial option) dramatically improves the performance of commonly used vector data operations, such as sdo_distance, sdo_aggr_union, and sdo_inside. With 12c, these operations also run more efficiently in parallel than in prior versions through the use of metadata caching. For organizations that have been facing processing limitations, these enhancements enable developers to make a small set of configuration changes and quickly realize significant performance improvements. Results include improved index performance, enhanced geometry engine performance, optimized secondary filter optimizations for Spatial operators, and improved CPU and memory utilization for many advanced vector functions. Vector performance acceleration is especially beneficial when using Oracle Exadata Database Machine and other large-scale systems. Oracle Spatial and Graph vector performance acceleration builds on general improvements available to all SDO_GEOMETRY operations in these areas: Caching of index metadata, Concurrent update mechanisms, and Optimized spatial predicate selectivity and cost functions. These optimizations enable more efficient use of: CPU, Memory, and Partitioning Resulting in substantial query performance improvements.UsageTo accelerate the performance of spatial operators, it is recommended that you set the SPATIAL_VECTOR_ACCELERATION database system parameter to the value TRUE. (This parameter is authorized for use only by licensed Oracle Spatial users, and its default value is FALSE.) You can set this parameter for the whole system or for a single session. To set the value for the whole system, do either of the following:Enter the following statement from a suitably privileged account:   ALTER SYSTEM SET SPATIAL_VECTOR_ACCELERATION = TRUE;Add the following to the database initialization file (xxxinit.ora):   SPATIAL_VECTOR_ACCELERATION = TRUE;To set the value for the current session, enter the following statement from a suitably privileged account:   ALTER SESSION SET SPATIAL_VECTOR_ACCELERATION = TRUE; Checkout the complete list of new features on Oracle.com @ http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/options/spatialandgraph/overview/index.html Spatial and Graph Data Sheet (PDF) Spatial and Graph White Paper (PDF)

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• How could RDBMSes be considered a fad?

  - by StuperUser

  Completing my Computing A-level in 2003 and getting a degree in Computing in 2007, and learning my trade in a company with a lot of SQL usage, I was brought up on the idea of Relational Databases being used for storage. So, despite being relatively new to development, I was taken-aback to read a comment (on Is LinqPad site quote "Tired of querying in antiquated SQL?" accurate? ) that said: [Some devs] despise [SQL] and think that it and RDBMS are a fad Obviously, a competent dev will use the right tool for the right job and won't create a relational database when e.g. flat file or another solution for storage is appropriate, but RDBMs are useful in a massive number of circumstances, so how could they be considered a fad?

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• Single Table Inheritance (Database Inheritance design options) pros and cons and in which case it us

  - by Yosef

  Hi, I study about today about 2 database design inheritance approaches: 1. Single Table Inheritance 2. Class Table Inheritance In my student opinion Single Table Inheritance make database more smaller vs other approaches because she use only 1 table. But i read that the more favorite approach is Class Table Inheritance according Bill Karwin. My Question is: Single Table Inheritance pros and cons and in which case it used? thanks, Yosef

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• What is a database file system?

  - by Ravi

  I have a very little idea about what database file system is. Can somebody out here explain to me what actually a database file system is, and what its applications are? How is it different from a conventional file system? How I can build it?

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• Historical / auditable database

  - by Mark

  Hi all, This question is related to the schema that can be found in one of my other questions here. Basically in my database I store users, locations, sensors amongst other things. All of these things are editable in the system by users, and deletable. However - when an item is edited or deleted I need to store the old data; I need to be able to see what the data was before the change. There are also non-editable items in the database, such as "readings". They are more of a log really. Readings are logged against sensors, because its the reading for a particular sensor. If I generate a report of readings, I need to be able to see what the attributes for a location or sensor was at the time of the reading. Basically I should be able to reconstruct the data for any point in time. Now, I've done this before and got it working well by adding the following columns to each editable table: valid_from valid_to edited_by If valid_to = 9999-12-31 23:59:59 then that's the current record. If valid_to equals valid_from, then the record is deleted. However, I was never happy with the triggers I needed to use to enforce foreign key consistency. I can possibly avoid triggers by using the extension to the "PostgreSQL" database. This provides a column type called "period" which allows you to store a period of time between two dates, and then allows you to do CHECK constraints to prevent overlapping periods. That might be an answer. I am wondering though if there is another way. I've seen people mention using special historical tables, but I don't really like the thought of maintainling 2 tables for almost every 1 table (though it still might be a possibility). Maybe I could cut down my initial implementation to not bother checking the consistency of records that aren't "current" - i.e. only bother to check constraints on records where the valid_to is 9999-12-31 23:59:59. Afterall, the people who use historical tables do not seem to have constraint checks on those tables (for the same reason, you'd need triggers). Does anyone have any thoughts about this? PS - the title also mentions auditable database. In the previous system I mentioned, there is always the edited_by field. This allowed all changes to be tracked so we could always see who changed a record. Not sure how much difference that might make. Thanks.

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• SQL SERVER – Shrinking Database is Bad – Increases Fragmentation – Reduces Performance

  - by pinaldave

  Earlier, I had written two articles related to Shrinking Database. I wrote about why Shrinking Database is not good. SQL SERVER – SHRINKDATABASE For Every Database in the SQL Server SQL SERVER – What the Business Says Is Not What the Business Wants I received many comments on Why Database Shrinking is bad. Today we will go over a very interesting example that I have created for the same. Here are the quick steps of the example. Create a test database Create two tables and populate with data Check the size of both the tables Size of database is very low Check the Fragmentation of one table Fragmentation will be very low Truncate another table Check the size of the table Check the fragmentation of the one table Fragmentation will be very low SHRINK Database Check the size of the table Check the fragmentation of the one table Fragmentation will be very HIGH REBUILD index on one table Check the size of the table Size of database is very HIGH Check the fragmentation of the one table Fragmentation will be very low Here is the script for the same. USE MASTER GO CREATE DATABASE ShrinkIsBed GO USE ShrinkIsBed GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Create FirstTable CREATE TABLE FirstTable (ID INT, FirstName VARCHAR(100), LastName VARCHAR(100), City VARCHAR(100)) GO -- Create Clustered Index on ID CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX [IX_FirstTable_ID] ON FirstTable ( [ID] ASC ) ON [PRIMARY] GO -- Create SecondTable CREATE TABLE SecondTable (ID INT, FirstName VARCHAR(100), LastName VARCHAR(100), City VARCHAR(100)) GO -- Create Clustered Index on ID CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX [IX_SecondTable_ID] ON SecondTable ( [ID] ASC ) ON [PRIMARY] GO -- Insert One Hundred Thousand Records INSERT INTO FirstTable (ID,FirstName,LastName,City) SELECT TOP 100000 ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name) RowID, 'Bob', CASE WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%2 = 1 THEN 'Smith' ELSE 'Brown' END, CASE WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 1 THEN 'New York' WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 5 THEN 'San Marino' WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 3 THEN 'Los Angeles' ELSE 'Houston' END FROM sys.all_objects a CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects b GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Insert One Hundred Thousand Records INSERT INTO SecondTable (ID,FirstName,LastName,City) SELECT TOP 100000 ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name) RowID, 'Bob', CASE WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%2 = 1 THEN 'Smith' ELSE 'Brown' END, CASE WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 1 THEN 'New York' WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 5 THEN 'San Marino' WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 3 THEN 'Los Angeles' ELSE 'Houston' END FROM sys.all_objects a CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects b GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Check Fragmentations in the database SELECT avg_fragmentation_in_percent, fragment_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats (DB_ID(), OBJECT_ID('SecondTable'), NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED') GO Let us check the table size and fragmentation. Now let us TRUNCATE the table and check the size and Fragmentation. USE MASTER GO CREATE DATABASE ShrinkIsBed GO USE ShrinkIsBed GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Create FirstTable CREATE TABLE FirstTable (ID INT, FirstName VARCHAR(100), LastName VARCHAR(100), City VARCHAR(100)) GO -- Create Clustered Index on ID CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX [IX_FirstTable_ID] ON FirstTable ( [ID] ASC ) ON [PRIMARY] GO -- Create SecondTable CREATE TABLE SecondTable (ID INT, FirstName VARCHAR(100), LastName VARCHAR(100), City VARCHAR(100)) GO -- Create Clustered Index on ID CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX [IX_SecondTable_ID] ON SecondTable ( [ID] ASC ) ON [PRIMARY] GO -- Insert One Hundred Thousand Records INSERT INTO FirstTable (ID,FirstName,LastName,City) SELECT TOP 100000 ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name) RowID, 'Bob', CASE WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%2 = 1 THEN 'Smith' ELSE 'Brown' END, CASE WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 1 THEN 'New York' WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 5 THEN 'San Marino' WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 3 THEN 'Los Angeles' ELSE 'Houston' END FROM sys.all_objects a CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects b GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Insert One Hundred Thousand Records INSERT INTO SecondTable (ID,FirstName,LastName,City) SELECT TOP 100000 ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name) RowID, 'Bob', CASE WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%2 = 1 THEN 'Smith' ELSE 'Brown' END, CASE WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 1 THEN 'New York' WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 5 THEN 'San Marino' WHEN ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY a.name)%10 = 3 THEN 'Los Angeles' ELSE 'Houston' END FROM sys.all_objects a CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects b GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Check Fragmentations in the database SELECT avg_fragmentation_in_percent, fragment_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats (DB_ID(), OBJECT_ID('SecondTable'), NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED') GO You can clearly see that after TRUNCATE, the size of the database is not reduced and it is still the same as before TRUNCATE operation. After the Shrinking database operation, we were able to reduce the size of the database. If you notice the fragmentation, it is considerably high. The major problem with the Shrink operation is that it increases fragmentation of the database to very high value. Higher fragmentation reduces the performance of the database as reading from that particular table becomes very expensive. One of the ways to reduce the fragmentation is to rebuild index on the database. Let us rebuild the index and observe fragmentation and database size. -- Rebuild Index on FirstTable ALTER INDEX IX_SecondTable_ID ON SecondTable REBUILD GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Check Fragmentations in the database SELECT avg_fragmentation_in_percent, fragment_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats (DB_ID(), OBJECT_ID('SecondTable'), NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED') GO You can notice that after rebuilding, Fragmentation reduces to a very low value (almost same to original value); however the database size increases way higher than the original. Before rebuilding, the size of the database was 5 MB, and after rebuilding, it is around 20 MB. Regular rebuilding the index is rebuild in the same user database where the index is placed. This usually increases the size of the database. Look at irony of the Shrinking database. One person shrinks the database to gain space (thinking it will help performance), which leads to increase in fragmentation (reducing performance). To reduce the fragmentation, one rebuilds index, which leads to size of the database to increase way more than the original size of the database (before shrinking). Well, by Shrinking, one did not gain what he was looking for usually. Rebuild indexing is not the best suggestion as that will create database grow again. I have always remembered the excellent post from Paul Randal regarding Shrinking the database is bad. I suggest every one to read that for accuracy and interesting conversation. Let us run following script where we Shrink the database and REORGANIZE. -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Check Fragmentations in the database SELECT avg_fragmentation_in_percent, fragment_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats (DB_ID(), OBJECT_ID('SecondTable'), NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED') GO -- Shrink the Database DBCC SHRINKDATABASE (ShrinkIsBed); GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Check Fragmentations in the database SELECT avg_fragmentation_in_percent, fragment_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats (DB_ID(), OBJECT_ID('SecondTable'), NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED') GO -- Rebuild Index on FirstTable ALTER INDEX IX_SecondTable_ID ON SecondTable REORGANIZE GO -- Name of the Database and Size SELECT name, (size*8) Size_KB FROM sys.database_files GO -- Check Fragmentations in the database SELECT avg_fragmentation_in_percent, fragment_count FROM sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats (DB_ID(), OBJECT_ID('SecondTable'), NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED') GO You can see that REORGANIZE does not increase the size of the database or remove the fragmentation. Again, I no way suggest that REORGANIZE is the solution over here. This is purely observation using demo. Read the blog post of Paul Randal. Following script will clean up the database -- Clean up USE MASTER GO ALTER DATABASE ShrinkIsBed SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE GO DROP DATABASE ShrinkIsBed GO There are few valid cases of the Shrinking database as well, but that is not covered in this blog post. We will cover that area some other time in future. Additionally, one can rebuild index in the tempdb as well, and we will also talk about the same in future. Brent has written a good summary blog post as well. Are you Shrinking your database? Well, when are you going to stop Shrinking it? Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: Pinal Dave, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Index, SQL Performance, SQL Query, SQL Scripts, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQLServer, T SQL, Technology

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• Very large database, very small portion most being retrieved in real time

  - by ming yeow

  Hi folks, I have an interesting database problem. I have a DB that is 150GB in size. My memory buffer is 8GB. Most of my data is rarely being retrieved, or mainly being retrieved by backend processes. I would very much prefer to keep them around because some features require them. Some of it (namely some tables, and some identifiable parts of certain tables) are used very often in a user facing manner How can I make sure that the latter is always being kept in memory? (there is more than enough space for these) More info: We are on Ruby on rails. The database is MYSQL, our tables are stored using INNODB. We are sharding the data across 2 partitions. Because we are sharding it, we store most of our data using JSON blobs, while indexing only the primary keys

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• Database change management tools?

  - by zodeus

  We are currently in the process of solidifying a database change management process. We run MySql 5 running on RedHat 5. I have selected LiquiBase as the tool because it's open source and allows us to expand its functionality later if needed. It also seems to be one of the few free projects that are still active. Has anyone here had any experience using LiquiBase or other Db versioning tools? Company Background: We are an SaaS company providing a 7/24 hosted application. There are dozens of instances running different versions of the same database and we need a way to manage the deploy process as it's starting to get out of control. The databases have hundreds of tables and we typically do releases once every 3 months.

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• best way to store 1:1 user relationships in relational database

  - by aharon

  What is the best way to store user relationships, e.g. friendships, that must be bidirectional (you're my friend, thus I'm your friend) in a rel. database, e.g. MYSql? I can think of two ways: Everytime a user friends another user, I'd add two rows to a database, row A consisting of the user id of the innitiating user followed by the UID of the accepting user in the next column. Row B would be the reverse. You'd only add one row, UID(initiating user) followed by UID(accepting user); and then just search through both columns when trying to figure out whether user 1 is a friend of user 2. Surely there is something better?

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• What are the Database code smells?

  - by Jonas Byström

  We all know 'code smells', but what are the fundamental 'database smells'?

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• Need Database Help - A second opinion - thank you

  - by user287745

  i have designed an er model and then normalized it till the BCNF and converted it into tables using vs08. my problem is i do not know from where to get the normalized database checked to see if it has no mistakes in normalization- can not be further normalized. please do not give answers such as- ask a friend- ask your professor- do not have these resources available- it is very very hard and really time consuming waiting for the relevant person to be available. so are there any sites from where i can ask help from other designers- people like you to check the normalized database? please note:- it should be free, sorry for accept rate, was not aware of accepting the answers, all the help is appreciated thank you

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• "[object Object]" passed instead of the actual object as parameter

  - by Andrew Latham

  I am using Heroku with a Ruby on Rails application, and running from Safari. I have the following Ajax call: $.ajax({ type : 'POST', url : '/test_page', data : {stuff: arr1}, dataType : 'script' }); arr1 is supposed to be an array of objects. There's a console.log right before that, and it is: [Object, Object, Object, Object, Object, ...] However, I got an error on the server side when I made this ajax call. The logs showed 2012-10-01T03:13:34+00:00 app[web.1]: Parameters: {"stuff"=>"[object Object]"} 2012-10-01T03:13:34+00:00 app[web.1]: WARNING: Can't verify CSRF token authenticity 2012-10-01T03:13:34+00:00 app[web.1]: NoMethodError (undefined method `to_hash' for "[object Object]":String): 2012-10-01T03:13:34+00:00 app[web.1]: Completed 500 Internal Server Error in 1ms I'm unable to replicate the error. It's really confusing to me - what would cause that string to sometimes be passed to the server instead of the object?

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• Database Firewall

  - by ???02

  Database Firewall?????SQL????????SQL????????????WEB?????HTTP??????SQL????????SQL????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????SQL??????????????????????????????????????·WEB???????????????????·??????????????????WEB???????????WEB??????????Web?????????????????IPA???????????SQL?????????????????????SQL??????????????????????SQL????????????????WEB??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????WEB????????????????????????????????????????B to B?B to C???WEB????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????WEB?????????????????????WEB??????????????????·??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????WEB???????SQL?????????????????????????????Oracle Database Firewall???SQL??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2011?Oracle Database Firewall?????????·????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Database Firewall??????????????????SQL?????????·?????????????????????? Oracle Database Fireawall ?Oracle Database Firewall???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????SQL??????????????????????????????????????????2????????????????????SQL???Pass?Block????????????SQL?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????SQL????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????SQL?Oracle Database Firewall???????????????????SQL????????????????WEB??????????Oracle Database Firewall???????????????????????????????????Oracle Database??????SQL Server?DB2?Sybase??????????2????????Oracle Database Firewall?????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Database Firewall?????????????????????????????????????????????SQL???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????SPAN???(?????????)?????????????????????????????????SQL???????????????????????????????????????????SQL?Block???Pass??????????????????????????????????IDS?IPS????????????????????WAF (Web Application Firewall)? ??????????????????????????????????Database Firewall???????????????SQL????????????SQL????400????????????????(ISO/IEC 9075)??????????Oracle Database Firewall???????????????????????????????????????????SQL?????????????????????SQL??????Oracle Database Firewall??Oracle Database, SQL Server, DB2??????????????????????SQL???????????????????SQL??????????????????????????????????SQL???????????????????????????????????SQL????????????????????????????????????Oracle Database Firewall???SQL??????Oracle Database Firewall?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(Oracle Database???10gR2??XML??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Database???????????????????Oracle Database???????????????????????????????)???Oracle Database Firewall??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Database Firewall????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? Oracle Direct

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• Update mysql database with arpwatch textfile database

  - by bVector

  I'm looking to keep arpwatch entries in a mysql database to crossreference with other information I'm storing based on mac addresses. I've manually imported the arpwatch database into my mysql database, but being a novice with databases I'm not sure what the best way to continually update the database with new entries without creating duplicates would be. None of the fields can be unique, as even the time is duplicated frequently. I'm not interested in the actual arpwatch events like flip flop or new station, just the mac/ip/time pairings. Would a simple bash (or sql) shell script do the trick? Would it be possible to make the mac address plus the time be a composite key of some sort? the database is called utility, table is arpwatch, columns are mac, ip, time a seperate table named 'hosts' with columns mac, ip, type, hostname, location, notes has mac as the primary key. This table will correlate different ip addresses that a mac had over time using the arpwatch column initial import was done with MySQL Workbench using INSERT INTO commands with creative search and replace on the text file

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• How to manage primary key while updating [migrated]

  - by Subin Jacob

  In the following table primaryKeyColumn is primary key. To maintain the data history I always uses the values with WHERE condition(WHERE StatusColumn=1) And will set the StatusColumn to 0 if the data is edited (So that I could keep the previous data). But the problem is, if I update it to 0 , I can't insert the same key to primarykeycolumn since the column validated for primary keys. How can I manage these kind of validations? what the mistake I did in this design? primaryKeyColumn ValueColumn StatusColumn ---------------- ----------- ------------ 2 Name1 1 3 Name2 1 4 Name3 0

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• Opinions on sensor / reading / alert database design

  - by Mark

  I've asked a few questions lately regarding database design, probably too many ;-) However I beleive I'm slowly getting to the heart of the matter with my design and am slowly boiling it down. I'm still wrestling with a couple of decisions regarding how "alerts" are stored in the database. In this system, an alert is an entity that must be acknowledged, acted upon, etc. Initially I related readings to alerts like this (very cut down) : - [Location] LocationId [Sensor] SensorId LocationId UpperLimitValue LowerLimitValue [SensorReading] SensorReadingId Value Status Timestamp [SensorAlert] SensorAlertId [SensorAlertReading] SensorAlertId SensorReadingId The last table is associating readings with the alert, because it is the reading that dictate that the sensor is in alert or not. The problem with this design is that it allows readings from many sensors to be associated with a single alert - whereas each alert is for a single sensor only and should only have readings for that sensor associated with it (should I be bothered that the DB allows this though?). I thought to simplify things, why even bother with the SensorAlertReading table? Instead I could do this: [Location] LocationId [Sensor] SensorId LocationId [SensorReading] SensorReadingId SensorId Value Status Timestamp [SensorAlert] SensorAlertId SensorId Timestamp [SensorAlertEnd] SensorAlertId Timestamp Basically I'm not associating readings with the alert now - instead I just know that an alert was active between a start and end time for a particular sensor, and if I want to look up the readings for that alert I can do. Obviously the downside is I no longer have any constraint stopping me deleting readings that occurred during the alert, but I'm not sure that the constraint is neccessary. Now looking in from the outside as a developer / DBA, would that make you want to be sick or does it seem reasonable? Is there perhaps another way of doing this that I may be missing? Thanks. EDIT: Here's another idea - it works in a different way. It stores each sensor state change, going from normal to alert in a table, and then readings are simply associated with a particular state. This seems to solve all the problems - what d'ya think? (the only thing I'm not sure about is calling the table "SensorState", I can't help think there's a better name (maybe SensorReadingGroup?) : - [Location] LocationId [Sensor] SensorId LocationId [SensorState] SensorStateId SensorId Timestamp Status IsInAlert [SensorReading] SensorReadingId SensorStateId Value Timestamp There must be an elegant solution to this!

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• Oracle Database Security Protecting the Oracle IRM Schema

  - by Simon Thorpe

  Acquiring the Information Rights Management technology in 2006 was part of Oracle's strategic security vision and IRM compliments nicely the overall Oracle security set of solutions. A year ago I spoke about how Oracle has solutions that can help companies protect information throughout its entire life cycle. With our acquisition of Sun this set of solutions has solidified and has even extended down to the operating system and hardware level. Oracle can now offer customers technology that protects their data from the disk, through the database to documents on the desktop! With the recent release of Oracle IRM 11g I was tasked to configure demonstration and evaluation environments and I thought it would make a nice story to leverage some of the security features in the latest release of the Oracle Database. After building these environments I thought I would put together a simple video demonstrating how both Database Advanced Security and Information Rights Management combined can provide a very secure platform for protecting your information. Have a look at the following which highlights these database security options.Transparent Data Encryption protecting the communication from the Oracle IRM server to the Database server. Encryption techniques provide confidentiality and integrity of the data passing to and from the IRM service on the back end. Transparent Data Encryption protecting the Oracle IRM database schema. Encryption is used to provide confidentiality of the IRM data whilst it resides at rest in the database table space. Database Vault is used to ensure only the Oracle IRM service has access to query and update the information that resides in the database. This is an excellent method of ensuring that database administrators cannot look at or make changes to the Oracle IRM database whilst retaining their ability to administrate the database. The last thing you want after deploying an IRM solution is for a curious or unhappy DBA to run a query that grants them rights to your company financial data or documents pertaining to a merger or acquisition.

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• SQL SERVER – Import CSV into Database – Transferring File Content into a Database Table using CSVexpress

  - by pinaldave

  One of the most common data integration tasks I run into is a desire to move data from a file into a database table.  Generally the user is familiar with his data, the structure of the file, and the database table, but is unfamiliar with data integration tools and therefore views this task as something that is difficult.  What these users really need is a point and click approach that minimizes the learning curve for the data integration tool.  This is what CSVexpress (www.CSVexpress.com) is all about!  It is based on expressor Studio, a data integration tool I’ve been reviewing over the last several months. With CSVexpress, moving data between data sources can be as simple as providing the database connection details, describing the structure of the incoming and outgoing data and then connecting two pre-programmed operators.   There’s no need to learn the intricacies of the data integration tool or to write code.  Let’s look at an example. Suppose I have a comma separated value data file with data similar to the following, which is a listing of terminated employees that includes their hiring and termination date, department, job description, and final salary. EMP_ID,STRT_DATE,END_DATE,JOB_ID,DEPT_ID,SALARY 102,13-JAN-93,24-JUL-98 17:00,Programmer,60,"$85,000" 101,21-SEP-89,27-OCT-93 17:00,Account Representative,110,"$65,000" 103,28-OCT-93,15-MAR-97 17:00,Account Manager,110,"$75,000" 304,17-FEB-96,19-DEC-99 17:00,Marketing,20,"$45,000" 333,24-MAR-98,31-DEC-99 17:00,Data Entry Clerk,50,"$35,000" 100,17-SEP-87,17-JUN-93 17:00,Administrative Assistant,90,"$40,000" 334,24-MAR-98,31-DEC-98 17:00,Sales Representative,80,"$40,000" 400,01-JAN-99,31-DEC-99 17:00,Sales Manager,80,"$55,000" Notice the concise format used for the date values, the fact that the termination date includes both date and time information, and that the salary is clearly identified as money by the dollar sign and digit grouping.  In moving this data to a database table I want to express the dates using a format that includes the century since it’s obvious that this listing could include employees who left the company in both the 20th and 21st centuries, and I want the salary to be stored as a decimal value without the currency symbol and grouping character.  Most data integration tools would require coding within a transformation operation to effect these changes, but not expressor Studio.  Directives for these modifications are included in the description of the incoming data. Besides starting the expressor Studio tool and opening a project, the first step is to create connection artifacts, which describe to expressor where data is stored.  For this example, two connection artifacts are required: a file connection, which encapsulates the file system location of my file; and a database connection, which encapsulates the database connection information.  With expressor Studio, I use wizards to create these artifacts. First click New Connection > File Connection in the Home tab of expressor Studio’s ribbon bar, which starts the File Connection wizard.  In the first window, I enter the path to the directory that contains the input file.  Note that the file connection artifact only specifies the file system location, not the name of the file. Then I click Next and enter a meaningful name for this connection artifact; clicking Finish closes the wizard and saves the artifact. To create the Database Connection artifact, I must know the location of, or instance name, of the target database and have the credentials of an account with sufficient privileges to write to the target table.  To use expressor Studio’s features to the fullest, this account should also have the authority to create a table. I click the New Connection > Database Connection in the Home tab of expressor Studio’s ribbon bar, which starts the Database Connection wizard.  expressor Studio includes high-performance drivers for many relational database management systems, so I can simply make a selection from the “Supplied database drivers” drop down control.  If my desired RDBMS isn’t listed, I can optionally use an existing ODBC DSN by selecting the “Existing DSN” radio button. In the following window, I enter the connection details.  With Microsoft SQL Server, I may choose to use Windows Authentication rather than rather than account credentials.  After clicking Next, I enter a meaningful name for this connection artifact and clicking Finish closes the wizard and saves the artifact. Now I create a schema artifact, which describes the structure of the file data.  When expressor reads a file, all data fields are typed as strings.  In some use cases this may be exactly what is needed and there is no need to edit the schema artifact.  But in this example, editing the schema artifact will be used to specify how the data should be transformed; that is, reformat the dates to include century designations, change the employee and job ID’s to integers, and convert the salary to a decimal value. Again a wizard is used to create the schema artifact.  I click New Schema > Delimited Schema in the Home tab of expressor Studio’s ribbon bar, which starts the Database Connection wizard.  In the first window, I click Get Data from File, which then displays a listing of the file connections in the project.  When I click on the file connection I previously created, a browse window opens to this file system location; I then select the file and click Open, which imports 10 lines from the file into the wizard. I now view the file’s content and confirm that the appropriate delimiter characters are selected in the “Field Delimiter” and “Record Delimiter” drop down controls; then I click Next. Since the input file includes a header row, I can easily indicate that fields in the file should be identified through the corresponding header value by clicking “Set All Names from Selected Row. “ Alternatively, I could enter a different identifier into the Field Details > Name text box.  I click Next and enter a meaningful name for this schema artifact; clicking Finish closes the wizard and saves the artifact. Now I open the schema artifact in the schema editor.  When I first view the schema’s content, I note that the types of all attributes in the Semantic Type (the right-hand panel) are strings and that the attribute names are the same as the field names in the data file.  To change an attribute’s name and type, I highlight the attribute and click Edit in the Attributes grouping on the Schema > Edit tab of the editor’s ribbon bar.  This opens the Edit Attribute window; I can change the attribute name and select the desired type from the “Data type” drop down control.  In this example, I change the name of each attribute to the name of the corresponding database table column (EmployeeID, StartingDate, TerminationDate, JobDescription, DepartmentID, and FinalSalary).  Then for the EmployeeID and DepartmentID attributes, I select Integer as the data type, for the StartingDate and TerminationDate attributes, I select Datetime as the data type, and for the FinalSalary attribute, I select the Decimal type. But I can do much more in the schema editor.  For the datetime attributes, I can set a constraint that ensures that the data adheres to some predetermined specifications; a starting date must be later than January 1, 1980 (the date on which the company began operations) and a termination date must be earlier than 11:59 PM on December 31, 1999.  I simply select the appropriate constraint and enter the value (1980-01-01 00:00 as the starting date and 1999-12-31 11:59 as the termination date). As a last step in setting up these datetime conversions, I edit the mapping, describing the format of each datetime type in the source file. I highlight the mapping line for the StartingDate attribute and click Edit Mapping in the Mappings grouping on the Schema > Edit tab of the editor’s ribbon bar.  This opens the Edit Mapping window in which I either enter, or select, a format that describes how the datetime values are represented in the file.  Note the use of Y01 as the syntax for the year.  This syntax is the indicator to expressor Studio to derive the century by setting any year later than 01 to the 20th century and any year before 01 to the 21st century.  As each datetime value is read from the file, the year values are transformed into century and year values. For the TerminationDate attribute, my format also indicates that the datetime value includes hours and minutes. And now to the Salary attribute. I open its mapping and in the Edit Mapping window select the Currency tab and the “Use currency” check box.  This indicates that the file data will include the dollar sign (or in Europe the Pound or Euro sign), which should be removed. And on the Grouping tab, I select the “Use grouping” checkbox and enter 3 into the “Group size” text box, a comma into the “Grouping character” text box, and a decimal point into the “Decimal separator” character text box. These entries allow the string to be properly converted into a decimal value. By making these entries into the schema that describes my input file, I’ve specified how I want the data transformed prior to writing to the database table and completely removed the requirement for coding within the data integration application itself. Assembling the data integration application is simple.  Onto the canvas I drag the Read File and Write Table operators, connecting the output of the Read File operator to the input of the Write Table operator. Next, I select the Read File operator and its Properties panel opens on the right-hand side of expressor Studio.  For each property, I can select an appropriate entry from the corresponding drop down control.  Clicking on the button to the right of the “File name” text box opens the file system location specified in the file connection artifact, allowing me to select the appropriate input file.  I indicate also that the first row in the file, the header row, should be skipped, and that any record that fails one of the datetime constraints should be skipped. I then select the Write Table operator and in its Properties panel specify the database connection, normal for the “Mode,” and the “Truncate” and “Create Missing Table” options.  If my target table does not yet exist, expressor will create the table using the information encapsulated in the schema artifact assigned to the operator. The last task needed to complete the application is to create the schema artifact used by the Write Table operator.  This is extremely easy as another wizard is capable of using the schema artifact assigned to the Read Table operator to create a schema artifact for the Write Table operator.  In the Write Table Properties panel, I click the drop down control to the right of the “Schema” property and select “New Table Schema from Upstream Output…” from the drop down menu. The wizard first displays the table description and in its second screen asks me to select the database connection artifact that specifies the RDBMS in which the target table will exist.  The wizard then connects to the RDBMS and retrieves a list of database schemas from which I make a selection.  The fourth screen gives me the opportunity to fine tune the table’s description.  In this example, I set the width of the JobDescription column to a maximum of 40 characters and select money as the type of the LastSalary column.  I also provide the name for the table. This completes development of the application.  The entire application was created through the use of wizards and the required data transformations specified through simple constraints and specifications rather than through coding.  To develop this application, I only needed a basic understanding of expressor Studio, a level of expertise that can be gained by working through a few introductory tutorials.  expressor Studio is as close to a point and click data integration tool as one could want and I urge you to try this product if you have a need to move data between files or from files to database tables. Check out CSVexpress in more detail.  It offers a few basic video tutorials and a preview of expressor Studio 3.5, which will support the reading and writing of data into Salesforce.com. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: Pinal Dave, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Documentation, SQL Download, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, SQLServer, T SQL, Technology

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• DB Object passing between classes singleton, static or other?

  - by Stephen

  So I'm designing a reporting system at work it's my first project written OOP and I'm stuck on the design choice for the DB class. Obviously I only want to create one instance of the DB class per-session/user and then pass it to each of the classes that need it. What I don't know it what's best practice for implementing this. Currently I have code like the following:- class db { private $user = 'USER'; private $pass = 'PASS'; private $tables = array( 'user','report', 'etc...'); function __construct(){ //SET UP CONNECTION AND TABLES } }; class report{ function __construct ($params = array(), $db, $user) { //Error checking/handling trimed //$db is the database object we created $this->db = $db; //$this->user is the user object for the logged in user $this->user = $user; $this->reportCreate(); } public function setPermission($permissionId = 1) { //Note the $this->db is this the best practise solution? $this->db->permission->find($permissionId) //Note the $this->user is this the best practise solution? $this->user->checkPermission(1) $data=array(); $this->db->reportpermission->insert($data) } };//end report I've been reading about using static classes and have just come across Singletons (though these appear to be passé already?) so what's current best practice for doing this?

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• Database with "Open Schema" - Good or Bad Idea?

  - by Claudiu

  The co-founder of Reddit gave a presentation on issues they had while scaling to millions of users. A summary is available here. What surprised me is point 3: Instead, they keep a Thing Table and a Data Table. Everything in Reddit is a Thing: users, links, comments, subreddits, awards, etc. Things keep common attribute like up/down votes, a type, and creation date. The Data table has three columns: thing id, key, value. There’s a row for every attribute. There’s a row for title, url, author, spam votes, etc. When they add new features they didn’t have to worry about the database anymore. They didn’t have to add new tables for new things or worry about upgrades. This seems like a terrible idea to me, but it seems to have worked out for Reddit. Is it a good idea in general, though? Or is it a peculiarity of Reddit that happened to work out for them?

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• should this database table be normalized?

  - by oo

  i have taken over a database that stores fitness information and we were having a debate about a certain table and whether it should stay as one table or get broken up into three tables. Today, there is one table called: workouts that has the following fields id, exercise_id, reps, weight, date, person_id So if i did 2 sets of 3 different exercises on one day, i would have 6 records in that table for that day. for example: id, exercise_id, reps, weight, date, person_id 1, 1, 10, 100, 1/1/2010, 10 2, 1, 10, 100, 1/1/2010, 10 3, 1, 10, 100, 1/1/2010, 10 4, 2, 10, 100, 1/1/2010, 10 5, 2, 10, 100, 1/1/2010, 10 6, 2, 10, 100, 1/1/2010, 10 So the question is, given that there is some redundant data (date, personid, exercise_id) in multiple records, should this be normalized to three tables WorkoutSummary: - id - date - person_id WorkoutExercise: - id - workout_id (foreign key into WorkoutSummary) - exercise_id WorkoutSets: - id - workout_exercise_id (foreign key into WorkoutExercise) - reps - weight I would guess the downside is that the queries would be slower after this refactoring as now we would need to join 3 tables to do the same query that had no joins before. The benefit of the refactoring allows up in the future to add new fields at the workout summary level or the exercise level with out adding in more duplication. any feedback on this debate?

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• Database design grouping contacts by lists and companies

  - by Serge

  Hi, I'm wondering what would be the best way to group contacts by their company. Right now a user can group their contacts by custom created lists but I'd like to be able to group contacts by their company as well as store the contact's position (i.e. Project Manager of XYZ company). Database wise this is what I have for grouping contacts into lists contact [id_contact] [int] PK NOT NULL, [lastName] [varchar] (128) NULL, [firstName] [varchar] (128) NULL, ...... contact_list [id_contact] [int] FK, [id_list] [int] FK, list [id_list] [int] PK [id_user] [int] FK [list_name] [varchar] (128) NOT NULL, [description] [TEXT] NULL Should I implement something similar for grouping contacts by company? If so how would I store the contact's position in that company and how can I prevent data corruption if a user modifies a contact's company name. For instance John Doe changed companies but the other co-workers are still in the old company. I doubt that will happen often (might not even happen at all) but better be safe than sorry. I'm also keeping an audit trail so in a way the contact would still need to be linked to the old company as well as the new one but without confusing what company he's actually working at the moment. I hope that made sense... Has anyone encountered such a problem? UPDATE Would something like this make sense contact_company [id_contact_company] [int] PK [id_contact] [int] FK [id_company] [int] FK [contact_title] [varchar] (128) company [id_company] [int] PK NOT NULL, [company_name] [varchar] (128) NULL, [company_description] [varchar] (300) NULL, [created_date] [datetime] NOT NULL This way a contact can work for more than one company and contacts can be grouped by companies

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• Database Developer - October 2013 issue: Download Database 12c and related products

  - by Javier Puerta

  The October issue of the Database Application Developer  newsletter is now available. The focus of this issue is on downloads of Database 12c and related products. (Full newsletter here) Get Ready to Download, Deploy and Develop for Oracle Database 12c This month we're focused on downloads. We've rounded up the top developer releases (both early adopter and BETA releases) and the articles that will help you do more with Oracle 12c. See the technical content that will help you get started. If you're ready...Away we go! — Laura Ramsey, Database and Developer Community, Oracle Technology Network Team FEATURED DOWNLOADS Download: Oracle Database 12c According Tom Kyte, the Oracle 12c version has some of the biggest enhancements to the core database since version 6 - Check it out for yourself. Download: Oracle SQL Developer 4.0 Early Adopter 2 is Here Oracle SQL Developer is a free IDE that simplifies the development and management of Oracle Database. It is a complete end-to-end development platform for your PL/SQL applications that features a worksheet for running queries and scripts, a DBA console for managing the database, a reports interface, a complete data modeling solution and a migration platform for moving your 3rd party databases to Oracle.  If you are interested in checking out this new early adopter version,Oracle SQL Developer 4.0 EA is the place to go. Download: Oracle 12c Multitenant Self Provisioning Application -BETA- The -BETA- is here. The Multitenant self provisioning Application is an easy and productive way for DBAs and Developers to get familiar with powerful PDB features including create, clone, plug and unplug.   No better time to start playing with PDBs. Oracle 12c Multitenant Self Provisioning Application. Download: New! Updates to Oracle Data Integration Portfolio Oracle GoldenGate 12c and Oracle Data Integrator 12c is now available. From Real-Time data integration, transactional change data capture, data replication, transformations....to hi-volume, high-performance batch loads, event-driven, trickle-feed integration process..its now available. Go here all the details and links to downloads...and Congratulations Data Integration Team!. Download: Oracle VM Templates for Oracle 12c Features Support for Single Instance, Oracle Restart and Oracle RAC Support for all current Oracle Database 11.2 versions as well as Oracle 12c on Oracle Linux 5 Update 9 & Oracle Linux 6 Update 4. The Oracle 12c templates allow end-to-end automation for Flex Cluster, Flex ASM and PDBs. See how the Deploycluster tool was updated to support Single Instance and the new Oracle 12c features. Oracle VM Templates for Oracle Database. Download: Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler 4.0 EA 3 If you're looking for a datamodeling and database design tool that provides an environment for capturing, modeling, managing and exploiting metadata, it's time to check out Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler. Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler 4.0 EA V3 is here.

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• Database Developer - October 2013 issue: Download Database 12c and related products

  - by Javier Puerta

  The October issue of the Database Application Developer  newsletter is now available. The focus of this issue is on downloads of Database 12c and related products. (Full newsletter here) Get Ready to Download, Deploy and Develop for Oracle Database 12c This month we're focused on downloads. We've rounded up the top developer releases (both early adopter and BETA releases) and the articles that will help you do more with Oracle 12c. See the technical content that will help you get started. If you're ready...Away we go! — Laura Ramsey, Database and Developer Community, Oracle Technology Network Team FEATURED DOWNLOADS Download: Oracle Database 12c According Tom Kyte, the Oracle 12c version has some of the biggest enhancements to the core database since version 6 - Check it out for yourself. Download: Oracle SQL Developer 4.0 Early Adopter 2 is Here Oracle SQL Developer is a free IDE that simplifies the development and management of Oracle Database. It is a complete end-to-end development platform for your PL/SQL applications that features a worksheet for running queries and scripts, a DBA console for managing the database, a reports interface, a complete data modeling solution and a migration platform for moving your 3rd party databases to Oracle.  If you are interested in checking out this new early adopter version,Oracle SQL Developer 4.0 EA is the place to go. Download: Oracle 12c Multitenant Self Provisioning Application -BETA- The -BETA- is here. The Multitenant self provisioning Application is an easy and productive way for DBAs and Developers to get familiar with powerful PDB features including create, clone, plug and unplug.   No better time to start playing with PDBs. Oracle 12c Multitenant Self Provisioning Application. Download: New! Updates to Oracle Data Integration Portfolio Oracle GoldenGate 12c and Oracle Data Integrator 12c is now available. From Real-Time data integration, transactional change data capture, data replication, transformations....to hi-volume, high-performance batch loads, event-driven, trickle-feed integration process..its now available. Go here all the details and links to downloads...and Congratulations Data Integration Team!. Download: Oracle VM Templates for Oracle 12c Features Support for Single Instance, Oracle Restart and Oracle RAC Support for all current Oracle Database 11.2 versions as well as Oracle 12c on Oracle Linux 5 Update 9 & Oracle Linux 6 Update 4. The Oracle 12c templates allow end-to-end automation for Flex Cluster, Flex ASM and PDBs. See how the Deploycluster tool was updated to support Single Instance and the new Oracle 12c features. Oracle VM Templates for Oracle Database. Download: Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler 4.0 EA 3 If you're looking for a datamodeling and database design tool that provides an environment for capturing, modeling, managing and exploiting metadata, it's time to check out Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler. Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler 4.0 EA V3 is here.

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• Suggestions for programming language and database for a high end database querying system (>50 milli

  - by mmdave

  These requirements are sketchy at the moment, but will appreciate any insights. We are exploring what would be required to build a system that can handle 50 database million queries a day - specifiically from the programming language and database choice Its not a typical website, but an API / database accessing through the internet. Speed is critical. The application will primarily receive these inputs (about a few kb each) and will have to address each of them via the database lookup. Only a few kb will be returned. The server will be run over https/ssl.

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