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• Give a reference to a python instance attribute at class definition

  - by Guenther Jehle

  I have a class with attributes which have a reference to another attribute of this class. See class Device, value1 and value2 holding a reference to interface: class Interface(object): def __init__(self): self.port=None class Value(object): def __init__(self, interface, name): self.interface=interface self.name=name def get(self): return "Getting Value \"%s\" with interface \"%s\""%(self.name, self.interface.port) class Device(object): interface=Interface() value1=Value(interface, name="value1") value2=Value(interface, name="value2") def __init__(self, port): self.interface.port=port if __name__=="__main__": d1=Device("Foo") print d1.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Foo" d2=Device("Bar") print d2.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Bar" print d1.value1.get() # >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "Bar" The last print is wrong, cause d1 should have the interface "Foo". I know whats going wrong: The line interface=Interface() line is executed, when the class definition is parsed (once). So every Device class has the same instance of interface. I could change the Device class to: class Device(object): interface=Interface() value1=Value(interface, name="value1") value2=Value(interface, name="value2") def __init__(self, port): self.interface=Interface() self.interface.port=port So this is also not working: The values still have the reference to the original interface instance and the self.interface is just another instance... The output now is: >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" >>> Getting Value "value1" with interface "None" So how could I solve this the pythonic way? I could setup a function in the Device class to look for attributes with type Value and reassign them the new interface. Isn't this a common problem with a typical solution for it? Thanks!

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• Python: How do I pass a variable by reference?

  - by David Sykes

  The Python documentation seems unclear about whether parameters are passed by reference or value, and the following code produces the unchanged value 'Original' class PassByReference: def __init__(self): self.variable = 'Original' self.Change(self.variable) print self.variable def Change(self, var): var = 'Changed' Is there something I can do to pass the variable by actual reference? Update: I am coming to the conclusion that while Andrea answered my actual question (Can you... No but you can...), on the subject of pass by reference Blair Conrad is more technically correct. As I understand it the crux is that a copy of a reference is being passed. If you assign that copy, as in my example, then you lose the reference to the original and it remains unchanged. If, however, you 'use' that reference, for example append on a passed list, then the original is changed. I will see how the comments and votes go before choosing the answer people think is the best

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• How to debug python del self.callbacks[s][cid] keyError when the error message does not indicate where in my code the error is

  - by lkloh

  In a python program I am writing, I get an error saying Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Applications/Canopy.app/appdata/canopy-1.4.0.1938.macosx- x86_64/Canopy.app/Contents/lib/python2.7/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1470, in __call__ return self.func(*args) File "/Users/lkloh/Library/Enthought/Canopy_64bit/User/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_tkagg.py", line 413, in button_release_event FigureCanvasBase.button_release_event(self, x, y, num, guiEvent=event) File "/Users/lkloh/Library/Enthought/Canopy_64bit/User/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py", line 1808, in button_release_event self.callbacks.process(s, event) File "/Users/lkloh/Library/Enthought/Canopy_64bit/User/lib/python2.7/site-packages/matplotlib/cbook.py", line 525, in process del self.callbacks[s][cid] KeyError: 103 Do you have any idea how I can debug this/ what could be wrong? The error message does not point to anywhere in code I have personally written. I get the error message only after I close my GUI window, but I want to fix it even though it does not break the functionality of my code. The error is part of a very big program I am writing, so I cannot post all my code, but below is code I think is relevant: def save(self, event): self.getSaveAxes() self.save_connect() def getSaveAxes(self): saveFigure = figure(figsize=(8,1)) saveFigure.clf() # size of save buttons rect_saveHeaders = [0.04,0.2,0.2,0.6] rect_saveHeadersFilterParams = [0.28,0.2,0.2,0.6] rect_saveHeadersOverride = [0.52,0.2,0.2,0.6] rect_saveQuit = [0.76,0.2,0.2,0.6] #initalize axes saveAxs = {} saveAxs['saveHeaders'] = saveFigure.add_axes(rect_saveHeaders) saveAxs['saveHeadersFilterParams'] = saveFigure.add_axes(rect_saveHeadersFilterParams) saveAxs['saveHeadersOverride'] = saveFigure.add_axes(rect_saveHeadersOverride) saveAxs['saveQuit'] = saveFigure.add_axes(rect_saveQuit) self.saveAxs = saveAxs self.save_connect() self.saveFigure = saveFigure show() def save_connect(self): #set buttons self.bn_saveHeaders = Button(self.saveAxs['saveHeaders'], 'Save\nHeaders\nOnly') self.bn_saveHeadersFilterParams = Button(self.saveAxs['saveHeadersFilterParams'], 'Save Headers &\n Filter Parameters') self.bn_saveHeadersOverride = Button(self.saveAxs['saveHeadersOverride'], 'Save Headers &\nOverride Data') self.bn_saveQuit = Button(self.saveAxs['saveQuit'], 'Quit') #connect buttons to functions they trigger self.cid_saveHeaders = self.bn_saveHeaders.on_clicked(self.save_headers) self.cid_savedHeadersFilterParams = self.bn_saveHeadersFilterParams.on_clicked(self.save_headers_filterParams) self.cid_saveHeadersOverride = self.bn_saveHeadersOverride.on_clicked(self.save_headers_override) self.cid_saveQuit = self.bn_saveQuit.on_clicked(self.save_quit) def save_quit(self, event): self.save_disconnect() close()

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• Pygame Sprite/Font rendering issues

  - by Grimless

  Hey guys. Here's my problem: I have a game class that maintains a HUD overlay that has a bunch of elements, including header and footer background sprites. Everything was working fine until I added a 1024x128 footer sprite. Now two of my text labels will not render, despite the fact that they DO exist in my Group and self.elements array. Is there something I'm missing? When I take out the footerHUDImage line, all of the labels render correctly and everything works fine. When I add the footerHUDImage, two of the labels (the first two) no longer render and the third only sometimes renders. HELP PLEASE! Here is the code: class AoWHUD (object): def __init__(self, screen, delegate, dataSource): self.delegate = delegate self.dataSource = dataSource self.elements = [] headerHudImage = KJRImage("HUDBackground.png") self.elements.append(headerHudImage) headerHudImage.userInteractionEnabled = True footerHUDImage = KJRImage("ControlsBackground.png") self.elements.append(footerHUDImage) footerHUDImage.rect.bottom = screen.get_rect().height footerHUDImage.userInteractionEnabled = True lumberMessage = "Lumber: " + str(self.dataSource.lumber) lumberLabel = KJRLabel(lumberMessage, size = 48, color = (240, 200, 10)) lumberLabel.rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 0, 0) self.elements.append(lumberLabel) stoneMessage = "Stone: " + str(self.dataSource.stone) stoneLabel = KJRLabel(stoneMessage, size = 48, color = (240, 200, 10)) stoneLabel.rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 1, 0) self.elements.append(stoneLabel) metalMessage = "Metal: " + str(self.dataSource.metal) metalLabel = KJRLabel(metalMessage, size = 48, color = (240, 200, 10)) metalLabel.rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 2, 0) self.elements.append(metalLabel) foodMessage = "Food: " + str(len(self.dataSource.units)) + "/" + str(self.dataSource.food) foodLabel = KJRLabel(foodMessage, size = 48, color = (240, 200, 10)) foodLabel.rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 3, 0) self.elements.append(foodLabel) self.selectionSprites = {32 : pygame.image.load("Selected32.png").convert_alpha(), 64 : pygame.image.load("Selected64.png")} self._sprites_ = pygame.sprite.Group() for e in self.elements: self._sprites_.add(e) print self.elements def draw(self, screen): if self.dataSource.resourcesChanged: lumberMessage = "Lumber: " + str(self.dataSource.lumber) stoneMessage = "Stone: " + str(self.dataSource.stone) metalMessage = "Metal: " + str(self.dataSource.metal) foodMessage = "Food: " + str(len(self.dataSource.units)) + "/" + str(self.dataSource.food) self.elements[2].setText(lumberMessage) self.elements[2].rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 0, 0) self.elements[3].setText(stoneMessage) self.elements[3].rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 1, 0) self.elements[4].setText(metalMessage) self.elements[4].rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 2, 0) self.elements[5].setText(foodMessage) self.elements[5].rect.topleft = (_kSpacingMultiple * 3, 0) self.dataSource.resourcesChanged = False self._sprites_.draw(screen) if self.delegate.selectedUnit: theSelectionSprite = self.selectionSprites[self.delegate.selectedUnit.rect.width] screen.blit(theSelectionSprite, self.delegate.selectedUnit.rect)

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• Simple App Engine Sessions Implementation

  - by raz0r

  Here is a very basic class for handling sessions on App Engine: """Lightweight implementation of cookie-based sessions for Google App Engine. Classes: Session """ import os import random import Cookie from google.appengine.api import memcache _COOKIE_NAME = 'app-sid' _COOKIE_PATH = '/' _SESSION_EXPIRE_TIME = 180 * 60 class Session(object): """Cookie-based session implementation using Memcached.""" def __init__(self): self.sid = None self.key = None self.session = None cookie_str = os.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE', '') self.cookie = Cookie.SimpleCookie() self.cookie.load(cookie_str) if self.cookie.get(_COOKIE_NAME): self.sid = self.cookie[_COOKIE_NAME].value self.key = 'session-' + self.sid self.session = memcache.get(self.key) if self.session: self._update_memcache() else: self.sid = str(random.random())[5:] + str(random.random())[5:] self.key = 'session-' + self.sid self.session = dict() memcache.add(self.key, self.session, _SESSION_EXPIRE_TIME) self.cookie[_COOKIE_NAME] = self.sid self.cookie[_COOKIE_NAME]['path'] = _COOKIE_PATH print self.cookie def __len__(self): return len(self.session) def __getitem__(self, key): if key in self.session: return self.session[key] raise KeyError(str(key)) def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.session[key] = value self._update_memcache() def __delitem__(self, key): if key in self.session: del self.session[key] self._update_memcache() return None raise KeyError(str(key)) def __contains__(self, item): try: i = self.__getitem__(item) except KeyError: return False return True def _update_memcache(self): memcache.replace(self.key, self.session, _SESSION_EXPIRE_TIME) I would like some advices on how to improve the code for better security. Note: In the production version it will also save a copy of the session in the datastore. Note': I know there are much more complete implementations available online though I would like to learn more about this subject so please don't answer the question with "use that" or "use the other" library.

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• Bounding Box Collision Glitching Problem (Pygame)

  - by Ericson Willians

  So far the "Bounding Box" method is the only one that I know. It's efficient enough to deal with simple games. Nevertheless, the game I'm developing is not that simple anymore and for that reason, I've made a simplified example of the problem. (It's worth noticing that I don't have rotating sprites on my game or anything like that. After showing the code, I'll explain better). Here's the whole code: from pygame import * DONE = False screen = display.set_mode((1024,768)) class Thing(): def __init__(self,x,y,w,h,s,c): self.x = x self.y = y self.w = w self.h = h self.s = s self.sur = Surface((64,48)) draw.rect(self.sur,c,(self.x,self.y,w,h),1) self.sur.fill(c) def draw(self): screen.blit(self.sur,(self.x,self.y)) def move(self,x): if key.get_pressed()[K_w] or key.get_pressed()[K_UP]: if x == 1: self.y -= self.s else: self.y += self.s if key.get_pressed()[K_s] or key.get_pressed()[K_DOWN]: if x == 1: self.y += self.s else: self.y -= self.s if key.get_pressed()[K_a] or key.get_pressed()[K_LEFT]: if x == 1: self.x -= self.s else: self.x += self.s if key.get_pressed()[K_d] or key.get_pressed()[K_RIGHT]: if x == 1: self.x += self.s else: self.x -= self.s def warp(self): if self.y < -48: self.y = 768 if self.y > 768 + 48: self.y = 0 if self.x < -64: self.x = 1024 + 64 if self.x > 1024 + 64: self.x = -64 r1 = Thing(0,0,64,48,1,(0,255,0)) r2 = Thing(6*64,6*48,64,48,1,(255,0,0)) while not DONE: screen.fill((0,0,0)) r2.draw() r1.draw() # If not intersecting, then moves, else, it moves in the opposite direction. if not ((((r1.x + r1.w) > (r2.x - r1.s)) and (r1.x < ((r2.x + r2.w) + r1.s))) and (((r1.y + r1.h) > (r2.y - r1.s)) and (r1.y < ((r2.y + r2.h) + r1.s)))): r1.move(1) else: r1.move(0) r1.warp() if key.get_pressed()[K_ESCAPE]: DONE = True for ev in event.get(): if ev.type == QUIT: DONE = True display.update() quit() The problem: In my actual game, the grid is fixed and each tile has 64 by 48 pixels. I know how to deal with collision perfectly if I moved by that size. Nevertheless, obviously, the player moves really fast. In the example, the collision is detected pretty well (Just as I see in many examples throughout the internet). The problem is that if I put the player to move WHEN IS NOT intersecting, then, when it touches the obstacle, it does not move anymore. Giving that problem, I began switching the directions, but then, when it touches and I press the opposite key, it "glitches through". My actual game has many walls, and the player will touch them many times, and I can't afford letting the player go through them. The code-problem illustrated: When the player goes towards the wall (Fine). When the player goes towards the wall and press the opposite direction. (It glitches through). Here is the logic I've designed before implementing it: I don't know any other method, and I really just want to have walls fixed in a grid, but move by 1 or 2 or 3 pixels (Slowly) and have perfect collision without glitching-possibilities. What do you suggest?

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• PyQt threads and signals - how to properly retrieve values

  - by Cawas

  Using Python 2.5 and PyQt, I couldn't find any question this specific in Python, so sorry if I'm repeating the other Qt referenced questions below, but I couldn't easily understand that C code. I've got two classes, a GUI and a thread, and I'm trying to get return values from the thread. I've used the link in here as base to write my code, which is working just fine. To sum it up and illustrate the question in code here (I don't think this code will run on itself): class MainWindow (QtGui.QWidget): # this is just a reference and not really relevant to the question def __init__ (self, parent = None): QtGui.QWidget.__init__(self, parent) self.thread = Worker() # this does not begin a thread - look at "Worker.run" for mor details self.connect(self.thread, QtCore.SIGNAL('finished()'), self.unfreezeUi) self.connect(self.thread, QtCore.SIGNAL('terminated()'), self.unfreezeUi) self.connect(self.buttonDaemon, QtCore.SIGNAL('clicked()'), self.pressDaemon) # the problem begins below: I'm not using signals, or queue, or whatever, while I believe I should def pressDaemon (self): self.buttonDaemon.setEnabled(False) if self.thread.isDaemonRunning(): self.thread.setDaemonStopSignal(True) self.buttonDaemon.setText('Daemon - converts every %s sec'% args['daemonInterval']) else: self.buttonConvert.setEnabled(False) self.thread.startDaemon() self.buttonDaemon.setText('Stop Daemon') self.buttonDaemon.setEnabled(True) # this whole class is just another reference class Worker (QtCore.QThread): daemonIsRunning = False daemonStopSignal = False daemonCurrentDelay = 0 def isDaemonRunning (self): return self.daemonIsRunning def setDaemonStopSignal (self, bool): self.daemonStopSignal = bool def __init__ (self, parent = None): QtCore.QThread.__init__(self, parent) self.exiting = False self.thread_to_run = None # which def will be running def __del__ (self): self.exiting = True self.thread_to_run = None self.wait() def run (self): if self.thread_to_run != None: self.thread_to_run(mode='continue') def startDaemon (self, mode = 'run'): if mode == 'run': self.thread_to_run = self.startDaemon # I'd love to be able to just pass this as an argument on start() below return self.start() # this will begin the thread # this is where the thread actually begins self.daemonIsRunning = True self.daemonStopSignal = False sleepStep = 0.1 # don't know how to interrupt while sleeping - so the less sleepStep, the faster StopSignal will work # begins the daemon in an "infinite" loop while self.daemonStopSignal == False and not self.exiting: # here, do any kind of daemon service delay = 0 while self.daemonStopSignal == False and not self.exiting and delay < args['daemonInterval']: time.sleep(sleepStep) # delay is actually set by while, but this holds for N second delay += sleepStep # daemon stopped, reseting everything self.daemonIsRunning = False self.emit(QtCore.SIGNAL('terminated')) Tho it's quite big, I hope this is pretty clear. The main point is on def pressDaemon. Specifically all 3 self.thread calls. The last one, self.thread.startDaemon() is just fine, and exactly as the example. I doubt that represents any issue. The problem is being able to set the Daemon Stop Signal and retrieve the value if it's running. I'm not sure that it's possible to set a stop signal on QtCore.QtThread, because I've tried doing the same way and it didn't work. But I'm pretty sure it's not possible to retrieve a return result from the emit. So, there it is. I'm using direct calls to the thread class, and I'm almost positive that's not a good design and will probably fail when running under stress. I read about that queue, but I'm not sure it's the proper solution here, or if I should be using Qt at all, since this is Python. And just maybe there's nothing wrong with the way I'm doing.

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• Problem in understanding connectSlotsByName() in pyqt???

  - by Jebagnanadas

  Hi all, I couldn't understand the connectSlotsByName() method which is predominently used by pyuic4.. As far the class is single in a PyQt file it's ok since we can use self which will be associated with a single object throughout.. But when we try to use various classes from different files the problem and the need to use connectSlotsByName() arises.. Here's what i encountered which is weird.. I created a stacked widget.. I placed my first widget on it.. It has a button called "Next ". On clicking next it hides the current widget and adds another widget which has the "click me" button.. The problem here is the click event for "click me" button in second is not captured.. It's a minimal example that i can give for my original problem.. Please help me.. This is file No.1..(which has the parent stacked widget and it's first page). On clicking next it adds the second page which has "clickme" button in file2.. from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui import file2 class Ui_StackedWidget(QtGui.QStackedWidget): def __init__(self,parent=None): QtGui.QStackedWidget.__init__(self,parent) self.setObjectName("self") self.resize(484, 370) self.setWindowTitle(QtGui.QApplication.translate("self", "stacked widget", None, QtGui.QApplication.UnicodeUTF8)) self.createWidget1() def createWidget1(self): self.page=QtGui.QWidget() self.page.setObjectName("widget1") self.pushButton=QtGui.QPushButton(self.page) self.pushButton.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(150, 230, 91, 31)) self.pushButton.setText(QtGui.QApplication.translate("self", "Next >", None, QtGui.QApplication.UnicodeUTF8)) self.addWidget(self.page) QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(self.page) QtCore.QObject.connect(self.pushButton,QtCore.SIGNAL('clicked()'),self.showWidget2) def showWidget2(self): self.page.hide() obj=file2.widget2() obj.createWidget2(self) if __name__ == "__main__": import sys app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv) ui = Ui_StackedWidget() ui.show() sys.exit(app.exec_()) Here's file2 from PyQt4 import QtGui,QtCore class widget2(): def createWidget2(self,parent): self.page = QtGui.QWidget() self.page.setObjectName("page") self.parent=parent self.groupBox = QtGui.QGroupBox(self.page) self.groupBox.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(30, 20, 421, 311)) self.groupBox.setObjectName("groupBox") self.groupBox.setTitle(QtGui.QApplication.translate("self", "TestGroupBox", None, QtGui.QApplication.UnicodeUTF8)) self.pushButton = QtGui.QPushButton(self.groupBox) self.pushButton.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(150, 120, 92, 28)) self.pushButton.setObjectName("pushButton") self.pushButton.setText(QtGui.QApplication.translate("self", "Click Me", None, QtGui.QApplication.UnicodeUTF8)) self.parent.addWidget(self.page) self.parent.setCurrentWidget(self.page) QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(self.page) QtCore.QObject.connect(self.pushButton,QtCore.SIGNAL('clicked()'),self.printMessage) def printMessage(self): print("Hai") Though in both the widgets(i mean pages) QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(self.page) the clicked signal in second dialog isn't getting processed. Thanks in advance.. Might be a beginner question..

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• Oracle University Nouveaux cours (Week 35)

  - by swalker

  Parmi les nouveautés d’Oracle Université de ce mois-ci, vous trouverez : Fusion Middleware Oracle Directory Services 11g: Administration (5 days) Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts (Training on Demand) e-Business Suite R12 Oracle HRMS iRecruitment Fundamentals (Self-Study Course) R12 Oracle Payroll Fundamentals: Administration (Self-Study Course) R12 Oracle HRMS System Administration Fundamentals (Self-Study Course) R12 Oracle HRMS Self Service Fundamentals (Self-Study Course) R12 Oracle HRMS Implement and Use Fast Formula (Self-Study Course) R12 HRMS Work Structures Fundamentals (Self-Study Course) R12 HRMS Total Compensation Foundations (Self-Study Course) Siebel Siebel 8.1.x Chat and Voice Integration Using CCA (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x Search using Oracle Secure Enterprise Search (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM Web Services (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM Asset Based Order Management (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM: What is New in Product Configurator (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM Product Configurator Caching & Performance Management (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM PSP Engine Caching and Performance Management (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x Remote: Administration (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x Remote: Technical Foundations (Self-Study Course) Siebel Tools: Configuring Chart and Tree Applets (Self-Study Course) Sun - Server Administration SPARC SuperCluster Administration and Maintenance Seminar (2 days) OPN Only Sparc T4-Based Servers Installation Boot Camp (1 day) Primavera Primavera P6 Application Administration Rel 8.x (2 days) Oracle Retail Retail Merchandising System (RMS) Business Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Invoice Matching (ReIM) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Invoice Matching (ReIM) Business Introduction (Self-Study Course) Retail Demand Forecasting: RDF Classic Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Demand Forecasting Introduction (Self-Study Course) Retail Data Warehouse (RDW) Overview 13.1 (Self-Study Course) Oracle Retail Point-of-Service (POS) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Sales Audit (ReSA) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Price Management (RPM) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Merchandising System (RMS) Technical Introduction (Self-Study Course) Oracle Retail Integration Bus (RIB) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Oracle Communiucations Unified Communications Suite Convergence Customization (2 days) OSM Foundations I: Tasks, Processes and Orders Contacter l’ équipe locale d’ Oracle University pour toute information et dates de cours. Restez connecté à Oracle University : LinkedIn OracleMix Twitter Facebook Google+

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• Oracle University New Courses (Week 35)

  - by swalker

  Oracle University released the following new (versions of) courses recently: Fusion Middleware Oracle Directory Services 11g: Administration (5 days) Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts (Training on Demand) e-Business Suite R12 Oracle HRMS iRecruitment Fundamentals (Self-Study Course) R12 Oracle Payroll Fundamentals: Administration (Self-Study Course) R12 Oracle HRMS System Administration Fundamentals (Self-Study Course) R12 Oracle HRMS Self Service Fundamentals (Self-Study Course) R12 Oracle HRMS Implement and Use Fast Formula (Self-Study Course) R12 HRMS Work Structures Fundamentals (Self-Study Course) R12 HRMS Total Compensation Foundations (Self-Study Course) Siebel Siebel 8.1.x Chat and Voice Integration Using CCA (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x Search using Oracle Secure Enterprise Search (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM Web Services (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM Asset Based Order Management (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM: What is New in Product Configurator (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM Product Configurator Caching & Performance Management (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x COM PSP Engine Caching and Performance Management (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x Remote: Administration (Self-Study Course) Siebel 8.1.x Remote: Technical Foundations (Self-Study Course) Siebel Tools: Configuring Chart and Tree Applets (Self-Study Course) Sun - Server Administration SPARC SuperCluster Administration and Maintenance Seminar (2 days) OPN Only Sparc T4-Based Servers Installation Boot Camp (1 day) Primavera Primavera P6 Application Administration Rel 8.x (2 days) Oracle Retail Retail Merchandising System (RMS) Business Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Invoice Matching (ReIM) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Invoice Matching (ReIM) Business Introduction (Self-Study Course) Retail Demand Forecasting: RDF Classic Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Demand Forecasting Introduction (Self-Study Course) Retail Data Warehouse (RDW) Overview 13.1 (Self-Study Course) Oracle Retail Point-of-Service (POS) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Sales Audit (ReSA) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Price Management (RPM) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Retail Merchandising System (RMS) Technical Introduction (Self-Study Course) Oracle Retail Integration Bus (RIB) Product Overview (Self-Study Course) Oracle Communiucations Unified Communications Suite Convergence Customization (2 days) OSM Foundations I: Tasks, Processes and Orders Get in contact with your local Oracle University team for more details and course dates. Stay Connected to Oracle University: LinkedIn OracleMix Twitter Facebook Google+

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• Global name not defined

  - by anteater7171

  I wrote a CPU monitoring program in Python. For some reason sometimes the the program will run without any problem. Then other times the program won't even start because of the following error. Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 244, in run_nodebug File "C:\Python26\CPUR1.7.pyw", line 601, in app = simpleapp_tk(None) File "C:\Python26\CPUR1.7.pyw", line 26, in init self.initialize() File "C:\Python26\CPUR1.7.pyw", line 107, in initialize self.F() File "C:\Python26\CPUR1.7.pyw", line 517, in F S2 = TL.entryVariableS.get() NameError: global name 'TL' is not defined I can't seem to find the problem, maybe someone more experienced may assist me? Here is a snippet of the part giving me trouble: (The second to last line in the snippet is what's giving me trouble) def E(self): if self.selectedM.get() =='Options...': Setup global TL TL = Tkinter.Toplevel(self) menu = Tkinter.Menu(TL) TL.config(menu=menu) filemenu = Tkinter.Menu(menu) menu.add_cascade(label="| Menu |", menu=filemenu) filemenu.add_command(label="Instruction Manual...", command=self.helpmenu) filemenu.add_command(label="About...", command=self.aboutmenu) filemenu.add_separator() filemenu.add_command(label="Exit Options", command=TL.destroy) filemenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.destroy) helpmenu = Tkinter.Menu(menu) menu.add_cascade(label="| Help |", menu=helpmenu) helpmenu.add_command(label="Instruction Manual...", command=self.helpmenu) helpmenu.add_separator() helpmenu.add_command(label="Quick Help...", command=self.helpmenu) Title TL.label5 = Tkinter.Label(TL,text="CPU Usage: Options",anchor="center",fg="black",bg="lightgreen",relief="ridge",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 18, 'bold')) TL.label5.pack(padx=15,ipadx=5) X Y scale TL.separator = Tkinter.Frame(TL,height=7, bd=1, relief='ridge', bg='grey95') TL.separator.pack(pady=5,padx=5) # TL.sclX = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=0, to=1500, orient='horizontal', resolution=1, command=self.A) TL.sclX.grid(column=1,row=0,ipadx=27, sticky='w') TL.label1 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="X",anchor="s",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label1.grid(column=0,row=0, pady=1, sticky='S') TL.sclY = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=0, to=1500, resolution=1, command=self.A) TL.sclY.grid(column=2,row=1,rowspan=2,sticky='e', padx=4) TL.label3 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Y",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label3.grid(column=2,row=0, padx=10, sticky='e') TL.entryVariable2 = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entry2 = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariable2, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entry2.grid(column=1,row=1,ipadx=20, pady=10,sticky='EW') TL.entry2.bind("<Return>", self.B) TL.label2 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="X:",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label2.grid(column=0,row=1, ipadx=4, sticky='W') TL.entryVariable1 = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entry1 = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariable1, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entry1.grid(column=1,row=2,sticky='EW') TL.entry1.bind("<Return>", self.B) TL.label4 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Y:", anchor="center",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold')) TL.label4.grid(column=0,row=2, ipadx=4, sticky='W') TL.label7 = Tkinter.Label(TL.separator,text="Text Colour:",fg="black",bg="grey95",font=('Arial', 8 ,'bold'),justify='left') TL.label7.grid(column=1,row=3, sticky='W',padx=10,ipady=10,ipadx=30) TL.selectedP = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.opt1 = Tkinter.OptionMenu(TL.separator, TL.selectedP,'Normal', 'White','Black', 'Blue', 'Steel Blue','Green','Light Green','Yellow','Orange' ,'Red',command=self.G) TL.opt1.config(fg="black",bg="grey90",activebackground="grey90",activeforeground="black", anchor="center",relief="raised",direction='right',font=('Arial', 10)) TL.opt1.grid(column=1,row=4,sticky='EW',padx=20,ipadx=20) TL.selectedP.set('Normal') TL.sclS = Tkinter.Scale(TL.separator, from_=10, to=2000, orient='horizontal', resolution=10, command=self.H) TL.sclS.grid(column=1,row=5,ipadx=27, sticky='w') TL.sclS.set(600) TL.entryVariableS = Tkinter.StringVar() TL.entryS = Tkinter.Entry(TL.separator,textvariable=TL.entryVariableS, fg="grey15",bg="grey90",relief="sunken",insertbackground="black",borderwidth=5,font=('Arial', 10)) TL.entryS.grid(column=1,row=6,ipadx=20, pady=10,sticky='EW') TL.entryS.bind("<Return>", self.I) TL.entryVariableS.set(600) # TL.resizable(False,False) TL.title('Options') geomPatt = re.compile(r"(\d+)?x?(\d+)?([+-])(\d+)([+-])(\d+)") s = self.wm_geometry() m = geomPatt.search(s) X = m.group(4) Y = m.group(6) TL.sclY.set(Y) TL.sclX.set(X) if self.selectedM.get() == 'Exit': self.destroy() def F (self): G = round(psutil.cpu_percent(), 1) G1 = str(G) + '%' self.labelVariable.set(G1) if G < 5: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image0) if G >= 5: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image5) if G >= 10: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image10) if G >= 15: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image15) if G >= 20: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image20) if G >= 25: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image25) if G >= 30: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image30) if G >= 35: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image35) if G >= 40: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image40) if G >= 45: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image45) if G >= 50: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image50) if G >= 55: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image55) if G >= 60: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image60) if G >= 65: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image65) if G >= 70: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image70) if G >= 75: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image75) if G >= 80: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image80) if G >= 85: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image85) if G >= 90: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image90) if 100> G >= 95: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image95) if G == 100: self.imageLabel.configure(image=self.image100) S2 = TL.entryVariableS.get() self.after(int(S2), self.F)

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• Weak reference and Strong reference

  - by theband

  package uk.co.bigroom.utils { import flash.utils.Dictionary; /** * Class to create a weak reference to an object. A weak reference * is a reference that does not prevent the object from being * garbage collected. If the object has been garbage collected * then the get method will return null. */ public class WeakRef { private var dic:Dictionary; /** * The constructor - creates a weak reference. * * @param obj the object to create a weak reference to */ public function WeakRef( obj:* ) { dic = new Dictionary( true ); dic[obj] = 1; } /** * To get a strong reference to the object. * * @return a strong reference to the object or null if the * object has been garbage collected */ public function get():* { for ( var item:* in dic ) { return item; } return null; } } } In this Class, how they denote one as Weak Reference and one as Strong reference.

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• Why does this valid Tkinter code crash when mixed with a bit of PyWin32?

  - by Erlog

  So I'm making a very small program for personal use in tkinter, and I've run into a really strange wall. I'm mixing tkinter with the pywin32 bindings because I really hate everything to do with the syntax and naming conventions of pywin32, and it feels like tkinter gets more done with far less code. The strangeness is happening in the transition between the pywin32 clipboard watching and my program's reaction to it in tkinter. My window and all its controls are being handled in tkinter. The pywin32 bindings are doing clipboard watching and clipboard access when the clipboard changes. From what I've gathered about the way the clipboard watching pieces of pywin32 work, you can make it work with anything you want as long as you provide pywin32 with the hwnd value of your window. I'm doing that part, and it works when the program first starts. It just doesn't seem to work when the clipboard changes. When the program launches, it grabs the clipboard and puts it into the search box and edit box just fine. When the clipboard is modified, the event I want to fire off is firing off...except that event that totally worked before when the program launched is now causing a weird hang instead of doing what it's supposed to do. I can print the clipboard contents to stdout all I want if the clipboard changes, but not put that same data into a tkinter widget. It only hangs like that if it starts to interact with any of my tkinter widgets after being fired off by a clipboard change notification. It feels like there's some pywin32 etiquette I've missed in adapting the clipboard-watching sample code I was using over to my tkinter-using program. Tkinter apparently doesn't like to produce stack traces or error messages, and I can't really even begin to know what to look for trying to debug it with pdb. Here's the code: #coding: utf-8 #Clipboard watching cribbed from ## {{{ http://code.activestate.com/recipes/355593/ (r1) import pdb from Tkinter import * import win32clipboard import win32api import win32gui import win32con import win32clipboard def force_unicode(object, encoding="utf-8"): if isinstance(object, basestring) and not isinstance(object, unicode): object = unicode(object, encoding) return object class Application(Frame): def __init__(self, master=None): self.master = master Frame.__init__(self, master) self.pack() self.createWidgets() self.hwnd = self.winfo_id() self.nextWnd = None self.first = True self.oldWndProc = win32gui.SetWindowLong(self.hwnd, win32con.GWL_WNDPROC, self.MyWndProc) try: self.nextWnd = win32clipboard.SetClipboardViewer(self.hwnd) except win32api.error: if win32api.GetLastError () == 0: # information that there is no other window in chain pass else: raise self.update_search_box() self.word_search() def word_search(self): #pdb.set_trace() term = self.searchbox.get() self.resultsbox.insert(END, term) def update_search_box(self): clipboardtext = "" if win32clipboard.IsClipboardFormatAvailable(win32clipboard.CF_TEXT): win32clipboard.OpenClipboard() clipboardtext = win32clipboard.GetClipboardData() win32clipboard.CloseClipboard() if clipboardtext != "": self.searchbox.delete(0,END) clipboardtext = force_unicode(clipboardtext) self.searchbox.insert(0, clipboardtext) def createWidgets(self): self.button = Button(self) self.button["text"] = "Search" self.button["command"] = self.word_search self.searchbox = Entry(self) self.resultsbox = Text(self) #Pack everything down here for "easy" layout changes later self.searchbox.pack() self.button.pack() self.resultsbox.pack() def MyWndProc (self, hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam): if msg == win32con.WM_CHANGECBCHAIN: self.OnChangeCBChain(msg, wParam, lParam) elif msg == win32con.WM_DRAWCLIPBOARD: self.OnDrawClipboard(msg, wParam, lParam) # Restore the old WndProc. Notice the use of win32api # instead of win32gui here. This is to avoid an error due to # not passing a callable object. if msg == win32con.WM_DESTROY: if self.nextWnd: win32clipboard.ChangeClipboardChain (self.hwnd, self.nextWnd) else: win32clipboard.ChangeClipboardChain (self.hwnd, 0) win32api.SetWindowLong(self.hwnd, win32con.GWL_WNDPROC, self.oldWndProc) # Pass all messages (in this case, yours may be different) on # to the original WndProc return win32gui.CallWindowProc(self.oldWndProc, hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam) def OnChangeCBChain (self, msg, wParam, lParam): if self.nextWnd == wParam: # repair the chain self.nextWnd = lParam if self.nextWnd: # pass the message to the next window in chain win32api.SendMessage (self.nextWnd, msg, wParam, lParam) def OnDrawClipboard (self, msg, wParam, lParam): if self.first: self.first = False else: #print "changed" self.word_search() #self.word_search() if self.nextWnd: # pass the message to the next window in chain win32api.SendMessage(self.nextWnd, msg, wParam, lParam) if __name__ == "__main__": root = Tk() app = Application(master=root) app.mainloop() root.destroy()

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• Recommended learning path?

  - by stairmast0r

  First, my current standing: I know C++ at an.. advanced beginner level? I've gone through a book, I know the syntax well enough, I know a fair amount of standard library functions, and I've programmed some simple console stuff with it. I'd probably be able to program more with it if I knew how to structure a program, but I just can't seem to wrap my head around the whole concept of structuring something remotely complex. I've messed around with Java for a day or two, and the syntax was extremely easy to get the hang of, except that I didn't really know any functions. I'm plenty willing to learn, and to work hard to do so, but I don't really know where to go from here. Now, at the risk of sounding cliche, what I'd like to become is someone like the great three of id; Carmack, Romero, and Abrash. To be considered a genius. I believe anything can be learned, and nothing mentally limits anyone except lack of desire to learn. But I don't know how to learn this. They learned by doing, and making do with what resources they had. On the other hand, I have access to almost any books I want, access to the internet, and access to a more than capable computer and software. Should I learn more languages? Assembly? LISP? BASIC? Haskell? Should I dive straight into advanced topics like OpenGL? Or should I wait until I feel I've come closer to mastering the simpler things, like console programs, first? Should I follow tutorials? Should I follow books? Should I just dive into writing something and follow a reference manual as I go? What order should I do all this in? How should I do it? I want to completely master this; to be considered a genius. The most perfect career I can imagine is to start the next id. I have the drive to do it, I just don't know where to begin...

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• Python: How do I create a reference to a reference?

  - by KCArpe

  Hi, I am traditionally a Perl and C++ programmer, so apologies in advance if I am misunderstanding something trivial about Python! I would like to create a reference to a reference. Huh? Ok. All objects in Python are actually references to the real object. So, how do I create a reference to this reference? Why do I need/want this? I am overriding sys.stdout and sys.stderr to create a logging library. I would like a (second-level) reference to sys.stdout. If I could create a reference to a reference, then I could create a generic logger class where the init function receives a reference to a file handle reference that will be overrided, e.g., sys.stdout or sys.stderr. Currently, I must hard-code both values. Cheers, Kevin

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• How refresh a DrawingArea in PyGTK ?

  - by Lialon

  I have an interface created with Glade. It contains a DrawingArea and buttons. I tried to create a Thread to refresh every X time my Canva. After a few seconds, I get error messages like: "X Window Server 0.0", "Fatal Error IO 11" Here is my code : import pygtk pygtk.require("2.0") import gtk import Canvas import threading as T import time import Map gtk.gdk.threads_init() class Interface(object): class ThreadCanvas(T.Thread): """Thread to display the map""" def __init__(self, interface): T.Thread.__init__(self) self.interface = interface self.started = True self.start() def run(self): while self.started: time.sleep(2) self.interface.on_canvas_expose_event() def stop(self): self.started = False def __init__(self): self.interface = gtk.Builder() self.interface.add_from_file("interface.glade") #Map self.map = Map.Map(2,2) #Canva self.canvas = Canvas.MyCanvas(self.interface.get_object("canvas"),self.game) self.interface.connect_signals(self) #Thread Canvas self.render = self.ThreadCanvas(self) def on_btnChange_clicked(self, widget): #Change map self.map.change() def on_interface_destroy(self, widget): self.render.stop() self.render.join() self.render._Thread__stop() gtk.main_quit() def on_canvas_expose_event(self): st = time.time() self.canvas.update(self.map) et = time.time() print "Canvas refresh in : %f times" %(et-st) def main(self): gtk.main() How can i fix these errors ?

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• Refactoring a Single Rails Model with large methods & long join queries trying to do everything

  - by Kelseydh

  I have a working Ruby on Rails Model that I suspect is inefficient, hard to maintain, and full of unnecessary SQL join queries. I want to optimize and refactor this Model (Quiz.rb) to comply with Rails best practices, but I'm not sure how I should do it. The Rails app is a game that has Missions with many Stages. Users complete Stages by answering Questions that have correct or incorrect Answers. When a User tries to complete a stage by answering questions, the User gets a Quiz entry with many Attempts. Each Attempt records an Answer submitted for that Question within the Stage. A user completes a stage or mission by getting every Attempt correct, and their progress is tracked by adding a new entry to the UserMission & UserStage join tables. All of these features work, but unfortunately the Quiz.rb Model has been twisted to handle almost all of it exclusively. The callbacks began at 'Quiz.rb', and because I wasn't sure how to leave the Quiz Model during a multi-model update, I resorted to using Rails Console to have the @quiz instance variable via self.some_method do all the heavy lifting to retrieve every data value for the game's business logic; resulting in large extended join queries that "dance" all around the Database schema. The Quiz.rb Model that Smells: class Quiz < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user has_many :attempts, dependent: :destroy before_save :check_answer before_save :update_user_mission_and_stage accepts_nested_attributes_for :attempts, :reject_if => lambda { |a| a[:answer_id].blank? }, :allow_destroy => true #Checks every answer within each quiz, adding +1 for each correct answer #within a stage quiz, and -1 for each incorrect answer def check_answer stage_score = 0 self.attempts.each do |attempt| if attempt.answer.correct? == true stage_score += 1 elsif attempt.answer.correct == false stage_score - 1 end end stage_score end def winner return true end def update_user_mission_and_stage ####### #Step 1: Checks if UserMission exists, finds or creates one. #if no UserMission for the current mission exists, creates a new UserMission if self.user_has_mission? == false @user_mission = UserMission.new(user_id: self.user.id, mission_id: self.current_stage.mission_id, available: true) @user_mission.save else @user_mission = self.find_user_mission end ####### #Step 2: Checks if current UserStage exists, stops if true to prevent duplicate entry if self.user_has_stage? @user_mission.save return true else ####### ##Step 3: if step 2 returns false: ##Initiates UserStage creation instructions #checks for winner (winner actions need to be defined) if they complete last stage of last mission for a given orientation if self.passed? && self.is_last_stage? && self.is_last_mission? create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission self.winner #NOTE: The rest are the same, but specify conditions that are available to add badges or other actions upon those conditions occurring: ##if user completes first stage of a mission elsif self.passed? && self.is_first_stage? && self.is_first_mission? create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission #creates user badge for finishing first stage of first mission self.user.add_badge(5) self.user.activity_logs.create(description: "granted first-stage badge", type_event: "badge", value: "first-stage") #If user completes last stage of a given mission, creates a new UserMission elsif self.passed? && self.is_last_stage? && self.is_first_mission? create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission #creates user badge for finishing first mission self.user.add_badge(6) self.user.activity_logs.create(description: "granted first-mission badge", type_event: "badge", value: "first-mission") elsif self.passed? create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission else self.passed? == false return true end end end #Creates a new UserStage record in the database for a successful Quiz question passing def create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission @nu_stage = @user_mission.user_stages.new(user_id: self.user.id, stage_id: self.current_stage.id) @nu_stage.save @user_mission.save self.user.add_points(50) end #Boolean that defines passing a stage as answering every question in that stage correct def passed? self.check_answer >= self.number_of_questions end #Returns the number of questions asked for that stage's quiz def number_of_questions self.attempts.first.answer.question.stage.questions.count end #Returns the current_stage for the Quiz, routing through 1st attempt in that Quiz def current_stage self.attempts.first.answer.question.stage end #Gives back the position of the stage relative to its mission. def stage_position self.attempts.first.answer.question.stage.position end #will find the user_mission for the current user and stage if it exists def find_user_mission self.user.user_missions.find_by_mission_id(self.current_stage.mission_id) end #Returns true if quiz was for the last stage within that mission #helpful for triggering actions related to a user completing a mission def is_last_stage? self.stage_position == self.current_stage.mission.stages.last.position end #Returns true if quiz was for the first stage within that mission #helpful for triggering actions related to a user completing a mission def is_first_stage? self.stage_position == self.current_stage.mission.stages_ordered.first.position end #Returns true if current user has a UserMission for the current stage def user_has_mission? self.user.missions.ids.include?(self.current_stage.mission.id) end #Returns true if current user has a UserStage for the current stage def user_has_stage? self.user.stages.include?(self.current_stage) end #Returns true if current user is on the last mission based on position within a given orientation def is_first_mission? self.user.missions.first.orientation.missions.by_position.first.position == self.current_stage.mission.position end #Returns true if current user is on the first stage & mission of a given orientation def is_last_mission? self.user.missions.first.orientation.missions.by_position.last.position == self.current_stage.mission.position end end My Question Currently my Rails server takes roughly 500ms to 1 sec to process single @quiz.save action. I am confident that the slowness here is due to sloppy code, not bad Database ERD design. What does a better solution look like? And specifically: Should I use join queries to retrieve values like I did here, or is it better to instantiate new objects within the model instead? Or am I missing a better solution? How should update_user_mission_and_stage be refactored to follow best practices? Relevant Code for Reference: quizzes_controller.rb w/ Controller Route Initiating Callback: class QuizzesController < ApplicationController before_action :find_stage_and_mission before_action :find_orientation before_action :find_question def show end def create @user = current_user @quiz = current_user.quizzes.new(quiz_params) if @quiz.save if @quiz.passed? if @mission.next_mission.nil? && @stage.next_stage.nil? redirect_to root_path, notice: "Congratulations, you have finished the last mission!" elsif @stage.next_stage.nil? redirect_to [@mission.next_mission, @mission.first_stage], notice: "Correct! Time for Mission #{@mission.next_mission.position}", info: "Starting next mission" else redirect_to [@mission, @stage.next_stage], notice: "Answer Correct! You passed the stage!" end else redirect_to [@mission, @stage], alert: "You didn't get every question right, please try again." end else redirect_to [@mission, @stage], alert: "Sorry. We were unable to save your answer. Please contact the admministrator." end @questions = @stage.questions.all end private def find_stage_and_mission @stage = Stage.find(params[:stage_id]) @mission = @stage.mission end def find_question @question = @stage.questions.find_by_id params[:id] end def quiz_params params.require(:quiz).permit(:user_id, :attempt_id, {attempts_attributes: [:id, :quiz_id, :answer_id]}) end def find_orientation @orientation = @mission.orientation @missions = @orientation.missions.by_position end end Overview of Relevant ERD Database Relationships: Mission - Stage - Question - Answer - Attempt <- Quiz <- User Mission - UserMission <- User Stage - UserStage <- User Other Models: Mission.rb class Mission < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :orientation has_many :stages has_many :user_missions, dependent: :destroy has_many :users, through: :user_missions #SCOPES scope :by_position, -> {order(position: :asc)} def stages_ordered stages.order(:position) end def next_mission self.orientation.missions.find_by_position(self.position.next) end def first_stage next_mission.stages_ordered.first end end Stage.rb: class Stage < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :mission has_many :questions, dependent: :destroy has_many :user_stages, dependent: :destroy has_many :users, through: :user_stages accepts_nested_attributes_for :questions, reject_if: :all_blank, allow_destroy: true def next_stage self.mission.stages.find_by_position(self.position.next) end end Question.rb class Question < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :stage has_many :answers, dependent: :destroy accepts_nested_attributes_for :answers, :reject_if => lambda { |a| a[:body].blank? }, :allow_destroy => true end Answer.rb: class Answer < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :question has_many :attempts, dependent: :destroy end Attempt.rb: class Attempt < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :answer belongs_to :quiz end User.rb: class User < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :school has_many :activity_logs has_many :user_missions, dependent: :destroy has_many :missions, through: :user_missions has_many :user_stages, dependent: :destroy has_many :stages, through: :user_stages has_many :orientations, through: :school has_many :quizzes, dependent: :destroy has_many :attempts, through: :quizzes def latest_stage_position self.user_missions.last.user_stages.last.stage.position end end UserMission.rb class UserMission < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user belongs_to :mission has_many :user_stages, dependent: :destroy end UserStage.rb class UserStage < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user belongs_to :stage belongs_to :user_mission end

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• Can you pass by reference in Java?

  - by dbones

  Hi. Sorry if this sounds like a newbie question, but the other day a Java developer mentioned about passing a paramter by reference (by which it was ment just pass a Reference object) From a C# perspective I can pass a reference type by value or by reference, this is also true to value types I have written a noddie console application to show what i mean.. can i do this in Java? namespace ByRefByVal { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { //Creating of the object Person p1 = new Person(); p1.Name = "Dave"; PrintIfObjectIsNull(p1); //should not be null //A copy of the Reference is made and sent to the method PrintUserNameByValue(p1); PrintIfObjectIsNull(p1); //the actual reference is passed to the method PrintUserNameByRef(ref p1); //<-- I know im passing the Reference PrintIfObjectIsNull(p1); Console.ReadLine(); } private static void PrintIfObjectIsNull(Object o) { if (o == null) { Console.WriteLine("object is null"); } else { Console.WriteLine("object still references something"); } } /// <summary> /// this takes in a Reference type of Person, by value /// </summary> /// <param name="person"></param> private static void PrintUserNameByValue(Person person) { Console.WriteLine(person.Name); person = null; //<- this cannot affect the orginal reference, as it was passed in by value. } /// <summary> /// this takes in a Reference type of Person, by reference /// </summary> /// <param name="person"></param> private static void PrintUserNameByRef(ref Person person) { Console.WriteLine(person.Name); person = null; //this has access to the orginonal reference, allowing us to alter it, either make it point to a different object or to nothing. } } class Person { public string Name { get; set; } } } If it java cannot do this, then its just passing a reference type by value? (is that fair to say) Many thanks Bones

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• how to create an object using self?

  - by Nick

  I thought I understood the use of self while referring to anything in the current class. After encountering this warning and subsequent run failure, I have googled many variants of "define self" or "usage of self" and gotten nowhere. This problem is how to create an object without the warning, and understand why. #import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h> @interface Foo : NSObject { Foo *obj; } -(void)beta; @end #import "Foo.h" @implementation Foo -(void)beta{ obj = [self new]; // 'Foo' may not respond to '-new' } @end Note, if I substitute Foo for self, there's no problem. I thought the class name and self were equivalent, but obviously the compiler doesn't think so. Perhaps an explanation of what's wrong here will not only solve my problem but also enlighten my understanding of the usage of self. Are there any tutorials about proper usage of self? I couldn't find anything beyond something like "self is the receiver of the message," which I didn't help me at all.

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• Material zum AIA Referenzprojekt bei Zebra Technologies

  - by Hans Viehmann

  Das in meinem Posting von neulich erwähnte Customer Success Forum zu dem Projekt bei Zebra Technologies ist aufgezeichnet worden und inzwischen hier verfügbar.Dazu gibt es außerdem eine Zusammenfassung in Form eines Customer Snapshot als PDF (Download hier), sowie einen Video (hier).

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• Jack of all trades, master of none [closed]

  - by Rope

  I've got a question similar to this one: Is looking for code examples constantly a sign of a bad developer? though not entirely. I got off college 2 years ago and I'm currently struggling with a University study. Most likely I'll have to drop out and start working within the next couple of months. Now here's the pickle. I have no speciality what so ever. When I got out of college I had worked with C, C++ and Java. I had had an internship at NEC-Philips and got familiar with C# (.NET) and I taught myself how it worked. After college I started working with PHP, HTML,SQL, MySQL Javascript and Jquery. I'm currently teaching myself Ruby on Rails and thus Ruby. At my university I also got familiar with MATLAB. As you can see I've got a broad scope of languages and frameworks I'm familiar with, but none I know inside-out. So I guess this kinda applies to me: "Jack of all trades, master of none.". I've been looking for jobs and I've noticed that most of them require some years of experience with a certain language and some specifications that apply to that language. My question is: How do I pick a speciality? And how do I know if I'll actually enjoy it? As I've worked with loads of languages how would I be able to tell this is right for me? I don't like being tied down to a specific role and I quite like being a generalist. But in order to make more money I would need a specialisation. How would I pick something that goes against my nature? Thanks in advance, Rope.

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• How to learn programming for a medium scale project form a beginner? [closed]

  - by Lin Xiangyu

  I study programming by myself.I have learn servel programming languages. but I never write a project more than 1000 lines. I know the best way to improve programming skills is practise. The problem is many books, just talk about the programming language, or talk about build a project from a high level. Fews of books will teach how to build a middle scale project. For example, I want to build a simple HTTP Server(Nor like Apache or just a simple listenr to a port), a Markdown Parser, or a download tools just like emule or wget. I don't know what to do. I may found peaces of code in the web, or found familiar project in the Github. I don't know how to read the code. I want to some tutorial that can told me how to build the project step by step, teacher me how to write thousands lines of code. Any suggest?

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• Audiobooks for programmers?

  - by Zoot

  I'm a programmer with a two-hour round trip commute to work each day. I'd like to fill some of that time with audiobooks about software development. Any audiobooks that would help me become a better programmer would be appreciated. I'm thinking that books about design patterns and non-fiction about computing history might be good here, but I'm open to anything. Keeping in mind that I will be listening to this in a car, what are the best audiobooks that I can listen to? EDIT: Many people have also suggested podcasts. This is appreciated, but since podcasts arrive in a constantly arriving stream of data rather than as a finite amount of data, ways to juggle all of these different content streams would also be appreciated. To be more specific to my situation, my commuting vehicle has an MP3 CD player, USB input for MP3 files, and AUX input. I own Android and webOS devices that can be plugged into the AUX input.

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• Learning and Developing with PHP [closed]

  - by KyelJmD

  I am here to ask you What is a good PHP Book that doesn't contain too much details but it is compose of all necessary information to develop in PHP such as (OO PHP, Handling Forms, Database etc etc) This may be subjective but I've tried to look php book recomendations here at Stackoverflow but I cannot find any. Next is What are the things I need to know in learning a PHp framework? specifically I want to learn CAKEPHP. NOTE I do not need those lenghty books that discuss loops and such I already have experience programming with java and C#.

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• Could someone break this nasty habit of mine please?

  - by MimiEAM

  I recently graduated in cs and was mostly unsatisfied since I realized that I received only a basic theoretical approach in a wide range of subjects (which is what college is supposed to do but still...) . Anyway I took the habit of spending a lot of time looking for implementations of concepts and upon finding those I will used them as guides to writing my own implementation of those concepts just for fun. But now I feel like the only way I can fully understand a new concept is by trying to implement from scratch no matter how unoptimized the result may be. Anyway this behavior lead me to choose by default the hard way, that is time consuming instead of using a nicely written library until I hit my head again a huge wall and then try to find a library that works for my purpose.... Does anyone else do that and why? It seems so weird why would anyone (including me) do that ? Is it a bad practice ? and if so how can i stop doing that ?

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